List of forest edible mushrooms with photos, names and descriptions. Mushrooms of pine forests What mushrooms grow under spruce

We are glad to welcome you to the blog. The mushroom season is in full swing, so our topic today will be edible mushrooms, the photo and name of which you will find below. There are many types of mushrooms in our vast country, so even experienced mushroom pickers cannot always distinguish edible from inedible ones. But false and poisonous species can ruin your dish, and in some cases even cause death.

In the article you will find out what edible mushrooms are, what types they are divided into, where they grow and how they look, which mushrooms appear first. I will tell you what benefits they bring to your body and what their nutritional value is.

All mushrooms are divided into three main sections: edible, conditionally edible, inedible (poisonous, hallucinogenic). All these are hat mushrooms, they make up only a small part of a vast kingdom.

They can be divided according to many criteria. The structure of the cap is of the greatest importance to us, since sometimes it differs in twins.

Share:

• tubular (spongy) - the bottom of the cap consists of the smallest tubes, resembles a sponge;
• lamellar - plates at the bottom of the cap, located radially;
• marsupials (morels) - shriveled hats.

You can also divide forest gifts by taste, by the method of spore formation, shape, color, and the nature of the surface of the cap and stem.

When and where do mushrooms grow

In Russia and the CIS countries, mushroom areas are found almost throughout the entire territory, from the tundra to the steppe zones. Mushrooms grow best in humus-rich soil that warms up well. The gifts of the forest do not like strong waterlogging and excessive dryness. Best Places for them in a clearing where there is a shade, on the edges, forest roads, in plantings and copses.

If the summer is rainy, mushroom places should be looked for on a hill, and if dry, near trees in the lowlands, where there is more moisture. As a rule, specific species grow near certain trees. For example, camelina grows near pines and spruce; white - in birch, pine, oak; boletus - at the aspen.

Mushrooms in different climatic zones appear at different times, one after another. Let's analyze the middle band:

• The first spring forest harvest - lines and morels (April, May).
• In early June, boletus, boletus, boletus, russula appear. The duration of the wave is about 2 weeks.
• From mid-July, the second wave begins, which lasts 2-3 weeks. In rainy years, there is no break between the June and July waves. Since July, the mass appearance of the mushroom harvest begins.
• August is marked by the massive growth of mushrooms, especially ceps.
• From mid-August and early autumn, chanterelles, mushrooms, milk mushrooms grow in huge families in favorable weather.

In broad-leaved forests, the main season lasts from June to October, and from November to March, winter mushroom can be found in the forests. Field mushrooms are more common in the steppes: umbrellas, champignons, raincoat, meadow mushrooms. The season is from June to November.

Composition of mushrooms, benefits

The mushroom composition contains up to 90% water, and the dry part is predominantly protein. That is why the gifts of the forest are often called "forest meat" or "forest bread".

The nutritional value:

• Mushroom protein contains almost all amino acids, and even essential ones. Mushrooms are significant part diet, however, due to the content of fungin, it is better to exclude them from the menu for people suffering from diseases of the kidneys, liver and gastrointestinal tract.
• Carbohydrates in "forest meat" is much less than protein. Mushroom carbohydrate differs from vegetable and is absorbed better, much like milk or bread.
• Fatty substances are absorbed like animal fats by 92-97%.
• The composition contains tartaric, fumaric, citric, malic and other acids.
• The composition contains a large amount of vitamins PP, B1, A. Some varieties contain B2, C, D.
• Mushrooms are rich in iron, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium.
• The composition contains trace elements - zinc, fluorine, manganese, iodine, copper.

Edible gifts of the forest have many benefits, since ancient times they have been used to treat diseases. Now it is healthy and tasty food, and vegetarians replace meat with them.

Mushrooms are able to increase immunity, cleanse blood vessels and lower cholesterol levels, fight depression and excess weight. They help maintain the beauty of hair, skin and nails. Learn more about contraindications and useful properties mushrooms on our website.

How to determine if a mushroom is edible or not

How to distinguish edible mushrooms from inedible? After all, almost everyone knows boletus, but rare and unusual specimens are found in the forest. There are many ways.

For example, in my childhood I had an interesting encyclopedia with pictures and descriptions, plus I always went to the forest with experienced mushroom pickers. By the way, this is the best idea to take with you to the forest, a person who understands mushroom matters.

A few general tips:

1. Take a closer look if you see worms in at least one mushroom from the mycelium, they are edible.
2. Tubular species are easier to distinguish from twins.
3. Learn the colors, white and greenish often indicate a poisonous lookalike.
4. Do not taste mushrooms, they are not always bitter, for example pale grebe, a little sweet. Such an experiment can result in poisoning.
5. On false and poisonous twins, a skirt is often found.

