The regularity of the placement of natural zones on earth. Natural zones of the earth Factors of natural zoning

1. List the main natural zones of the Earth.
Tundra, taiga, broad-leaved forest, grassy plain (savannah), deserts and semi-deserts, steppes and forest-steppes, humid a tropical forest.

2. What determines the distribution of natural zones on Earth?
natural areas formed due to the distribution of heat and moisture on the planet. The relief, the distance from the ocean affect the location of the zones and their width.

3. Give brief description tundra.
This natural zone is located in the polar zone (most of it is in the permafrost zone), where the air temperature is quite low. The flora is represented mainly by undersized plants with a poorly developed root system: mosses, lichens, shrubs, dwarf trees. Ungulates, small predators, and many migratory birds live in the tundra.

4. What trees form the basis of the taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests?
The basis of the taiga coniferous trees(pine, spruce, fir, larch, etc.)
Mixed forests are characterized by a mixture of coniferous and broadleaf tree species.
Broad-leaved forests consist of deciduous trees (oak, hazel, beech, linden, maple, chestnut, hornbeam, elm, ash, etc.)

5. What do all the grassy plains of our planet have in common?
It is characterized by low rainfall and constantly high air temperature. The savannas are characterized by the presence of a dry period, during which the grasses dry up, and animals tend to water bodies. The vegetation here is predominantly herbaceous, trees are rare. The savannas are characterized by an abundance of large herbivores and predators.

6. Give a brief description of the desert.
Deserts are characterized by very low humidity, vegetation and animal world deserts adapts to these difficult conditions. Animals have the ability to do without water for a long time, wait out the driest months in hibernation, many are nocturnal. Many plants are able to store moisture, most have reduced evaporation, in addition, they have a branched root system that allows you to collect crumbs of moisture from a large volume. In general, flora and fauna are very limited. Of plants, mainly leafless thorny shrubs are common, of animals - reptiles (snakes, lizards) and small rodents.

7. Why are there few trees in the steppes, savannahs and deserts?
In the savannahs, steppes and deserts, there is very little rainfall, the trees simply do not have enough water.

8. Why is the rainforest the most species-rich community?
There is always high temperature and humidity. These conditions are especially favorable for plants and animals. The topsoil is very fertile.

9. Using examples, prove that the distribution of natural zones on Earth depends on the distribution of heat and moisture.
Natural zones are formed as a result of the distribution of heat and moisture on the planet: high temperature and low humidity are typical for equatorial deserts, high temperature and high humidity - for equatorial and tropical forests.
Natural zones are stretched from west to east, there are no clear boundaries between them.
For example, savannahs are located where there is no longer enough moisture for growth. moist forests, in the depths of the mainland, as well as far from the equator, where not equatorial, but tropical air mass already dominates most of the year, and the rainy season lasts less than 6 months.

10. Characteristic features what natural areas are listed?
A) the greatest variety of species;
Humid tropical forest.
B) the predominance of herbaceous plants;
Savannah.
C) an abundance of mosses, lichens and dwarf trees;
Tundra.
D) many coniferous plants of a few species.
Taiga.

11. Analyze the drawings on p. 116-117 textbook. Is there a connection between the color of animals and their habitat (natural zone)? What is it connected with?
Yes, there is a connection. This is called protective coloring. Animals thus merge with environment with different purposes. If it is a predator, then for the attack. For example, a striped tiger successfully hides in yellow grass, preparing for an attack. Polar bear and arctic fox are almost invisible against the background of snow.
To protect themselves from predators, animals have also developed coloration to hide. Examples: jerboa, roe deer, green frog and more. others

12. In what natural areas do these organisms live?
Dwarf birch - tundra.
The sloth is a tropical rainforest.
Kedrovka - taiga.
Zebra - savannah.
Oak is a broad-leaved forest.
Jeyran is a desert.
The white owl is the tundra.

