Sikhote-Alin State Natural Biosphere Reserve. Sikhote-Alin State Biosphere Reserve. Features of visiting the Sikhote-Alin Reserve

Region of Russia: Primorsky Krai

Constituent objects: Sikhote-Alin biosphere reserve named after K.G. Abramov and Goraliy regional reserve

Location: eastern and central watershed part of the Sikhote-Alin ridge

Natural conditions: The climate has a pronounced monsoon character, manifested in a sharply opposite change in wind direction in winter and summer

Height above sea level: 54-1722 m (98-1895 m)

Square: 0.395 million ha

Status: inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2001

South Far East within Russia, it is one of the largest and least altered by man centers of preservation of communities of ancient coniferous-deciduous and broad-leaved forests. Due to the location of the region on the great path of plant and animal settlement along the Pacific coast of Asia from the tropics to temperate latitudes, there is a very complex and variegated pattern of interpenetration, mixing of heterogeneous elements of flora and fauna, especially "southerners" and "northerners".

There are a lot of rare and endangered species in this territory, a significant part of which is preserved only within its boundaries. The flora of higher plants here includes about 1200 species, more than 370 species of birds are known within the limits of the Central Sikhote-Alin, and 71 species of mammals.

The mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin is the last large integral territory in the world inhabited by the Amur tiger. Many other rare and endangered species endemic to the region need protection - the Amur goral, the white-breasted bear, the Japanese and black cranes, the black stork, the scaly merganser, the fish owl; ginseng, Fori rhododendron and many others.

Picturesque landforms, full-flowing rivers, combined with an exceptional variety of flora and fauna, the presence of exotic plants and animals reminiscent of the tropics, give the nature of Sikhote-Alin completely unique features. There are many objects of aesthetic and recreational significance here: rock massifs that picturesquely stand out among the taiga, waterfalls, lakes and rapids (Kemsky rapids, Big Amga waterfall, Shandui mountain lakes and others), bizarre stone remnants, reefs, sandy bays of the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan .

In addition, the Sikhote-Alin Reserve is located within the range of the Amur tiger and is known for the fact that the most extensive and long-term scientific research of this predator is being carried out here. Every year, according to traces and frames from camera traps, scientists record an average of about 20 representatives of the species.

In addition to the tiger, brown and Himalayan bears, American mink, wild boar, roe deer and the Far Eastern forest cat are found on the territory of the reserve. More than 15 species of animals and birds listed in the International Red Book live here, in particular, the Amur goral, white-tailed and Steller's sea eagles.

No less remarkable is the local flora. The Sikhote-Alin Reserve is a reserve of a large number of rare and endangered plants. Almost the entire territory of the reserve is covered with cedar, fir-spruce and oak-birch forests. Only in this part of mainland Russia can one find such rare plants, like Fori's rhododendron and Jezek primrose.

For the first time, a description of the nature of the Middle Sikhote-Alin was made by Russian researchers at the beginning of the 20th century, before that these places remained a blank spot on the map of the country. Only hunting was actively conducted on the territory, as a result of which the number of many species of animals was significantly reduced, so the initial design of the Sikhote-Alin Reserve was part of the program to create a network of large sable reserves. The reserve was officially established on February 10, 1935.

Later, scientists found that this territory is also of great value as a site of Primorye, which has preserved the entire complex of flora and fauna that are characteristic of this region. In 1979, the reserve entered the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, and in 2001 the Central Sikhote-Alin was included in the List world heritage UNESCO.

In addition to natural resources, the lands of the reserve also store historical artifacts: on the territory of the reserve and in its vicinity there are monuments of different archaeological cultures. The oldest of them is the settlement of the Terney enclave of the Ustinov culture (VIII-VII millennium BC). The second oldest settlement, Blagodatnoye, is located on a terrace 600 meters from the seashore and belongs to the Lida culture (late II - early I millennium BC).

Currently, the territory of the reserve occupies 401,600 hectares, including 2,900 hectares of the Sea of ​​Japan. The main tasks of the reserve are protection natural areas, preservation biodiversity holding scientific research and implementation of environmental monitoring.

Also great attention is given to the development of ecotourism and environmental education. The employees of the reserve organize various environmental events, holidays and promotions, as well as various competitions and exhibitions. One of the most striking events held with the support of the reserve is the annual Tiger Day, which has already become a tradition. This holiday, dedicated to a rare predator, is accompanied by fun contests and competitions, a masquerade and a carnival procession.

