Reserves of Krasnoyarsk. Interactive map of reserves in the Krasnoyarsk Territory Reserves and national parks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory list

29.10.2019

State natural reserve " Krasnoyarsk Pillars"is located close to the city limits. On three sides, the natural boundaries are the right tributaries of the Yenisei. The area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve covers 47.2 thousand hectares. only for hunting, but also for rock climbing. And already in the late 19th - early 20th centuries it was a favorite vacation spot for residents of the city and travelers who came here. And in 1925, at the initiative of the city residents, a reserve was created. Thus, Krasnoyarsk residents sought to preserve the unique and the richest natural complexes around the amazing "pillars", which are volcanic syenite remnants.

There are about a hundred rocks on the territory of the reserve, each of which was given apt names by the people, such as "Lion's Gate", "Twins", "Grandfather", "Feathers", "Mittens" and others. The rocks are divided into two categories - actually "Pillars", open to tourists, as well as "Wild Pillars" - rocks located in remote corners of the reserve, access to which is limited.

Today, just like 150 years ago, the residents of Krasnoyarsk are happy to visit "Stolby" in order to relax or go in for mountain climbing and other sports. In the many years of the existence of the reserve, a whole social movement "stolbizm" has developed, whose representatives are engaged in rock climbing and communicate in natural conditions in an informal setting. Without a doubt, having been here at least once, you will remember these places for a lifetime.

Putoransky reserve

The reserve was founded in 1988. Scientists have long explored the territory of the Putorano Plateau. They were interested in the diversity of flora and fauna, whose representatives perfectly exist in the area, where there is a large accumulation of mountains, canyons, tectonic lakes and waterfalls. Basically, these are rare species listed in the Red Book.

Only in the Putoransky Reserve you can meet the white-billed loon, bighorn sheep, golden eagle, small swan, gyrfalcon and many other endangered animals and birds.

Excursions and lectures are often held in the reserve. Animals can not be approached close, it is allowed to observe only from afar. This is already one of the touches to the wild nature. To get into the reserve, you need to familiarize yourself with the rules of stay, which are on the official website, as well as sign up for a tour by phone.

Material about some reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Antonova Maria Vasilievna, teacher, MKDOU " Kindergarten village Kedrovy"
Description: I offer material about some reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The material will be of interest to a wide range of readers: teachers, parents, children.
Target: acquaintance with some reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Do you know that…

In the Middle Ages, there were 3 forms of protected areas.
1 form.
Organization of closed feudal landlord hunting grounds.
The chronicles of the time of Princess Olga mention the presence of such territories in the Kiev principality.
2 form.
Land holdings of monasteries.
In many of them, the collection of plants and the hunting of animals were prohibited.
3 form.
Border forests.
What is a reserve?
These are untouched by man, virgin corners of nature, where plants and rare, small animals listed in the Red Book grow.
What is a reserve for?
Reserves by themselves, of course, will not be able to protect nature from the negative impact of man. Their role is different.
They are the standard of that untouched world that exists outside of human influence.
Reserves are specially protected natural areas designed to preserve typical and unique natural landscapes, the diversity of flora and fauna, natural and cultural heritage sites.
Significance classification:
1. state natural reserves
2. National parks
3.natural parks
4.state nature reserves
5.natural monuments
6. dendrological parks and botanical gardens
7. medical and health-improving areas and resorts.
Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve
Created in 1985 in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, located on the border of the West Siberian Lowland and the Central Siberian Plateau.
The total area is 972 thousand hectares.
The main river is the Yenisei.
The relief type is a gently undulating plain.
The reserve is characterized by mid-taiga vegetation. Of the plants listed in the Red Book grow: large-flowered real slipper, bulbous calypso.
Of the representatives of the animal world, the following are listed in the Red Book: black stork, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, gyrfalcon.
The section of the Yenisei within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet.

State Nature Reserve "Stolby"
Created in 1925
The total area is 47 thousand hectares. It is located on the right bank of the Yenisei.
On the northern outskirts of the reserve, steppe vegetation is replaced by forest. At the northern borders, in a very small area, several copies of the Siberian linden - the pride of the "Pillars" - have been preserved.
Fir and cedar also grow in the reserve. Cedar is a precious tree of the Siberian taiga, but, unfortunately, it is weakly renewed. Heavy pine nuts are not carried by the wind, but fall from ripe cones right there, under the tree. But getting on a thick moss cover, they, as a rule, cannot germinate without outside help. Such an assistant to the cedar is a bird - the Siberian nutcracker. During the ripening period of nuts, she, having knocked down a cone, flies with it to a log or stump, peels the seeds and, with a goiter filled with nuts, flies to hide them. The nutcracker prefers to hide its reserves in places with a shallow snow cover, which is quickly freed from it in the spring. Thus, the nutcracker helps the cedar to spread throughout the territory of the reserve.
22 species of fish, 130 species of birds, 45 species of mammals have been recorded on the territory of the reserve.
The precious predator of the taiga is the sable. By the time the reserve was organized, it was completely exterminated in these places, but in 1951-1956. - reclimatized and after 10 years again became an ordinary inhabitant of the reserved taiga.
The reserve is very rich in wild ungulates. Exclusively favorable conditions deer and musk deer are found here.
Marals in the reserve 200-250 heads. They keep mainly in grassy forests along gentle slopes and saddles of ridges, leaving only for the winter in the dark coniferous taiga. Roe deer live in the foothills. Moose live in the most flattened plains of the reserve. Musk deer is a very small deer-like animal. The length of her body rarely exceeds 90 cm, and the weight is 15 - 17 kg. The dark brown color is in perfect harmony with the general tone of the taiga.
The bird kingdom in the reserve is represented by such birds as hazel grouse, capercaillie, three-toed woodpecker, cuckoo, warbler, blackbird, bluetail, Far Eastern and blue nightingale, small starling, white-backed woodpecker, white-capped bunting, lentil, chaffinch.
Of the fish live: whitefish, tugun, grayling, chebak, dace, spike, ide, perch, pike, burbot, crucian carp and others.

Introduction………………………………………………………………………….4

Chapter 1. Specially Protected Natural Territories (PAs) ……………...7

1.1. Reserves …………………………………………………………………7

1.2. National parks ……………………………………………………..9

1.3. Reserves ………………………………………………………………...10

1.4. Forest hunting farms ………………………………………………..11

1.5. Monuments of nature…………………………………………………….12

1.6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens……………………….13

1.7. Therapeutic areas and resorts……………………..15

1.5. Other protected areas …………………………………………………………………………………………………17

Chapter 2

2.1. Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory……………………………………...18

2.1.1. State Nature Reserve "Stolby"………………18

2.1.2. Sayano-Shushensky State Biosphere Reserve…………………………………………………………………………..21

2.1.3. “Central Siberian” State Biosphere Reserve…………………………………………………………………………..23

2.1.4. Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve…………………………………………………………………………..25

2.1.5 Putoransky Reserve……………………………………………...26

2.1.6. Big Arctic State Natural Reserve…………………………………………………………………………..27

2.1.7. Tunguska Nature Reserve…………………………………………………..28

2.2. National and natural parks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory…………….30

2.3. Natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory…………………………...32

2.4. Monuments of nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory……………………………..33

2.5. Resorts and health-improving areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory……………………………………………………………………………………..34

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...35

List of used literature………………………………………….37

Applications………………………………………………………………….38

Introduction

Since 1600, about 150 animal species have become extinct on our planet, more than half of them in the last 50 years. In the 20th century, it became obvious that it was necessary to take special measures to save the animal and flora. No one needs to prove how detrimental modern man is capable of influencing wildlife. There are fewer and fewer untouched corners of nature. Every year, the Red Book is replenished with endangered representatives of the animal and plant world.

