State natural reserves At present, there are 101 state nature reserves in Russia. nature reserve with a total area of ​​about 340,000 sq. km. in all natural areas from polar deserts to subtropics in 70 subjects Russian Federation.

CENTRAL DISTRICT

CENTRAL BLACK EARTH RESERVE

Central Black Earth them. prof. V.V. Alekhine Biosphere Reserve

Date of establishment Central Black Earth State Natural biosphere reserve them. V.V. Alekhin was created on February 10, 1935 by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The purpose of the creation The main objectives of the reserve, defined during its creation, were: the preservation of virgin steppe areas in combination with forests of various types (oak forests, pine forests, "aspen bushes"), as complexes of natural conditions of the northern steppes for studying steppe biogeocenoses, the process of formation of chernozem, relationships between the forest and the steppe, the influence of the forest in the fight against drought, for the scientific substantiation of a more profitable use of the natural conditions of the steppes of the northern and middle steppe belt of the European part of the USSR for agriculture and forestry.

Geographical position The reserve is located in the southwestern part of the Central Russian Upland within the middle belt of the forest-steppe zone, on the territory of the Medvensky, Manturovsky, Gorshechensky districts of the Kursk region. Until 1999, it also included the Yamskaya Steppe site in the Belgorod Region, now it is included in the Belogorye Nature Reserve

Area 5287.4 ha Number of clusters 6 (Streletsky plot with an area of ​​2046 ha, Cossack plot with an area of ​​1638 ha, Barkalovka (2 plots) - 368 ha, Bukreevy Barmy (2 plots) - 259 ha, Zorinsky - 495.1, Psel river floodplain (2 plots) - 481.3 ha.

The most protected species Mammals wild boar badger

roe fox

mole rat

Also, 5 species of reptiles were noted in the reserve: agile and viviparous lizards, spindleworm, common snake, steppe viper and 10 species of amphibians. About 30 species of fish live in the Psyol River. Of the invertebrates in the reserve, there are about 4 thousand species of insects alone. There are numerous beetles - 2039 species, butterflies - 856, Diptera - 451, Hymenoptera - 289 and bugs - 190. 23 species of insects are listed in the Red Book of Russia. About 200 species of spiders inhabit the areas of the reserve.

Reptiles or reptiles viviparous steppe lizard viper

Birds 210 species of birds have been recorded. The meadow steppes are inhabited by many partridges, quails, larks, and harriers. The common buzzard, black kite, common kestrel, goshawk and hobby falcon nest in the oak forests of the reserve. A rare species, the pygmy eagle, nests relatively regularly on the territory of the Barkalovka site.

pygmy eagle

Flora The flora of the Central Chernozem Reserve, protected on its territory, is unusually rich and diverse. 1276 species of higher plants are known in the reserve, which is more than 70% of the flora of the Kursk region. 9 species are listed in the Red Book of Russia: upland wolfberry (v. Yulia), Kozo-Polyansky's breakwater, feather grass, feathery feather grass, beautiful feather grass, real lady's slipper, thin-leaved peony, Russian hazel grouse, Alaunian cotoneaster. 145 species of mosses, more than 200 species of algae, 80 species of lichens and about 800 species of fungi have been registered, two of which (umbellate griffon and pistil hornwort) are listed in the Red Book of Russia.

Pudyakova I.S.
Materials of the international scientific and practical conference
"Modern problems and ways to solve them in science, transport,
production and education. - 2011. - Issue 4. Volume 25.

Central Black Earth Biosphere Reserve named after Professor V.V. Alyokhina as an object of ecological tourism in the Kursk region

This report provides short description Central Black Earth Biosphere Reserve named after Professor VV Alekhin. The use of protected natural areas in ecological tourism of the Kursk region is considered. Recommendations are given for the development of ecological tourism in the studied reserve.

Keywords: ecological tourism, biosphere reserve, protected natural areas.

The Kursk region has unique natural resources, has a fairly convenient geographical position and is distinguished by a large number of historical, architectural and ethnographic monuments. Therefore, it is not surprising that it can attract the attention of potential tourists by developing different kinds tourism. One of the promising areas of tourism can be called ecological tourism. According to the accounting data, the area of ​​land in specially protected areas is 5.3 thousand hectares, or 0.2% of the region's land fund.

There are more than 50 natural monuments in Kursk and the region, representing scientific and cultural value, including the Znamenskaya Grove tract with a unique arboretum founded in the 19th century, the Krutoy Log tract, where various tree species grow, Linevo Lake with relict vegetation.