To acquaint visitors with the nature of the Sikhote-Alin Reserve, five excursion routes with a total length of more than 130 kilometers have been developed on its territory. The most convenient time to visit the protected routes is from May to October. Excursions are designed for several hours and involve both walking and moving by car. The cost of excursions is from 300 rubles per person.

For those who are not ready to travel long distances, a museum of nature has been opened in the information center of the reserve - five dioramas of the flora and fauna of the reserve according to the seasons against the backdrop of the most beautiful landscapes of Sikhote-Alin. A small exposition of household items of the small people of the north of Primorye "Udege" has also been created, giving an idea of ​​their culture and way of life.

How to get there

A trip to the reserve can be a journey in itself. Gates of the Sikhote-Alin nature reserve is the village of Terney - one of the northernmost coastal villages of Primorsky Krai. You can get here from Vladivostok either by bus, which takes about 14 hours, or by private transport. In addition, there are regular flights to Terney and the village of Plastun.

For organized groups arriving in the Sikhote-Alin Reserve, accommodation is available at the cordon, where you can live in the bosom of nature for several days. In the villages of Terney and Plastun, you can also book a hotel.

Sikhote-Alin Reserve- Sikhote Alinsky nature reserve. Sikhote Alin Nature Reserve, in Primorsky Krai, on the eastern and western slopes of the Sikhote Alin ridge (altitude up to 1600 m); includes the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. The area is 347.1 thousand hectares. Founded in 1935; biospheric. The forests are… Dictionary "Geography of Russia"

In Russia, Primorsky Krai, on the eastern slopes of the middle Sikhote Alin; the southeastern part faces the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. Founded in 1935. Area 347052 ha. Cedar deciduous forests, dark coniferous taiga (spruce, fir). The tiger lives ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

AT Russian Federation, Primorsky kr., on the eastern slopes cf. Sikhote Alina; the southeastern part overlooks the coast of the Japanese Cape. It was founded in 1935. The area is 347,052 hectares. Cedar deciduous forests, dark coniferous taiga (spruce, fir). Tiger,… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

SIKHOTE ALINSKY RESERVE, in Primorsky Krai, on the eastern slopes cf. Sshote Alina; the southeastern part faces the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. Founded in 1935. Pl. 347.1 thousand hectares. Cedar deciduous forests, dark coniferous taiga (spruce, fir). ... ... Russian history

It is located on the eastern and western slopes of the Sikhote Alin, with its southeastern part overlooking the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. Founded in 1935. Area 310112 ha (1974). Up to a height of 700 m, cedar broad-leaved forests predominate; higher (up to 1300 m) ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

In the south of Primorsky Krai. Created in 1935 on the square. 390.2 thousand hectares for the protection of unique virgin forests predominately. to the east slope of the Sikhote Alin (altitudes 500–1600 m), includes the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. Seaside meadows and shrubs, oak, ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia

Sikhote-Alin- Sikhote Alinsky nature reserve. SIKHOTE ALIN, a mountainous country in the Far East, in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. Length 1200 km. The highest point is Mount Tordoki-Yani (up to 2077 m). The relief of the middle mountains with traces of ancient glaciation prevails. In the north -… … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Autumn in Sikhote Alin ... Wikipedia

Mountain country; Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. From Nanaisk. sikhte, sikte needles, spruce and alin mountain range, that is, a mountain range covered with coniferous forest. Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001. Sikhote Alin ... Geographic Encyclopedia

Sikhote-Alin- Sikhote Alin. Sikhote Alin, a mountainous country in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories; watershed of the rivers of the Amur basin, the Sea of ​​Japan and the Tatar Strait. The length is about 1200 km, the width is up to 250 km, the average height is 800-1000 m, the highest is up to 2077 m ... ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"

The age of the Sikhote-Alin mountains is about 150 million years. They were formed thanks to numerous volcanoes, Pacific rocky peaks and forested slopes do not leave anyone indifferent. They gained the greatest popularity due to the meteor shower that hit in 1947. But first things first.

Where are the Sikhote-Alin mountains located?

The mountains are located in the Far East of Russia. They cover the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, stretching for 1200 kilometers along the Sea of ​​Japan. They start approximately from the city of Nakhodka and end at the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. In width, they cover about 240 kilometers.