The basis of territorial nature protection in Russia is the system of specially protected natural areas (SPNA). The status of protected areas is currently determined by the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", adopted State Duma February 15, 1995 According to the Law "Specially protected natural territories - plots of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have their own environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health-improving significance, which are withdrawn by decisions bodies of state power wholly or partly from economic use and for which a regime of special protection has been established.

In this course work, we consider the main protected areas of Russia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the features of their situation. Attention is focused on nature reserves and national parks as the basis of Russia's tourist resource framework.

The purpose of the work is: to consider the landscape of protected areas from the point of view of tourism and is analyzed in 4 aspects: physical-geographical¸ ethno-historical¸ economic-geographical¸ aesthetic.

Objective: to study the basic concepts of specially protected natural areas and their study in accordance with natural, cultural, historical and economic conditions.

As well as the planning and organization of ecological tourism and recreation areas in the national park, the assessment of the aesthetic merits of landscapes is an integral part of the work.

Chapter 1. Specially Protected Natural Territories (PAs)

Russia inherited from the USSR a rather complex system of categories of protected areas, which was formed in an evolutionary way. The Law distinguishes the following categories:

state natural reserves, including biospheric ones;

National parks;

natural parks;

state nature reserves;

monuments of nature;

dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

health-improving areas and resorts.

Specially protected natural areas may have federal, regional and local significance. Territories of nature reserves and national parks belong to protected areas of federal significance. Territories of state reserves, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, medical and recreational areas and resorts can be classified either as protected areas of federal or regional significance. Natural parks have the status of PAs of regional significance, and health-improving areas can be declared PAs of local significance.

The decision on the organization of protected areas of federal significance is made by the Government of the Russian Federation, regional significance - by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, these are the administrations of territories, regions, autonomous districts, the Government of the republics within the Russian Federation. Specially protected areas of local importance are formed by decisions of local governments, for example, the administration of districts.

1.1. reserves

According to Russian legislation, reserves are nature protection, research, environmental and educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.

reserves are protected areas of the highest rank. Protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) are completely withdrawn from economic use. Traditionally and according to Russian legislation, these are territories with a strict protection regime, they are constantly monitored for life all year round. wildlife. The main significance of reserves is to serve as standards of nature, to be a place of knowledge of the course of natural processes not disturbed by man, characteristic of the landscapes of a certain geographical region. An equally important aspect of the activity of nature reserves defined by the Law is scientific work. This basically distinguishes them from other forms of specially protected areas. Within the boundaries of the reserves, long-term scientific research is carried out under the unified program "Chronicle of Nature". These studies are the basis for environmental monitoring and control over the state of the natural environment. An essential part of the activities of modern nature reserves is the environmental education of the population.

The federal system of reserves was formed over 80 years and currently includes 139 reserves with a total area of more than 34 million hectares, which is 1.56% of the entire area of Russia. The system of Russian state nature reserves recognized in the world. Of the Russian reserves, 22 have the international status of biosphere reserves (they have been issued the appropriate UNESCO certificates).

The creation of reserves is determined by the level of anthropogenic transformation of ecosystems. With a low level, characteristic mainly of the northern and taiga regions, it is easy to organize large nature reserves. Here, without any problems, it was possible to find new areas for the creation of extensive reserves. Characteristically, the largest nature reserve in the country - the Great Arctic (4.2 million hectares) - is located on the deserted shores and islands of the Arctic. In general, the areas of the reserves grow from southwest to northeast, with the exception of only a few large reserves of the Caucasus, but they also protect mainly sparsely populated and relatively little-used high-mountain forests and meadows.

On flat areas densely populated by people with productive soils, the creation of reserves is difficult. In such areas, the creation of high-ranking protected areas meets with fierce resistance from nature users, therefore, if protected areas are created, they are small, sometimes point sizes. Especially difficult is the situation with the protection of natural ecosystems located within the steppe zone, where these ecosystems are most intensively transformed. It is here that the few existing reserves are extremely small in area, and in the Siberian part of this zone they do not exist at all. At the same time, the largest reserves are located either in the slightly transformed Arctic and Siberian taiga, or in mountain forest regions.

The oldest of the existing reserves in Russia - Barguzinsky - was created in 1916. The first boom in the creation of reserves occurred in the 30s. In 1951 and 1961. there have been two waves of closure of nature reserves and a significant reduction in the areas of those remaining. A new very powerful wave of the creation of nature reserves is already observed in the 90s. In such a high intensity of the creation of new reserves, a number of circumstances of a turning point appeared. Firstly, this is the redistribution of power from the center to local authorities - the ecological community easily achieved success at the local levels, appealing to the regional prestige of local power elites in regions where, until recently, there were no reserves. Secondly, the sharp increase in the activity of "green" movements in the late 80s and early 90s affected. And, finally, thirdly, ambiguity in questions of land ownership had a positive effect. Until the land was given real owners or returned entirely to the hands of state officials, the resistance of producers to the environmental efforts of environmentalists was weakened. Later, there will be no such favorable period under any scenario of Russia's development.

1.2. National parks

National parks, unlike reserves, along with the tasks of protecting and studying natural complexes, should provide tourism and recreation for citizens. On their territory, land plots of other users and owners with the pre-emptive right of the national park to purchase such land may be preserved. As of January 1, 1998, there were 32 natural national parks operating in Russia with a total area of 6.7 million hectares. There are currently 41 national park, the total area of which is more than 70,000 km².

National natural parks are a new form of territory protection for Russia. The first two (Losiny Ostrov and Sochi) were created only in 1983, 12 out of 32 - in the last five years. The implementation of the legal status of national parks is still facing serious opposition from economic entities, whose activities are limited by this status. While this form cannot be considered effective method territorial protection of wildlife, however, public attention and trends known from other countries give enough hope for the gradual realization of the potential of this form of protection of natural complexes.

Natural park - a protected vast area of natural or cultural landscape; used for: recreational (for example, organized tourism), environmental, educational and other purposes. Unlike reserves, reserves and some other protected areas, the protection regime in natural parks is the least strict.

There are natural parks in Russia, Finland, Austria, Germany, Indonesia, Ukraine and other countries.

In Russia, natural parks are administered by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The territories of natural parks are located on lands granted to them for perpetual (permanent) use, in some cases - on the lands of other users, as well as owners.

On the territory of Russia there are such natural parks as

"Nalychevo" in Kamchatka,

"Bird's Harbor" is the only natural park in Russia located on the territory of big city(Omsk).

Shcherbakovsky, located in the Kamyshinsky district of the Volgograd region.

1.3. Reserves

Zakaznik is a protected natural area in which (unlike nature reserves) not all natural complex, and some of its parts: only plants, only animals, or their individual species, or individual historical, memorial or geological objects.

Nature reserves differ from the previous categories in that their lands may or may not be alienated from owners and users, they can be both federal and local subordination. Among the reserves of federal significance, zoological forms play the greatest role, other forms - landscape, botanical, forest, hydrological, geological - are less common. Currently, there are 69 federal nature reserves in Russia with a total area of about 170,000 square meters. km in 45 subjects of the federation, as well as almost 12 thousand regional reserves. Their main function is the protection of hunting fauna. Hunting is always prohibited, but very significant restrictions are often imposed on forest exploitation, construction and some other types of economic activity. The protection of these reserves is usually quite well established.

1.4. Forest hunting farms

Among those not specified in the Law, one can point to such a category of protected areas as those of international importance - mainly as a habitat for waterfowl, which are created in terms of the country's fulfillment of its obligations arising from membership in the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar). By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 1050 of September 13, 1994, 35 such objects were identified in the country, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is about 10 million hectares. These lands include not only wetland ecosystems, but also land complexes associated with them. The presence of an international status and a special government decree allows us to consider this form as an essential factor in the protection of Russian ecosystems, primarily lake and marsh ones.