13. Using the map on p. 118-119 of the textbook, name the natural zones found on the territory of our country. Which of them occupy the largest area?
The territory of Russia has a large extent from north to south, the relief is mostly flat. Thus, the following natural zones are consistently represented on the vast plains: arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, forests, forest-steppes, steppes, semi-deserts, deserts, subtropics. In the mountains - altitudinal zonality. A large area is occupied by taiga, steppe, mixed forest and tundra.

1. How does a natural complex differ from a geographical envelope?

You will be able to answer this question yourself by studying the text and pictures in the textbook (13, 14).

2. Natural complexes are very diverse. Which of them are called natural areas? The natural complex of land, as well as the complex of the geographic envelope as a whole, is a heterogeneous formation and includes natural complexes of lower ranks that differ in the quality of the natural components that make up the complex. Such lower ranks are natural areas. Having studied the map of natural zones, you will be able to independently name these natural zones and trace the patterns of their placement.

3. Highlight the main features of the concept of "natural zone".

Each natural zone differs from others in the quality of its constituent soils, flora and fauna. And the quality of these components, in turn, depends on the characteristics of the climate, the totality of the received light, heat and moisture.

4. What are the features of the placement of natural zones on the continents and in the ocean?

The boundaries of natural zones on land are most clearly traced by the nature of the vegetation. It is no coincidence that vegetation is taken as the basis for the name of natural land areas.

Natural zones are also distinguished in the World Ocean, but the boundaries of these zones are less clear, and the division into zones in the ocean is based on the qualitative characteristics of water masses (salinity, temperature, transparency, etc.).

5. What is latitudinal zonality and altitudinal zonality?

The regularity with which natural zones are located on the surface of the Earth is called latitudinal zonality. The change in the quality of the components that make up the natural zone occurs depending on their geographical location, especially on the geographical latitude, on which the amount of heat and moisture received depends.

In the mountains, in contrast to the plains, natural areas change with height. The change in natural zones from the foot of mountains to their peaks is similar to the change in natural zones from the equator to the poles. The pattern of changes in natural zones with height in the mountains is called altitudinal zonality or altitudinal zonality.

6. Which mountains have the largest number of altitudinal zones, which have the least? Why?

The number of natural zones in the mountains depends on the geographical position of the mountains in relation to the equator and on their height. On the southern slopes of the Himalayas, almost all natural zones are replaced: from humid equatorial zones at the foot to arctic deserts at the peaks. In mountains located at higher latitudes, the number of natural zones will be less. Thus, it is possible to trace the relationship that exists between the number of natural zones in the mountains and the geographical position of the mountains in relation to the equator. The reason for this pattern is the amount of heat and moisture received.

1) Remember what a natural zone is.

The natural complex is part of earth's surface with relatively uniform natural conditions.

2) What are the patterns in the placement of natural zones of the Earth?

The location of natural zones is closely related to climatic zones. Like climatic zones, they naturally replace each other from the equator to the poles due to a decrease in solar heat entering the Earth's surface and uneven moistening. Such a change in natural zones - large natural complexes called latitudinal zonation. The change of natural zones, as you know, occurs not only on the plains, but also in the mountains - from the foot to their peaks. With altitude, temperature and pressure decrease, up to a certain height, the amount of precipitation increases, and lighting conditions change. In connection with the change in climatic conditions, there is also a change in natural zones.

3) What natural zones are located in Eurasia?

Arctic deserts, tundra and forest-tundra, taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppe and steppe, semi-desert and desert.

4) What sources of geographic information can be used to characterize a natural area?

Observations geographical maps, meteorological data.

*From the figure, determine how natural areas are located in our country. Why do not all zones extend from the western to the eastern outskirts of the country? What zones are located only in the European part of the country? How can this be explained?