They formed in mesozoic era- an active period of mountain building on the peripheries of the oceans and the formation of modern continental contours. The mountain system includes many ranges, such as Livadia, Khomi, Tuminsky, Bolshoy Yang and others.

The Sikhote-Alin Mountains are the watershed between the Sea of ​​Japan in the east and the Amur Basin in the west. They are not symmetrical. The watershed chain is shifted towards the sea, and all water flows from the eastern slopes are much shorter than those that flow from the western side. Because of this, they got their name, which is translated from the Manchu language as "the pass of large western rivers."

Peaks

Sikhote-Alin are considered medium-altitude mountains. Most peaks reach only a thousand meters. Some peaks rise up to 2000 m. Tordoki-Yani is the most high mountain Sikhote-Alin. Its height is 2090 meters, relative height - 1989 meters.

Tordoki-Yani is a remnant - a surviving part of a long-destroyed formation. The mountain is located in the northern part of the massif. The cirque glaciers left numerous niches on the mountain, which are now filled with shallow lakes. At the very top, it is dotted with stone screes, rocky forms and acute-angled boulders (kurums).

Other famous peaks Sikhote-Alin: Mount Arseniev (1757 m), Yako (1955 m). Cloudy (1856 m), Pidan (1334 m), Olkhovaya (1668 m), Anik (1955 m), Lysaya (1554 m), etc. The second highest peak is a mountain with a short name "Ko". It rises to 2004 meters. From here begins the river of the same name. Koh is considered the southernmost two-thousander of the country.

Mountain relief

Sikhote-Alin differ significantly in the south and north. In the region of Primorye, in the southern part, they are smooth, not very high, rounded. To the side Khabarovsk Territory they acquire sharp, clear outlines. Here the relief is very dissected, and is represented by a mixture of rocks, depressions and destruction.

The foothills of the Sikhote-Alin are composed of basalt plateaus. The largest of them is Sovetskaya Gavan, consisting of rounded hills covered with forests. The mountains themselves are composed of sandy shales interspersed with other rocks.

The Sikhote-Alin mountains do not have one central peak. These are ancient formations. Having survived several geological eras, they have repeatedly been subjected to destructive forces. This is evidenced by single rocks, and the highest peaks, with their whole appearance and structure they indicate that they were once part of much higher and huge mountains.

On the western side, the foothills of the ridges are represented by horizontal terraces ending in ledges. The rivers in these places are rapids, often forming waterfalls. In the south and east, the rivers are fast and stormy. They flow down to the sea along the clefts between the sheer cliffs. The active work of the sea surf made the sea shores steep, which undoubtedly pleased the loons, gulls, cormorants and other birds nesting here.

Climate

The climate of most of the Sikhote-Alin mountains is unfavorable for humans and is equated to the Far North. It is monsoonal in nature. In winter, it is dry and cold from the winds coming from the continent, and in summer it is wet sea from air masses from the ocean.

However, this definition is more suitable for the western and northern slopes. In winter, the weather is snowless and very cold. In the north, in the mountains, the temperature reaches -45 degrees. Coastal areas are influenced by the Sea of ​​Japan, which makes the climate much milder. However, the weather is not calm.

In the south and east of the mountains, winter is a period of snowfalls and snowstorms. From January to March there is a high risk of avalanches. In spring, especially in the south, the mountains shed their snow completely. There may still be frosts in May, but the summer is always warm. It comes along with heavy rains, hurricane winds and fogs.

Nature

Due to their relatively low altitude, the Sikhote-Alin mountains are densely covered with vegetation. There are several large protected areas: Sikhote-Alin Reserve, Botchinsky and Lazovsky Reserves.

Mixed (coniferous-deciduous) forests and coniferous forests grow in the Sikhote-Alin mountains. They contain pointed yews, endemic Olginsky larches and microbiota. The forest zone reaches a mark of approximately 1400 meters. Further on, shrubs and dwarf species grow in a narrow strip, for example, Siberian dwarf pine (on Tordoki-Yani), which pass into the mountain tundra.

Rare and endangered inhabitants of the region are: Amur tiger, white-breasted and Japanese crane, fish owl, Amur goral, black stork. The northernmost subspecies of the leopard, the Far Eastern one, is also found here. which has only 57 individuals.