The most noteworthy, in our opinion, object of ecological tourism in the region is the Central Black Earth Biosphere Reserve named after Professor V.V. Alekhin. It was created on February 10, 1935 by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR to preserve the reference virgin chernozems and the last sections of virgin steppes with the richest species diversity of herbaceous vegetation. In 1979, at the initiative of UNESCO, the reserve was included in the world network of biosphere reserves. Since 1995, the Central Black Earth Reserve has been a member of the Federation of National Parks and Nature Reserves of Europe (Europark). In 1998, among four of the hundred reserves in Russia, he became the owner of the Diploma of the Council of Europe.

Its territory represents state lands, permanently withdrawn from economic use. The reserve consists of six separate and different in size sections, remote at a distance of 120 km from each other: Streletsky (2046 ha) - in the Kursk region, Cossack (1638 ha) - in the Medvensky district, Bukreevy Barmy (259 ha) - in Manturovsky, Barkalovka (368 ha) - in Gorshechensky, Zorinsky site (495.1 ha), located in the Oboyansky district, and Psla floodplain (481.3 ha) - in the Pristensky district. The area of ​​the reserve is 5287.4 hectares. It is surrounded by a three-kilometer protection (buffer) zone along the perimeter with a sparing environmental management. Currently, the meadow steppes of the reserve are preserved in 4 modes: permanent non-mowing, periodic and annual mowing, pastures.

Virgin chernozems are the main wealth of the reserve. A fertile chernozem soil layer of a meter thickness has been created over millennia in the steppes with a certain hydrothermal regime. Powerful chernozems of the reserve on unmowed virgin lands are in a regime close to that in which they were in the prehistoric steppes. In terms of nutrient reserves, local black soils are unmatched in Europe.

In the Central Black Earth Reserve, 1276 species of higher plants are known, which is about 80% of the flora of the Kursk region. Of these, 9 species are listed in the Red Book of Russia. 145 species of mosses, more than 200 species of algae, 80 species of lichens and about 900 species of fungi have been registered, two of which are listed in the Red Book of Russia.

Rich and varied animal world reserve. 46 species of mammals, 210 species of birds, 5 species of reptiles, about 30 species of fish, 4 thousand species of invertebrates live in a small area. Such a large species diversity of flora and fauna makes the reserve a truly unique and amazing place in Russia.

On the territory of the reserve there is an active development of environmental education activities. Environmental education by the employees of the reserve is carried out on the basis of the Museum of Nature, which has been operating on the territory of the reserve in the village of Zapovedny since 1971. There are four halls in the museum building. The first hall is general (the history of the creation of the reserve, characteristics of the sites). The second hall presents the climate and soils of the reserve. The exposition of the third hall is dedicated to flora and fauna. The fourth hall is informational (the works published by the reserve, relations with other institutions, a gallery of portraits of scientists who worked in the CCR). Since the opening day, the museum has been visited by about 100 thousand tourists from various cities of Russia and 40 foreign countries: France, England, Germany, Greece, USA, Mexico, Israel, India, Mongolia, Spain, China, Cuba. In recent years, it has been visited by 2500-3000 tourists per season. A lot of work is being done with funds mass media. The staff of the reserve annually publishes up to 30 popular science articles and notes.

In 2003, an ecological information center was opened in the reserve. At present time runs its further equipment, accumulation of methodological literature, replenishment of the video library, photo library. On its basis, various environmental education events are held: (seminars, circles, video lectures, the work of an environmental theater, etc.). There is a botanical nursery, where about 180 species of plants are collected, including rare, medicinal and ornamental ones from different parts of the reserve. It is planned to reconstruct the nursery and equip an observation deck with a view of the Streletskaya steppe.

On the territory of the reserve there is an ecological trail "Streletskaya steppe" with a length of 500 m, on which visitors, after a tour of the Museum of Nature, get acquainted with the steppe areas that are in rotational mowing and absolute conservation (non-mowing) modes and with a historical monument - the Polovtsian "stone warrior" of the 11th century .

Since 1996, the Central Chernozemny Reserve has been actively participating in the March for Parks action, being the coordinator of its implementation in the region.

Active mass tourist activity is impossible on the territory of the reserve, but ecological tourism can be represented within acceptable limits. To date, ecotourism activities in the reserve are extremely poorly developed. These are mainly excursions, during which visitors get acquainted with the Museum of Nature and the passage of an ecological trail.

To popularize protected area and attracting tourists here, it is necessary to hold as many exhibitions, forums, conferences related to environmental and tourism topics, environmental holidays and promotions, environmental events as possible.

The effectiveness of environmental education is enhanced if it is carried out in close cooperation with educational structures and institutions. Therefore, the staff of the reserve needs to conduct traveling lectures and seminars in schools, universities, enterprises, various organizations in the Kursk and nearby regions.

One of the important steps in the presentation of the reserve as an object of ecological tourism is the creation of advertising and printing products - information booklets, brochures, flyers, photo albums, sets of postcards, calendars, postal envelopes, stickers, badges, magnets and other souvenirs depicting natural complexes and objects protected area.

Particular importance should be attached to the cooperation of the reserve with regional and local mass media, thanks to which all last news reserve.

The Central Black Earth Biosphere Reserve named after Professor V.V. Alekhin should have its own website on the Internet, with the help of which it is possible to conduct more productive environmental education and ecotourism activities aimed at attracting tourists. For the content of the site, it is possible to create film, video and photo products.

Ecotourism requires a professional approach. Currently, employees of nature reserves and other protected natural areas have little understanding of the specifics of the organization of ecological tourism, pricing policy, the importance of advertising, marketing, and information support for visitors. In our opinion, it is necessary to conduct trainings, refresher courses and retraining of the reserve's employees in accordance with its tourism development.

On the territory of the reserve, in the area where the ecological path passes, it is possible to equip full houses and stands with inscriptions, photographs, maps and diagrams. Stands can be cognitive (provide information about the surrounding objects), instructive (with the rules of behavior on the eco-trail), emotional (contain various poems, slogans, appeals, aphorisms, sayings of the sages on environmental topics).

Literature

1. Danilina N.R., Sinitsyna V.Ya., Yasvin V.A. Protected Ecoseminary. Practice additional vocational education specialists of reserves and national parks in the field of environmental education. - Smolensk: Magenta, 2006. - 144 p.
2. Drozdov A.V. How to develop tourism in national parks Russia. Recommendations for identifying, evaluating and promoting the tourist resources and tourist product of national parks. - M.: Ecocenter "Reserves", 2000. - 61 p.
3. Stepanitsky V.B., Troitskaya N.I., Fedotov N.P., Kreindlin M.P., Stishov M.S. Specially protected natural territories of Russia: results of the last decade. - M.: IUCN - World Conservation Union, 2003. - 64 p.

This provides report a brief description of the Central Chernozem Biosphere Reserve named after Professor VV Alekhin. The use of protected areas for eco-tourism of Kursk region is examined. The recommendations for the development of ecological tourism in this reserve are given.

key words: ecotourism, biosphere reserve, protected natural areas.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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MBOU "Gridasovskaya secondary school" scientific society of students school scientific and practical conference of schoolchildren "Day of Ecology of Consciousness". Preservation of terrestrial ecosystems. CENTRAL BLACK EARTH STATE RESERVE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR V.V. ALEKHINA ( research work). Author of the work: Motorina Violetta, 6th grade. Head: Obukhova Nina Fedorovna, teacher of biology and chemistry.

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The purpose of the work: to study the State Natural Biosphere Reserve named after Professor V. V. Alekhin. Tasks: * Learn the history of the reserve and the biography of its founder. * To study the role of the reserve in the protection of nature in the Russian Federation and the Kursk region. * Consider sections of the Central Chernozem Reserve. * To study the flora and fauna of the TsChZ im. Alekhine.

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Monuments of nature. Monuments of nature - unique, irreplaceable, valuable in ecological, scientific, cultural and aesthetic terms natural complexes and objects of natural and artificial origin. The main purpose of natural monuments is to preserve rare and unique objects of nature. The real pearl of the Kursk region is the State Natural Biosphere Reserve named after Professor V. V. Alekhin. One of the oldest nature reserves in Russia, over the long years of its active work, has made a significant contribution to the treasury of scientific and practical knowledge about the nature of the forest-steppe ecosystems of Europe.

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CENTRAL BLACK EARTH STATE RESERVE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR V.V. ALEKHINA

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Vasily Alekhin was born on January 17, 1882 in Kursk on Pastukhovskaya (now Belinsky) Street in the family of the merchant Vasily Vasilyevich Alekhin, who had six daughters and one son. Father gave them all higher education. From childhood, Vasily was drawn to the natural world. After graduating from Moscow University, Alekhine remained to teach there. In 1919 he headed the botanical part of the expedition to survey the Kursk province. In 1935 V.V. Alekhin was awarded the degree of Doctor of Biological Sciences and in the same year, together with Voronezh botanists, he initiated the creation of a steppe reserve in the Kursk province. In the summer of 1945, after the end of the war, he again visited the Central Black Earth Reserve and began to restore it, devoting the rest of his life to this. April 3, 1946 V.V. Alekhin died suddenly and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

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The role of the reserve in the protection of nature in the Russian Federation and the Kursk region. The Central Black Earth Reserve, located on the territory of the Kursk region, is the oldest and most famous both in our country and abroad. Currently, the CCR consists of 6 sites, with a total area of ​​just over 5 thousand hectares. The Central Black Earth Reserve preserves the typical landscapes of the Kursk region, its biodiversity represented by 7200 species of living organisms. 55 species of animals, plants and fungi included in the Red Book of Russia and 227 species included in the Red Book of the Kursk region were noted. The CCHZ is a kind of regional center for environmental education. Of particular interest is the activity of the reserve in cooperation with public education authorities and work with schoolchildren (excursions, scientific expeditions, environmental holidays, environmental campaigns) and in the matter of environmental information support for the population, including through the media. The reserve maintains contacts with specialized universities of Kursk in terms of students passing educational, industrial and pre-qualification practices with the preparation of term papers and theses.

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Sites of the Central Chernozem Reserve. Currently, the Central Black Earth Reserve includes 6 sites remote at a distance of 120 km from each other: Streletsky (Kursk district), Cossack (Medvensky district), Bukreevy Barmy (Manturovsky district), Barkalovka (Gorshechensky district -n), Zorinsky (Oboyansky and Pristensky districts) and Poyma Psla (Oboyansky district) with a total area of ​​5287.4 ha in the Kursk region.

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Shooter area. The Streltsy site is the largest (2046 ha). It is located 10 km south of the city of Kursk and stretches in a narrow ribbon (1.5-2.5 km) from the southwest to the northeast for almost 8 km, having 3 small forest tracts in its western part. Forests occupy 40% of the territory. In the forest tracts of Petrin Les and Dedov Vesely there are cordons where inspectors for the protection of the protected area live. The area of ​​steppes and meadows: 868 hectares, which is 42.4 of the total area of ​​the site.

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Cossack area. The Cossack site - the second largest (1638 ha) was formed in 1935. It is located at a distance of 18 km southeast of the Streltsy site in the Medvensky district and consists of the Cossack steppe and forest. The area of ​​steppes and meadows is 1098 hectares, which is 67% of the total area of ​​the site. Virgin steppes occupy about 600 hectares. From the 16th century, these steppes were owned by the Cossacks, who guarded the southern borders of the Russian state in the fortress of Kursk and received these lands for their faithful guard service. Communal use prevented plowing and virgin steppes have survived to this day.

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Bukreeva Barma site. The site of Bukreeva Barma (259 hectares) became part of the reserve in 1969, is located 100 km southeast of Kursk in the Timsky district near the village. Big Butyrki. The area of ​​steppes and meadows: 112 hectares, which is 43.2% of the total area of ​​the site. There are forests on the tops of the chalk hills and slopes.

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Barkalovka area. The Barkalovka site (365 ha) became part of the Central Chernozem Reserve in 1969 and is located on the territory of the Gorshechensky district, 120 km southeast of the city of Kursk. The area of ​​steppes and meadows: 88 hectares, which is 24% of the total area of ​​the site.

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Zorinsky area. The Zorinsky section of the reserve has an area of ​​495.1 hectares and is located 70 km south of the estate in the Oboyansky district. Zorin sphagnum bogs are located 8-9 km east of the city of Oboyan, near the village of Zorino, in the valley of the Pselets river. The Zorinsky section consists of open spaces with sphagnum bogs located on both sides of the Oboyan-Rzhava railway. Scientists of the Central Black Earth Reserve began to conduct scientific research on the Zorinsky swamps a few years before they became part of the reserve. In 1998, the Zorinsky swamps became one of the sections of the reserve called the Zorinsky section.

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Psla floodplain. The Psla floodplain (481.3 ha) is located 60 km from the estate in the Oboyan district, half a kilometer from the Zorinsky site and is a floodplain complex of the Psel River. Reservoirs occupy 2% of the area, and swamps - almost half of the site. In r. Psel inhabits about 24 species of fish: bream, silver bream, chub, asp, ide, roach, rudd, carp, tench, golden crucian carp, silver crucian carp, etc. About 600 species of vascular plants grow on the site, 15 species of them are listed in the Red books of the Russian Federation and the Kursk region. There are habitats for rare species of plants (meat-red and bloody palmate, snow-white water lily).

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Flora and fauna of the reserve. In a relatively small area of ​​the Central Black Earth Reserve, 50 species of mammals are registered: wolf, white-breasted hedgehog, hare, roe deer, fox, Strand mouse, American mink, common vole, common mole rat.