The location of natural zones is closely related to climatic zones. Like climatic zones, they replace each other from the equator to the poles due to a decrease in solar heat entering the Earth's surface and uneven moistening. In Russia, from north to south, the following natural zones replace each other - Arctic deserts and semi-deserts, tundra and forest-tundra, taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppes and steppes, variable-moist forests, deserts and semi-deserts. Not all natural zones extend from the western to the eastern borders of the country. This is due to the fact that Russia has a large latitudinal elongation and climatic conditions change with advancement inland. Only in the European part is there a natural zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests. This can be explained by the fact that in inland areas there is not enough moisture to form forests.

Questions in a paragraph

*There are evergreens in the tundra. How do you explain this fact? Name the representatives of the flora and fauna of the tundra known to you. Consider how they adapt to harsh climates.

There are many evergreens in the tundra. Such plants can be used sunlight immediately, as soon as they are freed from under the snow, without wasting time and energy on the formation of new foliage. Flora - mosses, lichens, shrubs - crowberry, bearberry, wild rosemary, dwarf birch, willow. Tundra plants have peculiar forms that help them the best way take advantage of the heat of the sun and shelter from the wind. Pillows form, for example, stemless resin, saxifrage. They are so dense that from a distance they resemble moss-covered stones. The fauna of the tundra is not rich in species, but quantitatively large enough. What animals live in the tundra permanently? The indigenous people of the tundra are reindeer, lemmings, arctic foxes, wolves, and from birds - a snowy owl and a white partridge. Very rare animals - musk oxen.

* Determine on the map which of the largest mineral deposits of our country are located in the tundra zone.

Large industrial hubs have been created in the area of ​​the cities of Nikel, Vorkuta and Norilsk. Non-ferrous metals are being mined in Norilsk, and oil and gas are actively produced in the north of the Tomsk and Tyumen regions. In the zone of the Arctic tundra there is a large reserve of important natural resources such as uranium and oil.

Questions at the end of the paragraph

1. What components of nature form a natural zone?

Plant communities, animal communities, soils, character traits surface and ground runoff, water regime of rivers, exogenous processes of relief formation.

2. What determines the change of natural zones?

The change of natural zones occurs as a result of a regular change in the ratio of heat and moisture.

3. On the example of our country, justify the pattern of changing natural zones.

On the territory of Russia, there is a change from north to south of the following natural zones: arctic deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppes, steppes, semi-deserts.

4. Think about how the flora and fauna of the Arctic deserts are adapted to their habitat.

Plants do not form a dense vegetation cover, are small, flowering plants have a very short growing season. Animals of the Arctic deserts have adapted to get food from the sea, many have thick wool white color, birds populate the coast.

5. Indicate the features of the tundra zone of our country and explain them.

A feature of the Russian tundra zone is its wide distribution and the separation of several subzones from north to south. From north to south, three subzones are distinguished: arctic tundras are replaced by typical (moss-lichen), and then by shrubs from dwarf birch and polar willows.

6. Think about the reason for the strong vulnerability of the nature of the tundra zone.

Pollutants do not remain in place, air currents carry them over long distances. And the inhabitants of the tundra, especially lichens, are extremely sensitive to their effects. In the tundra, pollutants are accumulated, not washed away melt waters. Low temperatures inhibit the destruction of harmful compounds. Dozens of rivers and lakes perish. In soil and water all year round streams of fuel oil and diesel fuel flow from drilling rigs. The coast of the Arctic seas and the entire tundra are littered with ownerless barrels and rusty iron. Many settlements are in an unsanitary condition. There are practically no environmentally friendly enterprises. Thermal power stations smoke the sky. Smog settles on White snow, dividing it with black, and patches of bare earth appear in those places where pollution is especially high. Not a single plant will grow here for many years. Another problem of the tundra is uncontrolled hunting and poaching. Many plant and animal species have become rare.

"Lesson Natural zones of Russia" - What natural zones of Russia do you know? I think you can do everything, After all, I've been teaching you for the fourth year. To answer, you need to know a lot, Be able to think, reason logically. The hottest natural area? Teasing our sense of smell The spirit of potatoes by the fire. What animal, what bird? Black Sea coast. The largest natural area in the territory?

"Natural area Desert" - Lesson objectives: Theme of the lesson: Immoderate irrigation. A hot blue sky, and a hot sun in the sky. Botanists General features of plants. The saiga is a peculiar animal similar to a sheep with long thin legs. The roundhead is common in sandy deserts. Knowledge test: Excessive irrigation leads to trouble: a lot of salt accumulates in the soil.

"Natural areas of South America" ​​- Natural areas. Probably you have already guessed. The variety of flora and fauna of the South American evergreen forests is amazing. Relief. Climate. The flora and fauna of the Andes is unique. Crocodile living in South America. 11, Rubber tree. 12. Why do we say so. The lightest tree. 15. That's right, unique nature South America On the brink of extinction.

"Natural areas in Russia" - Steppe - like the sea! Animal and vegetable world tundra. Birch. What grows in the forest? Deserts. Boar. Moderately Cold winter and warm summer. Long cold winters and short cold summers. Raccoon. Desert. Polar bear. Summer is long. Natural areas: The natural area is rich in deciduous and coniferous trees.

"Natural zones of Russia Grade 4" - Summing up. Homework I did not understand, I was not ready for the answer in the lesson. Tasks. Express your opinion about today's lesson using computer emoticons. To educate respect for nature, respect and love, a culture of behavior. :-) ! – I am satisfied with the lesson, the lesson was useful for me.

"Natural zones of Russia" - Reindeer breeding. Solutions environmental issues. Adaptations to life: dense plumage and protective white coloration. Rare animals. Musk ox. reserves were created, for example, Taimyr. What natural area did we study in the last lesson? Deer. Untimely transfer of reindeer herds. White Owl. Animals. Inhabitants of the Arctic.

The earth's surface and moistening conditions in different parts of the continents natural zones do not form continuous bands parallel to the equator. Only in and on some large plains do they extend in a latitudinal direction, replacing each other from north to south. More often they change in the direction from the coasts of the oceans to the depths of the continents, and sometimes they stretch almost along the meridians.

Natural zones are also formed in: from the equator to the poles, the properties of surface waters, the composition of vegetation and wildlife change. There is also . However, oceanic natural complexes do not have pronounced external differences.

There is great diversity on earth. However, against the background of this diversity, large parts stand out - natural zones and. This is due to the different ratio of heat and moisture that the earth's surface receives.

Formation of natural zones

The uneven distribution of solar heat over the Earth's surface is the main reason for the heterogeneity of the geographic envelope. In almost every land area, the oceanic parts are better moistened than the inland, continental regions. Humidification depends not only on the amount of precipitation, but also on the ratio of heat and moisture. The warmer it is, the more moisture that has fallen with precipitation evaporates. The same amount of precipitation can lead to excessive moisture in one zone and insufficient moisture in another. Thus, the annual precipitation of 200 mm in the cold subarctic zone is excessive (bogs are formed), while in the hot tropical zones it is sharply insufficient (there are deserts).

Due to differences in the amount of solar heat and moisture within geographic zones, natural zones are formed - large areas with uniform temperature and moisture conditions, similar surface and groundwater features, and wildlife.

Features of the natural zones of the continents

in the same natural areas different continents flora and fauna have similar features.

At the same time, other factors, in addition to climate, also influence the distribution of plants and animals: the geological history of the continents, the relief and features of rocks, and people. The unification and separation of the continents, the change in their relief and climate in the geological past became the reason that in similar natural conditions, but different types of plants and animals live on different continents. For African savannas For example, antelopes, buffaloes, zebras, African ostriches are characteristic, and in South America several species of deer, armadillos and an ostrich-like flightless nandu bird are common. On each continent there are endemic species (endemics) that are characteristic only of this continent.

Under the influence of human activity, the geographic envelope is undergoing significant changes. To keep the representatives organic world and typical natural complexes in all natural zones of the world create specially protected areas - reserves, etc. In national parks, unlike, nature protection is combined with tourism and recreation for people.