Man's footprint

People settled in the Sikhote-Alin mountains before our era. They did not rise too high, and located their dwellings on terraced slopes. They made weapons, blades and tips from material typical for this area. No, not iron or granite, but obsidian - dark volcanic glass.

In the Middle Ages, the territory of the Sikhote-Alin most likely extended the possessions of the Kingdom of Bohai. Its culture and political structure was similar to China. The kingdom was located on the Korean Peninsula, in Manchuria and the Primorsky Territory. In the mountains, archaeologists have discovered the remains of ancient fortifications, the foundation of the palace and other buildings of the Bohai period.

There are many minerals in the mountains and surrounding areas, such as gold, quartzite, lead, graphite, iron ores. However, the industrial development of the region began only 80 years ago. There are currently very few settlements in Sikhote-Alin. The largest of them are located in the lower reaches, the southern part of Primorye. In the north and in the center of the mountainous country, they are tied to a single railway.

Sikhote-Alin Reserve

The natural reserve in the Sikhote-Alin mountains was created back in 1935. Then its area was a whole million hectares. This did not last long, and after twenty years, it was reduced tenfold.

Now the reserve covers only 402,000 square kilometers, but this is enough to be listed by UNESCO and play a critical role in the conservation rare species. The goal of the park was originally to restore the number of endangered sables, but now the attention has shifted more to the Amur tigers.

The reserve is inhabited by 63 species of mammals, approximately 340 species of birds, 13 species of amphibians and reptiles. local nature is unique. On the same territory, both heat-loving and cold-resistant species live here. In the Sikhote-Alin park there are Himalayan bears, roe deer, minks. In it you can meet the Ussuri marten of yellow color, the forest cat covered with thick fur and the musk deer - a deer with two long fangs.

The flora is no less diverse and is represented by cedars, yews, alders, as well as many flowers and herbs, such as peonies, lemongrass, rhododendron, rhodiola.

Under protection are not only individual species, but also unique complexes: saline lakes, steppe meadows, lagoon lakes, rocky ecosystems and birch-oak groves - typical habitats of ungulates.

Meteor falling

In February 1947, one of the largest meteorites of our planet was approaching the Earth. He, of course, did not fly whole. From a collision with the atmosphere, the space rock crumbled into a meteor shower over the Sikhote-Alin mountains.

It consisted mainly of iron, but also of nickel, cobalt, sulfur, carbon and phosphorus. The fragments left behind more than a hundred craters and funnels. All found fragments weigh 27 tons. Individual fragments weighing 300, 500 and even 1000 kg came across, the largest of them reaches 1745 kg.

