Write-off of MPZ in tax accounting. Accounting for inventories in organizations of the military-industrial complex. Write-off of MPZ in production. Instructions for writing off materials

We thank you for the suggested topic. Shatalova Elena Sergeevna, Chief Accountant of OOO Technolux Metall, Moscow.

Now it is not necessary to apply unified forms of primary accounting, including those provided for accounting for materials and their movement. Therefore, organizations are slowly beginning to reshape the State Statistics Committee forms for themselves. And on this wave, once again, accountants ask themselves the question: what document will be the basis for accepting materials for accounting and writing them off as expenses?

Speaking of materials, we will consider both production materials and raw materials, and office materials, for example, stationery.

We document the receipt of materials to the organization

The posting of materials implies not only their physical receipt by a materially responsible employee of the organization (for example, a storekeeper), but also their reflection on accounting accounts (as a rule, this is a posting to the debit of account 10 “Materials”).

There are several options for documenting, and often they depend on the situation that arises when accepting materials, as well as on the structure of the organization and the internal document management system adopted in it.

Receipt order according to the form No. M-4. It is applied if there are no comments on the quality and range of materials. Only now the form number M-4 is quite large. Therefore, you can easily remove some details from it that are not related to the mandatory details of the primary document. paragraph 2 of Art. 9 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ (hereinafter referred to as the Accounting Law):

• numbers of forms according to OKUD and OKPO;
• passport number (it makes sense to leave only if you arrive with materials containing precious stones and metals);
• information about the insurance company;
• column with the code of the unit of measure.

Invoice stamp replaces the receipt order, is affixed in similar situations - when materials are received without any discrepancies in quantity, quality and assortment. Such a stamp should contain the main details of the receipt order: who received, how much, when p. 49 of the Guidelines, approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n (hereinafter referred to as the Methodological Instructions); Letter of the Ministry of Finance of October 29, 2002 No. 16-00-14 / 414; clause 4 PBU 1/2008.

Consignment note TORG-12, signed by the person responsible for storing the materials, such as a storekeeper. In this case, it makes no sense to draw up a receipt order or another document replacing it.

The act of acceptance of materials in the form of No. M-7. It must be drawn up if one thing is written on the invoice from the supplier, but something else is received (for example, materials were delivered in the wrong quantity, assortment or wrong quality). You will also need such an act when accepting materials for safekeeping. Form No. M-7 can also be cleaned up by removing the details you do not need (for example, “Name of the insurance company”, “Date of dispatch of products ...”, “Date and number of the telephone message about the call of the sender (producer)”, “Number of seats”, "Package type", "Measurement unit code", "Passport number"). At the same time, the contract between your organization and the supplier may stipulate that some other document is drawn up to fix the identified discrepancies.

For the acceptance of materials, both in full compliance with the terms of delivery, and received with identified discrepancies, it is possible to develop and use a single, universal document:

• take as a basis the classic receipt order (according to the form No. M-4, removing unnecessary details from it);
• supplement what happened with the details that may be needed when identifying discrepancies in the quantity and quality of the materials received (they can be taken from form No. M-7).

CONCLUSION

When posting materials, it is important to make a document, firstly, confirming the very fact of posting, and secondly, corresponding to the document flow rules established in your organization.

We issue materials from the warehouse

From the warehouse of the organization to any division, materials are also issued not on parole. Previously, the following unified documents were used for stock removal:

• <или>requirement-invoice (form No. M-11) - when materials are released from the warehouse, if the organization does not have limits on their receipt;
• <или>limit-fence card (form No. M-8) - if such limits are established in the organization;
• <или>waybill for the release of materials to the side (form No. M-15) - when transferring them to another territorially separate division of the company (for example, to a branch that has its own warehouse).

The same documents can be drawn up in 2013, "unloading" them from unnecessary details. And you can develop your own - a universal form. To do this, take the form that you used most often (before 2013) and optimize it (remove unnecessary details and add details that you may need).

We write off production raw materials and materials as expenses

Accounting. After the materials are released from the warehouse for use in production, their cost is debited from account 10 "Materials" and reflected in the debit of cost accounting accounts p. 93 of the Guidelines.

But it happens that the raw materials and materials transferred to the workshop or to the working area were not used for the production of products. That is, they simply “moved” from the warehouse and are stored in a new place, waiting in the wings. From an economic point of view, their cost should not be taken into account at all as expenses of the current month. But tracking the use of materials is not a matter for accountants, but for economists or production workers. Therefore, in such situations, it is advisable to draw up an act of consumption of materials. The Methodological Guidelines for Inventory Accounting say that it is needed only when, when the materials were released from the warehouse, their purpose was not indicated: for which particular order or type of product they were received pp. 97, 98 Guidelines.

The issue of such materials from the warehouse to the production unit is better recorded as an internal transfer. Using for this special sub-accounts 10-"Materials in the warehouse" and 10-"Materials in the workshop."

But in many organizations, acts of consumption of raw materials and materials are monthly. Moreover, regardless of whether their intended purpose was indicated upon receipt from the warehouse or not.

In tax accounting the situation is similar. Moreover, there is a direct rule in the Tax Code: the cost of materials not used in the production of products cannot be taken into account when calculating the total amount of material expenses for the current month. paragraph 5 of Art. 254, articles 318, 319 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

As you can see, if you keep track of the consumption of materials, this will allow you not only to achieve greater reliability in accounting, but also to correctly calculate income tax.