The status of these objects is still poorly developed. The main difference between this type of protected areas and the rest is their complexity - on the territory of wetlands of international importance, there can be nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments and lands that do not have a special protection status, including those used in agriculture. On the territories of nature reserves, etc. the protection regime corresponding to their status is carried out. In specially protected areas, restrictions are introduced (up to a complete ban) on types of economic activities that adversely affect the functioning of wetlands. Environmentally friendly activities are encouraged. This approach makes this form of protection potentially particularly promising, since, firstly, the number of areas where a complete ban on economic activity is possible has its limits, and secondly, on the vast Russian territories used by outbreaks, combinations of strict protection in the most valuable and vulnerable areas with reasonable management of nature seems to be the most effective.

1.5. natural monument

A natural monument is a protected natural area in which a rare or remarkable object of living or inanimate nature is located, unique in scientific, cultural, historical, memorial or aesthetic terms.

A natural monument can be a waterfall, a meteorite crater, a unique geological outcrop, a cave, or, for example, a rare tree. Sometimes natural monuments include territories of considerable size - forests, mountain ranges, sections of coasts and valleys. In this case, they are called tracts or protected landscapes.

Monuments of nature are divided by types into botanical, geological, hydrological, hydrogeological, zoological and complex.

For most of the natural monuments, the regime of reserves is established, but for especially valuable natural objects, the regime of reserves can be established.

The most common are natural monuments at the regional level, there are only 39 natural monuments of federal significance with a total area of 28.0 thousand hectares, of regional significance - more than 9 thousand with a total area of 4.15 million hectares (State report on the state of protected areas for 2003) .

Obligations to ensure the protection of a natural monument are usually assumed by the owners, owners, users and tenants of the land on which this natural monument is located.

The declaration of natural complexes and objects as monuments of nature, and the territories occupied by them - territories of a natural monument is allowed with the withdrawal of the land plots occupied by them from the owners, owners and users of these plots.

In 2003, no new natural monuments of federal significance were created (they were not formalized). In 2004, a number of monuments of regional significance were created, including 12 new natural monuments in the Republic of Adygea (October 2004). This is the first step towards the creation of a regional (including the Krasnodar Territory) network of protected areas in the Western Caucasus. In March 2005, a new natural monument of regional significance appeared on Sakhalin - the Krasnopolsky Oreshnik. Its main goal is to preserve the territory of natural growth of the ailantholist or Siebold walnut, which is listed in the Red Books of the Sakhalin Region and the Russian Federation.

1.6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are environmental institutions whose tasks include the creation of special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the plant world, as well as the implementation of scientific, educational and educational activities. The territories of dendrological parks and botanical gardens are intended only to fulfill their direct tasks, while land plots are transferred for perpetual (permanent) use either to parks or to research or educational institutions in charge of which they are located.

Botanical gardens and dendrological parks introduce plants of natural flora, study their ecology and biology under stationary conditions, develop the scientific foundations of ornamental horticulture, landscape architecture, landscaping, introduce wild plants into cultivation, protect introduced plants from pests and diseases, and also develop methods and methods of selection and agrotechnics to create sustainable decorative expositions, principles of organizing artificial phytocenoses and using introduced plants to optimize the technogenic environment.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens can be of federal, regional significance and are formed accordingly by decisions of executive bodies state power Russian Federation or representative and executive bodies of state power of the relevant subjects of the Federation.

In Russia at the beginning of 2000, there were 80 botanical gardens and dendrological parks under the jurisdiction of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden of the Botanical Institute named after V.L. Komarov), departments and scientific centers of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Polar-Alpine Botanical garden-institute of the Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Botanical Garden of the Amur Scientific Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, etc.), the former Rosleskhoz (the arboretum of the Caucasian branch of VNIILM, etc.) and its territorial bodies (the arboretum of the Novosibirsk forestry enterprise, the arboretum of the Kandalaksha forestry enterprise, etc.). ), the former Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Russia (the dendrological garden of the Novosibirsk fruit and berry station, etc.), state universities (Botanical Garden of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg State University, Siberian Botanical Garden of Tomsk State University, etc.), agricultural (the arboretum of the Kuban Agricultural Institute, the Botanical Garden of the Omsk Agricultural Institute, etc.), forestry (arboretum th Arkhangelsk Forestry Institute, Botanical Garden of the St. Petersburg Forestry Academy, etc.) and pedagogical universities (Botanical Garden of the Kirov Pedagogical Institute, Botanical Garden of the Penza Pedagogical Institute, etc.), some other departments (Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants of the Moscow Medical Academy. THEM. Sechenov, Kabardino-Balkarian Republican Botanical Garden of the State Farm "Decorative Cultures", etc.).

Currently, botanical gardens and dendrological parks in Russia are experiencing certain difficulties, primarily due to insufficient funding. In many botanical gardens, the volume of scientific research has been reduced, collections of plants and seeds have been threatened, and interaction (exchange of material, contacts between employees, etc.) between gardens has weakened.

Located mainly in cities and suburbs, botanical gardens are affected by the same adverse environmental factors as the surrounding areas: pollution of the air and watercourses, noise pollution, recreational overload, etc. The problem is exacerbated due to the often increased sensitivity of plant collections to negative factors. external influences compared to local vegetation.

To solve the problems of botanical gardens and dendrological parks, it is necessary, first of all, to strengthen the legislative framework. It is necessary to more clearly define their legal status and establish severe penalties for the use of the respective territories for purposes contrary to their intended purpose. It is also necessary to take measures to improve budget financing, which would make it possible to solve acute economic problems, and use the freed up resources for the development of scientific and environmental activities.

1.7. Therapeutic areas and resorts

The lands of medical and health-improving areas and resorts are classified as specially protected natural areas and are intended for the treatment and recreation of citizens. These lands include lands with natural healing resources (deposits of mineral waters, therapeutic mud, brines of estuaries and lakes), a favorable climate and other natural factors and conditions that are used or can be used for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Resorts and health-improving areas may be of federal, regional or local significance. A health-improving area is understood as a territory that has natural healing resources and is suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as for recreation of the population. Therapeutic and health-improving area is a specially protected natural area with a limited regime for the use of subsoil, land and other natural resources and objects. A resort is a specially protected health-improving area developed and used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, and having natural healing resources and the buildings and structures necessary for operation, including infrastructure facilities. In order to maintain favorable sanitary and environmental conditions for the organization of the prevention and treatment of human diseases, districts of sanitary (mountain and sanitary) protection are established on the lands of the territories of medical and recreational areas and resorts in accordance with the law. Within the boundaries of health-improving areas and resorts, activities are prohibited (limited) that can lead to deterioration in quality and depletion natural resources and objects that have medicinal properties. In order to preserve natural factors favorable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases of the population, districts of sanitary or mountain sanitary protection are organized on the territories of medical and health-improving areas and resorts. For medical and health-improving areas and resorts, where natural healing resources are classified as subsoil (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, and others), districts of mining and sanitary protection are established. In other cases, districts of sanitary protection are established.

1.5. Other protected areas

In the conditions of Russia, the assessment of the value of the area of slightly disturbed natural complexes that have restrictions on economic activity, will be incomplete if we exclude from consideration two very different categories of land use - state forestry and hunting grounds of the Ministry of Defense.

Forest hunting farms- These are elite natural complexes inherited from the Soviet system, intended for out-of-town recreation of high-ranking leaders. These territories have always had fundamentally more high level protection, economic activities that violated the living conditions of animals were limited on them, land acquisition was not allowed. Despite the current problems of budget financing, the inertia of the special status of these territories remains and is used by the new elite. Thus, state forest and hunting farms may well be classified in the same group as protected areas due to their elite position, the presence of real protection and restrictions on economic activity. Thus, the Istra GLOH played a huge role in the conservation of large mammals in the Moscow region, its territory avoided the total tendency for the region to transform meadows, swamps and forests into summer cottages.

Chapter 2. Protection of flora and fauna in protected areas Krasnoyarsk Territory

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is a huge territory located in the East Siberian region of Russia. The geographical position of our region can be called unique in many respects. On its territory is located the geographical center of Russia - Lake Vivi, located in Evenkia. The location of the center of Russia is approved by the Federal Service for Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. The northernmost point of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Cape Chelyuskin - is the extreme polar tip of Eurasia and the northernmost point of Russia and the continental parts of the planet.

There are six reserves on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, three of them are biospheric, i.e. work under a special program of the United Nations; these are the Sayano-Shushensky and Central Siberian and Taimyr reserves; State reserves are also: Stolby and Putoransky. The most modern reserve is the Great Arctic.

In total, seven nature reserves have been created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Appendix No. 1), as well as the national park "Shushensky Bor", the natural park "Ergaki".

Altogether, as of May 1, 2007, three state nature reserves of federal significance and 27 state nature reserves of regional significance have been established in the region. It is planned to create another 39 state nature reserves.

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects have the status of a natural monument of regional significance.

2.1. Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2.1.1. State Nature Reserve "Stolby"- one of the oldest reserves in Russia - was organized in 1925 on the initiative of the inhabitants of Krasnoyarsk to preserve the picturesque area "Pillars". ” – 55 57' 27” north latitude and 92 37'02” – 93 05'40” east longitude. The Yenisei flows along its northern border, while the Bazaikha and Mana rivers flow along its northeastern and southern borders. The area is 47.154 thousand hectares. The most picturesque part not far from the city is allocated as a tourist-excursion area with an area of 1.3 thousand hectares (2.7% of the entire protected area). Most of the granite-syenite remains, the so-called "Pillars" up to 100 meters high, are located here, attracting visitors and tourists with their bizarre forms. In order to protect the protected area from adverse impacts, a protected zone with a limited nature management regime was created around the perimeter of the reserve, about 2 km wide along the perimeter and with an area of 13,464 thousand hectares.

The purpose of the reserve: the protection of the unique landscape of the Eastern Sayan, the preservation of complexes typical for this natural zone, the study of ecosystems and their dynamics, as well as the study of the influence of anthropogenic factors.

The reserve is located at the junction of two large geographical provinces - forest-steppe and mountain-taiga, which leads to a high diversity of flora and fauna. The fauna is typical for the mountain taiga of the Eastern Sayan. There are 58 species of mammals, almost half of them belong to the order of rodents. This group includes forest voles, chipmunks and squirrels. Lagomorphs are represented by hare and pika. Of the predatory mammals, the wolf, fox, lynx, wolverine, sable, Brown bear. The group of artiodactyls includes deer, elk, roe deer and musk deer. More than 20 species of fish are found in the rivers, of which the most common are gudgeon, minnow, dace, ruff, roach, grayling, perch, and pike. 4 species of amphibians and 3 species of reptiles are registered on the territory of the reserve. There are 199 species of birds, of which the most common are: tits, warblers, wagtails, thrushes, woodpeckers, crossbills, nuthatch, bullfinches, lentils, chur, redstart, cuckoos. Of the easily recognizable birds, one can meet a large turtledove, a jackdaw, a magpie, a black crow, a jay, a kuksha, a nutcracker, a crow. Of the hen order, hazel grouse is the most common, capercaillie and black grouse are much less common. Birds of prey are diverse: goshawk, sparrowhawk, peregrine falcon, hobby falcon, saker falcon, osprey, merlin, kestrel, red-footed falcon. Of the owls, owls are more common: long-tailed and bearded, long-eared and hawk owl, eagle owl. Many species of carnivores have become rare not so much because of human persecution, but due to the destruction of habitats, the impoverishment of the species and quantitative composition of animals that serve as food for birds. In this territory, there are species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation: golden eagle, imperial eagle, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, osprey, black stork, eagle owl.

The flora includes 1037 species of higher vascular plants, including 3 species of lycopsformes; ferns - 26 species; horsetail - 8 species; bryophytes - 260 species; gymnosperms - 6 species; angiosperms - 705 species; Most of the trees found in the region grow in the forests of the reserve: pine, fir, spruce, Siberian larch and cedar - from conifers; birch and aspen - from deciduous. Large and small shrubs are common here: bird cherry, alder, mountain ash, hawthorn, acacias, willows, viburnum, black and red currants, etc .; varied grass cover. The main part of the territory of the reserve is represented by deciduous, pine forests and dark coniferous taiga. Forest vegetation in the region of Krasnoyarsk is replaced by steppe. Of the plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR, the following were noted: coral blackberry, lung and net lobaria, pistillate hornwort, pinnate feather grass, helmet-bearing orchis, real and large-flowered slipper, bulbous calypso, curly sparassis and clobuche flower nest.

The main direction of the research work of the reserve is the study of natural processes occurring in nature, and the identification of the relationship of individual links in the natural chain, as well as the development of environmental measures. On the territory of the reserve and adjacent areas, work was organized to assess the impact of atmospheric pollution on the viability of forests in the suburban area of Krasnoyarsk.

2.1.2. Sayano-Shushensky State Biosphere Reserve is located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the central part of the Western Sayan, including the Sayansky, Golyi and partially Khemchiksky and Kantegirsky ridges, within the boundaries of the Shushensky and Ermakovsky districts. The area is 390.368 thousand hectares, of which 59.3% is occupied by forests, 36% by char, stone placers and steep rocky slopes. The reserve is dominated by typical mountain landscapes. The protected zone allocated along the boundaries of the reserve, with an area of 106.2 thousand hectares, includes: the water area of the reservoir of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP along the eastern border of the reserve with all bays with an area of 12 thousand hectares; a two-kilometer strip along the right bank of the reservoir from the mouth of the river. Naked up to the administrative border with the Republic of Tyva; a five-kilometer strip along the western border of the reserve in the Shushensky district.

The purpose of the reserve: the preservation of typical and unique natural complexes of the Western Sayan, biological diversity, protection rare species animals. This area is the only one in Russia where you can save the snow leopard, Siberian ibex, golden eagle, osprey, as well as populations of plants listed in the Red Book. In February 1985, the reserve was given the status of a biosphere reserve.

The territory is located at the junction of several floristic regions, so its flora is mixed. There are many endemics and relict plants. Among the Sayan-Altai endemics (they are the majority here) are Altai bluegrass, Krylov's couch grass, Altai larkspur, Borodino catchment; Angara-Sayan endemics - Yenisei and Baikal anemones; Tuva-Sayan-Altai - swollen smolevka and Bunge lumbago. There are many relic plants in the reserve, these are Krylov's bedstraw, odorous woodruff, touchy heart, Far Eastern fescue, Daurian rhododendron, Baikal cornflower. Valuable species of medicinal plants grow on the territory of the reserve - maral root, golden root, etc., which were threatened with complete destruction before the creation of the reserve. To date, the flora of the reserve includes: algae - 7 species, mushrooms - 19, lichens - 97 species, horsetail and lycopods - 18 species, bryophytes - 321 species, ferns - 25 species, gymnosperms - 7 species, angiosperms - 867 species. Of the plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR, the following were noted: Indziella Tien Shan, Lindbergia short-winged, Lobaria lung, Mutinus dog, orchid helmet, large-flowered slipper, Siberian kandyk, two-flowered wrestlers and Pasco, nest flower clobuchkova, feather grass, dendratema vyamchatolistnaya, hazel grouse and Dagan's hazel grouse leafless.