Sikhote-Alin is called a beautiful mountainous country. On the one hand, the Sea of ​​Japan, on the other - the Amur and Ussuri valleys and 2.5 thousand kilometers of mountain peaks, purest taiga forests, meadows, rivers, lakes. Geographically, this area is divided among themselves by three districts of Primorsky Krai: Terneysky, Krasnoarmeisky and Dalnegorsky.
The history of the study and development of these places is like an exciting western. Cossack foreman Vasily Poyarkov is considered the pioneer. In 1643, accompanied by 132 Cossacks, he set out along the unbeaten paths to the Amur region. The journey lasted four years, and the followers were never able to repeat the difficult route of Poyarkov. The expedition returned to Yakutsk with losses - more than half of the detachment remained forever in the taiga: someone died in battles with local daurs, and someone from cold, hunger and disease.
The journey of the French missionary de la Bruniere, begun in 1845, ended even more sadly. A year later, his body was found near the village of Gutong, the traveler was brutally murdered by representatives of local tribes. Later, the 13th Siberian Line Battalion of the Russian Imperial Army almost died here. The campaign, which began in the summer of 1856, dragged on, and the soldiers were not ready for the cold: no warm clothes, no food supplies. A barge with provisions was sent to meet them, but it ran aground, and people were left alone with the taiga.
"The entire path of the 13th line battalion from the time of freezing was littered with corpses. People fed on the meat of the dead, but this did not save them from death. Poorly dressed and almost barefoot, they froze on halts, not having the strength to rise to support the fire of the dying fire" , - the famous traveler Vladimir Arseniev wrote in his book.
He also made the first description of the nature of the Central Sikhote-Alin. And the first to cross this beautiful mountainous country was the Russian geographer and ethnographer Mikhail Venyukov.
White spots existed on the map of Sikhote-Alin for quite a long time. And if the southern part of the mountains along the rivers, judging by the archaeological finds, was mastered by tribes and settlements, then the hard-to-reach central part remained uninhabited and little studied. To carefully explore this area and preserve its unique animal world and vegetation, in the central and eastern parts of the territory in 1935 the Sikhote-Alin State Natural Biosphere Reserve was organized. It is currently the largest and best protected natural reserve in the world.
The word "endemic", which means a biological species that lives in a limited area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe territory, is applicable to many species of local flora and fauna. The most famous and specially protected representative of these places is the Amur tiger. The Sikhote-Alin Reserve is the last large integral territory in the world that is inhabited by these animals.
Another endemic of the Far East is the Far Eastern (Amur) forest cat. The fluffy striped animal was on the verge of extinction because of its beautiful fur, but now it lives again in these parts. In total, 63 species of mammals are currently registered on the territory of the reserve.
Every year, many tourists go on local routes, because the Sikhote-Alin mountains are low and gentle. On average, the height of the peaks is 600-800 meters, with the exception of individual hills (for example, Mount High - 1746 meters above sea level). Even those who have no climbing experience decide to storm them. The decoration of the slopes are mountain rivers with rapids and waterfalls.
The coast of the Sea of ​​Japan is distinguished by the rare severe beauty inherent in the cold seas. The shores are somewhere straight and sandy, somewhere they end with bizarre rocks and ledges that protrude far ahead. There are many beautiful bays and pebble beaches. Those who have been here once claim that they have not seen more picturesque and diverse places before.
Separately, it should be said about the local flora: more than 200 species of trees, shrubs and vines, not to mention varieties of herbs, mosses and flowers. Many plants grow in Russia exclusively within the reserve. The rarest and most protected species, the Jeze primrose, a modest pink-petaled flower, is found only here and in some of the mountains of Japan.
For archaeologists, the reserve is also very curious. At different times, ancient settlements and later human settlements were found here. The earliest date back to the 8th-7th centuries BC. e., to the Mesolithic period. The latest finds date back to the 19th century.
And of course, the so-called place of power, which many endow with a literally mystical meaning, is the Amur Pillars. Everyone who goes to the mountains from Khabarovsk along the Amur River strives to come here. Huge dark stone pillars, created by nature, stand here, it seems, forever. In any case, no one has yet determined their exact age, as well as their origin. Each stone has its own name, given by the ancient tribes who performed magical rites next to the stones: "Hunter", "Bowl", "Shaman" ... The legend says that if you lean your ear against the "Shaman", you can hear a knock - this his heart is beating. Or maybe the heart of all this fabulous land.
Sikhote-Alin meteorite
On February 12, 1947, a meteorite fell in the vicinity of the Sikhote-Alin ridge. Its fragments, the total mass of which scientists estimate at 60-100 tons, scattered for tens of kilometers. A total of 106 craters ranging in size from 1 to 28 meters were found. The depth of the largest is six meters.
Since that time, a huge number of both official and unofficial expeditions have been here. The meteorite craters of the Sikhote-Alin are protected by the state, but year after year more and more new seekers of meteorite fragments come to the fall area. Some take home treasured trophies. By the way, the composition of the meteorite itself does not represent any material value: 94% iron, 5.5% nickel, 0.38% cobalt and very small proportions of carbon, chlorine, phosphorus and sulfur.
The village closest to the place where the meteorite fell was previously called Beitsukhe, now it is called Meteoritic, and two streams in the area where the meteorite fell were named Big and Small Meteoritic.
Climate features
Winters in the reserve are relatively mild and very snowy. average temperature does not fall below minus 15 degrees Celsius. Snow falls in October and stays until April.
A characteristic feature is fogs, which are mostly distributed in coastal areas, with over 70% of fogs per year occurring in summer. Another a natural phenomenon these places - low cloudiness (when the clouds are much lower than many mountain peaks and you can literally touch them with your hands).
From June to August, frequent and severe thunderstorms are observed in the interior of the mainland. After heavy rain for two or three days, the rivers rise and overflow, the water level drops just as quickly. The average summer temperature is plus 15-19 degrees.

The material was prepared by order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation