Who approves the federal budget of the Russian Federation. State budget, structure and procedure for its adoption - abstract. Budget and public debt

Real estate
22.05.2022

It is annually developed and approved as a Federal Law. The formation and targeted spending of budget items is also regulated by Russian law.

Consolidated budget code - combines national and regional financial plans. If the expenditure side exceeds the revenue, the budget is in deficit; When there is an excess of government revenue, there is a surplus. A small minus in Russia's planned annual budget is an indicator of a balanced approach.

Formation and approval procedure

A draft of a new annual financial plan is being prepared within a few months and is based on key macroeconomic indicators: the forecast of inflation and the cost of a barrel of oil, on calculations of the rate and volume of GDP growth. The sources of operational planning are economic and political documents:

  • budget message of the President of the Russian Federation;
  • forecasts of socio-economic development and regional balances for the period;
  • current policy directions in the tax sphere;
  • plans for privatization and development of the public sector.

Only the Government of the Russian Federation has the right to submit the annual budget to the State Duma. The draft passes up to 4 readings;

  • on the 1st, the main indicators are approved and in detail - an estimate of income, including distribution by region;
  • 2nd reading is given to the expenditure part and articles of the Regional Support Fund;
  • 3rd - itemized detailing and agreement on the volume of borrowings;
  • 4th reading - final adoption.

Budget Structure

The state budget of Russia consists of revenue and expenditure parts. The purpose of planning is to provide funding for state needs and the work of municipal government. Income is generated from receipts:

  • tax fees - federal rates for various types of taxes, customs and other fiscal payments, as well as state duties;
  • non-tax fees - profits of state enterprises, the Bank of Russia, from transactions in the foreign market, etc.

Expenses are distributed according to the sectoral and program principle, priority is given to the social block (up to 30-50% of the volume), public administration and the country's defense capability:

  • maintenance of courts and executive authorities;
  • activities of the army, navy, Ministry of Emergency Situations, police;
  • investment programs;
  • scientific research and education;
  • National economy;
  • debentures.

The resulting surplus and the difference in exchange rates for oil exports makes it possible to replenish the Reserve Funds: up to 3% of budget revenues go to the main one, up to 1% to the Presidential Fund, and the new United Fund, created to pay off the treasury deficit. Funds are spent in case of unforeseen or emergency situations, including for priority regional projects.

Budget parameters 2018

At the end of 2017, Russia approved the development budget for the next three years - 2018-20. The main plot is to achieve growth in the manufacturing sector of the economy and real incomes, stabilize inflation, reduce unemployment and public debt.

For the first time in recent years, the first year period was planned with a minimal deficit of about 1.3 trillion rubles, with a halving by the end of the budget period. The main figures are calculated based on an almost 4% inflation index and a dollar exchange rate of 64.7:

  • income - 15.2 trillion rubles;
  • expenses — 16.5 trillion rubles;
  • deficit - 1.3 trillion rubles;
  • GDP growth - 2.1% or 97.5 trillion rubles.

It was decided to reduce spending on the infrastructure of single-industry towns and remote medicine, state support for small businesses, and articles on the maintenance of law enforcement agencies and the state apparatus were also sequestered.

Consideration and approval of the budget is carried out in the legislative bodies (Federal Assembly), representative bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation, and local governments.

Government of the Russian Federation submits to the State Duma:

Draft federal law on the rates of insurance contributions to state off-budget funds for the next financial year.

Draft federal law on the federal budget for the next financial year with explanatory documents and materials;

Draft federal laws: on the introduction of amendments and additions to the legislative acts of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees; about budgetary state non-budgetary funds of the Russian Federation; on amendments and additions to the Federal Law "On the Budget Classification of the Russian Federation".

Assessment of the expected execution of the federal budget for the current financial year and the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation for the reporting financial year;

Draft programs for the provision of guarantees and the provision of federal budget funds on a repayable basis;

Proposals for expenses for the maintenance of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies;

Quarterly distribution of revenues and expenditures of the federal budget for the next financial year.

Bank of Russia before October 1, submits to the State Duma a draft of the main directions of the unified state monetary policy for the next financial year. The preliminary specified draft is sent to the President of the Russian Federation and to the Government of the Russian Federation.

Council of the State Duma, having received the above documents and materials, sends them to the State Duma Committee on Budget and Taxes, and also approves other committees responsible for considering individual sections and subsections of the federal budget. In addition, the draft federal law on the federal budget is sent by the Council of the State Duma to the President of the Russian Federation, to the Federation Council, committees of the State Duma, other subjects of law, as well as to the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation for conclusion. After receiving the conclusion of the committee, the State Duma considers the draft in 4 readings:

1. The main directions of budgetary and tax policy, forecasts of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, the project of external borrowing, federal budget revenues and total expenditures are discussed.

If the draft budget is rejected in the first reading, the State Duma may:

Submit the bill to the conciliation commission to clarify the main characteristics of the budget. The conciliation commission includes representatives of: the State Duma, the Government, the Federation Council;

Return the bill to the Government for revision;

Raise the question of confidence in the Government.

2. The federal budget expenditures are approved according to the functional classification within the limits of the expenditures approved in the first reading. The draft is considered within 15 days after the adoption in the first reading.

3. Federal budget expenditures are approved by subsections of the functional classification and by the main fund managers (within 25 days).

4. The State Duma considers the bill within 15 days after the adoption of the budget in the 3rd reading. A vote is taken and amendments are not allowed. After adoption, the bill is submitted within 5 days for consideration by the Federation Council. The Federation Council must consider it within 14 days from the date of receipt. The approved Federal Law is sent within 5 days to the President for signing and promulgation.

If rejected by the Federation Council, it is submitted to the conciliation commission, after which it is again considered by the Duma. If the State Duma does not agree with the decision of the Federation Council, the federal law is considered adopted if at least 2/3 of the total number of the State Duma voted for it.

The President has 14 days to sign the federal law. If he rejects the law, the State Duma and the Federation Council consider it again. However, if at least 2/3 of the total number of parliament voted for the Federal Law, it is adopted in the previous edition and is subject to promulgation within 7 days.

If the federal law is not approved before the beginning of the financial year, then financial expenses in the first quarter of the year are carried out in the same amounts as in the previous year.

Execution and conclusion of the budget

Execution of the budget begins after the approval of the federal law by the President. This stage includes the implementation of the revenue and expenditure parts.

The execution of the budget is provided by the Ministry of Finance and the entire financial management system of the Russian Federation. For the operational execution of the budget, a list of income and expenses is drawn up (quarterly for articles, sections). It is approved by the relevant authorities.

The organization of budget execution is entrusted to the Federal Treasury of the Russian Federation.

Treasury budget execution system differs from banking, primarily in that the treasury concentrates both cash flows that arise in the process of budget execution - revenue and expenditure - on one account.

The treasury system of budget execution is regulated by the Budget Code of the Russian Federation. The budgets of all levels of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation are executed on the basis of the principle of unity of cash , which provides for the transfer of all received budget revenues, the attraction and repayment of sources of financing the budget deficit and the implementation of all expenses from a single budget account, with the exception of operations for the execution of the federal budget carried out outside the Russian Federation.

Execution of income budgets provides:

Transfer and crediting of income to a single budget account;

Distribution in accordance with the approved budget of regulatory revenues;



Rice. 8.2. Drawing up, consideration and approval of the federal budget

Return of excess amounts of income paid to the budget;

Accounting for budget revenues and reporting on revenues of the relevant budget.

Execution of budgets by expenses is carried out within the limits of the actual availability of budgetary funds in a single account of the relevant budget, while mandatory consistently conducted procedures for authorizing and financing expenditures must be observed.

All stages of the budget process are shown in Figure 8.2 for a more visual representation.

The main stages of authorization and financing in the execution of budget expenditures are:

Drawing up and approval of the budget list. Schedule of the budget - the main operational plan for the distribution of income-expenditures by subdivisions of the budget classification, which indicates the timing of the receipt of taxes and other payments and the expenditure of budget funds during the year;

Approval and communication of notifications of budgetary appropriations to managers and recipients of budgetary funds, as well as approval of estimates of income and expenses by budgetary funds managers and budgetary institutions;

Approval and communication of notifications on the limits of budgetary obligations to the administrators and recipients of budgetary funds;

Acceptance of monetary obligations by recipients of budgetary funds;

Confirmation and reconciliation of the fulfillment of monetary obligations;

Spending of budgetary funds (financing procedure). Work on the execution of budgets of all levels is completed in the Russian Federation on December 31. Limits on budget commitments expire on 31 December. Acceptance of budgetary obligations after December 25 is not allowed. The confirmation of budget commitments is due to be completed by the Federal Treasury on 28 December. Until December 31, inclusive, the Federal Treasury is obliged to pay the accepted and confirmed budget obligations. Accounts used for the execution of the federal budget of the year being completed are subject to closing at 24:00 on December 31.

He will hold parliamentary hearings on the topic “On the parameters of the draft federal budget for 2019 and for the planning period of 2020 and 2021.” In anticipation of the consideration of the country's main financial document in parliament, we decided to talk about how the federal budget is formed and adopted.

Traditionally, consideration of the draft federal budget is the main legislative priority of the autumn session. No wonder it is always called the main financial law of the country. However, the procedure for its consideration has changed from time to time.

Thus, in May 2006, President Vladimir Putin, in his Budget Address, announced the need to reform the budget process. And above all, develop and approve the state budget not only for the next year, but also for the next two years, as well as reduce the number of readings when considered by the State Duma from four to three, which was done by legislators. This opened a new chapter in public budgeting.

budget history

However, the state did not always have a budget, in contrast to the taxation system. And the budget appeared when the state began to plan its financial activities, that is, to draw up a system of income and expenses for a certain period. England was one of the first. When in the XVI-XVII centuries the House of Commons approved the subsidy of the kings, then at the end of the meeting, the Chancellor of the Exchequer (then Minister of Finance) opened the briefcase in which the paper with the corresponding bill was kept. This action was conditionally called "opening the budget" (budget - in English then it could be translated as "bag"). Already later, from the end of the 17th century, the name of this portfolio was transferred to the document itself, containing the plan of state revenues and expenditures approved by the parliament.

In Russia, the beginning of budgeting (or the procedure for the state listing of income and expenses) is counted from 1863. At that time, the State Bank was established, and the Minister of Finance became the only manager of the budget. By the way, the "list of income and expenses" began to be published for general information. The established First State Duma was immediately involved in the consideration of the state budget. And after the publication on March 8, 1906 of the Rules on the procedure for considering the state list of income and expenditure in Russia, for the first time, official budgetary law arises.

After the October Revolution, from the very first days, the preparation of the budget was declared an important and urgent task. On January 28, 1918, the Rules for the preparation, consideration and approval of estimates for January - July 1918 appeared, in accordance with which the first Soviet budget was drawn up, approved by the Council of People's Commissars. He laid the foundation for the formation of a system of semi-annual budgets that were in effect for two years. In 1920-1921 the government returned to annual planning. The foundations of the budget structure of the state were formulated in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918, in which Section 5 was called “Budget Law”.

Income and expense planning

In the economic sense, the federal budget is a form of formation and use of the country's centralized fund of funds. It is through it that the national income and gross domestic product are redistributed, financial resources are formed for economic development, the implementation of social policy and the strengthening of defense capability. The right of the Russian Federation to an independent federal budget is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 71), and the procedure for its formation and execution is regulated in detail by the Budget Code of the Russian Federation.

The domestic budget system consists of budgets of different levels: federal, regional and local. A budget is developed for each financial year starting on 1 January and planned for a two-year period.

The development and formation of the state budget is the exclusive prerogative of the Government of the Russian Federation, the relevant executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments. The direct drafting of budgets is carried out by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, financial authorities of subjects and municipalities.

The main document, which reflects both strategic and tactical plans for the budgetary policy of the state, is the annual Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. In it, in particular, the head of state formulates the main tasks of the budget policy on the basis of priority tasks for the development of the economy and the social sphere. This is what the Government of the Russian Federation is primarily guided by when working on the formation of the state budget.

Parliamentary readings

Since July 2007, when the State Duma adopted the federal budget for 2008 and for the planned period of 2009 and 2010, deputies began to consider the bill on the state budget in three readings (previously - in four).

The first reading examines the main parameters (the size of revenues with the allocation of the projected volume of oil and gas revenues of the federal budget, expenditures, deficit) and the concept of the state budget (the main directions of budgetary and tax policy; the main principles and calculations in the relationship between the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; the limits of external borrowing; volume of oil and gas transfer). At the same time, the forecasted volume of gross domestic product and the level of inflation must be indicated.

The forecast of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the next financial year is also discussed. It is developed on the basis of data on the socio-economic development of the territory for the last reporting period and trends in the development of the economy and the social sphere for the planned years.

Moreover, according to the Budget Code, the State Duma does not have the right to increase revenues and the state budget deficit if there is no positive conclusion from the Government for this.

If the deputies do not accept the draft budget in the first reading, they can:

submit it to a conciliation commission formed from representatives of the State Duma, the Federation Council, the Government and is obliged to submit an agreed version within 10 days; return it to the Government of the Russian Federation, which is obliged to finalize the draft within 20 days and submit it for consideration to the State Duma.

If, following the results of the work of the conciliation commission or additional work with the Government of the Russian Federation, a decision is not made, then the draft federal budget is considered rejected again. Moreover, this is tantamount to raising the issue of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation and its dissolution.

If the bill is adopted in the first reading, then the main parameters of the budget cannot be changed in subsequent readings.

In the second reading, the State Duma considers and approves various annexes to the law on the state budget, establishing, in particular, the sources of financing the budget deficit; budget allocations by sections, subsections, target items and types of expenses; distribution of interbudgetary transfers; programs of state internal and external borrowings, state guarantees in rubles and foreign currency; long-term (federal) target programs with appropriations.

At the same time, federal laws on the budgets of state off-budget funds, on raising the minimum pension, on the procedure for indexing and recalculating state pensions, and on raising the minimum wage must be adopted before the second reading.

The State Duma considers the draft budget in the second reading within 35 days after its adoption in the first. The main work on collecting and summarizing the amendments is carried out by the Budget Committee, which prepares summary tables of amendments and sends them to the relevant committees and the Government of the Russian Federation, which, in turn, must decide which amendments they approve for adoption and which ones for rejection. Amendments on interbudgetary transfers are considered by the Budget Committee only after their preliminary consideration by the Federation Council Committee on the Budget.

If the State Duma does not support the proposals of the Budget Committee, it may consider alternative budget options.

If the bill is rejected in the second reading, then it is submitted to the conciliation commission.

In the third reading, the State Duma considers and approves the state budget expenditures for sections, subsections, targeted articles and types of expenditures provided for by separate annexes adopted in the second reading. The departmental structure of expenses is also approved. For consideration in the third reading, the bill is put to the vote as a whole.

The adopted federal law is submitted to the Federation Council for consideration within five days from the date of adoption.

The Federation Council considers the law as a whole within 14 days from the date of its submission by the State Duma. In case of rejection, the law is submitted to the conciliation commission, within 10 days it submits for reconsideration by the State Duma an agreed version, which is discussed in only one reading. A law on the federal budget shall be considered adopted if at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies voted for it during the repeated vote.

A federal budget law approved by the Federation Council shall be sent to the President of the Russian Federation for signing and promulgation within five days from the date of approval. If the President of the Russian Federation rejects the federal budget, then it is submitted to a conciliation commission, which also includes a representative of the President of the Russian Federation.

If by December 15 of the current year the law on the federal budget for the next financial year has not been adopted or for other reasons did not enter into force before January 1, then the body executing the budget is authorized to allocate funds not more than 1/4 of the appropriations of the previous year per quarter or no more than 1/12 per month.

If the budget law has not entered into force three months after the beginning of the financial year, then the body executing the budget does not have the right to: provide budget funds for investment purposes, allocate budget funds on a repayable basis, provide subventions to non-state legal entities, borrow in the amount of more than 1/8 of the volume of borrowings of the previous financial year per quarter, to form reserve funds of executive authorities and to carry out expenses from these funds.

Budget changes

The situation in the economy, especially in the context of the globalization of markets and today's anti-Russian sanctions, can develop in different ways, including negatively, when previously made forecasts of socio-economic development collapse, and hence the main parameters of the adopted budget. However, the reverse situation is also possible, when the actual budget revenues significantly exceed the planned ones.

In these cases, the Government of the Russian Federation is obliged to submit to the State Duma a draft law on amendments and additions to the law on the state budget, which is subject to priority and extraordinary consideration.

For example, in a force majeure situation, when there was a decrease in the expected revenues to the federal budget by more than 10 percent of annual appointments. If in this case the government bill is not adopted by the State Duma, the Cabinet of Ministers has the right to proportionally reduce budget expenditures until a legislative decision is made on this issue (a similar procedure is called "sequestration"). For example, this happened in May 1996, when the Government submitted to the State Duma a draft law “On the Sequestration of Federal Budget Expenses for 1997,” which was ultimately rejected by deputies a month and a half later. This is a rather rare procedure and it is applied in exceptional cases, which any state tries to prevent. RFS

Sergei Ryabukhin, Chairman of the Federation Council Committee on Budget and Financial Markets - Zero reading of the draft federal budget is a kind of moment of truth for the Government and at the same time an effective tool for preliminary consideration of the document for deputies and senators. Here, parliamentarians have the opportunity to exchange opinions, discuss, hear and understand outside the rigid bindings to the Budget Code. This makes it possible to consider alternative points of view on the targeted use of federal money without strictly regulated procedures prescribed in the very regulations for considering budget applications. After all, it is important not only to achieve the approval of the budget list in the law on the budget, but that this list achieves the highest result in terms of the efficiency of spending funds. However, I must say that the work of legislators begins long before zero reading. The latest proposals submitted for consideration by the Government to the concept of the budget for the next three years were formed at a meeting of our committee at the end of June. As a rule, proposals for zero reading of the draft federal budget are prepared by all committees of the Chamber of Regions, which are then assembled in the relevant committee on the budget and financial markets and formalized as proposals by the Federation Council. In the future, the Government considers applications from sectoral ministries, the main managers of budgetary funds, taking into account the opinion of the Chamber of Regions and the May decree of the president, which defines priority areas for the development of the state. After that, the draft budget is submitted to the State Duma in the form of a final document, which is considered at parliamentary hearings in zero reading mode. This year, for example, we hope to see the document along with its first assessments by the Accounts Chamber in the Federation Council, where First Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Anton Siluanov will be invited.

The Government of the Russian Federation no later than 01.10 of the current financial year submits draft laws on the federal budget and the budgets of state off-budget funds for consideration by the State Duma. At the same time, bills are submitted to the President of the Russian Federation, to the Federation Council of the Russian Federation, to the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation.

The draft law on the federal budget specifies the indicators of the approved federal budget of the planning period and approves the indicators of the second year of the planning period.

Within 10 days from the day the draft law on the federal budget is submitted to the State Duma, the responsible committees of the State Duma prepare and send their opinions on the bill to the Budget Committee. Further, the bill is subject to consideration by deputies of the State Duma in three readings.

First reading - 30 days from the day the bill was submitted to the State Duma.

During the first reading, the deputies hear the report of the Government of the Russian Federation, the co-reports of the chairmen of the Budget Committee and the Committee responsible for considering the forecast of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, the report of the chairman of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation.

Subject of first reading:

- to the concept of the law on the federal budget;

Forecast of socio-economic development;

Directions of budgetary and tax policy;

The main characteristics of the federal budget:

1) the total volume of income with the allocation of oil and gas income;

2) norms for the distribution of income between budgets;

3) the total amount of expenses;

4) conditionally approved expenses in the amount of at least 2.5% of the volume of expenses for the first year of the planning period and at least 5% - for the second year of the planning period;

5) the upper limit of the state internal and external debt;

6) the normative value of the Reserve Fund;

7) deficit (surplus) of the budget.

If the bill is rejected in the first reading, the State Duma may take one of the following decisions:

Submit the bill to the conciliation commission to clarify the main characteristics of the budget (the conciliation commission is a tripartite one, including representatives of the State Duma, the Federation Council and the Government of the Russian Federation);

Return the bill to the Government for revision;

Raise the question of confidence in the Government.

A second rejection of the bill is possible if the State Duma raises the question of confidence in the Government.

Second reading - 35 days from the date of adoption of the bill in the first reading.

Subject of second reading:

List of chief revenue administrators and chief administrators of budget deficit financing sources;

Budget appropriations in the context of the functional structure of the budgetary classification of expenditures;

Distribution of interbudgetary transfers between the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

Programs for granting loans, internal and external borrowings, state guarantees;


Long-term target programs;

Text articles of the law on the federal budget.

In the process of considering the bill in the second reading, the Budget Committee prepares summary tables of amendments to expenditures in the context of the functional structure of the classification. The profile committees consider the amendments and submit the results to the Budget Committee. The Budget Committee subsequently submits summary tables of amendments to the State Duma for consideration with a decision on their acceptance or rejection.

Third reading - 15 days from the date of adoption of the bill in the second reading.

During the third reading, the departmental structure of expenditures and the bill as a whole are approved.

Within 5 days, the bill adopted by the State Duma is sent to the Federation Council, which must consider it within 14 days.

The draft law approved by the Federation Council is submitted to the President of the Russian Federation for signing within 5 days. The Budget Code of the Russian Federation provides for the procedure for rejecting a draft law when it is considered by the Federation Council and the President.

After signing the law by the President, within 5 days it must be published in the media. The law comes into force on January 1 of the next financial year.

Reconstruction of institutions of a non-profit nature and many other activities of national importance are compensated to a greater extent at the expense of national wealth. Its formation and structuring is a difficult and time-consuming process, and we will try to understand it in this article.

The concept of the federal budget

The federal budget is the fundamental treasury of any state, which is a system of relationships based on imperative funds, which are an integral part of government funds. National financial wealth takes the main socio-economic functions of the country as the basis of its formation, from which the main directions of future income and expenses are distinguished.

In turn, the federal one performs the most important functions in the life support of the state system:

  • stimulates social policy;
  • regulates economic processes within the country;
  • takes part in the redistribution of GDP and national income;
  • controls the cash flow.

As we can see, this financial instrument has more than enough tasks, so the government approaches its formation and structuring thoroughly, which we will talk about later.

How the budget is made

We all understand that the federal budget is not just a money supply, it is a huge complex mechanism, and each of us is interested in what principles officials are guided by when adopting it.

As a rule, the treasury is approved in four hearings and includes the following series of procedures:

  1. According to the statistics of key industries, the final indicators for the previous reporting period are evaluated.
  2. Further, the immediate prospects for the socio-economic development of the state are predicted.
  3. The main points of the upcoming tax and budget policy are highlighted.
  4. Based on the development plans for key areas, a consolidated budget and a consolidated financial balance are forecast.
  5. Further, federal programs for various purposes are predicted - target, investment and defense.
  6. Agreements of an international nature that have any financial obligations are taken into account.
  7. Accounts of the federal budget for other expenses are taken into account.
  8. An upcoming program aimed at the implementation of external loans is being considered.
  9. Proposals on the level of minimum indexation of social payments are being considered.
  10. Regulations are suspended, the financing of which is not provided for by the budget policy for the next year.

Required Programs

The draft federal budget as a financial instrument also bears a certain social responsibility to its people, so some mandatory programs do exist, but each of them is carefully checked for compliance.

To do this, there is a legislatively approved clear algorithm of actions:

  • the justification of the project from a technical and economic point of view is provided to the government for consideration, since the state apparatus must be sure of the need to finance a particular procedure from the treasury;
  • further, social and environmental consequences are predicted from the implementation of a certain program;
  • guided by the current legislation, the government decides on the direct amount of funding for a particular project;
  • other necessary documentation is being prepared.

Principles of formation of the federal budget

Any details relating to the formation and disposal of the state treasury are regulated by this regulatory legal act - the Federal Law on the Federal Budget. A clearly defined algorithm of actions in the event of a particular situation is extremely important in today's unstable market relations. Since it would be strange and very inappropriate after the adoption of the structure of the treasury for the current year to dispose of funds for social payments in favor of strengthening national defense.

Therefore, each, even of an insignificant nature, the disposal of public funds is regulated by the current legislation and is based on the following principles:

  • all receipts of financial flows are classified into groups and classes depending on economic and territorial predisposition - this means that some local budget revenues remain at the disposal of the district, and vice versa;
  • in the event of a deficit due to excessive spending, the missing funds are covered, also starting from the structural component of this financial instrument.

In general, it is difficult to describe the mechanism for managing the state treasury in a few sentences, but then we will try to deal with this complex structure.

The structure of the federal budget

We all understand that a huge complex of cash flows is not in a position to manage only the higher executive authorities. The federal budget is a financial institution of incommensurable size, and in world practice there are several generally accepted structures for its regulation:

  • banking;
  • mixed;
  • treasury.

Once upon a time, a banking structure was practiced in the Russian Federation, which made it possible to fix the movement at the level of making a payment and was regulated by the Central Bank. But such a system turned out to be imperfect due to untimely display of information, so it was decided to switch to treasury management.

Budget management

In addition to the principles of disposal, the federal law on the federal budget also regulates all this property.

So, at the first stage is the Main Department of the Federal Treasury, which is engaged in balancing all current income and expenses, as well as informing the executive authorities about this.

At the second level is the Department of the Treasury, which is directly subordinate to the district authorities. The functions of this institution are to inform higher authorities about income and execution of orders on expenses in its territory.

The third level of management includes local city and district treasuries, which keep track of the movement of public funds in the allotted area.

Functions of the Central Treasury

All funds of the federal budget, one way or another, are accounted for by employees of the Central Treasury, which is entrusted with a number of important functions and tasks:

  • distribution of the revenue part of the budget between the governing bodies of various levels;
  • accounting of any kind of payments, including tax payments, on accounts of state importance;
  • implementation of returns and offsets of excessively or erroneously transferred funds between treasuries of all levels;
  • recalculation of planned indicators, taking into account various kinds of deferrals and benefits;
  • establishment of restrictions in this or that financing;
  • constant control of expenses in order to effectively manage the state treasury;
  • management of all financial flows in bank accounts of the Treasury.

Sources of income

Who forms the state treasury? Let's get acquainted with the participants in this complex and ongoing process:


Thus, we can say that economic entities that have certain obligations to the country are extremely important and indispensable participants in this mechanism. But there are also non-tax ones, which include fines, penalties and other penalties that have arisen in the course of relations with government agencies.

Sources of expenses

The expenditure federal budget is the result of settlement formations that are fully dependent on the revenue side. The size of this sector of the state treasury is directly proportional to both the population and the country as a whole. Of course, this does not mean that they are fully satisfied; nevertheless, they are taken into account in annual planning. They are distributed according to the following principles:

  • sectoral (formed on the needs of various departments and ministries);
  • territorial (the area of ​​participation of the subjects of the country, that is, the population);
  • functional (costs are made in accordance with the declared target programs, among which social, environmental, scientific and other issues may be affected).

Any decisions on public spending are taken directly by the Central Treasury and

Budget balance

The federal budget of the Russian Federation over the past decades has not been able to boast of its balance, which, in principle, is normal in world practice - it always exceeds something: either income or expenses.

So, in the 90s of the last century, a budget deficit was persistently observed, which means that there were much more needs for the socio-economic regulation of the state than the receipts from taxpayers.

However, in recent years the situation has changed exactly the opposite, and at the moment there is a steady surplus of the national treasury.

Regulation of the federal budget

Now the government has set the most important task - to increase economic efficiency against the backdrop of foreign policy, which means that, first of all, the structure of state financial reserves is regulated. Various principles of managing social funds are regulated by the Federal Law on the federal budget.

But we all understand that it is difficult to predict anything in such unstable market relations, which largely depend on international relations. Therefore, against the backdrop of recent events, a special Stabilization Fund was created, focused on supporting economic growth through a budget surplus.