These are just a few of the signs. Basically, each pair of twins has its own differences. You should pay attention to the frequency of the plates at the bottom of the cap, attachment to the stem, color, pulp when cut, the presence of rings. Below you will find a photo and a name edible mushrooms with a short description.

What do edible mushrooms look like?

White mushroom (boletus)

The mushroom king has a light leg, the sponge under the cap is cream and white. If you break the hat, it will not darken. He has several false and poisonous twins. For example, in a satanic mushroom, the fracture will turn blue, and in the gall it will turn pink, the broken leg will be covered with a dark mesh.

Boletus (redhead)

In most cases, the boletus has a red cap, dense flesh and a leg. When broken, the cut is bluish or white, while the false redhead is red or pink.

Boletus (boletus)

The color of the cap varies from dark brown to light beige. has an elongated leg with a gray mesh, and does not change color when cut. The false mushroom has a dirty white or pink sponge, and its hat is gray or pinkish.

Quite a massive mushroom with a velvet cushion-shaped cap, with lemon-yellow flesh. The leg at the base is red, and turns blue at the cut. It is confused with a satanic mushroom, but it is lighter in color.

A real chanterelle has a color from pale pink to orange, its edges are wavy, corrugated, and there are plates under the cap. In the false version, the color is from orange to red. The edges are jewelry smooth, and when broken, white juice is released.

Oiler is a yellow mushroom with a slippery spongy hat, which is connected to the leg by a film. In false oil, the hat is dark, sometimes with a purple tint, under it there are plates. The peel of the latter does not stretch when removed, and the flesh turns red.

The flywheel is spongy, the sponge is bright yellow. In "youth", his hat is convex velvet, and over time, it straightens and cracks. Its color ranges from dark green to burgundy. The leg is without any inclusions, and when broken, the color does not change. It is often confused with pepper, gall and chestnut mushrooms. The main difference between the flywheel is that it grows on moss.

The original has a beige or cream color, dark brown plates and a skirt. Mushroom grows in well-lit places. You can confuse a popular mushroom with a pale toadstool or a smelly fly agaric, and they are deadly poisonous. The toadstool has light plates, but there is no skirt under the hat.

There are light cream and brown shades, they have skirts on the leg, and scales on the hat, they are lamellar, grow on stumps. False mushrooms are brighter, they do not have a film ring.

In young russula, the hat is spherical, while in mature ones it is flat, dry to the touch, matte or shiny. The color changes from green to red. The plates are fragile, different in size, frequent, yellow or white. The flesh is crisp and white, changing color when cut. If the russula is bright red or purple, most likely you have a double in front of you.

Raincoat (hare potato, fluff)

A real raincoat is shaped like a ball, often on a small leg. Its color is white or beige. The pulp is dense, white. In the false puffball, the flesh has a purple hue, the skin is dark.

Often grow near pines and larches. The hat eventually begins to resemble a funnel, its color is orange, red or bluish-green. She is smooth and sticky. The slice will turn green over time.

It has a flat pink cap with a depression in the center and a discreet circle pattern, the edges of which are bent inward. The pulp is white, dense, the juice is also white. The color does not change when cut. Twins often have scales, a greenish color, distinct from the white flesh.

Cobweb (bog)

Has a beautiful appearance, bright yellow color. The shape of the cap is correct, round, it hides the plates. An adult cobweb resembles a toadstool. False twins are foul-smelling, irregularly shaped, and covered in scales.

The umbrella got its name due to the long stem and the characteristic shape of the hat, at first the shape is spherical, then it resembles an umbrella. The color is white, with a hint of beige, a darker spot in the center, and the surface is cracked. Plates darken with age. Many twins that differ in color may have a pungent odor and loose flesh.

Talkers

The cap of the govorushka at first has a hemispherical shape, then it is depressed, resembling a funnel. It is dry and smooth, white, light brown, ocher in color, the center is darker. The plates are white, but darken with age. The flesh is white, dense, although it loosens with age. False talkers are white.

Ryadovki

Agaric mushrooms deserve their name because they grow in rows or circles (witch's circles). The cap of a young rowing resembles a ball, and then straightens. It has white, brown, red, yellow colors. The edges can be curved, smooth, or curved. The skin can be dry, velvety or smooth, mucous. The leg is velvety, often has a pink-brown color. The poisonous doppelgänger has a dirty gray color, be careful!

Stitches

More often lines are found in a pine forest, due to possible frosts, black spots appear on its cap. The cap itself grows together with the leg, has a sinuous shape. It has a brown, brown, reddish or yellow color. The older the lines, the lighter the hat. The leg is also not even, and the flesh is white and breaks easily.