If the materials do not immediately go into production, but only move from the warehouse to the workshop for storage, do not rush to write off their cost to account 20 "Main production". So you can overestimate the amount of direct expenses of the current month, which can distort your accounting, and after it, tax accounting (if it is based on accounting). The act of consumption of materials will help you justify the costs both in tax accounting and in accounting. And the inspectors - inspectors and auditors - will have fewer questions.

"Non-production" materials and stationery

Accounting for production materials, as a rule, is taken quite seriously. But accountants often pay insufficient attention to office materials (in particular, stationery). Different approaches are used to organize their workflow.

APPROACH 1. When purchasing materials through an accountable employee, his expenses are confirmed, and materials are credited, and they are written off as expenses based on the advance report and primary documents proving their purchase. But this is wrong.

EXPERIENCE EXCHANGE

General Director of the audit firm Vector Development LLC

“ Any property, including stationery and other items, must be credited. Immediately reflect the write-off of their value on the expense accounts - an error that leads to risk, in particular for income tax. The risk naturally increases as the amount of the transaction grows. It will not be possible to write off materials and stationery for costs based on the supplier's invoice or the store's sales receipt - these documents only speak of the receipt of materials by the organization. There should be additional documents documenting their expenses.

APPROACH 2. If the requirement-waybill or limit-fence card on which the materials were received indicates where they will be used and for what, then an act on the use of such materials does not need to be drawn up clause 98 of the Guidelines. And if, when issuing materials from the warehouse, the purpose of their use was not clear, then an expense report is drawn up.

That is, this is the same approach as when writing off the cost of production materials. It is safe if the materials are not issued to departments or other structural units in reserve, but immediately begin to be used. They took, for example, 10 fountain pens and distributed them to five office workers. Why else draw up an act that pens began to be used for work purposes? It's irrational. Therefore, on the date of issue of materials from the warehouse, their cost is debited to cost accounts.

But if there are quite a lot of materials issued from the warehouse, questions may arise about the validity of writing off their cost as expenses. Let's consider such an example. On April 29, 10 boxes of A4 paper were handed over to the accounting department of a small organization, each box contains five packs of paper. Total - 50 packs. It is clear that at the end of the month, for an average small organization, all this paper simply cannot physically be used for work purposes. Exceptions, of course, are possible - for example, it is necessary to make copies of a large number of documents at the request of the tax office. But if there is nothing extraordinary, then the recognition in expenses of the entire cost of the paper transferred to the accounting department in April is unjustified. Moreover, both in accounting and in tax accounting.

EXPERIENCE EXCHANGE

“Today, both for the purposes of internal control and for the purposes of reducing tax risks, the previously existing rules are retained.

You can write off the capitalized property for expenses immediately, or you can as it is actually spent (this depends on the amount of the operation - this is the requirement for accounting rationality). For example, no one will wait until the ballpoint pen runs out of ink to give an employee a new one, but a new calculator will be issued no earlier than a certain period of time after the issuance of the old one. It is also hardly correct to immediately write off 25 boxes of paper bought in reserve for expenses at a time if the organization employs two people (director and accountant) and the volume of document flow is negligible.

APPROACH 3. An act on the consumption of materials is always needed, and regardless of whether their intended use was indicated during the release from the warehouse or not. After all, the fact that materials are released from the warehouse to another department does not mean that they have begun to be used. The last example given is proof of this. This is the most cautious option.

EXPERIENCE EXCHANGE

“What document to document the expense - an act or something else - is determined by the accountant himself and establishes this in the accounting policy.

In addition, for office supplies, the “storekeeper” is often a secretary or office manager. The property is transferred to him upon arrival. And the transfer of office supplies to the final recipient - an engineer, accountant or other office worker - means writing them off as expenses. After all, there is usually no need to control and form a separate document on how they used up paper, pencils, markers or files (if they received them in reasonable quantities) ” .

General Director of Vector Development LLC

Do not forget that the forms of all primary documents used, including the act of expenditure, must be approved by the manager either by a separate order, or in an appendix to the accounting policy.

After the accounting department receives quantitative data on the materials used, it will be necessary to determine the cost of their write-off. As a rule, a separate register is created for this. Recall that the cost of writing off materials is determined by one of the methods approved by the accounting policy:

• in accounting - at the cost of a unit, at an average cost or by the FIFO method;
• in tax accounting - by unit cost, by average cost, by FIFO or LIFO method.

We organize the process of writing off material assets

Material assets are subject to write-off if they:

1. Consumed during the normal production process in the manufacture of final products or semi-finished products.
2. They have lost their original properties and cannot be used for their intended purpose.

In the first case, to write off each batch of raw materials and materials, you do not need a specially issued written permission from the management - the write-off is carried out according to established standards, which must be justified and approved by the head of the enterprise. The write-off process has its own characteristics, which will be discussed in one of the following sections.

In the second case, the write-off of material values ​​requires an individual approach, and in each case, the write-off is made on a commission basis.

Methods for writing off material values ​​should be reflected in the accounting policy of the enterprise. The detailing of write-off processes (templates of documents for write-off, the rules for their execution and reflection on accounting accounts, other aspects) are prescribed in the internal regulations of the enterprise (Regulations on accounting and writing off assets, orders, orders, instructions).

Thus, even before the start of the write-off of assets, the enterprise needs to regulate this process (develop internal regulations and instructions) and fix important accounting aspects in the accounting policy.

Write-off of material assets as a natural process of production

Writing off material values ​​in the production process is a natural process. It is impossible to make a product without using certain materials. At the same time, it does not matter what type of final product is manufactured - the write-off of raw materials is inevitable. Its quantity and types depend on the complexity and composition of the final product.

The main feature of this write-off process is regularity. Raw materials are written off at the enterprise for reporting periods (daily, ten days, monthly, quarterly). The reliability of accounting information depends on the timeliness of the write-off of raw materials and materials:

• on the cost of production (semi-finished products, work in progress, etc.);
• about the balance of stocks in the warehouse at the current (reporting) point in time.

The process of writing off material values ​​for the needs of production is organized taking into account the Guidelines for accounting for inventories, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n.

The basis for the write-off of raw materials and materials for the needs of production

The Guidelines for Accounting for Materials (approved by Order 119n) indicate that materials are released into production:

• in accordance with the established norms and volumes of the production program (task) on the basis of established limits (clauses 92 and 99);
• with the execution of the primary document for vacation (clause 97);
• under the report of a financially responsible person or unit (clauses 96 and 98).

The write-off of actually spent inventories from the sub-report and the attribution of their value to production costs are carried out on the basis of a special act (material report), which reflects the information:

• about the material (name, quantity, discount price and amount for each item);
• about the order (product, products) for the manufacture of which the material was used;
• about non-normative costs of materials (overspending / savings), their volumes and causes;
• other information (for example, the number of manufactured products, the amount of work performed, etc.).

Thus, when writing off materials for production, we are talking about 2 main documents-bases:

• approved standards, limits;
• an act to write off materials for production.

With the help of standards, the volumes of supplied materials are controlled, and in comparison with them, an overspending or savings in inventory is revealed in the write-off act. Based on the act, expenses are reflected in the relevant accounting accounts and form the cost of finished products (semi-finished products, work in progress).

Write-off of material assets for other reasons

Write-off of material values ​​due to the impossibility of their further use may occur:

1. Due to the appearance of defects, the detection of marriage, breakage, loss of original qualities and properties.
2. due to expiration of service life.
3. For other reasons (moral obsolescence, excessive expenses for the maintenance of material values, etc.).

Let's talk more about each group.

Don't know your rights?

Group 1

Examples of reasons from the first group, for which the values ​​become unsuitable for further use:

• exposure to aggressive media during operation (corrosion of metal / swelling of wooden surfaces due to high humidity, cracking of housings due to vibration loads, etc.);
• natural environmental processes (burning out of surfaces from sunlight, abrasion of furniture upholstery during operation, etc.);
• improper operation (errors when cutting fabric or trimming a workpiece, using abnormal processing modes, etc.);
• force majeure circumstances (loss of original properties after a fire, flood, hurricane);
• Hidden manufacturing defect (a breakdown that occurs before the expiration of the life of the facility due to manufacturers' flaws).

This group is characterized by its unpredictability - it is impossible to predict a fire or the moment of manifestation of a manufacturing defect. Therefore, financially responsible persons and accounting specialists are faced with the task of timely write-off of unusable financial values ​​from accounting accounts. The continuity of the technological process depends on the speed of purchasing new batches of materials, and timely documented write-offs increase the reliability of information in reporting (on the value of the enterprise's property and technological losses).

Group 2

In a separate group, we singled out such a reason for the write-off of material values ​​as the expiration of the service life.

This reason is more predictable in terms of time - each type of material assets has its own allowable service life, set by the manufacturer. It can be calculated in days (for example, for food products), months or in years (for example, metal blanks, polyethylene pipes, wooden blocks, etc.).

The peculiarity of this reason is that the object after the expiration of its service life is still able to be used further for its intended purpose. However, the user should not forget that:

• individual valuables after the expiration of their service life must be disposed of without fail (their list is indicated in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 16, 1997 No. 720);
• End-of-life items may affect the quality of the finished product and/or be unsafe to use.

Therefore, it is important to write off overdue financial values ​​in time, taking care not of material savings, but of the life and health of people in contact with such property, and the damage caused to the environment. harm .

Group 3

Recently, write-offs of material values ​​for reasons from this group are not uncommon. This is due to technological progress and innovative technologies .

The rate of emergence of new technologies and progressive materials is increasing every year, therefore the rate of replacement of material values ​​with new and modern ones is also increasing.

Potential threats to business success in the form of material obsolescence lie in wait at every turn. For example, outdated office interiors can alienate some potential customers from the enterprise. And the use of obsolete materials in the manufacture of products will deprive competitive advantages and lead to the loss of buyers and customers.

The basis for the write-off of material assets in the cases considered is also the write-off act (for details, see below).

Grounds for writing off material values ​​for other reasons

The process of writing off material assets due to the impossibility of their further use is accompanied by the execution of several documents. The main one is the write-off act. Before and after its appearance, it may be necessary to draw up a number of other documents, for example:

• service note - it is the primary source of information about the need to write off an object of material assets (drawn up by a financially responsible person or other employee of the enterprise, to whom the object is assigned);
• defective statement - with its help, the identified defects are detailed and the scope of restoration work is determined or the fact of the impossibility of repair is established (its compilation is entrusted to the company's specialists with the involvement, if necessary, of independent experts);
• other documents (an act for the disposal of an object, an act for dismantling, etc.).

Thus, the act is also the basis for writing off material values ​​due to the impossibility of their further use. Its registration takes place by a specially created commission, and it is approved by the head of the enterprise.

Material assets are written off for various reasons: when they are released into production, when facts of the impossibility of their further use are revealed (damage, defects, etc.). The basis for the reflection in the accounting of the disposal of material assets is the write-off act.

Sources:

• Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On approval of the list of durable goods, including components (parts, assemblies, assemblies), which, after a certain period, may pose a danger to the life, health of the consumer, harm his property or the environment and for which the manufacturer is obliged establish the service life, and the list of goods that, after the expiration date, are considered unsuitable for their intended use " dated 16.06.1997 No. 720

This article will be useful to all accountants, because inventories (IPZ) are used in almost all organizations. The organization must choose and fix in the accounting policy the method of writing off the inventory. Often the choice of the method of writing off the inventory is chosen intuitively. However, you will agree that each choice must be justified. The article will consider the essence of the methods for writing off inventories, options for using methods in accounting, tax and management accounting, and will also present the grounds for choosing one or another method for writing off inventories.

Recall that in accordance with PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 N 44n, inventories include: materials, goods, finished products.

Meanwhile, situations often arise in organizations when the same inventories are purchased at different prices, from different suppliers, the amount of expenses included in the cost of inventories may also differ. What does this lead to? Often, when inventory is written off, it is impossible to determine exactly which batch these stocks are from, especially with a large range of materials.

Inventory is an object that is taken into account in accounting, tax and management accounting. For each type of accounting, its own method of assessing the inventory at their disposal can be chosen.

We estimate the inventory at disposal in accounting

The assessment of the inventory for accounting purposes is established in paragraph 16 of PBU 5/01, which establishes that "the use of one of the indicated methods for a group (type) of inventories is based on the assumption of the sequence of application of accounting policies."

What methods are used to write off inventories in accounting?

All types of inventories, except for goods accounted for at sale value, are valued in one of the following ways:

- at the cost of each unit;

- at an average cost;

- at the cost of the first inventory acquisition time (FIFO method).

The organization can choose the method of writing off the MPZ on its own, based on preferences. So, let's consider the possibilities of using each method.

According to paragraph 17 of PBU 5/01, "inventory used by the organization in a special manner (precious metals, precious stones, etc.), or reserves that cannot normally replace each other, can be valued at the cost of each unit of such reserves". An example would be a situation where an organization sells antiques or expensive exclusive cars.

We propose to consider in more detail the assessment of the inventory at the average cost.

As of July 1, 2014, there were 40 kilograms of chalk in the warehouse of Shkolny Dom LLC at a price of 30 rubles per kilogram (initial balance). Within a month, the warehouse received three batches of chalk (see Table 1).

We determine the cost of the chalk remaining in the warehouse at the end of the month when it is written off for production by three methods - at the average cost, FIFO, at the cost of each unit.

Calculate the total cost and the amount of purchased chalk:

45 rubles / kg x 60 kg = 2700 rubles.

In total, there are 280 kilograms of chalk in the warehouse at a cost of 10,700 rubles.

For a month, chalk was used up in the amount of 200 kilograms. Let's calculate its cost.

Average cost method

When using this method, the average cost of one kilogram of chalk is determined, for this the total cost of purchased chalk should be divided by its quantity:

10,700 rubles: 280 kg = 38.21 rubles / kg.

Let's write down the chalk for the amount:

38.21 rubles / kg x 200 kg = 7642 rubles.

Then in the warehouse of LLC "School House" there will be chalk in the amount of:

10700 rub. - 7642 rubles. = 3058 rubles.

Now consider the FIFO method. According to paragraph 19 of PBU 5/01, "estimation at cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method) is based on the assumption that inventories are used within a month and another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), i.e. Inventories that are the first to go into production (sales) should be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions, taking into account the cost of inventory at the beginning of the month. , is made at the actual cost of the latest acquisitions, and the cost of goods, products, works, services sold takes into account the cost of early acquisitions.

FIFO Method

When using this method, chalk is written off from the first in time of receipt, starting from the balance, according to the principle "first in, first out", i.e. "first in, first out" until the required amount is collected - 200 kilograms.

Remains in the warehouse (initial balance):

30 rubles / kg x 40 kg = 1200 rubles;

35 rubles / kg x 80 kg = 2800 rubles;

40 rubles / kg x 80 kg = 3200 rubles.

In total, 200 kilograms of chalk were written off from the warehouse in the amount of 7200 rubles.

10 700 rub. - 7200 rubles. = 3500 rubles.

Another subtlety that few people know about. According to paragraph 78 of the Guidelines for accounting for inventories, the methods of average estimates (at the average cost and the FIFO method) of the actual cost of inventories can be carried out as follows:

- based on the average monthly actual cost (weighted estimate), which includes the number and cost of inventories at the beginning of the month and all receipts for the month (reporting period);

- by determining the actual cost of goods at the time of their release (rolling estimate), while the calculation of the average estimate includes the quantity and cost of inventories at the beginning of the month and all receipts until the moment of release.

The difference in the application of the rolling estimate is only in the choice of the date on which the EMF is estimated, but we will get more accurate results. When using a weighted estimate, it is made at the reporting date, and when using a rolling estimate, at the time of goods release.

What about tax accounting?

The procedure for applying methods for assessing goods during their sale is not disclosed in Chapter 25 of the Tax Code. The names of the methods are identical to the methods of applying the valuation of goods for sale and other disposal in accounting. Therefore, on the basis of articles 11 and 54 of the Tax Code, an organization can refer to the procedure provided for by the legislation on accounting, which describes in detail how to apply these methods.

In tax accounting, there are four methods (methods) for evaluating goods when they are sold, while in accounting there are only three.

- at the cost of the first in terms of acquisition time (FIFO);

- at the cost of the latest acquisitions (LIFO);

- at an average cost;

- at the cost of a unit of goods.

Currently, when writing off raw materials and materials for production (clause 8, article 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation), when selling purchased goods (subclause 3, clause 1, article 268 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation), the taxpayer can use the LIFO method. This method is characterized by the fact that the first to write off those inventory items that arrived last. But it should be remembered that from January 1, 2015, the legislator excludes this method from tax accounting (subparagraph "c" of paragraph 7, paragraph 9 of article 1 of the Federal Law of 04.20.2014 N 81-FZ). Thus, the rules of tax accounting are brought into line with the provisions of accounting, because the LIFO method has not been used in accounting since January 1, 2008 (see Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 26, 2007 N 26n "On Amendments to Regulatory Legal Acts on Accounting" ).

We use the initial data of example 1 and calculate the cost of spent chalk by another method.

LIFO method

The essence of the LIFO method is that the inventories are written off starting from the last received inventories.

45 rubles / kg x 60 kg = 2700 rubles;

40 rubles / kg x 100 kg = 4000 rubles;

35 rubles / kg x 40 kg = 1400 rubles.

In total, 200 kilograms of chalk were written off from the warehouse in the amount of 8,100 rubles.

When using this method, chalk will remain in the warehouse of School House LLC in the amount of:

10 700 rub. — 8100 rub. = 2600 rubles.

We will enter all the calculated data from examples 1, 2 and 3 in table 2.

After analyzing the data in the table, we can conclude that the FIFO method makes it possible to reduce the cost of production by reducing the cost of the materials used.

It should be noted that the average cost method is more traditional for domestic accounting.

Management Accounting. What do you need to know?

For the purposes of management accounting, methods for evaluating materials are used, both traditional and those that are rarely used. For example, the HIFO method (HIFO, or "highest in, first out"), when released into production, materials are first written off from the warehouse from the lot with the highest purchase price. After the exhaustion of this batch, the next batch, the price of which is the highest, is written off, and so on until all the necessary materials are written off in the reporting period for production purposes. That is, when applying this method, the material resources remaining in the warehouse at the end of the month are valued at the lowest purchase prices. The LOFO method (LOFO, or "lowest in, first out"), when materials are released into production, are evaluated first of all at the lowest prices. In other words, the materials purchased at the lowest price are written off first. After the exhaustion of this batch, the next batch is written off, the price of which is the lowest, and so on until the required amount of materials is written off in the reporting period. Therefore, when applying this method, the material resources remaining in the warehouse at the end of the month are valued at the highest purchase prices. And this is not all the methods that are used in management accounting. What is the accountant-analyst guided by when choosing the method of writing off inventories in management accounting? It focuses on the goals of management in a particular organization.

What should we show in the financial statements by applying inventory valuation methods?

And now let's determine how the impact of one or another method of writing off the cost is compared with the general task of reporting - to reliably present a picture of the financial position of the organization that is as close as possible to reality. What should you pay attention to?

The evaluation of financial statements should include the following elements:

- the balance of inventories at the end of the period, reflected in current assets in the balance sheet,

— the financial result of the period and the expenses of the period in the income statement,

- the amount of retained earnings (uncovered loss) in the liabilities side of the balance sheet.

Inventories are part of current assets, that is, these are resources that should bring us income in the future.

Estimation of current assets determines the value of the overall liquidity ratio (or overall solvency), which is calculated as the ratio of the value of current assets and short-term liabilities. The reality of the assessment of current assets in this case is ensured by its maximum compliance with the current price level. Therefore, the most realistic assessment should be recognized by the FIFO method.

Profit is an indicator of the growth of the organization's capital, not associated with an increase in its liabilities. The growth of capital in the reporting of the organization indicates either the possibility of expanding the scope of its activities, or the possibility of withdrawing from the turnover of the organization part of the funds "earned" by it without prejudice to its financial position, which it had at the beginning of the period for which the profit was calculated in accounting. The FIFO method, in the conditions of rising prices, shows the maximum estimate of reserves and profits, and in the conditions of a decrease in the purchase prices of reserves, the minimum estimate of these indicators. Compliance of the assessment of reserves in the balance sheet at the end of the reporting period with their "last" prices using the FIFO method brings their assessment as close as possible to the real state of affairs. And the larger the share of precisely the "last" prices in the calculation of the estimate of the balance of stocks, the more realistic it will be in this sense.

The advantage of the valuation method at the average cost is manifested to a greater extent if the cost of the acquired inventory is constantly changing. In such a situation, averaging the cost of decommissioned inventories allows you to "keep" the profit at an average level, thereby helping to avoid both its unpredictably high values ​​that occur with a sharp drop in prices, and unexpected losses resulting from an increase in their value. Accordingly, the stability of the financial performance of the organization will be preserved to a greater extent. To what extent and in what cases is it fair? The application of the average price method is suitable for situations where the accountant's professional judgment allows him to assess the impact of changes in the prices of the acquisition of current assets on the financial statements as insignificant or insignificant.

The method of estimating the average cost can also be used in tax accounting (clause 8 of article 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and subparagraph 3 of clause 1 of article 268 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The mention of this method in both accounting policies will help to avoid the difference between accounting and tax accounting data.

The method of calculating the cost of each unit of inventory is applied, if necessary.

The LIFO method (recall that its application is possible only within the framework of tax and management accounting) in the conditions of rising prices for acquired reserves forms the minimum estimate of reserves in the balance sheet at the end of the period, the maximum amount of expenses for the period in the income statement and the minimum estimate of the financial result ( profit or loss). In a declining price environment, LIFO gives us the maximum estimate of inventory on the balance sheet, the minimum estimate of period expenses, and the maximum estimate of financial result.

Thus, from the point of view of assessing current assets and calculating the organization's solvency indicators, the FIFO method is the best assessment option. However, the choice of the FIFO method does not have such a positive effect on the assessment of the financial result. Write-off of inventories under the FIFO method is carried out in the sequence of acquisition, that is, at the "first" prices. This effectively overestimates the financial result in comparison with the level of inventory purchase prices at the reporting date. The amount of profit, therefore, demonstrates the exaggerated ability of the owners to withdraw funds from the company's turnover and / or expand business volumes. The organization looks exaggeratedly profitable.

In financial accounting, when choosing between the FIFO method and the average price method, one should not forget about the analytical value of profit. A significant increase in prices for inventories can lead to an irrational withdrawal of funds from the organization's turnover. Based on this, the average price method, when you have to choose between it and FIFO, in our opinion, is more in line with the principle of prudence (conservatism).

Assessment of methods for writing off inventories and their impact on reporting

The main activity of the enterprise is practically impossible without the purchase of special materials. They are important not only for the production or sale of goods and services, but also for meeting the needs of the administrative apparatus. The storekeeper or the head of the department is responsible for the storage of materials received at the warehouse. When the materials arrive at the warehouse, then they are recorded on account 10. But when the materials are sold, or used in production, or for other needs, then the write-off procedure is already underway.

Methods for writing off materials in accounting

Clause 16 PBU "Accounting for inventories" 5/01 (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 No. 44n) allows 3 options for writing off inventory:

The enterprise must fix in its accounting policy the write-off method, according to which it will write off materials in accounting. And use it from period to period. You can change the write-off method only if it has been abolished by law.

Enterprises that use automated accounting systems for the selected method of writing off materials must develop an algorithm for writing off materials.

The above write-off methods are deciphered in another important document - Methodological guidelines for accounting for inventories, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n.

These methods streamline all the actions of accounting staff, starting from the moment the goods arrive at the warehouse and until the moment they are written off. Each stage of the chosen method requires the accountant to be attentive and responsible, since if a mistake is made, this may affect the final performance of the enterprise.

The procedure for writing off materials

All business transactions must be accompanied by documentation that is used in primary accounting. At each enterprise, the head himself determines which documents will be provided to be reflected in the primary accounting. Therefore, each company may have different rules for processing accompanying documents.

There are also standard forms that are used to write off materials:

• Waybills - they are issued when the goods are shipped from the warehouse or the material is moved to the side;
• Payroll cards with a certain limit;
• Invoice forms that describe requirements.

The enterprise independently determines which details will be indicated, and which are not necessary in a particular process.

Invoices with a requirement are used for the internal movement of material assets, with the participation of responsible persons or a structural unit.

Invoices are drawn up by a responsible person who deals directly with material values. The waybill is drawn up in two copies, one copy is sent for write-off, and the second is necessary for posting material assets.

How materials that have become unusable inventories are written off

In the course of the economic activity of the enterprise, there are cases when the enterprise has to write off materials that have become unusable. This process has its own accounting nuances depending on:

• From the standards for writing off inventories - this can be either within the norms or in excess of the norms;
• Evidence of damage to materials by employees of the enterprise or other persons.

If the material assets have become unusable or damaged through no fault of the employee, then the write-off is made at a cost within the norm and to the accounts of production costs, and if the damage occurred through the fault of the employee, then it is written off at a cost in excess of the norm and at the expense of the guilty person or written off to other expenses.

When writing off low-value and wearing items, it should be noted that an accountant can write off materials at a cost at the time of transfer to operation or take them into account evenly in expenses, this is when the service life exceeds 12 months. The chosen method must necessarily be reflected in the accounting policy of the enterprise.

When writing off inventory and household supplies, it is also necessary to follow the same procedure for writing off materials. Such property may include:

• Office furniture;
• Kitchen appliances: microwave ovens, refrigerators, kettles, etc.;
• Electronic equipment: video cameras, video recorders, etc.;
• Other property, which includes fire extinguishing equipment, equipment for cleaning the territory, etc.

Write-off of inventory is carried out according to the method that is reflected in the accounting policy of the enterprise with the necessary paperwork.

Instructions for writing off materials

At the enterprise, there is a need to write off materials when a shortage or damage to materials is detected during the inventory, as well as when an object fails and is recognized as unsuitable for further use.

To write off materials, a special commission is created, it consists of persons with ordinary financial responsibility. Only members of the commission can draw up an act of writing off materials. The following parameters must be included in the write-off act:

• Quantitative and price characteristics of materials, as well as a reflection of the cost of the material;
• The reason for the write-off of material assets is indicated;
• Full name of material assets to be written off;
• Personal data of each member of the commission.

All members of the commission must put a personal signature on the write-off act. The date of the procedure is also mandatory.

When a write-off occurs, separate postings are made:

Kt - 94 - in case of write-off within the limits of natural loss;

Dt - 20 - information on the main production;

Kt - 10 - reflection of materials on the balance sheet;

Dt - 94 - a reflection of a shortage or loss of specific properties of an object.

Drawing up an order to write off materials in accounting

The procedure for writing off material assets takes place in several stages, among which there is an order of the head of the enterprise on the appointment of a commission to draw up an act of writing off material assets.

If there is a need, then it is possible to cite in the order the entire regulation of the work of the said commission.

When drawing up an order to create a commission for the write-off of material assets, it is necessary to reflect such parameters as:

• Business name;
• Number and date of the order;
• The purpose of the formation of the commission;
• The composition of the said commission;
• Signature of the head of the enterprise with a transcript of the signature.

Frequently asked Questions

Question number 1 On the basis of what document is the write-off of material assets at the enterprise?

Answer: At the enterprise, the write-off process takes place on the basis of the write-off act, which is drawn up by a special commission. Members of the commission are appointed by the head of the enterprise on the basis of an order.

Question number 2 When does it become necessary to write off the material assets of an enterprise?

Answer: At the enterprise, there is a need to write off materials when a shortage or damage to materials is detected during the inventory, as well as when an object fails and is recognized as unsuitable for further use.

Question number 3 What methods are used in accounting when writing off material assets?

Answer: When writing off material assets in accounting, one of the write-off methods can be applied: at the cost of a unit of stock, this method makes it possible to write off at the purchase price; at average cost - used when there is a large assortment of inventory; FIFO method - at the cost of the first time acquired material assets. The enterprise chooses one of the methods presented and must necessarily indicate in its accounting policy which method will be used to write off material assets.

The credited materials are subsequently transferred to production, for management purposes, for the purposes of capital construction, for use in the socio-cultural sphere, etc. A large assortment, constant price changes and other factors make it very difficult to maintain an accounting process for such transactions. Therefore, special methods are used to account for materials transferred for their intended purpose. This article will discuss exactly how raw materials and materials are written off (released) into production.

Rukov V.B.

The procedure for writing off materials for production

Paragraph 16 of PBU 5/01 (as well as paragraph 73 of the Guidelines for accounting inventories approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n) it is determined that when materials in production, enterprise for purposes accounting can use one of the following methods (methods):

• at the cost of each unit;
• at an average cost;
• at the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method);
• at the cost of the latest acquisition of inventories (LIFO method).

A similar list of methods is offered to organizations for tax purposes (paragraph 8 of article 255 of part two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

In this case, the enterprise has the right to independently choose the method by which raw materials and materials will be written off to production (and for other needs). In this case, the chosen method must be recorded in the accounting policy of the organization (both for accounting and for tax purposes).

It should be noted that when choosing a write-off method, an enterprise should keep in mind the following:

1) this method will be applied to all types of raw materials and materials;

2) the chosen method will not change over a long period of time (assuming the consistency of application of accounting policies).

Consider the procedure for applying and reflecting in accounting the above methods of writing off raw materials and materials to production.

Issue of materials at the cost of each unit

At the cost of each unit, materials used in a special manner (precious metals, precious stones, etc.) are valued, as well as inventories that cannot normally replace each other. This method is used only in exceptional cases.

However, organizations with a small range of materials can also use this method.

The above method means that the company evaluates each unit of materials written off (transferred) to production at their actual cost.

At the same time, it should be recalled that the formation of the cost of materials at the enterprise (regardless of the chosen method for estimating the cost of materials released (written off) into production) can be carried out in two ways:

1) all costs associated with the acquisition (receipt) of materials are reflected on account 10 "Materials" (for each batch of raw materials and materials);

2) the costs associated with the acquisition of materials are collected on account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets", and on account 10 they are reflected at planned accounting prices.

However, in both the first and second cases, the cost of materials reflected on account 10 will be considered their actual cost, on the basis of which the assessment of materials transferred to production will be made.

Example

A consulting firm for its production purposes (provision of consulting services) uses various office supplies as materials, the main part of which is the cost of purchasing paper.

At the beginning of the reporting period, the organization's warehouse had 10 packs of paper (A4 format), each costing 60 rubles. During the reporting period (month) another 100 packs of paper were purchased. Of these, 80 packs of A4 format - 70 rubles each, and 20 packs of A3 format - 85 rubles each.

During the month, 90 packs of paper were issued to employees (departments) (80 packs - A4 format, 10 packs - A3 format).

Since, in accordance with its accounting policy, the organization keeps records of the write-off of materials into production at the cost of each unit, when issuing paper from the warehouse, the invoices must clearly indicate the cost of these materials.

Let's assume that in our example, the following amount of paper is issued from the warehouse:

A4 format - 10 packs. x 60 rub. = 600 rubles;

A4 format - (80 packs - 10 packs) x 70 rubles. = 4,900 rubles;

A3 format - 10 packs. x 85 rub. = 850 rubles.

Total: 90 packs for a total of 6,350 rubles.

Accordingly, the following posting will be made in the accounting:

debit of account 20 "Main production" credit of account 10 - 6 350 rubles. - write-off of materials (paper) for production purposes.

Issue of materials at average cost

When dispensing materials for production purposes, most enterprises use the method of estimating the average cost, which is determined for each type (group) of materials as the quotient of dividing the total cost of the type (group) of materials by their quantity.

Example. The enterprise (weaving factory) reflects the cost of materials at discount prices, which are understood as supplier prices. In production, the release of materials is carried out at an average cost price.

Consider the write-off procedure using the example of one type of raw material used in the production process - dye.

The rest of the dye in the warehouse of the enterprise at the beginning of the reporting period (month) was 50 packages at a price of 700 rubles per unit, totaling 35,000 rubles.

During the month, the warehouse of the enterprise received the following amount of dye:

100 packs at a price of 800 rubles, for a total amount of 80,000 rubles;

20 packs at a price of 1,000 rubles, in the amount of 20,000 rubles.

During the reporting period, 110 dye packs were put into production.

The average cost of a dye pack is calculated as follows:

Thus, the cost of the dye used for the production of products will be:

110 pack. x 794 rubles. = 87 340 rubles.

In this case, the posting will be made:

debit account 20 credit account 10 - 87 340 rubles. - transferred materials (dyes) to production.

Write-off of materials using the FIFO method

If the first two methods (especially the average cost method) are quite widely used and are sufficiently described in the economic literature, then such methods of valuing materials as FIFO and LIFO still cause some concern among enterprises. Therefore, we will try to consider them in more detail.

The FIFO method is based on the assumption that materials are used during a certain period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipts), that is, the resources that are the first to enter production should be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions, taking into account the cost of inventory at the beginning of this period.

When applying this method, a newly received batch of homogeneous materials is reflected in the accounting as an independent group, regardless of whether such materials are already registered in the accounting.

In this case, it is assumed that materials from the very first lot that arrived at the warehouse were released for production purposes.

If the amount of material in the first batch is less than the amount consumed, then the materials from the second batch are written off, and so on.

The calculation of the cost of materials written off to production can be done in two ways:

1) first determine the average cost of material resources in stock (in stock) at the end of the reporting period. In this case, the calculation is made at the cost of the most recent acquisitions. Then, the amount received must be deducted from the total cost of all materials;

2) make a calculation based on the cost of the first purchases of materials, and if they are insufficient, the second, third, etc.

Example. The enterprise reflects the cost of materials at accounting prices, which are the prices of suppliers, and their write-off into production - using the FIFO method.

The balance of material in the warehouse (for example, paint) at the beginning of the reporting period (month) was 50 cans at a price of 700 rubles per unit, totaling 35,000 rubles.

During the month, the warehouse of the enterprise received the following amount of paint:

100 cans at a price of 800 rubles, in the amount of 80,000 rubles;

20 cans at a price of 1,000 rubles, in the amount of 20,000 rubles.

During the reporting period, 110 cans of paint were put into production.

In accordance with the FIFO method, suppose that 50 cans of paint are written off for production at a price of 700 rubles (for a total of 35,000 rubles) and 60 cans at a price of 800 rubles (for a total of 48,000 rubles).

Consequently, the balance of paint in the warehouse at the end of the month amounted to 40 cans at a price of 800 rubles (100 bp - 60 bp) and 20 cans at a price of 1,000 rubles.

1) When applying the first calculation option, you first need to determine the average cost of a can of paint that remained in stock at the end of the reporting month:

Then, multiplying this average cost by the amount of materials in stock at the end of the month, you can determine the total cost of the remaining materials:

60 b. S 867 rub. = 52,000 rubles. (rounded).

The cost of materials (paint) released into production will be calculated as follows:

((50 b. x 700 rubles) + (100 b. x 800 rubles) + (20 b. x 1,000 rubles)) - 52,000 rubles. = 83,000 rubles.

Accordingly, the cost of 1 can of paint will be 755 rubles (83,000 rubles: 110 b.).

2) In the second method, the calculation of the cost of used paints will look like this:

50 b. x 700 rub. + 60 b. x 800 rub. = 83,000 rubles.

Accordingly, the cost of 1 can of paint will also be 755 rubles (83,000 rubles: 110 b.).

Reflection in accounting will be carried out in the same way as in the previous examples.

Write-off of materials using the LIFO method

In conditions of rising inflation, it is more appropriate to use the LIFO method, which is based on estimating the cost of the most recently acquired materials.

As in the previous method (FIFO), when using the LIFO method, a newly received batch of homogeneous materials is reflected in accounting as an independent group, regardless of whether such materials are already registered in accounting or not.

When writing off, it is assumed that materials from the last incoming batch were released into production. If the amount of materials in the last batch is less than the one released for production, then the cost of materials from the penultimate batch, etc., is taken into account for calculation.

The calculation of the cost of materials written off to production using the LIFO method can also be done in two ways:

1) first determine the average cost of material resources in stock (in stock) at the end of the reporting period. In this case, the calculation should be made at the cost of the first acquisitions in time. Then, the amount received must be deducted from the total cost of all materials;

2) make a calculation based on the cost of the latest purchases of materials, and in case of their insufficiency - the penultimate, etc.

Example . Using the data from the previous example, consider the procedure for estimating materials released into production using the LIFO method.

1) Cost of leftover materials in the warehouse (60 cans) is determined based on the price of the first materials purchased in time, that is, 50 cans at a price of 700 rubles and 10 cans (60 b. - 50 b.) at a price of 800 rubles. Accordingly, the average cost of 1 can of paint in the warehouse of the enterprise at the end of the reporting period is determined as follows:

Then, multiplying this average cost by the amount of materials in stock at the end of the month, we determine the total cost of the remaining materials:

60 b. x 717 rubles. = 43,000 rubles. (rounded).

The cost of materials released into production will be equal to:

((20 b. x 1,000 rubles) + (100 b. x 800 rubles) + (50 b. x 700 rubles)) - 43,000 rubles. = 92,000 rubles.

Accordingly, the unit cost of these materials will be:

RUB 92,000 : 110 b. = 836 rubles.

2) You can calculate the materials written off for production in another way:

20 b. x 1,000 rubles. + 90 b. x 800 rub. = 92,000 rubles.

Accordingly, the unit cost of these materials will also be 836 rubles (92,000 rubles: 110 b.).