The territory of the reserve is a mountainous country covered with dark coniferous forests of the taiga type. Spruce, fir and cedar dominate in their composition. A clearly defined altitudinal zonality determines the diversity of vegetation types and hunting grounds. The main environment-forming value is possessed by cedar forests, which provide food resources for all representatives of the animal world living here. Due to this, many animal species form high population densities. The animal world is rich and diverse due to the mixture of faunas of Altai, Mongolia and Sayan. 662 species of insects, 4 species of reptiles, 212 species of birds, 52 species of mammals and 15 species of fish have been registered in the reserve.

There are many rare and endangered animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation - Snow Leopard, forest reindeer (Altai-Sayan population), Siberian ibex, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, saker falcon, osprey, black stork, demoiselle crane, steppe kestrel, avocet, black-headed gull, imperial eagle, eagle owl, insect carpenter bee and common Apollo. The question of the presence of the red wolf in the territory of this reserve has not been fully clarified. The reserve serves as a reserve for valuable hunting species, primarily sable, whose abundance in the areas adjacent to the reserve is still low. Musk deer, deer, squirrel, brown bear, hazel grouse, wood grouse, and a small number of lynx live here.

The main scientific profile of the Sayano-Shushensky Reserve is the monitoring of natural phenomena and processes of the Western Sayan ecosystem in their natural state, as well as under the influence of the hydropower complex of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP; development of scientific bases for nature protection in the region.

2.1.3. Central Siberian State Biosphere Reserve

The "Central Siberian" State Biosphere Reserve was organized in 1985 on the territory of the Turukhansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Baikitsky district of the Evenk Autonomous District with a total area of 972,017 thousand hectares. After the work carried out in 1992 to clarify the boundaries, its area amounted to 1020.419 thousand hectares, including 595.024 thousand hectares in the Baikitsky district and 425.395 thousand hectares in the Turukhansky region. The reserve is located in the middle reaches of the river. The Yenisei is between the Podkamennaya Tunguska and Bakhta rivers and occupies the Yenisei parts of the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau.

Purpose: protection of the reference area of the middle taiga. The section of the Yenisei within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet. This is the first nature reserve in Russia, which was originally designed as a biosphere reserve. In January 1987, UNESCO included it in the international network of biosphere reserves.

The Yenisei divides the territory of the reserve into two unequal parts, representing a variety of landscape complexes. The left bank of the Yenisei River is a gently undulating, hilly-ridged plain with gentle river valleys and wide watersheds, absolute heights of 200-250 m. This territory is dominated by pine forests on sandy soils. Along the rivers and on the hills there are dark coniferous forests of spruce and cedar. In relief depressions, vast areas are occupied by swamps and peat bogs. In the floodplain of the Yenisei, large-grass and small-grass meadows are found. The right bank represents a section of the Central Siberian plateau and has a dissected flat-top relief with absolute heights of 300-350 m near the Yenisei and more than 500 m in the eastern part. On the right bank to the Yenisei, the Yenisei Ridge breaks off with a tectonic ledge. The right bank is characterized by larch-cedar and larch-cedar-spruce forests, as well as derived birch forests. In general, the diversity of the relief has a positive impact on the fauna of the region.

Forests occupy almost the entire territory of the reserve (93.51%). The main forest-forming species along the left bank of the Yenisei are pine, which forms pine forests, spruce, less often - cedar, larch and aspen. On the right bank dominated by dark coniferous taiga - spruce, fir, cedar, larch. Of the plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR, in the protected area there are bulbous calypso, large-flowered and real slippers.

Animal world typical of the middle taiga of Siberia. The main species are sable and squirrel. Muskrat, wolverine, elk and bear are fairly common. Less common are columns, ermine, lynx. Upland game is plentiful, especially hazel grouse and capercaillie, black grouse is common, which is explained by the presence of abundant berries and coniferous trees. Migratory routes of many waterfowl pass along the Yenisei. Anseriformes are numerous, among ducks the wigeon, pintail, teal-whistle and crested duck are often found. The most numerous are the common teal and shoveler. Of the rare species of animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, osprey, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, gyrfalcon, black stork were noted on migration or nesting.

Flora: bryophytes - 153 species, lycosperms - 7 species, ferns - 18 species, gymnosperms - 7 species, angiosperms - 679 species. Fauna: insects - 709 species, reptiles - 4 species, birds - 212 species, mammals - 52, fish - 15 species.

Scientific work - the reproduction of valuable fish species is being studied in the reserve, work is underway on the inventory of plants and animals.

2.1.4. Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve

The Taimyrsky State Reserve was established in 1979, and in 1995 it was given the status of a biosphere reserve. It is an environmental, research and environmental education institution. This is one of the largest reserves in Russia, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula - the most northerly mainland in the world. Therefore, the organizers of the reserve sought to cover the greatest variety of zonal natural landscapes - arctic, typical and southern tundra, as well as forest tundra.

The territory of the reserve is a reference area of the earth's surface, where almost all natural areas Taimyr: arctic ("Arctic Branch"), typical ("Main Territory"), southern (section "Ary-Mas") tundra and forest tundra (section "Lukunsky"), as well as unique mountain tundra ridges. Byrranga.

Reserve "Taimyrsky" is the most visited reserve in Russia. Every year, thousands of scientists from all over the world, ecologists, tourists and fishers visit East Taimyr. Most of all they are attracted by the excavations of the fossil mammoth and the population of the musk ox. Also, the center of the reserve, the village of Khatanga, is used as a springboard to reach the North Pole.

430 species of higher plants, 222 species of mosses and 265 species of lichens grow on the territory of the reserve. One of the most common lichens in the tundra zone is cladonia (reindeer moss or reindeer moss). Reindeer moss occupies vast polar territories, but is often found in dry forests located much south of the tundra. Among the plants growing on the territory of the reserve, there are those that are listed in the Red Book, Arctic-Siberian wormwood, leguminous sedge, hard sedge, Pole and Taimyr grains, oblique sedge, Gorodkovaya and Byrrangskaya scurf, woolly stamen mytnik, Rhodiola rosea.

Countless lakes and small reservoirs cover the tundra, located on permafrost, with stagnant moisture. The thickness of the permafrost is up to 500 meters. In Ary-Mas, the southernmost part of one of the three sections of the reserve, one can observe the northernmost larches. The trees here for several centuries barely reach the height of human growth.

2.1.5 Putorana Reserve

The reserve was founded in 1988 to protect unique mountain-lake-taiga landscapes and rare species of flora and fauna. The Putoransky Reserve is located in the north of Central Siberia, on the territory of the Dudinsky and Khatanga regions of the Taimyr autonomous region and the Ilimsky District of the Evenk Autonomous Okrug: its main part, the Putorana Plateau, lies south of the Taimyr Peninsula and occupies most of the rectangle between the Yenisei, Kheta, Kotui and Nizhnyaya Tunguska rivers (650 km from north to south and from west to east). This is the most extreme nature reserve in Russia. The total area of the reserve is 1887, 3 thousand hectares.

The purpose of establishing the Putoransky State Nature Reserve is to preserve the most unique mountain biocenoses of the north of Central Siberia, a peculiar flora and rare animal species, restore the historical range of the Putoransky subspecies of the bighorn sheep, as well as protect the world's largest Taimyr population of wild reindeer.

As a result of the movement of glaciers, the Putorana Plateau is dissected by long flat-bottomed canyons, the height of the walls of which reaches several hundred meters, and by narrow lakes, the deepest in Russia after Baikal (Khantayskoye Lake - up to 520 m in depth); mountain rivers are rapids, the height of some waterfalls reaches 100 m. The highest density of waterfalls per unit area on the planet is noted on the territory of the reserve.

Of the historical and cultural objects, the remains of the attributes of shamanism on the ancient temples of the Tungus (Evenks) and Dolgan chapels more than a century old are of the greatest interest. On the territory of the Putorana Reserve there are the most unique outcrops of columnar basalts (natural mineralogical open-air museums).

The landscape is dominated by mountain tundra and woodlands. Numerous rivers and lakes. In total, there are 381 species of plants, 35 species of mammals, 140 species of birds on the territory of the reserve.

In 2003, the Putorana Plateau was classified as a World Cultural and natural heritage UNESCO. There are very few tourists here due to the high cost and increased complexity of the routes. Directly to the border of the reserve, an excursion boat route along the lake. Lama.

2.1.6. Big Arctic State Nature Reserve

The Great Arctic nature reserve, the largest in Russia and Eurasia and the third largest in the world (4,169,222 hectares, including 1 million - the water area of the Arctic seas), was established in 1993. It is located on the Taimyr Peninsula and on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Its shores are washed by the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. This is the largest nature reserve in Russia.

The purpose of the reserve is to preserve and study in its natural state the unique Arctic ecosystems, rare and endangered species of plants and animals of the northern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and adjacent islands. On the islands of Severnaya Zemlya there are "maternity hospitals" of Taimyr polar bears, in the coastal tundra, herds of wild reindeer flee from the midges. Preserve the nesting sites of birds that migrate along the North Atlantic: the black goose, sandpiper, etc. - and have the opportunity to study the unique Arctic ecosystems in their natural state.

A significant part of the reserve is practically not visited by humans, but in recent times routes are being developed (rafting, fishing, ethnographic tours) that will allow tourists to get to know the Arctic nature better.

The Great Arctic Reserve consists of seven cluster sites (Table 2) and two reserves: the Severozemelsky state nature reserve of federal significance, located within the boundaries of the reserve, and the Brekhov Islands state nature reserve of regional significance.

The main type of tundra vegetation is lichens. They endure the harsh conditions of the Arctic, painting the tundra in various colors from bright yellow to black.

The bird fauna of the Great Arctic Reserve includes 124 species, 16 of which are listed in the Red Book. Typical inhabitants of the tundra are the white owl and the tundra partridge. In the reserve there are rare species of gulls: pink, fork-tailed and white.

The territory of the reserve also includes historical and cultural monuments associated with the names of polar exploration - A.F. Middendorf, F. Nansen, V.A. Rusanova, E.V. Tollya, A.V. Kolchak, etc.

2.1.7 .Tunguska Nature Reserve

The Tunguska Nature Reserve is located at the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. The reserve is located in the Evenki municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The total area of the reserve is 296562 hectares.

The purpose of the creation of the reserve is to study the unique natural complexes of Evenkia and the consequences of the influence of the global cosmic-ecological catastrophe.

The reserve is a conservation, research and environmental education institution. It was created to study the consequences of a meteorite fall. The highest peak of the reserve is located on the spurs of the Lakursky ridge - 533 m above sea level. The second highest peak - Mount Farrington - is located near the site of the Tunguska phenomenon.

The territory of the reserve is a typical region of the northern East Siberian taiga, practically not subjected to local anthropogenic influences, with its characteristic landscapes and biocenoses, however, the territory of the reserve is unique, as it keeps the imprints of the mysterious "Tunguska catastrophe" on June 30, 1908. On this day, in the interfluve of the Podkamennaya Tunguska and its right tributary Chuni (Southern Evenkia), 70 km north-west of the village of Vanavara, a super-powerful (10-40 megatons) explosion of a space object of unidentified nature, known as the Tunguska meteorite, occurred.

Larch and pine forests are common here. As a result of the fall of the alleged meteorite, the taiga over an area of more than 2 km was knocked down and burned, but over the past century it has completely recovered. Evenki taiga to this day keeps the secret of one of the wonders of our century, called the Tunguska meteorite. In the animal world, elk, bear, sable, wood grouse are common, there are badger, lynx. About 30 species of fish live in Podkamennaya Tunguska, most of which are valuable species.

Along the boundaries of the reserve, a protective zone 2 km wide has been formed, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is 20,241 hectares. The buffer zone is entrusted with such tasks as improving the living conditions of protected animals of the reserve, carrying out measures to protect and restore valuable wild and rare plant species growing in protected areas, creating demonstration sites, showcases, stands and other forms of promoting the activities of reserves for the purpose of environmental education.

The following historical and cultural objects are located on the territory of the reserve:

Expeditionary base for the study of the "Tunguska meteorite", better known as "Kulik's Zaimka" or "Kulik's Hut";

Expeditionary base for the study of the Tunguska meteorite - a monument of history and culture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

According to the existing Regulations on the reserves of Russia, tourism is prohibited in them. In the Tunguska Reserve, due to the uniqueness of the event, limited tourist activities are allowed as an exception for the purpose of environmental education of the population, acquaintance with the beautiful natural objects of the reserve, the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. There are three environmental education routes. Two of them are water, along the picturesque rivers Kimchu and Khushma, the third is on foot along the "Kulik path" - the famous route of the discoverer of the site of the Tunguska meteorite disaster. A lot of explanatory work is carried out on routes with tourists.

2.2. National and natural parks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The only national park in the region "Shushensky Bor" was organized in 1995 and is located in the Shushensky district on an area of 39.2 thousand hectares. The park includes part of the picturesque places of the memorial complex “Siberian exile of V.I. Lenin": Hut, Crane Hill, Sandy Hill and others. Here, areas of landscapes typical of the southern regions of Central Siberia, which are currently experiencing a significant anthropogenic load, have been taken under protection.

In the national park "Shushensky Bor" there is an interschool forestry, consisting of three school forestries: "Bee", "Ant", "Crane". School forestries took under their care an arboretum with an area of 1.8 hectares, in which there are 162 species of trees and shrubs, of which 22 species are introduced from other regions of the country. The results of many years of work of school forestries were recommendations on the use of trees and shrubs in landscaping settlements south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

From the first days of its existence, the national park has been developing tourism activities. As part of the overview information while moving along the route, you can get acquainted with the archaeological monuments of the history of human development of the Yenisei valley in the Bronze and Iron Ages - Nacherkina Gorka. The remains of the defensive structure of the state of the "Kyrgyz" - the fortress "Omaitura" and the remains of the Sayan prison - the first Russian settlement in the upper Yenisei (1718) have been preserved.

Employees of the national park, together with the Sayano-Shushensky Reserve and representatives of public organizations, annually take an active part in the March of Parks campaign.

In the period up to 2005, the “Scheme for the Development and Placement of Specially Protected Natural Territories in the Krasnoyarsk Territory” (1998) provides for the organization of new natural parks, both federal - the national park "Kanskoe Belogorye" to preserve the unique natural complex of the highlands of the Eastern Sayan in the Sayan region, and of regional significance - the natural park "Symsky" for the preservation of a unique natural complex, not changed by human activity, in the basin of the river Sym of the Yenisei region.

Ergaki is the name of a natural park located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The park was named after the ridge of the same name, which by the 1990s had become very popular among tourists, artists, and the local population. In addition to the Ergaki ridge, the park covers partly or completely the Kulumys, Oisky, Aradansky, Metugul-Taiga, Kedransky mountain ranges. The basins of the largest rivers in the park are Us, Kebezh, Oya, Taigish, Kazyrsuk.

Ergaki is a mountain junction, a ridge in the Western Sayan. It is located at the head of the Bolshoy Kebezh, Bolshoy Klyuch, Taigish, Verkhnyaya Buiba, Srednyaya Buiba and Nizhnyaya Buiba rivers.

2.3. Natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The state ecological and ethnographic reserve of republican significance "Eloguysky" with an area of 747.6 thousand hectares is located on the territory of the Turukhansky district in the northern part of the Sym-Dubchesky middle taiga upland in the basin of the river. Yelogui, was organized by the Order of the Chief Hunting Officer of the RSFSR No. 73 dated March 10, 1987.

This reserve was created without a time limit in order to protect the ecosystems of the middle taiga, maintain the ecological balance in the basin of the river. Yelogui, to preserve the cultural heritage and habitat of the indigenous peoples of the North. It is an integral part of the biosphere range of the Central Siberian Reserve and is subordinate to it.

The main area of the reserve is occupied by larch-cedar and larch-cedar-spruce middle taiga forests, dark coniferous taiga and pine forests are less common. The fauna is typical for the middle taiga and is represented by such species as sable, squirrel, Siberian weasel, wolf, elk, capercaillie, hazel grouse and others. The fauna includes 350 species of vertebrates. In this territory, there are species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation - peregrine falcon, osprey, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and gyrfalcon.

State reserves of regional importance occupy an area of 1076.52 thousand hectares, located in the territories of 25 administrative districts of the region in various natural and climatic zones.

State natural reserves "Arga", "Solgonsky ridge" and "Sisimsky" are complex in profile, the rest are zoological.

Most of the reserves are aimed at the conservation, restoration and reproduction of valuable hunting and commercial species of wild animals along with their habitat. The reserves "Bolshemurtinsky", "Talsko-Garevsky", "Krasnoturansky Bor" are engaged in the protection of Siberian roe deer in places of mass concentrations on migration and wintering routes, as well as upland game.

In the territories of many sanctuaries, animals listed in the Red Books of the Russian Federation live, for example, peregrine falcon (Bolshe-Kemchugsky, Malo-Kemchugsky and Prichulymsky sanctuaries), osprey (Ubeysko-Salbinsky, Taybinsky, B-Kemchugsky and Sisimsky sanctuaries), white-tailed eagle (reserves "Arga" and Berezovsky), Saker Falcon (B-Kemchugsky, Sisimsky). Black stork sightings have been recorded in the Arga, Solgonsky Kryazh, Prichulymsky and Taybinsky nature reserves; there is reliable information about the stay during the nesting period of the common crane in the Taibinsky and Bolshemurtinsky reserves.

In the Krasnoturansky Bor reserve there is a colony of gray herons, unique for the region, numbering about 100 nesting pairs.

A complete list of state natural reserves of regional significance operating in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is given in Appendix No. 2.

2.4. Monuments of nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects were registered (as of May 1, 2007), which have the status of natural monuments of regional significance with a total area of 19.12 thousand hectares. To name a few: the Chinzhebsky waterfall is a unique hydrogeological object of scientific, cultural and educational value, located in the southwestern part of the Eastern Sayan, in the interfluve of the Shinda and Nyrda rivers; natural monument "Snyt relic" is located in the basin of the river. Small Kebezh, in its lower reaches, was created in order to preserve the isolated location of the nemoral flora - European goutweed and is the only place of its growth in natural conditions on the right bank of the Yenisei, this is the easternmost point of the range, isolated at a distance of 300 km; lake Tiberkul is a unique and picturesque mountain lake, located on the southern slope of the Eastern Sayan ridge, in the right-bank part of the river basin. Kazyr; a natural monument declared a pine forest in the basin of the river. Baikalikh as the northernmost pine forest in Russia. There are many picturesque caves among the natural monuments of the region (Lysanskaya, Bolshaya Oreshnaya, Badzheyskaya, Karaulnaya, Kubinskaya, Mayskaya, etc.).

2.5. Resorts and health-improving areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

On the territory of the region there is one federal resort and 6 resorts and health-improving areas of regional significance (Appendix No. 3).

All facilities, except for the Krasnozavodskoy sanatorium (the Krasnozavodsk Rest House is located in the Bogotolsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the left bank of the Chulym River, in a picturesque pine forest, does not have mineral and medicinal waters), have deposits of natural medicinal waters and mud, which are used in therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. The problems of health-improving areas are associated with their spontaneous development and undeveloped infrastructure, as well as high recreational loads.

Conclusion

In general, it can be noted that the system of intact natural territories in Russia seems to be quite developed and relatively flexible. Moreover, the density of the network of these territories and the flexibility of the protection system have been growing in recent years. Although this system (like the whole country as a whole) is currently experiencing significant economic difficulties, the forecast for its development is generally favorable. The main disadvantage of the network of protected areas in Russia is its unevenness and, especially, low density in the steppe zone, which is most subject to anthropogenic transformation. There are nature reserves in the European steppe, but they are (by the scale of Russia) microscopic, while in the West Siberian steppe there are neither reserves nor national natural parks.

At the same time, one should not forget that reserves are specially protected areas with the highest conservation status, although they, in turn, are divided into subcategories. In general, here tourism should not affect the main objects of protection and reproduction. Nevertheless, each reserve determines for itself the volume and directions of environmental education activities, which include eco-tourism.

Currently, there are a large number of definitions proposed for eco-tourism. The first definition was given by G. Ceballos-Lascurine in 1980. Ecological tourism, according to the author, is a trip to relatively untouched or unpolluted natural areas with the specific goal of learning, admiring and enjoying the contemplation of nature, landscapes, plants and wild animals, as well as studying the cultural characteristics of these territories.

There are the following criteria characterizing this type of tourism:

1) ecological tourism should be based on the use of predominantly natural resources;

2) it must minimize damage to the natural and socio-cultural environment;

3) the orientation of such tourism should place the main emphasis on environmental education and education;

4) the development of tourism should ensure sustainable economic and social development, as well as the cultural and environmental well-being of the local population of those areas where it is carried out.

The presence in our territories of a unique natural heritage with a rich range of biological and natural diversity gives Russia the prerequisites for the development of ecotourism. At the same time, the growth in demand for environmental goods around the world can give a powerful impetus to the development of this particular type of tourism with a focus on the inbound tourism market. The main limiting factors are: the duration of such tours, as well as high rates for high-speed transport due to the remoteness of unique tourist resources.

Nevertheless, without targeted state support, this area of tourism, most likely, will not develop.

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Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. un-ta, 2004. - 246 p.

Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: the program of the school course. - Krasnoyarsk, 2000.

Savchenko, A.P. Appendix to the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. / A.P. Savchenko, V.N. Lopatin, A.N. Zyryanov, M.N. Smirnov and others - Krasnoyarsk: Ed. Center of KrasSU, 2004. - 147 p.

Application No. 1

State natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Application №2

State natural reserves of regional significance

Name of protected area	Year of creation	Area, thousand ha	Administrative position of protected areas (districts)

			Achinsky, Bogotolsky Nazarovsky
birch oak forest			Nazarovsky, Uzhursky, Sharypovsky
Berezovsky			Sharypovsky

B-Kassky			Yenisei
B-Kemchugsky			Kozulsky, Emelyanovsky
B-Murtinsky			Bolshemurtinsky
Kandatsky			Tyukhtetsky, B-Uluysky, Birilyussky
Kebezhsky			Ermakovsky, Karatuzsky
			Kazachinsky, Pirovsky
Krasnoturansky Bor			Krasnoturansky
Makovsky			Yenisei, Birilyussky
Malo-Kemchugsky			Emelyanovsky, B-Murtinsky
prichulymsky			Achinsky, Bogotolsky
Sisimsky			Kuraginskiy
Solgon Ridge			Uzhursky, Nazarovsky, Balakhtinsky
Taybinsky			Irbeysky
Talsko-Garevsky			Sukhobuzimsky
Turukhansky			Turukhansky
Ubeysko-Salbinsky			Novoselovsky, Krasnoturansky
Khabyksky			Idrinsky
Bolshaya Pashkina			Shushensky

Application №3

Resorts and health-improving areas on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Name

Object status

Administrative position (district)

Therapeutic and recreational area "Nanzhulskoe deposit of mineral waters"

Emelyanovsky

Therapeutic and recreational area "Antsirskoe deposit of mineral waters"

Especially protected natural territories and their classification. In ... scientific literature especially protected natural territories (protected areas)[ 11,190] protected areas These are areas...

Especially protected natural territories as a factor of regional development

Diploma work >> Ecology

Is a member regional associations especially protected natural territories (protected areas) - Union protected areas Ural and Associations protected areas Southern Urals. Reserve...

Especially protected natural territories (2)

Abstract >> Ecology

... , Black Lands and Meshchersky National Park. four. Especially protected natural territories Especially protected natural territories (protected areas) belong to the objects of the national heritage and represent ...

Over the past 4 centuries, more than 150 species of animals have become extinct on the planet, half of which have disappeared in the last 50 years. Every year there are fewer and fewer corners of nature that are not touched by mankind. Every year the Red Book, its lists, are replenished with new animals and plants.
Russia is the only country in the world where the reserve is not only a territory protected by the state, but also a scientific institution.
The goals of state natural reserves are the preservation and study of natural phenomena and processes, the protection of certain species of flora and fauna.
7 large reserves have been formed, with their own goals, features, flora and fauna, sometimes inherent only to them.

It is the largest reserve not only in Russia itself, but also in Eurasia as a whole. It is located on the Taimyr Peninsula and on the islands of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug. It was created to protect birds during migration in the North Atlantic direction. Its total area is 4169222 hectares, together with the sea area.
In the reserve you can find 16 species of mammals, 4 of which are marine. There are such species of waterfowl as the small swan, four varieties of ducks and geese. About 80% of all black geese, and in particular, their molting and nesting places, are taken under protection here. Their main concentrations are on the islands of the Kara Sea, both in colonies and in pairs.

State Biosphere Reserve "Sayanno-Shushensky".
This reserve is located in the center of the Western Sayan, in the vastness of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and more precisely in the Shushensky and Ermakovsky districts. The main purpose of the reserve is to protect the sable, which is the most valuable fur-bearing animal. Another feature of the reserve can be considered the study of the influence of the Sayano-Shushenskoye reservoir on ecosystems.

It is located south of the Taimyr Peninsula and has an area of over 250 thousand square kilometers. In the open spaces of the reserve you can see such rare plants, like the spotted slipper, the Asian bathing suit, the motley poppy, the arthropod, the long-horned dandelion, etc. On the Puttorana Plateau are big places nesting of gyrfalcon and white-tailed eagle in Siberia. Putorana snow sheep live in the center of the plateau. Also here you can meet a lot of wolves, wolverines and bears, whose role in local biocenoses is very large.

Reserve Stolby.
Not far from the southwestern border of the Krasnoyarsk Reserve, on the banks of the Yenisei, is the Stolby Reserve. Its area is 47154 hectares. It was organized to protect the beautiful rocky massif Stolby. Its flora is diverse and includes about 750 vascular plants and over 250 species of mosses. Also on the territory of the reserve there are over 291 species of vertebrates. A huge number of plants presented here are inscribed in the Red Book of Russia. The main attraction is the rocks, some of which are open to everyone, and some are located in the depths of the reserve. In the Bazaikha Valley, adjacent to the city, there are a number of slopes for skiers.

It is located in the northern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula. With an area of 1781928 hectares, it includes 4 parts, and a branch in the Laptev Sea, with an area of 37018 hectares. Status biosphere reserve it was awarded by UNESCO in 1995. In the reserve you can find 432 species of vascular plants, 220 varieties of mosses and 266 different lichens. The fauna of the reserve, which is quite rare, is small, and includes only 23 species. Despite this, 3 of them are specially protected mammals. Lemmings are among them. The most common predator of the reserve can be considered such an animal as the arctic fox.

In the Tunguska depression, there is another important reserve of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which has a swampy area. The main part of the fauna is taiga species. There are more than 30 different species of fish in the reserve and adjacent territories. The wolverine and the brown bear make up the majority of the predators in this area. In the river valleys it is possible to meet a fox. You can also meet here 3 species of ungulates.

This reserve extends on the western part of the plateau of Central Siberia, as well as in the Yenisei valley and a small part of Podkamennaya Tunguska. The main purpose of the construction of the reserve is to study and preserve the water and terrestrial natural places of the middle taiga Siberia. Its area is located on 972017 hectares. The fauna of the reserve includes 34 species of freshwater fish.

protected area- These are special areas of territories where endangered species of flora and fauna grow and live. The entire area of this territory retains its original habitat: soil, relief, water bodies, natural landscape. This is a monitored and protected area where you can not hunt and have picnics with fires. Any activity: deforestation, planting of cultivated plants, fishing, etc. is prohibited here. Often, it is not possible and impossible to move around on your own in nature reserves, but there are separate territories in which it is allowed to pass and admire the wildlife. In order to do something like this, you need to obtain permission from the Ministry of Natural Resources. Russian Federation or conservation area guides. Our country is rich in beautiful untouched natural places, one of which is the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The Great Arctic Reserve, which is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Founded protected area in 1993 and is the leader in Eurasia among protected natural areas. The area of the territory is 2,007,069 thousand hectares. The reserve includes part of the Taimyr Peninsula, nearby wild islands, sea spaces, bays, rivers and bays in this area. Divided protected area for 35 circuits.

It is a reserve of two natural sides: the arctic deserts, as well as the arctic tundra, in which most of the permafrost is from 0.200 to 0.900 km. Nine months The large Arctic stretch of nature is covered with snow, which falls in October and completely thaws only in June.

Over 162 species of higher wild plants grow here, 89 species of mosses, fifteen species of fungi, among which there is a white-skinned fibrous, seventy species of lichens. The fauna is also diverse, but it lags behind the flora in terms of species.

Putoransky Reserve Krasnodar Territory

The area of the Putoransky Reserve is 1887,000 hectares, it is located in the Arctic Krasnodar Territory, in the northwestern part of the Central Siberian Plateau, south of the Taimyr Peninsula. The territory of the reserve is named after the Putorano Plateau. It was created to preserve the beauty of nature in its natural form. The bighorn sheep recorded in the Red Book of the Russian Federation lives here. Also, these places are known for the most incredibly large population of northern wild deer. The reserve is listed as a natural monument world heritage UNESCO, thanks to the richest and most beautiful connection of the taiga, arctic desert, mountain range, forest tundra, virgin lakes, rivers and waterfalls in one place.

Protected area Pillars of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The area is relatively small, 47.2 thousand hectares, the reserve was created at the request of Krasnoyarsk residents, who wished to preserve pillars - rocks of an unusual shape.

The pillars are allowed to be visited by tourist teams. It is allowed to spend time among the indescribable beauty of wild nature, and even go rock climbing. Clean air, beautiful surroundings offer excellent communication and new acquaintances. This type of tourism even got a name - "stolbism". In this reserve, in the thicket of the forest, there are also "Wild Pillars", to which access is prohibited.

The protected area is also rich various types animals, birds and plants, some of which are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. Someone will certainly be lucky to see the rarest birds and mammals in the wild natural environment.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is rich in reserves, there are eight of them:

Central Siberian Reserve;
Pillars;
Putorana State Nature Reserve;
National Park "Shushensky Bor";
Krasnoyarsk Big Arctic Reserve;
Taimyr protected area;
Biosphere Reserve "Sayano-Shushensky" on a state basis;
Tunguska reserve.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is unusual and beautiful, rich in natural resources, flora and fauna. In the reserves of this region, nature has retained its virgin beauty. Everyone should visit these luxurious untouched places at least once in their life.