49. Civil war in Russia: causes, course, results: Causes of the civil war in historical literature

World-historical theory:materialistic direction (Kim, Kukushkin Zimin, Rabakov, Fedorov): After the October Socialist Revolution, Soviet power was established throughout the country in a few months, the people began to build a new society on communist principles. The world bourgeoisie, with the aim of restoring the capitalist order, unleashed the Civil War in Russia. The territory of Russia was divided among the capitalist countries, and the internal counter-revolution received political, economic, military assistance from world capitalism.

liberal direction (Ostrovsky, Utkin, Ionov, Pipes, Kobrin, Skrynnikov): As a result of a coup d'etat, the Bolsheviks seized power, began to eliminate private property and unleashed the Red Terror, which marked the beginning of the Civil War in Russia.

Regarding the beginning of the Civil War, historians of different directions also disagree. materialist historians they date the war from the entry of the Entente troops into the territory of Russia and the emergence of counter-revolutionary armies, i.e. since November 1918. liberal historians. consider the beginning of the Civil War the coming of the Bolsheviks to power - i.e. from October 1917

Causes of the war

The civil war in Russia was an armed struggle between various groups of the population, which initially had a regional (local), and then acquired a national scale. Among the reasons for the start of the Civil War in Russia were:

changes in the political system in the state;

the Bolsheviks' rejection of the principles of parliamentarism (dispersal of the Constituent Assembly), other non-democratic measures of the Bolsheviks, which caused discontent not only among the intelligentsia and peasants, but also among the workers.

The economic policy of the Soviet government in the countryside, which led to the actual abolition of the Decree on Land.

The nationalization of all the land and the confiscation of the landowner's aroused fierce resistance from its former owners. The bourgeoisie, frightened by the scale of the nationalization of industry, wanted to return factories and factories. The liquidation of commodity-money relations and the establishment of a state monopoly on the distribution of products and commodities dealt a painful blow to the property position of the middle and petty bourgeoisie.

The creation of a one-party political system alienated socialist parties and democratic public organizations from the Bolsheviks.

A feature of the Civil War in Russia was the presence on its territory of a large interventionist group of troops, which led to the prolongation of the war and multiplied human casualties.

Classes and Political Parties in the Civil War

Armed confrontation between opponents and supporters of Soviet power began from the first days of the revolution. By the summer of 1918, the entire spectrum of political forces opposed to the Bolsheviks was divided into three main camps.

The first of them was represented by a coalition of the Russian bourgeoisie, the nobility, the political elite, with the leading force of the Cadets party.

The second camp of the so-called "third way" or "democratic counter-revolution" was made up of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks who joined them at various stages, whose activity in practice was expressed in the creation of self-declared governments - Komuch in Samara, the Provisional Siberian Government in Tomsk, etc.

The third political camp was represented mainly by the former allies of the Bolsheviks - anarchists and left SRs, who found themselves in opposition to the RSDLP (b) after the Brest Peace and the suppression of the Left SR rebellion.

During the years of the Civil War, the leading force in the fight against the Bolsheviks and the Soviet government became a powerful military-political force represented by the white movement, whose representatives opposed the Bolsheviks for the salvation of a united and indivisible Russia. The number of white armies was relatively small. The outcome of the Civil War was largely determined by the behavior of the peasantry.

Main stages of the Civil War

First stage: October 1917 - May 1918. During this period, armed clashes were local in nature. After the October uprising, General Kaledin rose to fight the revolution, followed by the deposed Prime Minister Kerensky, the Cossack General Krasnov. By the end of 1917, a powerful center of counter-revolution arose in the south of Russia. The Central Rada of Ukraine opposed the new government here. The Volunteer Army was formed on the Don (commander-in-chief - Kornilov, after his death - Denikin). In March-April 1918, units of the British, American and Japanese (in the Far East) troops landed.

Second stage: May - November 1918. At the end of May, an armed uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps began in Siberia. More than 200 peasant uprisings took place in the summer. The socialist parties, relying on peasant rebel groups, formed a number of governments in the summer of 1918 - Komuch in Samara; Ufa directory. Their programs included demands for the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, the restoration of the political rights of citizens, the rejection of the one-party dictatorship and strict state regulation of the economic activities of the peasants.

In November 1918, in Omsk, Admiral Kolchak carried out a coup, as a result of which the provisional governments were dispersed and a military dictatorship was established, under whose authority all Siberia, the Urals, and the Orenburg province turned out to be.

Third stage: November 1918 - spring 1919. At this stage, the military-dictatorial regimes in the East (Kolchak), South (Denikin), North-West (Yudenich) and North of the country (Miller) became the leading force in the fight against the Bolsheviks.

By the beginning of 1919, the number of foreign armed forces had grown significantly, which caused a patriotic upsurge in the country, and in the world - a solidarity movement under the slogan "Hands off Soviet Russia!".

Fourth stage: Spring 1919 - April 1920 g. - is characterized by a combined offensive of anti-Bolshevik forces. From the East, in order to connect with Denikin for a joint attack on Moscow, Kolchak's army launched an offensive (the offensive was repelled by the Eastern Front under the command of Kamenev and Frunze), in the north-west, Yudenich's army carried out military operations against Petrograd.

Simultaneously with the actions of the White armies, peasant uprisings began in the Don, Ukraine, the Urals, and the Volga region. In late 1919 - early 1920, under the blows of the Red Army and peasant rebel detachments, Kolchak's troops were finally defeated. Yudenich was pushed back to Estonia, the remnants of Denikin's army, led by General Wrangel, fortified in the Crimea.

Fifth stage: May - November 1920. In May 1920, the Red Army entered the war with Poland, trying to capture the capital and create the necessary conditions for the declaration of Soviet power there. However, this attempt ended in military failure. Under the terms of the Riga Peace Treaty, a significant part of the territory of Ukraine and Belarus went to Poland.

The main event of the final period of the Civil War was the defeat of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, led by General Wrangel. During 1920-1921. With the help of the Red Army detachments, the process of Sovietization in the territory of Central Asia and Transcaucasia was completed. The civil war ended by the end of 1920, but the peasant war continued.

Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks.

the leaders of the white movement canceled the Decree on Land and returned the land to its former owners. This turned the peasants against them.

The slogan of preserving "one and indivisible Russia" contradicted the hopes of many peoples for independence.

The unwillingness of the leaders of the white movement to cooperate with the liberal and socialist parties narrowed its socio-political base.

Punitive expeditions, pogroms, mass executions of prisoners - all this caused discontent among the population, up to armed resistance.

During the civil war, the opponents of the Bolsheviks failed to agree on a single program and a single leader of the movement. Their actions were poorly coordinated.

The Bolsheviks won the civil war because they managed to mobilize all the resources of the country and turn it into a single military camp. The Central Committee of the RCP(b) and the Council of People's Commissars created a politicized Red Army, ready to defend Soviet power. The Bolshevik leadership was able to present itself as the defender of the Fatherland and accuse their opponents of betraying national interests.

Of great importance was international solidarity, the help of the proletariat of Europe and the USA, which undermined the unity of action of the Entente powers and weakened the strength of their military onslaught on Bolshevism.

The results of the civil war

The Bolsheviks, in the course of fierce resistance, managed to retain power, and in the fight against the forces of intervention to preserve Russian statehood.

However, the Civil War led to a further deterioration of the economic situation in the country, to complete economic ruin. Material damage amounted to more than 50 billion rubles. gold. Industrial production decreased by 7 times. The transport system was completely paralyzed.

Many segments of the population, forcibly drawn into the war by the opposing sides, became its innocent victims. In battles, from hunger, disease and terror, 8 million people died, 2 million people were forced to emigrate. Among them were many members of the intellectual elite.