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Birds. Birds are the most numerous group of vertebrates in the reserve. According to the latest data, there are 226 species of birds in the fauna of the CCR and its buffer zone, which is about 80% of all birds in the Kursk region, of which more than 90 species nest in the reserve.

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Reptiles. On the territory of the Central Black Earth Reserve there are 5 species of reptiles (fast and viviparous lizards, spindleworm, common snake and steppe viper), which makes up 50% of the reptile fauna of the Kursk region.

Prepared by the primary school teacher MBOU "Field Lyceum" Shestopalova T.S. year 2014

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Sections of the reserve Streletsky section Cossack section Bukreeva Barmy Barkalovka Zorinsky section Floodplain Psla Here is the steppe! You have been glorified many times, Dressed in former glory. Feather grass, where you can’t look into the distance, Spreads like old wind in the wind ... Curly oak forests are all around ... Well, you better need it, right! And to this reserve of mine I invite everyone with me ... Professor V.V. Alekhine

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Streltsy area Cossack area Bukreeva Barma area Barkalovka area Zorinsky area Psla floodplain area

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All six sections of the Central Chernozem Reserve are located within the middle zone of the forest-steppe, where natural natural (primary) communities in the conditions of flat watershed surfaces, called plakors, are meadow steppes and broad-leaved forests mainly of English oak. A much smaller area on certain landforms is occupied by other types of plant communities (true and steppe meadows, petrophytic steppes, wetland vegetation, thickets of shrubs, small-leaved forests, etc.). According to the data for the entire period of flora studies, in the modern territory of the Central Chernozem Reserve (5287.4 ha), until the end of 2010, 1287 species of vascular plants were noted (published and typewritten materials), including adventitious (adventive) herbaceous plants and woody introduced species.

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Mushrooms

The kingdom of mushrooms in the Central Black Earth Reserve has about a thousand species. 12 species of mushrooms living in the CCR are poisonous and can cause not only poisoning, but also death. First of all, the deadly poisonous toadstool should be attributed to this group. Mushrooms entered human life not only as a source of tasty food, but also as natural healers for a variety of diseases. More than 40 species of mushrooms with medicinal properties live in the CCR. The use of red fly agaric for rheumatism, neuralgia, tuberculosis, atherosclerosis, vasospasms and epilepsy is well known. False mushrooms were used as a laxative and emetic, and even cholera was treated with pale grebe. 2 species of mushrooms of the reserve are listed in the Red Book of Russia: branched tinder fungus or ram mushroom /Polyporusumbellatus/ is found in the Streltsy area, its fruiting body can reach more than 10 kg of weight and varnished tinder fungus /Ganodermalucidum/, which is registered only in the Streletsky and Cossack areas.

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Polypore lacquered Dubovik common Judas ear Veselka common Common boletus Chlorosplenium blue-green

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Steppe vegetation The steppe is the main value for which the reserve was created. The steppes presented on its territory belong to the northern, or meadow. The Central Black Earth Reserve includes the largest of them - the Streletskaya (730 ha) and Cossack (720 ha) steppes. Relic vegetation ("Country of Living Fossils") Of particular value is the vegetation of the southeast of the Kursk region (the upper reaches of the Oskol River basin), where peculiar calcephytic-petrophytic steppes are located, located on slopes and hills with close underlayment of Cretaceous deposits. For their protection, in 1969, sections of the Barkalovka Reserve and Bukreevy Barmy were organized here. The plant communities growing in these habitats are known as "lowered alps". They are stable over time, are characterized by a dense herbage of small average height, a noticeable participation of shrubs and semi-shrubs, a rich floristic composition and a significant concentration of rare species.

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Meadow vegetation Meadows are usually divided into floodplain and continental (located on watershed spaces). Their vegetation is represented by rather poor communities with a predominance of trivial meadow or weed-meadow species, among which couch grass, narrow-leaved and marsh bluegrass, yarrow and common dandelion predominate. Bog and aquatic vegetation On the territory of the Central Chernozem Reserve, the bog type of vegetation has a relatively small distribution. In the areas of Barkalovka, Zorinsky, Poyma Psla, grassy swamps are represented, occupying a total of about 260 hectares. Floodplain grass bogs are mainly widespread: reed, mannic, sedge, cattail. The most abundant in these communities are cereals (common reed, large manna, graying reed grass, marsh bluegrass), sedges (sharp, soddy, swollen, fox, coastal, false sucrose, vesiculate, etc.), cattails (narrow-leaved and broad-leaved), river horsetail, forbs. Forest vegetation The forests of the reserve are located in the southwestern part of the Central Russian Upland within the central strip of the forest-steppe zone and are part of the Kursk forest-steppe district. Due to the increased human colonization of the forest-steppe landscape, they are represented by separate forest tracts or larger tracts, and, as a rule, are surrounded by agricultural land.