Morel

The surface of the morel cap, as if all in cells, is ovoid in shape. Its color is greyish, yellow and brown. The flesh of the morel is white, soft, and the stem has a cylindrical shape, slightly thickened towards the bottom. The false morel grows from the egg, emits an unpleasant odor and is covered with mucus.

oyster mushrooms

Oyster mushrooms grow on a tree, under each other, which is why they got their name. The cap of oyster mushrooms is smooth, sometimes wavy, the color is gray with a purple tint. The plates are frequent, dense, have a gray color. The edges are concave, the legs are short, dense. False oyster mushrooms are brighter and of other shades.

Now you know how to test a mushroom and find out if it is edible or not. You can go to the forest without fear. Choose only the right mushrooms and remember that even edible mushroom can cause harm if it is already old or starting to decompose.

Video - edible mushrooms with a description

Leave comments, share the article "Edible mushrooms - photo and name" with friends in in social networks. Leave the article bookmarked so that the right mushrooms are always in front of your eyes. All the best!

Threads of the epithelium. Mushrooms are not able to produce chlorophyll like plants, so they are highly dependent on environment. It is from rotting leaves and decaying remains of living beings that they consume all the necessary substances for growth and development. They are rich in organic matter.

About 200 species of mushrooms grow in the forests of our country, but only 40 species of them can be eaten by humans. The energy value of the product is low, about 300-500 calories per 1 kg. Chemically close to vegetable crops, despite the fact that the set of amino acids is similar to animal products.

What mushrooms grow under a pine tree? These are mushrooms, pigs, russula, Polish mushroom, boletus, greenfinches, mokruha and fly agaric. In the spruce forests you can find white fungus, granular butterdish, spruce camelina, garlic, forest champignon, puffball and yellow milk mushroom.

white fungus pine

Most often, when asked what mushrooms grow under pine and spruce, they answer - "white". This fruiting body has many synonyms: porcini mushroom, boletus dine-loving.

Its hat can reach 20 cm in diameter, mostly wine-red or brownish. The stem has a swollen appearance and is similar in color to the color of the cap, but of a lighter shade. The flesh does not darken when cut, but is always white.

The fungus can be found in dark and highly lit areas of the forest. It was found that the illumination does not affect the yield. It can bear fruit both singly and in groups.

Mushroom picking falls on the summer-autumn period. The highest yield occurs at the end of August. In some regions there are specimens reaching 1 kg in weight. Mushroom pickers prefer young mushrooms that are not affected by larvae and have a more delicate taste.

White mushroom can be cooked in any way: fry, pickle, dry. In some regions, salads are seasoned with fresh porcini mushrooms.

Ginger

Ryzhik refers to those mushrooms that grow under pine and spruce. Allocate which has a cap of orange or red-orange color. has a yellowish tint or lilac-greenish. Fruit individuals of this species are covered with mucus. When cut or touched, green spots appear. It has a pronounced smell of milky juice.

Spruce camelina feels best in places where moss grows, there are small bumps, and also near lingonberries and blueberries.

The pine species is most often found in the drier corners of the forest, on small hills near young pines.

The mushroom is most suitable for pickling and frying in sour cream.

mokhovik

Outwardly, the mushroom looks like an aged white one. In our region, the green flywheel is predominantly found. The velvety hat acquires a greenish-purple hue over time. The advantage grows on the edges and roadsides.

The fungus has a pronounced fruity flavor, it is eaten boiled and fried.

If we discuss what mushrooms grow under a pine tree, then they also include the "relative" of the flywheel - the Polish mushroom. In appearance, it strongly resembles white. The hat can reach 15 cm in diameter, velvety, brown or brown. Blue appears on the cuts, the flesh itself has a white color with a yellowish tint. Mushroom can be cooked in any known to man way.

Oilers

Oiler is the name of a huge group of mushrooms from the Boletaceae family, which includes about 40 representatives. The main difference of the family is that all its representatives have an oily hat.

Perhaps this species is in the lead in the list of what mushrooms grow under a pine tree in our country. Although they are also found in Africa and Australia, that is, in those countries where the climate is temperate.

In our forests, there is mainly an ordinary and autumn oiler. The cap of the fungus has a small tubercle in the center. The color is usually brownish, but there are specimens with a brown or olive tint. The peel is easily removed from the mushroom, inside is soft and juicy pulp, yellowish in color.

The oiler feels good near young pines, but is also found in mixed forests. The fungus loves soil with good drainage, i.e. sandstone. He accepts greenfinches, chanterelles and russula as neighbors. Grows mostly in groups.

Fruits almost the entire warm season, from July to October, the main thing is that the atmospheric temperature is above 18 degrees. When the temperature drops to -5, the growth of fungi stops completely.

The category of what mushrooms grow under a pine tree includes a summer and granular butter dish. There are few differences from the autumn and ordinary species, the color of the cap is ocher-yellow. It is found mainly in pine forests.

breast

This family of mushrooms includes several species. This is a bitter or bitter mushroom, a black or black mushroom. Prefers forest floor. It can grow in spruce and pine forests, birch groves and areas where there is an undergrowth of hazel.

The bitter cap usually does not exceed 8 cm, similar to a funnel, the stem is high, up to 10 cm, and up to 1.5 cm in diameter. The color of the cap and stem is the same, reddish-brown.

Chernukha hat can reach 20 cm in diameter, olive-brown in color. The leg is not high - up to 6 cm, but fleshy - up to 2.5 cm in diameter.

Although these species fall under the category of which mushrooms grow under pine trees (photos are located in the article), they are still conditionally edible, that is, they require compliance with a certain cooking technology. The mushroom is pickled only after pre-soaking or boiling.

Russula

In coniferous forests there are russula, which have an unusually huge species composition. The color of the hats is amazing: from brown and red to green and purple hues. But the structure of the cap is very fragile. Russula is also called the most "democratic" mushrooms: they grow in spruce and pine groves, deciduous forests and wastelands. They can bear fruit in the cool and hot season, depending on the subspecies.

Mostly russula is fried or boiled, dried, because they are not suitable for pickles due to their fragile structure.

Harvest Rules

It is very easy to recognize the mushrooms that grow under the pine tree. There are plenty of photos on the Internet, in almost every house there is a book on mushroom topics. But even edible mushrooms can be dangerous to humans if certain rules are not followed:

• Picking mushrooms near highways and railways is prohibited. There is a big risk that they will contain salts of heavy metals and other harmful substances.
• Collect only those specimens that you are sure of. You should not taste them, especially let children do it.
• Carefully inspect the mushrooms: they should not have damage and wormholes. Arriving home again, inspect the harvested crop, discard damaged specimens.
• Do not pull out the mushroom along with the mycelium. If you do this, then in a couple of weeks there will no longer be new mushrooms in this place.

At the slightest doubt, for example, if the mushroom is of an unknown species, discard it. Happy silent hunting.

According to statistics, pine forests are one of the most widespread in the Northern Hemisphere: in 1986, for example, their area was about 325 million hectares. Even if we make allowances for the fact that these are data from the end of the 20th century, such a figure is still impressive. Pine forests are mainly located in temperate climatic zones, but they can also be found in the subtropical and even tropical zones. There is nothing mysterious or amazing in such a prevalence: all varieties of pine (and, according to some sources, there are more than 120 of them) are resistant to frost and hot temperatures, often and abundantly bear fruit, and also quickly recover after devastating fires and planned or poached felling. Due to its unpretentiousness and the presence of a superficial root system, which can develop even in a thin one-two-centimeter fertile layer, pine often takes root where other tree species are not able to take root, so it can often be found even on very poor sandy soils, not to mention mountain slopes. And although the species composition of tropical pine forests differs significantly from the composition of the northern pine forests, more familiar to our eyes, this does not matter: pine, as they say, is also pine in Africa.

Eulogy about the pine forest

Pine forests are very important for a person. So, for example, they:

1. are a source of wood of remarkable quality, resin and other types of valuable raw materials, and even stumps act in this capacity.
2. favorably affect the yield due to the constant high humidity of the air in their vicinity and more than in other places, the amount of precipitation.
3. fasten sandy soils with their roots, strengthen ravines and mountain slopes.
4. reliably protect against avalanches and mudflows, conserve soil water and contribute to more uniform soil moisture than related spruce forests.
5. very rich in phytoncides (substances produced by plants that kill bacteria, microscopic fungi, protozoa or inhibit their growth and development). One hectare of pine forest emits about 5 kg. phytoncides per day, which are detrimental to the causative agent of tuberculosis and E. coli, therefore, in a pine forest, especially in a young one, the air is almost sterile.

In addition, pine forests emit substances favorable for humans, which is why they are a very popular place for recreation and treatment. It is no coincidence that sanatoriums and dispensaries are often located in them, and in Taiwan, South Korea and Japan, where pine forests also grow, there is even an original therapeutic technique known as “bathing in the forest”, the essence of which is the active inhalation of phytoncides by people to improve your health. The pure healing air of the pine forest indescribably invigorates and refreshes any person, inspiring him to new achievements. But what kind of rest in the forest without picking mushrooms? - that's right, no, and the pine forest provides mushroom pickers with great opportunities to feast on their gifts in the form of delicious mushrooms. And since it is a sin not to take advantage of such opportunities, it is not surprising that lovers of quiet hunting often ask each other what edible mushrooms grow in a pine forest.

Pinewood Mushroom Guide

The fungal diversity of a pine forest depends primarily on two factors: its age and purity/mixture. If there are at least small inclusions of other tree species in it - for example, birch - then, in addition to purely "pine" mushrooms, a successful mushroom picker may well also count on a crop of boletus, boletus, russula, volzhanka, chanterelles and other similar mushrooms. The presence of oak and aspen in the pine forest gives an almost 100% guarantee that you will meet a lot of milk mushrooms, a white load, an oak shape white fungus and indeed an uncountable number of russula.

But even without these inclusions, the pine forest is able to please even the most fastidious mushroom lovers. For example, it contains:

1. different kinds butter (late, granular, marsh).
2. goats.
3. greenfinches
4. autumn mushrooms.
5. mushrooms.
6. whites.
7. various types of russula and talkers.
8. rows.
9. flywheels are predominantly yellow-brown and green.
10. polish mushroom.
11. umbrella mushrooms.
12. mokruhi purple.
13. lines.
14. morels.
15. spiked raincoats.
16. truffles.
17. pine varieties of boletus.
18. waves.
19. hedgehogs are variegated.

In their search, you can stumble upon a gall fungus, a pepper mushroom, a bitter mushroom, a ringed cap, a fat pig, a horned mushroom, a garlic mushroom. And of course, there is nowhere to escape in the pine forest and from fly agarics of various types (panther, red, gray-pink, grebe), pale grebes, false sulfur-yellow mushrooms.

Who, when and where grows

But, as we have already mentioned, the age of the pine forest greatly influences the diversity of mushrooms, and the first to be seen in it is the late oiler. It already grows in two-year-old pine plantations, starting from the end of May, and enters into force already in June, it is found both near pine trees standing alone and in inter-row grass. Sometimes this mushroom (as well as greenfinch later) can be identified by small tubercles of raised needles. Pine forest - favorable environment for butterdish: it bears fruit in it very abundantly for almost the entire summer, in the same places and is able to produce from 3 to 6 crops per season. Every year, its number only increases and reaches a peak in pine forests that are 10-15 years old. Then its yield declines, but it is replaced in the finally formed environment (when tree crowns close) by other mushrooms ...

In addition to the late butterdish, in young pine forests you can also find:

1. autumn honey agaric, growing in groups around trunks or on stumps left after sanitary clearings.
2. camelina, which also grows in groups in damp, low-lying or open places, starting from mid-summer. Occasionally it can be found in the pine aisle.
3. wet purple. Few people know this mushroom, but meanwhile, in terms of taste, it is not inferior to oils and is suitable for all types of culinary processing. Mokruha occurs from August to the end of September, grows near pine trees, often on hills, singly or in small groups. You can also see them after the first autumn frosts, after which they often acquire a characteristic copper-purple color.
4. hedgehog motley. This mushroom belongs to the category of conditionally edible because of its specific smell and bitter taste, but the latter disappears after a few minutes of cooking, and thanks to the first, the blackberry is often used as a seasoning. But only young, immature hedgehogs are suitable for use, in old specimens stiffness appears and a bitter taste intensifies, which is why they are no longer suitable for food. In addition, according to some reports, blackberry pied should not be consumed raw: it can be poisonous. This mushroom bears fruit from August to October-November, grows singly or in groups ("witch rings") of 3-5 specimens, prefers dry pine forests and sandy soils.
5. greenfinch is another mushroom that is collectivistic and prefers dense shady lowlands and illuminated clearings.
6. rowing, loving flat places, growing in sandstone, in moss and under coniferous litter, both alone and in "witch circles". This mushroom often chooses the same places as the greenfinch, but you have to be careful with it: of all its varieties (from 90 to 100), only 19 are edible, all the rest are poisonous mushrooms. The most popular and widespread edible kind is a gray row, known among mushroom pickers under the name "serushka".
7. pine form of boletus, which can sometimes be confused with a young gall fungus(This species has a yellow-brown cap and a thin, almost cylindrical stem). However, it is not difficult to figure out who is who: just lick the hat of a suspicious mushroom, and everything will fall into place, since the boletus will not have the taste that is inherent in the gall fungus.

Pine forests aged 15 to 40 years are considered the most productive. By this age, their root system is getting stronger, however, the abundance of small processes with delicate skin in it makes it possible for the mushroom mycelium to penetrate into a fertile environment for it. In addition, the layer of forest litter is still small, which allows the soil to easily warm up and moisten. It was during this twenty-five years that almost all of the mushrooms we listed earlier can be found in pine forests, growing in lowlands, and on the edge of plantings and sphagnum swamps, and on the edges, and on plains, and in glades, and in the aisle, in open areas and among deadwood ... If the pine forest is wet enough, then it will delight the mushroom picker with an abundance of mossiness mushrooms, goats, marsh butterflies and russula, gray-pink milkers, rows, and if it is overgrown with weeds, then the mushroom picker's basket will definitely be replenished with talkers.

The older the pine forest becomes, the more diverse the mushroom kingdom becomes in it. In middle-aged and older forests, various types of russula grow, black podgruzok, umbrella mushroom - one of delicious mushrooms in the world, especially in young age, - a Polish mushroom, a granular butterdish, replacing a late "brother", a greenfinch ... However, if the age of a pine forest exceeds 40 years, then there are less and less mushrooms in it. This is due to crown compaction, thickening of the litter, due to which the soil warms up worse, and coarsening of the root system of trees, through which it is already difficult for the mycelium to break through. In addition, mature forests are unusually moisture-loving. But a small number of mushrooms does not mean they are complete absence: particularly stubborn mushroom pickers will almost certainly be lucky in the “face” of those mushrooms that grow from year to year in the same places: butter, honey mushrooms, Polish mushrooms ... If by this time the pine forest is diluted with other trees, the mushroom kingdom will have "second wind".

Conclusion

Those who have ever visited a pine forest, breathed its air and walked through mushroom places, without a shadow of a doubt call it the best forest in the world. And, probably, they are not far from the truth: pine forests stand out favorably against the background of other forests, no matter how healing and rich in their gifts. Pine is not only unpretentious and resistant, but also friendly and quite capable of getting along with birch, white alder, spruce, oak, aspen, which means that mushrooms in a pine forest can be very different. The main thing is to know where to look for them, so in the end we will talk a little about where everyone's favorite mushrooms most often prefer to settle.

All mushrooms during their harvest period (summer-autumn) try to choose humus-rich and well-warmed soil, so they can often be seen on semi-shaded and open places, slopes of ravines, hills and along forest paths and abandoned roads. In a hot summer, they try to hide at the roots and under coniferous spruce branches, and in bad weather, in autumn, or in too wet forest, on the contrary, prefer the edges and clearings on the hills. At the same time, mushrooms, with a few exceptions, avoid extremes in the form of swampy lowlands, excessively dry clearings, thickets and forests with excessively tall grass. Most mushrooms are monogamous: once they have chosen a place for themselves, they grow on it almost every year in various quantities, so every experienced mushroom picker, like a fisherman, has favorite places that delight him with a constant mushroom harvest. Finally, the abundance of mushrooms is affected not only by the growing environment, but also by air temperature and weather. It is no coincidence that the greatest harvest of mushrooms awaits a person on a clear, moderately warm day after a little rain, popularly called "mushroom".

Pine rowweed, also known as matsutake, is an edible mushroom with high palatability. In our country, it can only be found in the Urals, as well as in the southern part of the Primorsky Territory, and it is listed in the Red Book. However, this fruiting body is one of the most popular abroad. Asian markets sell matsutake at high prices. Sometimes the cost of one such copy can range from 100 to 300 US dollars. Ryadovka grows in pine forests on fallen needles or moss at the foot of tree roots. The word “matsutake” itself means “pine mushroom” in Japanese.

In Japanese, Korean, Chinese and North American cuisines, pine row is especially highly valued. Beautiful appearance, specific pine aroma and amazing taste make this mushroom very expensive. For clarity, we suggest looking at the photo and description of the pine row.

Mushroom rowing pine: photo, description and application

Latin name: Tricholoma matsutake.

Family: Ordinary.

Synonyms: matsutake, shod row, spotted row, pine mushroom. Latin synonyms: Armillaria matsutake, Armillaria nauseosa, Tricholoma nauseosum.

Hat: fleshy, large, up to 20 cm in diameter, bell-shaped, the surface is smooth and dry. AT adulthood the cap of the fruiting body cracks at the edges, due to which you can see the gap of the white pulp. Also on the surface of the cap you can see large dark brown scales. Color varies from dark to light brown. Sometimes the mushroom cap can have a resinous color. You can also add one more to the description of the pine row interesting feature: As the mushroom matures, rusty spots appear on the surface.

Leg: in height up to 20 cm, but due to the fact that most of it is hidden deep in the soil (up to 10-13 cm), it seems short. Wide, up to 3 cm thick, slightly widened at the base.