The emergence of the Soviet state. Systems of power and administration during the civil war

N.I. Khromenkova, Omsk State Technical University

1. The emergence of the Soviet state. Formation of a new state apparatus

A founding role in the formation of the Soviet state was played by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which proclaimed Soviet power, elected a new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and formed the Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars (SNK). The process of transfer of power to the Soviets on the territory of Russia continued until March 1918 and took place peacefully and by force of arms. The formation of Soviet statehood proceeded in the difficult conditions of the continuation of the war with Germany, the development of a civil war and foreign intervention, and was accompanied by serious crises within the Bolshevik Party.

Having come to power, the Bolsheviks destroyed the old state apparatus in the center and in the localities and created a fundamentally new system of state administration. The Soviets and their executive committees, which acted on the basis of the principle of combining the legislative and executive powers, became the organs of power and administration. The Second Congress of Soviets declared itself the supreme legislative body. The dictatorship of the proletariat was formalized legally in the form of a republic of Soviets. But before the adoption of the Constitution, there was no clear regulation of the convocation and activities of the congress. Formed by the II Congress of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars were accountable to him. In mid-November, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee merged with the Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies. Under him, departments were created: propaganda, Cossack, economic, for the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, etc. The working body of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was its Presidium. He prepared materials for the meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Until January 1918, the Council of People's Commissars was considered a temporary workers' and peasants' government, which was accountable to the Congress and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In practice, it carried out not only executive, but also legislative functions, since it had the right to issue decrees subject to immediate execution. From December 1917, meetings of deputy people's commissars (Small Council of People's Commissars) began to be convened to resolve less important issues.

The II Congress of Soviets marked the beginning of the formation of the central state apparatus - the system of people's commissariats, which replaced the ministries. On December 5, under the Council of People's Commissars, the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh) was created to manage the country's economic life. On October 28, by a decree of the NKVD, a workers' militia was created, subordinate to the local Soviets. On November 24, the SNK Decree "On Court" introduced the system of Soviet courts - ordinary and extraordinary (revolutionary tribunals). On December 7, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (VChK) was created. In January 1918, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree on the creation of the Red Army, and in February - the RKKF. They were formed on a voluntary basis and on a class basis.

On January 10, the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies opened, and on the 13th the Third Congress of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies joined it. The United Congress approved the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People, elected a single All-Russian Central Executive Committee and formed a permanent workers' and peasants' government - the Council of People's Commissars. In addition, he adopted a resolution "On Federal Institutions of the Russian Republic." The national federation was chosen as the form of government. The III Congress of Soviets established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) on the basis of a voluntary union of peoples. It included a number of autonomous republics and regions. The restructuring of Russian statehood on a federal basis made it possible to stop the process of Russia's disintegration and create conditions for the restoration of a single multinational state.

2. Bodies of power and administration of the RSFSR. Relations of the RSFSR with other Soviet republics

The Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People became the provisional constitution of the Soviet state. At the same time, the Third Congress of Soviets instructed the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to develop a draft permanent constitution. For this, on April 1, 1918, a Constitutional Commission was created under the leadership of Ya.M. Sverdlov. The Constitution of the RSFSR developed by her was approved on July 10, 1918 by the V Congress of Soviets. It proclaimed the Soviet state the dictatorship of the proletariat, consolidated the first economic transformations, and confirmed the federal character of the state. The All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which consisted of representatives of city Soviets and provincial congresses of Soviets, was declared the supreme authority. The congress was empowered to decide any issue of public life. Congresses were to be convened at least twice a year. The convocation of emergency congresses was envisaged. The need for a thorough discussion of issues led to the practice of sectional work. The congress elected the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, consisting of no more than 200 people, which was the authorized body of power between congresses. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee formed the government - the Council of People's Commissars and gave the general direction of its activities, supervised the observance of the Constitution, convened congresses of Soviets, formed people's commissariats, supervised the activities of local Soviets, could issue decrees and orders. Until the autumn of 1918, it was a permanent body, and then moved on to sessional work, and the Presidium became a permanent body. Under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Presidium, departments, committees and commissions were created. The constitution clearly defined the position of the government in the system of state bodies, its responsibility to the congress and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and gave the latter the right to cancel or suspend any decision of the Council of People's Commissars. According to the Constitution, the functions of the government included the general management of the affairs of the RSFSR and the issuance of decrees, orders and instructions. The relevant congresses of Soviets and their executive committees became the bodies of power and administration in regions, provinces, counties and volosts, and in settlements - city and rural Soviets and their executive committees.

On November 30, 1918, by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, an emergency state body was created - the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense. Its decisions were binding on all departments. He could declare a state of war or a state of siege in any area, transferring full power to the revolutionary committees. In July 1918, a law on universal military service was adopted, and on September 2, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic was created to lead the army, navy and all institutions of the military and naval departments. The constitution approved a system of central state departments of 18 people's commissariats. The people's commissars were appointed by the congress or the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and ruled the department on the principle of unity of command. Under the people's commissars, colleges were created, whose members were approved by the government. In case of disagreement with the decision of the people's commissar, the board could appeal his actions to the Council of People's Commissars or the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The policy of military communism pursued during the years of the civil war with the active intervention of the state in the economy required the creation of special bodies for managing the national economy. The main role in this was assigned to the Supreme Council of National Economy. Its governing bodies were the Plenum, the Bureau and the Presidium. Under the Supreme Council of National Economy, branch, functional and service departments were created. On the ground, provincial CHXs were created. With the growth of the scale of the civil war and the nationalization of entire industries, the centralization of administration intensified, and from the end of 1918 the apparatus of the Supreme Economic Council was restructured. The main departments and committees began to play the main role in it. They were by industry or by type of product. The enterprises were directly subordinated to the chiefs. Only local handicraft enterprises remained under the jurisdiction of the provincial CHX.

According to the Constitution, local authorities were Councils, endowed with broad powers. But they were not the only organs of state power on the ground. Until March 1918, MRCs operated in many places, in June a special decree established committees that existed until the end of 1918. They were engaged in re-elections of the Soviets, carried out accounting and distribution of food, and resolved other issues. From the middle of 1918, revolutionary committees began to be created in the liberated territories, in the front line and in the territory occupied by the Whites. They replaced the Soviets or created conditions for the resumption of their activities, and in the territory controlled by the Whites, they acted underground and conducted revolutionary propaganda, prepared armed uprisings, provided assistance to partisans, etc.

After the October Revolution, several independent Soviet states arose on the territory of Russia. Close allied relations were established between the RSFSR and the Soviet republics. In exchange for military and economic assistance from the RSFSR, the Soviet republics agreed to limit their sovereignty. In the summer of 1919, their military-political union was formalized, within the framework of which the management of the armed forces, finance, transport and communications was unified. In 1920-1922. the military alliance was supplemented by an economic and diplomatic one. On the basis of bilateral treaties, the republics delegated certain powers to the RSFSR in the field of domestic and foreign policy.

3. Anti-Bolshevik governments

During the civil war, numerous anti-Bolshevik governments were created on the territory of Russia, which can be divided into three groups: all-Russian, regional and national. The governments that claimed to restore all-Russian power were of primary importance. Their creators were the military leaders of the white movement and representatives of the "democratic alternative" (Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries).

The Cossack Don became the center of the formation of anti-Bolshevik power at the end of 1917. The anti-Bolshevik White Guard government "Don Civil Council" was created here. It was led by Generals M. V. Alekseev, L. G. Kornilov and A. M. Kaledin. The government included representatives of the Cadets and socialists, who continued Kerensky's line of an alliance of all political forces. The "Political Program of Kornilov", which reflected many of the provisions of the program of the Cadet Party, was put at the heart of the activities of the "DGS". In the spring of 1918, after the death of Kaledin and Kornilov, the government disappeared.