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Rare species At present, 13 species of vascular plants from the Red Book of the Russian Federation (2008) are known to grow in the territory of the Central Chernozem Reserve, which is 65% of the "Red Book Russian species" reliably noted in the Kursk region. Basically, these are species located near the borders of their range: in the north - thin-leaved peony, Zalessky's feather grass, the most beautiful, pubescent and pinnate, leafless iris (iris); in the south - lozel's elk forest; as well as species with a fragmented range - a real lady's slipper, Russian and chess hazel grouses, upland wolfberry (Yulia's wolfberry), Alaunian cotoneaster and Kozo-Polyansky's prolomnik

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Lady's slipper real Cotoneaster Alaunian Hazel grouse chess Peony thin-leaved Prolomnik Kozo-Polyansky backache Feather pinnate

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Animals The combination of steppe spaces and forests, fertile soils, highly productive vegetation with an optimal regime of heat and moisture create most favorable conditions for the existence in the forest-steppe of many species of animals of different ecology. The group of invertebrates is the most numerous. Insects Steppe insects account for 4 to 16% of species. About a thousand species of beetles have been identified. Representatives of all the main families of this order are found in abundance: ground beetles, beetles, dark beetles, click beetles, soft beetles, weevils, barbels, etc. Ground beetles are the best studied in the reserve. There are especially many wild single bees and bumblebees. About 20 species of bumblebees live on the territory of the Streltsy site alone. The world of predatory insects is extremely diverse. There are many predators among centipedes, bugs, ants, wasps, some flies.

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Stag beetle Bug-soldier Bronzovka Swallowtail Peacock eye

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Spiders In the Streltsy steppe, according to our calculations, 191 species of spiders live: 96 in the steppe, 105 in the forest and on the edges. The most notable of these are perhaps the orb-weaving spiders of the Araneidae family. Their large wheel-shaped webs can often be found in grass, trees and shrubs. The largest of them is the Brünnich spider, or wasp spider, so named because of the yellow-black striped pattern of the abdomen. Amphibians 10 species of amphibians live on the territory of the reserve. These are almost all representatives of the amphibian fauna of the Kursk region, with the exception of the common frog and the common tree frog. Reptiles Five species of reptiles live on the territory of the Central Chernozem Reserve (fast and viviparous lizards, spindles, common grass snakes and steppe vipers), which makes up 50% of the reptile fauna of the Kursk region. Birds Birds are the most numerous group of vertebrates in the reserve. According to the latest data, there are 226 species of birds in the fauna of the CCR and its buffer zone, which is about 80% of all birds in the Kursk region, of which more than 90 species nest in the reserve. Mammals Fifty species of mammals have been recorded in the relatively small area of ​​the Central Chernozem Reserve. In the Central Chernozem Reserve, 4 species of bats that make up the Order Bats have been noted. There are 13 species in the CCR predatory mammals. The largest of them is the wolf

V.V. Alekhin (1882 - 1946)

Vasily Vasilyevich Alekhin was born on January 17, 1882 in the city of Kursk into the family of a Kharkov merchant who traded in furs. Nephew V.V. Alekhina, Spangler Igor Evgenievich suggests that the surname Alekhins was formed from the phrase Ali Khan. In one of the small towns near Kursk, a horse fair was held in the spring, where Tatars came to sell horses and buy furs, sugar and other goods. One of them came with his son and stayed in the hut, where the owners' daughter was growing up. The children played together, and when they grew up, they got married and stayed near Kursk. This version is confirmed by the black, like a raven's wing, hair color of all six sisters of Vasily Vasilyevich, as well as the nose with a hump and the shape of the eyes of his father's two brothers, about whom Viktor Shklovsky wrote in his book "On Tolstoy" that the Tolstoyan brothers M.V. and A.V. Alekhins interfered with L. Tolstoy's work. In this statement, V. Shklovsky made a number of inaccuracies, which were refuted by our relatives, recalls I.E. Spangler. Later, two brothers of Father V.V. Alekhine made a significant contribution to the development of science and culture in our country.

The large Alekhin family, with seven children, experienced all the hardships of a low-income life. The Alekhins lived below average income, their own one-story house burned down and after that the family lived in a small outbuilding in Kursk on Mirnaya Street, at house number 8. Alekhin's father with great difficulty managed to give the children a higher education: two sisters became doctors, two - teachers, one of them became a soil chemist (the mother of a nephew) and from the fifth grade of the Kursk gymnasium she was a tutor for unsuccessful merchant daughters for a fee. It can be said about the parents, children and relatives of the Alekhins that they come from the people, energetic and capable people who have received higher education.

From childhood, Vasily was drawn to the natural world. At the age of eight, walking in his father's large garden, he wrote down in his notebook the names of the plants around him. And at the age of 13 he was presented with a book by P.F. Mayevsky "Flora of Central Russia", 1895 edition, intended mainly for students of Moscow State University. Since then, he became interested in collecting and identifying plants under the guidance of his uncle Alexei Vasilievich Alekhin, who was a student of Alexander Mizger, a well-known expert on the Kursk flora.

Vasily Vasilyevich, having graduated from the Kursk classical gymnasium with a gold medal in 1901, at the age of 19 entered Moscow University to study botany in the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. His student, Doctor of Biological Sciences G.I. Dokhman, arriving at the reserve, said that while still a student, having arrived one day on vacation, Alekhin went to the city market and saw peasants selling hay from wagons. (According to another version: the peasants brought a wagon of hay to the yard of his house in Kursk.) Looking closely, he was amazed species richness cut herbs. After questioning the peasants, he learned that there are steppe expanses near Kursk, on which this wealth grows. Alekhine often set out on foot early in the morning alone or with friends to the Streltsy steppe, wandered through it and, tired, but satisfied with the results, returned to Kursk in the evening.

After graduating in 1907 from the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, Alekhin was left at the department by Professor M.I. Golenkin to prepare for a professorship. At one time V.V. Alekhine became interested in breeding new varieties of roses. His friends joked about this, that Vasily was waiting for a life path strewn with roses. But the passion for the steppes turned out to be stronger and in 1909 the first article by V.V. Alekhine "Essay on vegetation and its consecutive shift on the site of the Streltsy steppe near Kursk", and in 1910 the second - "The Cossack steppe of the Kursk district in connection with the surrounding vegetation." Thus, the Streltsy and Cossack steppes were opened to science.

In 1914, Alekhin passed his master's exams and became a Privatdozent at Moscow University. He taught at many universities in Moscow. Often came to Kursk.

In the memoirs of I.E. Spangler Alekhine appears before us as he was in life. “When I was 7 years old,” my nephew writes, “I remember how Uncle Vasya put me on a gig, and together we went to the steppe. On the way, my uncle stopped the horses several times, got down and looked at the plants, sometimes crawling under bushes or into a ditch to do this. The walks continued until lunch and were very interesting for me. After the evacuation from Petrograd, in the autumn of 1918, my parents lived for several weeks in Uncle Vasya's apartment on Kalyaevskaya Street. There I met his only son, Yuri, who was 2-3 years younger than me. In the 1920s, our family was several times near Moscow in Golitsino, where the family of V.V. Alyokhina rented two rooms for the summer. Everything was huge for me there, and they ate, and porcini mushrooms with a hat like plates. And Uncle Vasya was interested in plants - huge ferns, he was very fond of being in nature. In subsequent years, our families in Moscow lived close and often visited each other for birthdays and holidays. It seems to me that Vasily Vasilyevich was not very fond of these feasts, since he considered all this a waste of time. He was usually silent, rarely smiling. Uncle Vasya and I had common interests - philately, we exchanged stamps, while he always gave more than he took. Uncle Vasya had thick, magnificent albums of stamps. He carefully washed the stamps, like little children, then took them with tweezers and carefully pasted them, his herbariums were also neat. This was his rest - relaxation. In Uncle Vasya's room there were more than ten bookcases with a collection of butterflies hanging in glazed boxes. I slept on Uncle Vasya's leather sofa while we lived there. There, on the couch, I was allowed to fight with his son Yura. In 1924, I visited a performance by Natalia Sats at a children's theater in Moscow on Gorky Street. I liked the performance so much that I managed to persuade Uncle Vasya to go to the theater again with me and his son Yura. I was afraid that suddenly he would not like the play, but with great pleasure, for the first time I saw and heard that he knew how to laugh, and how!”

From the memoirs of his nephew, we see a correct person, passionate about his work, devoid of arrogance. Vasily Vasilyevich has always been monogamous - both in the family, and in life, and at work. His wife Nadezhda Grigorievna was a biology teacher. When Alekhine needed to read an English book on botany, the couple studied English language translated and prepared the book for publication. He had an only son, Yuri, who died tragically after the war and was buried in Kursk at a military cemetery. Here is a short poem about V.V. Alekhin, written by his nephew I.E. Spangler

Focused on work

Restrained in communication, - silent;

In science, scrupulously accurate,

In everyday life, he is exemplary, patient.

He loved family, work, reserve

He gave them all his strength.

There was a magician in his work

And he taught at Moscow State University.

Even in difficult years civil war V.V. Alekhin did not interrupt botanical research in our steppes. In one of his reports, he writes: “Field work in 1919 continued for three summer months... almost continuous rains and showers ... The civil war spread to the territory of the province, as the offensive of General Denikin began ... all summer I had to work under guns, often in the literal sense of the word "(Alekhin, 1924).

After the end of the Civil War in 1923, Alekhin organized the Department of Geobotany at Moscow State University and was appointed its head.

Together with Voronezh botanists, Vasily Vasilyevich initiated the creation of a steppe reserve. Based materials collected On February 10, 1935, by the decision of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Central Black Earth state reserve, which was immediately named after Professor V.V. Alekhine. The structure of the reserve included the Streletskaya, Cossack and Yamskaya steppes with adjacent areas of preserved oak forests (Alekhin, 1940). Later, Vasily Vasilyevich came to the Kursk steppes more than once, continuing in-depth studies of flora and vegetation.

Alekhin's classical works on the Kursk steppes were included in all textbooks of botanical geography and became known throughout the world. He led many geobotanical expeditions to various regions of the country; he owns more than a hundred publications in the field of geobotany; he compiled the first review of the vegetation of the USSR; he is the author of the textbook "Geography of Plants" for higher educational institutions. Founded by Alekhin V.V. The Moscow geobotanical school has always attached great importance to the study of the succession of plant communities and still preserves these traditions.

Immediately, as soon as the guns of the battles of the Great Patriotic War, Alekhine is actively starting to restore the Central Black Earth Reserve. In the summer of 1945, V.V. Alekhin came to the reserve for the last time, visited interesting and favorite places for him. One of his last technical reports (Alekhin, 1945) is filled with deep bitterness, from which we learn that all three new buildings of the reserve were destroyed during the war. At the same time, he draws up a reasoned opinion and contributes to the adoption of a decision by the Kursk Regional Executive Committee on joining 300 hectares of the old fallow to the Cossack site.

G.I. Dokhman (1960) wrote: “Restrained in Moscow, sometimes a stern-looking professor, who, by the way, was afraid of students, changed in the steppe: he was witty, rejoiced at every find and a well-written description.” His poetic perception of the steppe V.V. Alekhin expressed in a poem he wrote in 1946 - last year his life:

Here is the steppe!

You are sung many times

Dressed in glory.

A feather grass where you can't look into the distance,

The wind spreads like old ...

Around curly oak forests ...

Well, what do you need better, right!

And in this reserve is mine

I invite everyone with me...

On the evening of April 3, 1946, Vasily Vasilyevich passed away. It turned out that he had very high blood pressure, but he did not tell his relatives about it and was not treated. Buried V.V. Alekhine at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

Literature

1. Alekhin V.V. Essay on vegetation and its successive change in the area of ​​the Streletskaya steppe near Kursk // Tr. St. Petersburg general. Naturalists, dep. botany. 1909. Vol. 40, no. 1. 112 p.

2. Alekhin V.V. Cossack steppe of the Kursk district in connection with the surrounding vegetation // Tr. St. Petersburg general. Naturalists, dep. botany. 1910. Vol. 41, no. 3. S. 271-317.

3. Alekhin V.V. Zonal and extrazonal vegetation of the Kursk province in connection with the division of the province into natural areas // Eurasian Soil Science. 1924. No. 1-2. pp. 98-130.

4. Alekhin V.V. Central Chernozem Reserve - its organization and modern territory // Tr. 1. M., 1940. S. 3-7.

5. Alekhin V.V. Report on a business trip to the Central Chernozem Reserve in the summer of 1945 // Typescript, 1945. 6 p.

6. Dokhman G.I. Vasily Vasilievich Alekhin (1882-1946) // Tr. Center-Chernozem. Reserve. - Kursk, 1960, no. 6. S. 5-19.

7. Spangler I.E. Memories of Alekhine V.V. // Manuscript. 3 s.

The article was prepared on the basis of materials provided by Valentina Petrovna Soshnina, Deputy Director for Environmental Education of the Central Chernozem State Biosphere Reserve. V.V. Alekhina