The photo of the pine row shows that the leg is often inclined to the ground, but at the same time it is firmly attached to the root. The surface up to the ring-skirt is painted in white drawings, and after - in brown. The main color of the stem is the same as that of the hat.

Records: light, of unequal length, at a young age covered with a protective film that breaks, forming a velvety ring on the stem. In addition, a recess can be seen at the base of the plates.

Pulp: elastic, dense, white, well preserved, has a strong aroma that cannot be confused with any other species. Fruity and spicy notes (with a hint of cinnamon) in smell and taste make the mushroom especially popular.

Edibility: pine row mushroom is edible. Attractive taste qualities, as well as a unique smell, make the mushroom a real delicacy.

Application: Matsutake is great in any form, raw or cooked. It is fried, pickled, salted, and also dried. It is not allowed to pour freezing and prolonged boiling. It is highly valued by gourmets for its high taste qualities. Also used in Chinese traditional medicine to improve the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract.

Spreading: pine or pine-oak forests of America, Sweden, Finland, Korea and Japan. In our territory, matsutake grows in the eastern part. Rarely found in Belarus and Ukraine.

Before moving on to the story of the places where porcini mushrooms grow, it would not be superfluous to mention that the phrase "porcini mushroom" is collective, and implies not one specific fungus, but several. Their number, as it turned out, is not limited to ten. In total, there are 18 subspecies, 4 of which are even trying to be defined as independent, separate species. Most of these mushrooms belong to the genus Borovik, but by a lucky chance, among the “noble” there was also one “mishandled Cossack” from the genus Obabok (white boletus) - because of the light color of its hat. For the average mushroom picker, this information may seem scientifically boring, if not completely useless, but it significantly explains why porcini mushrooms grow in a variety of forests - from coniferous to deciduous.

Forests of white mushrooms

The diversity of forests in which porcini mushrooms grow is explained by the fact that their various subspecies "make" an alliance - and very mutually beneficial - with the most different trees. And they grow exactly where these trees are.

It would seem that to search for places where mushrooms should be found in fat herds, it is enough to write down the list of trees to which they gravitate and carry it with you on outings. But no - due to pickiness to the conditions, the lion's share of all varieties of porcini fungus turned out to be noticeably "more legible" than the same boletus and other aspen mushrooms. Give them not only “your” symbionts (moreover, of a certain age), but also specific soil, as well as characteristic thermal and humidity conditions. That is why porcini mushrooms do not grow anywhere, but only in special forests. Here we will now consider them in detail.

coniferous forests

Let's start, of course - with conifers, because these forests are the most dominant in temperate zone northern hemisphere of the planet, especially in its extreme northern part. In addition, they are the most characteristic landscape where white mushrooms grow.

Pine forests

Photo 2. Mountain pine forest rich in porcini mushrooms.

These forests usually have white mushroom pine, entering into symbiosis is understandable with which tree, less often with spruce and other (including deciduous) species. It differs from other boletus mushrooms in its sugary brown hat and stem, sometimes also having a brownish tint. The soil loves with sand, or loamy, but in no case waterlogged. That is, the fungus definitely avoids swamps and damp lowlands, preferring dry forests to them. AT highlands loves to "climb" higher - there, you see, the conditions for him are the best.

It is possible to calculate the places where pine porcini mushrooms grow, not only by digging the forest ground with a spatula and finding grains of sand under a half-rotted litter. The main landmark is moss (sphagnum) or lichen "pillows". Mushrooms usually appear here, especially if there are small gaps in the trees, warming up more by the sun than other surrounding areas. They can also be found along the edges of clearings, clearings, and along forest roadsides.

I will give an example from my personal mushroom practice, when I managed to come across a whole “field” of porcini mushrooms, where they grew like cucumbers in a greenhouse and almost climbed on top of each other. It was a clearing bordering on a forest and a river, and it turned out to be completely covered with moss and reindeer moss. From one square meter of this place, a bucket of mushrooms was instantly collected, and in total they managed to cut a dozen of such buckets. How we then dragged this wealth, and how we dragged it to the house in general, is the topic of a separate story. I can only say one thing - for the first time I felt everything in full negative traits own greed.

Spruce forests, fir or spruce-fir forests

Photo 4. Spruce-fir forest.

grows here spruce porcini mushroom. Outwardly, it is almost indistinguishable from the pine boletus, except that the color of its hat is slightly less saturated. By the way, this mushroom is a type species, and therefore - it is the same "real porcini mushroom".

Photo 5. Here he is - a handsome man, a typical representative of porcini mushrooms. Grew up on a cushion of sphagnum moss.

The growing conditions of the spruce boletus actually correspond to its pine counterpart, with the exception of the fact that the former is more inclined towards spruces.

Just like the previous mushroom, the spruce boletus loves sandy or loamy, not waterlogged soils, and moss-lichen litter.

Deciduous forests

They are noticeably smaller than coniferous forests, but this does not prevent them from occupying a very decent area. Deciduous forests are more developed in the southern area, in the north they are usually an infrequent occurrence.

birch forests

Photo 6. Bereznyak. The place of growth of the birch variety of white fungus.

It's funny, but the true white fungus managed to form a subspecies here too - birch boletus, he is spikelet(This name is due to the fact that this mushroom appears exactly at the time of earing of rye).

Unlike previous varieties, the spikelet has the lightest hat, is not so picky about the type of soil, and grows almost everywhere, except perhaps avoiding frank swamps and peat bogs. It is very common and numerous, for which we especially adore the admirers of the “quiet hunt”. In fact, it can be found in any birch forest, preferring edges and borders between overgrown and open areas.

There are three signs by which you can accurately determine whether porcini mushrooms grow in a birch forest. First of all, these are grass bumps. Or in a popular way - white-bearded grass.

Photo 8. Where such grass bumps come across, white mushrooms will definitely grow.

Two other signs are neighbor mushrooms. Fly agaric red and chanterelle. As a rule, both of them accompany the white fungus, and even begin to bear fruit with it at about the same time.

oak groves

Photo 9. A small oak grove with a slight admixture of birch and dark coniferous species (the eastern border of the pedunculate oak).

Nevertheless, the area is not quite typical for the Urals, and it is worth mentioning, because, after all, we have small oak forests in the southwest, and this is the territory where ceps of the oak variety grow. However, this variety is controversial - some scientists distinguish it as an independent species - boletus bronze. It differs from the previous ones in the darkest color of the hat, sometimes it even has a black, mold-like coating. In France, this fungus is popularly referred to as "Negro's head".

Photo 10

It grows in warm forests, tends to the southern regions. Rare or absent in mountainous areas. According to rumors - it comes across with us, but extremely infrequently.

Elm forests

Vyazovniki, they are ilmovniki. There are some. A specific breed of porcini mushrooms that prefer these particular forests has not yet been noticed. However, occasionally in these forests there are pine and spruce varieties, and sometimes birch comes across.

Scientists from mycology unanimously argue that it is difficult for porcini mushrooms to form symbiosis with elm due to some specific nuances of the biology of this tree. That is why they are so rare there, and if they are found, then in small quantities.

I want to add the only thing: elm forests are those forests where porcini mushrooms do not grow. No matter how much I wandered in these places, I never saw mushrooms, although some other edible mushrooms did come across there.

Another thing is when the elm grows mixed with lindens and birches, and even with fir and spruce. But this is already

mixed forests

Which I mentioned for a reason, because their share among our forests is very tangible. So, it is in them that you most often come across large clusters of porcini mushrooms. What this is connected with is unknown. I only assume that the “hodgepodge” of symbiont trees somehow provides mushrooms best conditions for growth. And it is possible that the original undergrowth of mixed forests somehow influences here.

Although ... In mixed forests, there is often such a tree as a birch, and therefore - there is everything for the growth of a birch variety of white fungus - the most numerous of all. Maybe it provides the "productivity" of mixed forests?

Something about the minimum age of trees

It has been noticed that the older the forest, the more virgin and primitive it is, the more likely it is to come across large clusters of porcini mushrooms in it. But in young forest plantations, you will most likely be with butterflies, but not with whites. For the latter require a huge interval of time (according to some sources - from 20 to 50 years) in order to form a well-developed mycelium capable of bearing fruit on a maximum scale. Although, small harvests of whites sometimes occur in relatively young forests, but the fact is that it is small.

conclusions

Well, now - it's time to sum up all of the above. So, where porcini mushrooms grow, there:

1. There are birch, pine, spruce, fir and oak. And also - other trees, but the number of mushrooms here will be noticeably less.
2. The age of the trees is “adult”, that is, at least 20 years old, but older is better.
3. In relatively dry, not wetlands.
4. Along the borders of the forest and open areas, in places where trees are less common.
5. In the mountains.
6. On sandy, sandy and loamy soils.
7. Where mosses (sphagnum, cuckoo flax) and lichens grow on the ground.

Knowing these seven rules, you can safely go into the forest and quite successfully discover places where porcini mushrooms grow. However, I strongly recommend that you be observant at the same time, fix any interesting points and draw your own conclusions regarding the places where mushrooms grow. And the more often you walk through the forest, the more mysteries and secrets it will reveal to you. And you will always come back with full baskets.

So yes! Just remember to sharpen your knife well.