After the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, most of its members ended up in the eastern regions of the country. On June 8, 1918, the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch) was formed in Samara, headed by the Socialist-Revolutionary V.K. Volsky. Komuch declared himself a temporary power, combining legislative, executive, judicial and military functions. He declared democratic freedoms, adopted the state red flag, left the 8-hour working day, but carried out the denationalization of industry and restored the zemstvos and city dumas. The formation of a "people's army" was announced. The power of Komuch was recognized on the territory of the Saratov, Samara, Simbirsk, Kazan and Ufa provinces, the Orenburg and Ural Cossacks. In September 1918, the Komuch army was defeated and the government moved to Ufa, where on September 8-23 the State Conference of representatives of Komuch, the Provisional Siberian Government and other bodies was held. On it, as a provisional all-Russian government, a Directory was formed, headed by the Social Revolutionary N. D. Avksentiev. Komuch was renamed the Council of Members of the Constituent Assembly and renounced his claims to all-Russian power. On October 9, the Directory moved to Omsk and was recognized by the regional governments as an all-Russian body, but on November 18, a coup d'etat took place in Omsk, as a result of which the Directory was liquidated. After that, the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries abandoned the tactics of an alliance with bourgeois forces in an attempt to find a "third" (democratic) path for the development of the country and declared war on the white movement.

From that moment on, all-Russian governments were formed only by representatives of the white movement. In 1918, the Volunteer Army was formed in the south of Russia under the command of A.I. Denikin, in January 1919 it united with the White Cossack Don Army into the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (AFSUR), and by the fall of 1919 Denikin managed to establish control over the territory of the North Caucasus, Left-Bank Ukraine and the Center of Russia. The role of the government body under him was performed by the Special Conference of the military and civilians with the provision of key positions in it to the cadets. The special meeting was the deliberative body of the dictator. Only the commander-in-chief could issue laws and decrees. On the territory controlled by Denikin, the laws issued before October 25, 1917 remained in force.

In the autumn of 1918, a new stage of the civil war began. After the seizure of power in Omsk, A.V. Kolchak proclaimed himself the Supreme Ruler of Russia, and under pressure from the Entente, Denikin and Yudenich recognized his powers. The management system was determined by the "Regulations on the temporary structure of state power in Russia." According to it, the Council of the Supreme Ruler, the Council of Ministers, the Governing Senate and the ministries acted. The territory was divided into provinces headed by governors. Economic policy was directed through the State Economic Conference. In November 1919, Kolchak issued a decree on elections to the State Zemstvo Conference, which he promised to endow with legislative power, but did not have time to implement this. On November 14, Omsk was occupied by the Red Army, and on January 4, 1920, Kolchak resigned his powers as the Supreme Ruler, transferring them to Denikin, who in April resigned from his post as Supreme Commander of the All-Union Socialist League. Created by his successor P.N. Wrangel, the Government of the South of Russia actually controlled only the Crimea and some southern regions of Ukraine, and in November 1920 it fell.

The civil war ended, the leaders of the anti-Bolshevik forces were defeated, because they lost to the "reds" not only militarily, but politically and morally. They failed to nominate a leader on a national scale, they failed to offer a program that would captivate the people and surpass the Bolshevik understanding of the future of Russia. One of the factors in the victory of the Bolsheviks in the civil war was the new idea they put forward about the state. Unlike the Whites, who defended the old order, the Reds put forward the idea of ​​a new, Soviet statehood as the power of workers and peasants, existing on the basis of class principles. They ensured the elimination of the separation of powers and democracy through the mechanism of the Soviets. The Civil War left a serious imprint on the work of the state apparatus, led to its strengthening and bureaucratization, the establishment of the Bolshevik party dictatorship instead of the dictatorship of the workers and the formation of a one-party political system.

The October Revolution split Russian society into supporters and opponents of the revolution. Further developments intensified mutual intolerance, a deep internal split occurred, and the struggle between various socio-political forces intensified.

A significant part of the intelligentsia, the military, the clergy opposed the Bolshevik regime, and other segments of the Russian population joined them. In the spring of 1918, a civil war broke out in Russia (1918-1920).

A civil war is an armed struggle between large, belonging to different classes and social groups, masses of people for state power.

The initial causes of the civil war were: the forcible removal of the Provisional Government; seizure of state power by the Bolsheviks, dispersal of the Constituent Assembly. Armed clashes were local in nature. From the end of 1918, armed clashes took on the character of a nationwide struggle. This was facilitated both by the measures of the Soviet government (nationalization of industry, the conclusion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, etc.) and by the actions of opponents (the rebellion of the Czechoslovak Corps).

The alignment of political forces. The Civil War identified three main socio-political camps.

The camp of the Reds, represented by the workers and the poorest peasants, was the mainstay of the Bolsheviks.

The camp of the whites (white movement) included representatives of the former military bureaucratic elite of pre-revolutionary Russia, landowner-bourgeois circles. Their representatives were the Cadets and the Octobrists. The liberal intelligentsia was on their side. The White movement advocated a constitutional order in the country, for the preservation of the integrity of the Russian state.

The third camp in the civil war consisted of broad sections of the peasantry and the democratic intelligentsia. Their interests were expressed by the parties of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, and others. Their political ideal was democratic Russia, the way to which they saw in the elections to the Constituent Assembly.

In history, the following stages of the civil war are distinguished:

Stage I: end of May - November 1918 ;

Phase II: November 1918 - April 1919;

I stage of the civil war (end of May - November 1918). In 1918, the main centers of the anti-Bolshevik movement were formed. Thus, in February 1918, the "Union of the Revival of Russia" arose in Moscow and Petrograd, uniting the Cadets, Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries. In March of the same year, the "Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom" was formed under the leadership of B. V. Savinkov. A strong anti-Bolshevik movement unfolded among the Cossacks. In the Don and Kuban it was headed by General P. N. Krasnov, in the Southern Urals - Ataman A. I. Dutov. In the south of Russia and the North Caucasus, under the leadership of Generals M. V. Alekseev and L. G. Kornilov, an officer Volunteer Army began to form, which became the basis of the white movement. After the death of L. G. Kornilov (April 13, 1918), General A. I. Denikin took command.

In the spring of 1918 foreign intervention began. German troops occupied Ukraine, Crimea, part of the North Caucasus. Romania captured Bessarabia. The Entente countries signed an agreement on the non-recognition of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the future division of Russia.

Rebellion of the Left SRs. The Bolsheviks were opposed by their recent allies - the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries. At the Fifth Congress of Soviets in July 1918, they demanded the abolition of the food dictatorship, the termination of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and the liquidation of the committees. On July 6, 1918, the Left Socialist-Revolutionary J. Blyumkin killed the German ambassador, Count V. A. Mirbakh. In early July 1918, they captured a number of buildings in Moscow and fired on the Kremlin. Their performances took place in Yaroslavl, Murom, Rybinsk and other cities. On July 6-7, the Left SRs attempted to overthrow the Soviet government in Moscow. It ended in complete failure. As a result, many leaders of the Left SRs were arrested. After that, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries began to be expelled from the Soviets of all levels.

The complication of the military-political situation in the country affected the fate of the imperial family. In the spring of 1918, Nicholas II and his family were transferred from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg under the pretext of activating the monarchists. Having coordinated their actions with the Center, the Ural Regional Council shot the tsar and his family on the night of July 16-17. In the same days, the tsar's brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, and 18 other members of the imperial family were killed.

The White Volunteer Army operated in the limited territory of the Don and Kuban. Only the Cossack ataman P. N. Krasnov managed to advance to Tsaritsyn, and the Ural Cossacks of Ataman A. I. Dutov managed to capture Orenburg.

The position of the Soviet country by the summer of 1918 became critical. Under its control was only a quarter of the territory of the former Russian Empire.

To protect their power, the Bolsheviks took decisive and purposeful actions.

Creation of the Red Army. After the October Revolution, the tsarist army ceased to exist. The only "splinter" of the old army on the side of the Soviets, which retained the spirit and military discipline, were the regiments of the Latvian riflemen. The Latvian Riflemen became the mainstay of Soviet power in the first year of its existence.

The decree on the creation of the Red Army was issued on January 15 (28), 1918. And a Russian peasant immediately joined the Red Army. In the village the situation was constantly deteriorating, and in the army they were given rations, clothes, shoes. In May 1918 there were 300 thousand people. But the combat effectiveness of this army was low. In the spring, when sowing began, the peasants were irresistibly drawn back to the village. The Red Army was melting before our eyes.

Then the Bolsheviks took urgent and vigorous measures to strengthen the Red Army. The strictest discipline was established in the army. Members of their families were taken hostage for desertion.

From June 1918 the army ceased to be voluntary. The transition to universal military service was carried out. The Bolsheviks began work on conscripting the poorest peasantry and workers into the Red Army. The institute of military commissars was introduced in the army.

In September 1918, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (Revolutionary Military Council) was created, headed by L. D. Trotsky. The Revolutionary Military Council began to exercise control over the army, navy, as well as all institutions of the military and naval departments. The Revolutionary Military Council decided to create cavalry as part of the Red Army. L. D. Trotsky put forward the slogan "Proletarian! On the horse!" The slogan was extremely popular among the peasants. The cavalry in the Russian army was considered an aristocratic branch of the army and has always been the privilege of the nobility. The First Cavalry and Second Cavalry armies were created, which played a significant role during the civil war.

As a result of these and other measures, the Red Army grew and strengthened. By 1920, its number amounted to 5 million people. (as well as the royal army). One of the ministers in the government of A. V. Kolchak wrote bitterly: "Instead of the Red Army ragged, a regular Red Army has arisen, which drives and drives us to the east."

Already in June 1918, the Eastern Front was formed against the rebellious Czechoslovak Corps under the command of I. I. Vatsetis (since July 1919 - S. S. Kamenev). Special communist and trade union mobilizations were carried out to the Eastern Front, troops were transferred from other regions. The Bolsheviks achieved a numerical superiority of military forces, and in early September 1918 the Red Army went on the offensive and during October - November drove the enemy beyond the Urals.

Changes were made in the rear. At the end of February 1918, the Bolsheviks restored the death penalty, which had been abolished by the Second Congress of Soviets. The powers of the punitive body of the Cheka were significantly expanded. In September 1918, after the assassination attempt on V. I. Lenin and the assassination of the head of the Petrograd Chekists, M. S. Uritsky, the Council of People's Commissars announced the "Red Terror" against opponents of Soviet power. The authorities began to take hostages en masse from among the "exploiting classes": the nobility, the bourgeoisie, officers, and priests.

By a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in September 1918, the Soviet Republic was declared a "single military camp." All party, Soviet, public organizations focused on the mobilization of human and material resources to defeat the enemy. In November 1918, the Workers' and Peasants' Defense Council was established under the chairmanship of V. I. Lenin. In June 1919, all the then existing republics - Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia - entered into a military alliance, creating a single military command, uniting the management of finance, industry, and transport. In the autumn of 1919, the Soviets in the front-line and front-line areas were subordinated to emergency bodies - revolutionary committees.

The policy of "war communism". After the revolution, the Bolsheviks did not allow free trade in grain, as this contradicted their ideas about a non-commodity, non-market economy. Under the conditions of the outbreak of the civil war, the economic ties between the city and the countryside were broken, the city could not provide industrial goods to the countryside. The peasants began to hold back the bread. In the spring of 1918, a catastrophic food situation arose in the cities. In response to this, the Soviet government during the civil war took a number of temporary, emergency, forced economic and administrative measures, which later became known as "war communism".

The policy of "war communism" was aimed at concentrating in the hands of the state the necessary material, food and labor resources for the most expedient use in the interests of defense, to save the population from starvation.

The main elements of the policy of "war communism" were:

the method of assault in the fight against capitalist elements; almost complete displacement of them from the economy;

the unification in the hands of the state of almost all industry, transport and other commanding heights in the economy;

an attempt to quickly pass to the socialist foundations of production and distribution;

the strictest centralization of the management of production and distribution, the deprivation of enterprises of economic independence;

surplus appropriation, partially reimbursed by industrial products, as the main method of meeting the state's needs for food and raw materials;

state monopoly on most industrial and agricultural products;

replacing trade with state distribution on a class basis;

forced association of the population in cooperatives;

the curtailment of commodity-money relations, the naturalization of economic ties and wages on an equalizing basis;

universal labor obligation and labor mobilization as a form of involvement in labor;

communist forms of distribution: free distribution of food rations and industrial products to the population, abolition of payment for apartments, fuel, etc.

The transition to the policy of "war communism" began with the rejection of gradual socialist transformations. The most important element of the new policy was surplus appropriation. The Soviet government tried to solve the food problem in a socialist way, which included three elements: the state monopoly on bread and all foodstuffs; the transfer of the supply business from private hands to the state; accounting and state distribution according to the class principle.

To solve the tasks set, the Bolsheviks put forward the slogans: centralization of the food business, the unification of the proletariat, the organization of the rural poor. These slogans were expressed in such important measures as the dispatch of food detachments to the countryside to fight for bread, to unite the rural poor, and to set up committees (kombeds).

With the introduction of "war communism" a number of directions emerged: the nationalization of industry, the naturalization of economic relations, and the expansion of the system of centralized distribution of foodstuffs. There was a process of strengthening the center and narrowing the powers of local bodies, the spread of directive methods of management through economic, militarization and coercion through amateur performance and material interest. On this basis, the administrative-command system was created.

V. I. Lenin, speaking about the historical role of "war communism", noted that it made it possible to put all the resources of the country at the service of the revolution, made it possible to feed the army, saved the workers from starvation, and preserved industry. But at the same time, he acknowledged that this policy had failed as a blueprint for the transition to socialism.

Among the reasons for this failure, V. I. Lenin noted the following:

the transition to socialist distribution exceeded the available forces;

this policy did not lead to an alliance between workers and peasants, between socialist industry and individual peasant farming;

it rested on the revolutionary enthusiasm of the people, without taking into account material interests;

"War communism did not take into account the internal laws of development of small-scale production, which cannot develop without freedom of circulation.

II stage of the civil war (November 1918 - April 1919). At the end of 1918 - beginning of 1919. the white movement reached its peak. In Siberia, in November 1918, Admiral A. V. Kolchak came to power, declared the "Supreme Ruler of Russia." In the Kuban and the North Caucasus, A.I. Denikin united the Don and Volunteer armies into the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. In the north, with the help of the Entente, General E. K. Miller formed his army. In the Baltic states, General N. N. Yudenich was preparing for a campaign against Petrograd. In November 1918, A. V. Kolchak launched an offensive in the Urals. On December 15, the troops of A. V. Kolchak took the city of Perm, but already on December 31, the offensive of Kolchak was suspended by the Red Army. In the East, the front temporarily stabilized.

III stage of the civil war (spring 1919 - April 1920). The most difficult and decisive in the course of the civil war was 1919. Soviet Russia had no peaceful borders. She found herself in a continuous enemy environment. In 1919 the fate of Soviet power was being decided.

In March 1919, a well-armed 300 thousand. the army of A. V. Kolchak launched a powerful offensive from the East in order to unite with the troops of A. I. Denikin and launch a joint offensive against Moscow. Kolchak captured the city of Ufa and began to make their way to Simbirsk, Samara, Votkinsk.

The eastern front again becomes the main one. At the end of April, the troops of the Red Army under the command of S. S. Kamenev and M. V. Frunze went on the offensive, stopped the Kolchakites, and by the summer pushed them back to Siberia. A powerful peasant uprising and partisan movement against the government of A.V. Kolchak helped the Red Army to establish Soviet power in Siberia. By the beginning of 1920, the Kolchakites were finally defeated, and the admiral himself was arrested. In February 1920, by the verdict of the Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee, Admiral A.V. Kolchak was shot.

In May 1919, when the Red Army was victorious over the troops of A. V. Kolchak, General N. N. Yudenich moved to Petrograd. In June, he was stopped, then his troops were driven back to Estonia. In October, N. N. Yudenich launched a new offensive against Petrograd, but it also ended in defeat. At this time, the bourgeoisie came to power in Estonia. The Soviet government invited Estonia to recognize its independence. The Estonian government, in order not to come into conflict with Soviet Russia, disarmed and interned the troops of General N. N. Yudenich.

In the summer of 1919, the center of the armed struggle moved to the south of Russia. In June 1919, A.I. Denikin captured Ukraine, mobilized there and launched an attack on Moscow. By mid-autumn, she captured Kursk, Orel, Voronezh. There was a direct threat of the capture of Moscow by the Whites.

The Soviet government concentrated all its forces on the fight against the troops of A.I. Denikin. The Southern Front was formed under the command of A.I. Egorov. This time the Southern Front became the main one.

Already in October, the troops of the Southern Front went on the offensive. She was supported by the insurgent peasant movement led by N. I. Makhno, who deployed a "second front" in the rear of the Volunteer Army. In December 1919 - early 1920, the troops of A.I. Denikin were defeated. Soviet power was restored in the south of Russia, Ukraine, and the North Caucasus. The remnants of the Volunteer Army took refuge on the Crimean peninsula. Realizing that the White movement was defeated, General A.I. Denikin transferred command of the Volunteer Army to General P.N. Wrangel and left Russia.

IV stage of the civil war (May - November 1920). In 1920, the main events were the Soviet-Polish war and the fight against P. N. Wrangel. Having recognized the independence of Poland, the Soviet government began negotiations with it on territorial delimitation and the establishment of state borders. The negotiations reached an impasse, as Polish President J. Pilsudski put forward exorbitant territorial claims against Russia in order to restore "Great Poland". In addition, the Polish authorities viewed Soviet Russia as a threat to their independence.

In 1919, the Polish army, equipped with the funds of the Entente, began to move to the East. Yu. Pilsudsky assumed for 5 - 6 months. reach Moscow, "drive the Bolsheviks out of there" and "write on the walls of the Kremlin: "It is forbidden to speak Russian."

On April 25, 1920, the Polish army invaded Soviet Ukraine and captured Kyiv on May 5.

To repel the Polish invasion, the Western Front under the command of M. N. Tukhachevsky and the South-Western Front under the command of A. I. Egorov were created. 1.5 million fighters were mobilized into the troops of the Western and Southwestern fronts. A month later, the successful offensive of the Red Army began. In July, the Polish grouping in Belarus and Ukraine was defeated. The Red Army reached the border with Poland.

The Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) set a strategic task for the main military command: to enter the territory of Poland, take Warsaw and create all the necessary military-political conditions for the proclamation of Soviet power in Poland.

The offensive of the Red Army troops on Warsaw began. It was perceived by the Polish people as a military intervention. Poland was financially supported by Western countries. In August 1920, the troops of M. N. Tukhachevsky were defeated. In October 1920, an armistice was concluded with Poland. The results of the Soviet-Polish war were summed up in March 1921 by the Riga Peace Treaty. According to its terms, the lands of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus were transferred to Poland. Soviet power remained in Eastern Belarus.

Since April 1920, after the resignation of A.I. Denikin, the anti-Soviet struggle was led by General P.N. Wrangel. He was elected "ruler of the south of Russia." From the remnants of the Volunteer Army, General P. N. Wrangel formed the "Russian Army". The new commander was able to restore discipline in the troops. These were the last defenders of White Russia.

In the midst of the Soviet-Polish war in May 1920, the troops of P. N. Wrangel struck at the rear of the Red Army. The Russian Army was able to break out of the Crimea and captured the entire northern Tavria (Southern Ukraine).

To fight the troops of P. N. Wrangel, the Southern Front was created under the command of M. V. Frunze. In October 1920, after the armistice with Poland was concluded, powerful military forces were transferred to the Southern Front. On October 28, 1920, the troops of the Southern Front went on the offensive. The "Green Army" of N. I. Makhno, who entered into a temporary alliance with the Soviet government, opposed the Russian army under the anarchist banners. A few days later, the Whites returned to the Crimea and took refuge behind the Perekop and Chongar fortifications, which were considered impregnable.

The Soviet command developed a plan to break through these fortifications. On the night of November 8, 1920, the assault on the fortifications of the Perekop Isthmus began. At the same time, the Red Army soldiers forded along the Sivash Bay moved to the rear of the White Guards. After fierce fighting (the Red Army lost up to 70% of its personnel), the Red Army managed to break into the Crimea.

The Russian army of General P.N. Wrangel was defeated. The civil war is over. Only separate areas of resistance to Soviet power remained on the outskirts of Russia.

The remnants of the Russian army, as well as part of the civilian population, with the help of Western countries, were evacuated to Turkey. 126 ships delivered about 146 thousand people to Istanbul. Part of the white officers did not want to leave their homeland. After the Crimea was occupied by the Red Army, up to 50 thousand officers of the Russian army were shot.

Foreign intervention: causes, forms, scale. A feature of the civil war in Russia was the intertwining of domestic political struggle with foreign intervention.

Reasons for foreign intervention:

the Western powers sought to prevent the spread of the socialist revolution throughout the world;

to avoid multibillion-dollar losses from the nationalization of the property of foreign citizens carried out by the Soviet government, and the refusal to pay the debts of the tsarist and Provisional governments;

weaken Russia as its future political and economic competitor in the post-war world.

The Entente countries signed an agreement on the non-recognition of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the future division of Russia into spheres of influence.

Foreign intervention began in the spring of 1918. According to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, German troops occupied Ukraine, the Crimea, and part of the North Caucasus. Romania captured Bessarabia. At the beginning of March 1918, 2,000 men landed in Murmansk. landing of English troops, and by the middle of the month French and American troops arrived there. This action was intended to thwart the alleged German attack on Petrograd. In April, Japanese troops landed in Vladivostok. Japan pursued not so much anti-Bolshevik as expansionist goals. Fearing the strengthening of Japan in the Pacific region, military units of England, France, and the USA appeared here. Turkey, an ally of Germany, sent its troops to Armenia, Azerbaijan. England captured part of Turkmenistan, occupied Baku. The seizure of large territories by foreign invaders was accompanied by the destruction of the organs of Soviet power, the restoration of the old order, and the plunder of material values.

Against Soviet power, the Supreme Council of the Entente also decided to use the 45,000 Czechoslovak Corps, which was under its command. The Czechoslovak corps consisted of captured soldiers - Slavs of the Austro-Hungarian army. The captured soldiers expressed a desire to participate in the war on the side of the Entente, so they were left with weapons. The Soviet government sent the Czechoslovak Corps along the Trans-Siberian Railway to the Far East. It was assumed that he would then be delivered to France. The advance of a foreign military corps by rail was fraught with great difficulties. In a number of places, armed conflicts arose between the Czechoslovaks and the local authorities and the population. On May 14, 1918, an armed clash took place in Chelyabinsk between Czechoslovaks and captured Austrians, as a result of which one Austrian was killed. The German embassy demanded that those responsible be punished. The Soviet government decided to disarm the corps. The Czechoslovaks feared that after disarmament they would be arrested and extradited to the Austro-Hungarian authorities. On May 25, an armed uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps began against the Soviet regime. It was supported by anti-Bolshevik forces. As a result, Soviet power was overthrown in the Volga region, Siberia, and the Far East. At the same time, peasants rebelled in the central provinces of Russia, dissatisfied with the policies of the Bolsheviks. The socialist parties (mainly the right SRs), relying on the armed landings of the Czechoslovaks, formed a number of governments in Arkhangelsk, Ashkhabad, Tomsk and other cities. In Samara, a Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik government arose - Komuch (Committee of the Constituent Assembly). It included deputies of the Constituent Assembly, dispersed by the Bolsheviks. The purpose of their activity was the revival of the Constituent Assembly. These governments did not last long and were swept away during the civil war.

At the end of the summer of 1918, the nature of the intervention changed. The troops were ordered to support anti-Bolshevik movements. In August, mixed units of the British and Canadians entered the Transcaucasus, occupied Baku, where they overthrew Soviet power, then retreated under the onslaught of Turkey. The Anglo-French troops, who landed in Arkhangelsk in August, overthrew the Soviet power there, and later supported the Omsk government of Admiral A. V. Kolchak. French troops were stationed in Odessa, which provided rear services for the army of A.I. Denikin, who was fighting on the Don.

By the autumn of 1918 serious changes had taken place in the international situation. The First World War is over. Germany and its allies were completely defeated. Revolutions took place in Germany and Austria-Hungary. The Soviet leadership annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and the new German government was forced to withdraw its troops from Russia. Bourgeois-nationalist governments arose in Poland, the Baltic states, and Ukraine, which immediately took the side of the Entente.

The defeat of Germany freed up significant military contingents of the Entente and at the same time opened up for her a short and convenient road to Moscow from the south. Under these conditions, the leadership of the Entente was inclined to the idea of ​​defeating Soviet Russia with the forces of its own armies. At the end of November 1918, British troops landed in Batumi and Novorossiysk, and French troops landed in Odessa and Sevastopol. The total number of interventionist troops concentrated in the south was increased by February 1919 to 130 thousand people. Entente contingents increased significantly in the Far East (up to 150,000 people) and in the north (up to 20,000 people).

At the same time, public circles in European countries and the United States advocated the return of their soldiers home. In these countries, a democratic movement unfolded under the slogan "Hands off Soviet Russia!"

In 1919, fermentation began in the occupation units of the Entente. Fearing the Bolshevization of their troops, the leadership of the Entente in the spring of 1919 began to withdraw its troops from the territory of Russia.

1919 was the most difficult year for the Bolsheviks. The fate of the Soviet state was being decided. The Entente command has developed a new plan to fight Russia. This time the struggle against the Bolsheviks was to be expressed in the combined military operations of the White armies and the armies of the states neighboring Russia. In this regard, the leading role was assigned to the white armies, and the auxiliary role was assigned to the troops of small states (Finland and Poland), as well as to the armed formations of the bourgeois governments of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, which retained control over part of their territories.

England, France, and the USA stepped up their military and economic assistance to all anti-Bolshevik forces. During the winter period of 1918-1919. only the troops of A. V. Kolchak and A. I. Denikin received about a million rifles, several thousand machine guns, about 1200 guns, tanks, aircraft, ammunition, uniforms for hundreds of thousands of people.

At the end of 1919, the victory of the Bolsheviks became more and more obvious. The Entente countries began to accelerate the withdrawal of their troops from Russia.

The French began to evacuate their troops from Odessa in early April 1919. At the end of September, the British left Arkhangelsk. In the autumn of 1919, the interventionists were forced to leave the Caucasus (but they remained in Batumi until March 1921) and Siberia.

With the defeat of the remnants of the White Army of General P.N. Wrangel, the civil war in Russia ended.

The final assertion of Soviet power throughout the country. In 1920, in Central Asia, with the support of the troops of the Turkestan Front under the command of M.V. Frunze, the power of the Khiva Khan and the Emir of Bukhara was overthrown. The Bukhara and Khorezm Soviet republics were formed.

In Transcaucasia, local communists, with the support of the Red Army, established Soviet power. In April 1920, the Musavatist government was overthrown and the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic was formed. In February 1921, Soviet troops captured Tiflis, after which the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed.

By the spring of 1920, the Red Army had entered the Transbaikalia with battles. The Far East was occupied by the Japanese. To avoid clashes with them, the government of the RSFSR contributed to the formation of a formally independent "buffer" state - the Far Eastern Republic (DRV) with its capital in Chita. From November 1920, the DRV army began military operations against the remnants of the White armies supported by the Japanese, and in October 1922 occupied Vladivostok. The Far East was cleared of White Guards and interventionists. After that, the DRV was liquidated and became part of the RSFSR.

Thus, on the territory of the former Russian Empire, with the exception of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Finland, the Soviet power won.

results of the civil war. The Civil War (May 1918 - November 1920) became one of the greatest tragedies in Russia. The damage caused to the national economy exceeded 50 billion gold rubles. Industrial production decreased in 1920 compared to 1913 by seven times, agricultural - by 40%. The size of the working class has almost halved. The loss of population from the autumn of 1917 to 1922 amounted to almost 13 million people.

But the Bolsheviks won, preserving the integrity and statehood of Russia.

2 million people ended up in emigration. members of the intellectual elite. Russian emigrants settled in different countries and continents. Paris, Berlin, Prague and other European centers, as well as the city of Harbin in China, became the main centers of emigration. Part of the Russian emigrants moved to North and Latin America. In the large centers of the Russian diaspora, social life developed, political and cultural societies were created.

Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks won, as they were supported by the majority of the country's population - the small and middle peasantry. The peasants perceived the Bolsheviks as fighters "for a better life." The undoubted success of the Bolsheviks was that in the course of the civil war they managed to create a people's Red Army (5.5 million people), more steadfast and disciplined than the White armies. The Bolsheviks were able to mobilize all the resources of the country and turn it into a single military camp. The Bolshevik leadership was able to present themselves as defenders of the Fatherland and accuse their opponents of betraying national interests. The civil war showed that the new government has deep popular roots. Socialist ideas found their supporters among the broad masses of the country's population.

Of great importance was international solidarity, the help of the proletariat of Europe and the USA.

Modern domestic and foreign historiography about the causes, content and consequences of the national crisis in Russia and the revolution in Russia in 1917. In domestic and foreign historiography, there are different points of view on the causes, content and consequences of the national crisis in Russia and the revolution of 1917.

Some researchers believe that by 1917 in Russia all the necessary socio-economic and political prerequisites for the victory of the socialist revolution had developed.

Attention is drawn to a number of factors that influenced the nature of the national crisis:

weakness of liberal political forces;

rapid radicalization of the masses in the absence of a firm government in the country;

the tactics of the Bolsheviks, who successfully used party discipline, political will, extensive agitation and propaganda among the people in the face of the weakness of the Provisional Government.

Representatives of another point of view believe that the October events are a coup d'état carried out by the Bolshevik party, which seized power during the First World War.

Having come to power, the Bolsheviks had the support of the majority of the population, because they pursued a policy that was beneficial to the people. But during the years of the Civil War, the policy of the state began to lose popularity: in the cities they were dissatisfied with the maintenance of the card system and inflation in the villages - the surplus

Changes in the state mechanism during the Civil War:

The narrowing of democracy in the activities of the Soviets

The Emergence of Emergency (Unconstitutional) Appointed Bodies

Strengthening the repressive apparatus

Government departments:

All-Russian Congress of Soviets - meets once a year

Local Tips:

× strong pressure during council elections, elections become formal

× the role of executive committees is being strengthened (village and city councils are more difficult to convene)

× established sessional work order

× the composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was increased from 200 to 300 people at the expense of representatives of localities

Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee: according to the Constitution, its competence is not defined; now it is established that he organizes the work of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, monitors the implementation of the decisions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, performs the functions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in between sessions (approves the decisions of the Council of People's Commissars, appoints people's commissars, etc.)

SNK - legislative powers confirmed

VSNKh - the number of departments increases, the system of glavkism begins to take shape (total control over enterprises in a certain industry is carried out by the head offices of the VSNKh)

During the years of the Civil War, All-Russian Congresses of Soviets continued to be convened. In between sessions

The supreme authority of the Soviets was the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

In December 1919, a sessional order of work of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Planned meetings were convened every two months

sessions. As necessary, on the initiative of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars or a third of the members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee could be convened

emergency sessions.

With the sessional order of work of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the nature of the activities of its Presidium also changed: it was endowed with the right

direct the meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, observe the implementation of its decisions, appoint people's commissars, instruct

central and local bodies, cancel the decisions of the Council of People's Commissars, etc. In December 1920, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was endowed with

legislative powers.

Another supreme body of state. management has become Workers' and Peasants' Defense Council (SRKO), concentrated in

full power in the field of defense in their own hands.

The composition of the SRKO included: Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, People's Commissar

means of communication, chairman of the Extraordinary Commission for the Supply of the Red Army and Deputy People's Commissar

food. In its activities, the SRKO relied on the apparatus of its emergency commissioners.

The following tasks were set for the SRKO: mobilization, armament, food supply and operational

army leadership.

In April 1920, the Workers' and Peasants' Defense Council was transformed into Labor and Defense Council (STO),

acting as a commission under the Council of People's Commissars. The Council was headed by the Chairman of the Government of the RSFSR.

On April 9, 1919, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted the Regulations on State Control. In accordance with the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee dated 8

February 1920 People's Commissariat of State. control has been converted to People's Commissariat of Workers' and Peasants' Inspection (RKI). RCT

Performed the following functions: monitoring the rule of law, the protection of state. ownership, the fight against bureaucracy and

abuses in the state apparatus and economic bodies. RCT was based on the principles of electivity of its members and

locally relied on RCT assistance cells.

In 1923 was produced reorganization of RCT: its organs were merged with those of the Central Control

commissions (CCC) of the party. T.O., the Party Control Commission got the opportunity to carry out through the RCT

direct control over the activities of the state. administration.

The civil war led to changes in work local councils. Increased ideological influence on them

from the Communist Party.

The resolution "On Soviet Construction" adopted by the VIII Congress of Soviets determined organizational structure

provincial and district executive committees, under which departments were created: management, military, justice, labor and social.

provision, public education, post offices and telegraphs, finance, agriculture, food.

In 1920, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted the Regulations on village councils and volost executive committees, forming the

most grassroots link of the Soviet system.

Along with the constitutional authorities on the ground, emergency bodies - revolutionary committees

(revolutionary committees). Revolutionary committees were formed to organize defense and maintain "revolutionary order". AT

in accordance with the regulation "On Revolutionary Committees" adopted by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on October 24, 1919, they could

be created in areas liberated from the enemy, in the front line and in the rear. They owned all

the fullness of local power.

AT tasks of revolutionary committees included: organizing the defense of their territories, maintaining internal order, conducting

mobilization. Revolutionary committees were endowed with the rights to requisition property, forced eviction, quartering

military units, as well as other emergency rights.

No. 16. Nation-state construction during the civil war.

Three problems:

· The emergence of new independent territories.

· Are formed People's Republics. During the period of intervention and civil war, two people's republics arose - Khorezm and Bukhara.

In 1920 - 1921 Soviet Russia concluded allied treaties and economic agreements with the KhNSR and BNSR, which provided for extensive assistance from the RSFSR in raising the economy and culture of these republics.

· The emergence of the DVR. A peculiar state arose in 1920 in the east of the country - the Far Eastern Republic. It was created as a buffer state. In the spring of 1920, Soviet Russia, in the face of a complicated military situation in the West, did not want to get involved in a war with Japan, which kept its troops in our Far East.

In the constituent documents of the FER, it was deliberately and persistently emphasized that it was neither a Soviet nor a socialist republic. Legislation allowed private ownership of the means of production, the bourgeoisie was not deprived of voting rights, and so on. By this they tried to calm the Japanese and other interventionists in order to try to establish peaceful relations with them. However, the maneuver failed, and the Far Eastern Republic alone still had to fight the invaders.

The Far East Republic was proclaimed as a completely independent state, legally independent of the RSFSR. Even the Verkhneudinsk Congress appealed to all peoples and governments with a request to immediately recognize the republic and establish friendly relations with it.

· The relationship of the Russian Federation with other, independent republics.

In many states, such as the Ukrainian, Lithuanian, and Byelorussian republics, socialist states arose for some time.

A) All of the above republics were actually considered one and indivisible with the RSFSR. Especially spacecraft they had one control apparatus.

B) On the other hand, the RSFSR recognized them as independent.

C) There was a need to create an alliance. For example, to repel an attack. Therefore, military, financial, food assistance was provided. Naturally, the Russian Federation was the donor, and the union republics were the recipients.

June 1, 1919 - Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. However, it was an internal Russian document, it was accepted by the state body. authorities of the RSFSR. According to this Decree, a military and economic union is created with 4 states (BEL, UKR, LAT, LIT).

The governing bodies were merged (based on Russian ones):

· Rukov. armed forces.

· Management of the national economy.

Financial management bodies

· Management Labor organization.

· Bodies of ways and communications.

The Russian people's commissariats did not go anywhere, just these people's commissariats included representatives of these 4 republics with the right to vote. By the way, at that time there was a project to create LitBelan - it did not work, since Soviet power was overthrown in Lithuania).

In these five spheres, the republics lost their sovereignty. However, the republics themselves wanted this, since they could not manage it themselves.

Since October 1920.

The relations between the republics are moving to the level of international treaties. bilateral agreements. In addition to the previous countries, more are added - Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia.

But there were national governments, not entirely Soviet ones: the Mus-Alat party (Azerbaijan), Georgia (Mensheviks), Armenia (someone else). As soon as the spacecraft approached there, the regimes there changed during the elections. Everything is kind of legal.

Again, the governing bodies were united:

· Foreign trade

· Food business.

· RF construction. (Construction principles)

national territorial

The principle of building a federation: national-territorial. But this is much more complex than just slicing according to the place of residence of nations. Let's break it down into sub-principles.

· historical territory

A territory that was historically compactly assigned to certain peoples. But mostly, minorities lived in rural minorities.

Economic ties

The territory that was fixed by virtue of conducting any crafts. (Kalmyks graze horses)

Administrative communications

Cities were also added, where minorities did not particularly live. If they are cut off, then administrative, state ties will be broken.

Cultural connections

Territories were cut taking into account cultural features.

At the same time, no one cancels the right to self-determination. On the contrary, such territorial cutting helps to live.

· Democratic centralism:

Democratic because:

· Organs are formed from the bottom up

· Reporting

· Review of deputies

Centralism:

· The Center has many powers and list open

· The locals have few and closed.

· The principle of voluntary association.

Subjects:

Territorial subjects

· A) Provinces (base units) B) the formation of the regions that were mentioned in the RF KR began.

· Autonomous republics. From the first "call" only the Turkestan Republic remained. Added two - Bashkir and Tatar.

KOMUCH Committee of members of the Constituent Assembly. Convened on 06/08/18. First 5 members, pres. SR Vl-r. Kazim. Volsky. Mostly Socialist-Revolutionaries, 1 Menshevik Iv. Mich. May. They declared themselves a temporary government before the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, strove for all-Russian significance. Executive power: Council of managing departments, chairman - Rogovsky. Sami is an advisory body. Restoration of dem. freedoms, the abolition of Soviet decrees, the restoration of the Duma and Zemstvos. The return of enterprises, the 8-hour working day, freedom of trade, the restriction of women's labor and the prohibition of child labor, the establishment of unemployment funds. Re-elections to local self-government bodies were held on the basis of the universal. elect. rights (the Bolsheviks and anarchists are deprived of the right to agitate). The courts have been restored. Trade unions were preserved, on August 30 the Council of Workers was created. dep-s, there were no cross tips. and soldier. deputies.

The agrarian question: the inviolability of 10 points of the CA. 24.07 declaration on the transfer of land to the national property, 25.07 the Land Committee was restored, 27.07 the existence of landed estates was allowed. Seizure of land after 01.01.18 is declared illegal. But because of martial law, they were forced to seize bread.

On July 7, lockouts of industrialists were declared illegal. They did not deny the right of nations to self-determination, but finally - the US. Foreign policy: war to victory. At the end of July, an official note to the Entente: help from the Allies against the Bolsheviks. Army: People's Army. They tried to introduce the hulls, but to no avail.

Power in June-August extended to Samara, Simbirsk, Kazan, Ufa, part of the Saratov province. Beginning sept. uprisings + defeats from the Red Army. After the creation of the Ufa Directory on September 23, it was renamed the Congress of Members of the CC, the Council of Department Managers passed to the Ufa Government. 19.11 The congress is arrested by Kappel. Completely abolished December 3rd.

INTERIM SIBERIAN GOVERNMENT. 31.05 in Tomsk, head - Vologda. Socialist government, therefore, for socialist power in Siberia or for koalas. rights Composition: Socialist-Revolutionaries and Cadets. For new elections to the US. On June 30, all power was given to the Council of Ministers of the VSP (Vologda - Prime Minister, Mikhailov - Ministry of Finance, Patushinsky - Ministry of Justice, Shatilov - Native Affairs, Krutovsky - Ministry of Internal Affairs). West Siberian Commissariat, with 11 departments. On August 24, the Administrative Council was created.

Denationalization of enterprises, restoration of emergency situations (lands received by peasants from the Soviet regime remained with them on a lease basis if they were sown), restoration of courts and administration. Trade unions were allowed as public organizations without polit. goals, there were no Soviets. Restoration of MSU. Military courts introduced. They did not deny the right of nations to self-determination. Autonomy of Siberia. Created armed organizations. 3.11 transferred power to the Ufa directory.

KOLCHAK. Supreme Ruler and Supreme High Command. Under him, the Omsk government, created. 18.11. Cadets, monarchists, right-wing socialists. Council of the Supreme Ruler, council. organ ("Star Chamber"). There was a Council of Ministers. Kolchak was recognized by the majority of commanders, England. 06/17/19 Denikin was appointed Kolchak's deputy. The goal is to overthrow the Bolsheviks, reorganize the people's life on the basis of the LSG. Call a national assembly. Unpredecision. The Senate has been restored. At the head of the provinces and counties - managers, in the front-line areas introduced the institution of the chief commanders of the region. Restoration of self-government: City Duma, Council, Zemstvo. The police remained. The abolition of Soviet decrees, denationalization, the restoration of the court, the prohibition of the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (only as a general org-ii). Recovery of emergencies for enterprises and land. Restored freedom of trade, loans. Agrarian: for the creation of farms and the elimination of landlords. Lands of the state-va before. through the Land Bank. Worker: Ministry of Labor, inspectors of enterprises. Labor exchanges have been restored, the law on sickness funds has been approved, and primaries have been created. cameras. Trade unions have been preserved (only economic issues). March 1919 ban on strikes. National: For a united and indivisible Russia. Independence only in internal matters. Recognized the independence of Poland. The RCP(b) is officially banned, parties that did not oppose the authorities are allowed. Foreign policy: recognized external, contractual obligations. To participate in the Paris Conference on October 17, a "Special Preparatory Meeting" was created. 01/04/20 Kolchak's abdication. Most fled to Harbin and created Polit. meeting."

DENIKIN. Head of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, since May Supreme Ruler of the South of Russia. Executive branch - Special meeting. All power belongs to the Supreme Ruler. Unpredecision. Build on the beginnings of the region. autonomy and LSG (governors). The inviolability of citizenship freedom. Parties are allowed, except for those who oppose the government. Agrarian: rejected everything Bolshevik, but return the land, captured. peasants is impossible, therefore unpredetermined. December 1918 the abolition of the ban on land transactions, February 1919 the order to sow the fields (the owners are obliged to sow the entire area), June - the "Law on the Third Sheaf" (if there are no rights to the land, compensate in kind), July 1919 - the abolition of the grain monopoly.

The laws did not apply to the Don, Kuban, Terek. Rabochiy: Trade unions solved economic issues. There were factory inspectors, they could dissolve the trade unions. Civil servants, postal and telegraph workers, railway workers were forbidden to have trade unions. March 1919 Declaration on the restoration of the rights of owners of enterprises, ensuring the protection of the interests of workers (labor protection, development of insurance zndat., 8-hour working day). November 1919 law on 8-hour work. day, but not for transport workers, builders, trade services. Mandatory overtime work.

WRANGEL. The main positions are outlined by Peter Struve, Foreign Policy Adviser. It is necessary to convene the US, power will pass to the "owner of the Russian land" - the people. In times of war, only a military dictatorship is possible. Under the commander-in-chief, a Council was created from the heads of central departments appointed by him. 29.03 Order of the Commander-in-Chief of the All-Union Socialist League "Regulations on the management of areas occupied by the armed forces in southern Russia": the principle of military-dictatorial power - the ruler has full power without restrictions. The Cossack troops were subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief of the All-Russian Union of Youth. Restore LSG, enjoyed autonomy in ext. questions. From August, Wrangel became the ruler of the South of Russia and the Supreme High Command, and the Soviet became the South Russian government.

Recognition of the seizure of land by peasants, land in their emergency situation. With the exception of the lands of church, Cossack, industrial enterprises, especially valuable farms. Land councils were elected to introduce innovations. Payment of peasants for land: within 25 years, rent 1/5 of the crop or an equivalent amount.

The activity of parties and trade unions is formally allowed. 23.04 strikes are prohibited.

"Rule of November 9": freedom of trade, equal treaties with the treasury. LSG reform: order on volost zemstvos dated 07/26/20, on district and provincial zemstvos dated 10/3/20. Reconstruction of a united Russia through a voluntary union of its parts. Consolidation to the federation, ref. first of all from economy. needs, on the basis of will. Recognition of the autonomy of Tataria, Ukraine. Recognition of Russia's obligations.

In general, anti-Bolshevik governments tried to maintain continuity with the Russian Empire.