A large Arctic reserve that protects. Large Arctic Reserve: animals, birds and plants. Natural characteristics of the territory of the reserve "Big Arctic"

13.10.2019

The Great Arctic Reserve is the largest federal institution of the nature protection type. It hosts various research and environmental education activities.

It is in this reserve that zoologists and botanists have unique opportunities to study a variety of ecosystems and gene pools.

The Great Arctic Reserve is one of the largest in Eurasia.

Process of creation

Officially, the administration of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug assigned a territory of 2 million hectares to the reserve only in 1993. At the same time, the boundaries natural area changed regularly. This was especially true for two areas - "Medusa Bay" and "Efremov Bay". Any activity that can damage nature is prohibited in this area.

The management of the Great Arctic Reserve operates para-natural reserves with an area of several hundred thousand hectares - the Brekhov Islands and Severozemelsky. Since 2013, the Great Arctic lost its independence and entered the largest complex "Reserves of Taimyr".

Territorial division

The main area of the protected area is Krasnoyarsk region. The administration is based in Norilsk. The territory itself includes several land plots, which are formed by natural boundaries. These are islands, archipelagos, bays and bays. The Great Arctic Reserve is divided into 7 large sections:

Pyasinsky;
Dixon-Sibiryakovsky;
"Chelyuskin Peninsula";
"Islands of the Kara Sea";
"Middendorf Bay";
"Lower Taimyr";
"The Nordenskjold Archipelago".

The main natural and climatic conditions in this area correspond to the arctic tundra, but the lands located to the north of all are characterized as arctic deserts.

A separate attraction of the reserve are icebergs, most of which are hidden under water. Some of these ice debris over 1000 years old. Over time, the shape and size of glaciers change. In one year, up to 30,000 pieces of debris move away from the Arctic.

To visit the Great Arctic Reserve, you need to get the approval of the management and choose one of the tourist routes. Today, within natural complex offers a unique opportunity for arctic fishing, as well as an ornithological tour.

Plant diversity of the reserve

As part of the conservation complex, scientists have about 30 families of higher plants. Among them, most of all are cereals, cabbage, and there are also many varieties of cloves and sedges. The reserve has almost 100 species of mosses, 70 species of lichens and some rare species mushrooms.

The floristic world of the Great Arctic Reserve is especially interesting because it marks the boundary between the plant kingdom of western and eastern Siberia. That is why the flowers, shrubs and trees in the same “Medusa Bay” and on the “Sibiryakov Island” are strikingly different.

The most common shrub here is the polar willow, and among the lichens - cladonia and cetraria. Unusual and very beautiful flowers in the north are poppies and arctic roses.

The animal kingdom in the arctic tundra

Of particular interest to the scientific community is the species diversity of birds in the reserve. Over 5 dozen species of birds not only live, but nest in this area. For example, white gull, white-fronted goose, dunlin.

The Great Arctic Reserve also allows you to see almost 20 species of mammals, including marine animals. The largest herd of wild reindeer lives here, as well as wolverines, polar bears and musk oxen. In the Kara Sea, you can meet walruses, seals, white whales and almost 30 species of fish. Surprisingly, in these lands you can even find insects that pollinate flowers. In particular, it is a polar bumblebee.

Founded in May 1993, the Great Arctic Reserve is a state environmental center.

Its main goal is to protect and explore the unusual ecosystem of the Arctic. The reserve has a territory equal to 4169 thousand hectares. Of these, the sea area is 981 thousand hectares. The reserve is the third largest in the world and the first in Eurasia.

For tourists who come to see the beauties of the Arctic, the reserve offers excursions along such exciting routes as the Taimyr Labyrinth, Meduza Bay and Khutuda-Biga - the river of life. Excursions provide an opportunity to get to know the culture and everyday life of the Nenets, the indigenous peoples of the North, to see their camp.

The black goose is a representative of the feathered world of the Great Arctic Reserve.

In addition, safaris are held: both zoological and ornithological. Rafting and, oddly enough, scuba diving are possible. A summer trip along the Hutuda Biga River, whose name means "river of life", immediately confirms its correctness. Life is in full swing here: wild geese gather in numerous flocks on the banks for molting, polar salmon spawn, and herds of wild reindeer graze along the river.

Getting to know the local population and its culture is an informative and interesting activity.

Temperature regime in the protected area is quite heavy, since it is located beyond the Arctic Circle. That is why the Arctic permafrost is present throughout the site. The Arctic reserve is located on the islands and coast of the Arctic Ocean.

Coastal territories approach the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. In the Great Arctic Reserve you can see interesting phenomenon polar day and night. The sun changes its altitude significantly over the course of the year. April sees the strongest sunshine.

The landscapes of this nature protection center are very diverse. clear and sunny days they rarely visit the tundra, but if you are lucky enough to see it, the impression remains forever. The sun transforms everything around, filling it with colors.

Principal Representatives flora of this harsh land are the lichens. Enduring the harsh climate, they add colors to the tundra - from yellow to black.

The reindeer is a local inhabitant.

Herds of deer live throughout the reserve ( reindeer). A common inhabitant can also be called a polar bear. On the island territories it can be seen all year round. On the mainland of the protected area, this inhabitant usually appears in winter period, and then in the very north. Lemmings living in the reserve are very numerous. The number of polar carnivores also depends on how many of them there are.

Feathered inhabitants living all year round in the protected area: tundra partridge and snowy owl. Almost all months of the year you can see seagulls (white, fork-tailed, pink), as well as eider.

(Federal State Institution "State Nature Reserve "Big Arctic"") is a state environmental, research and environmental education institution of federal significance, with the goal of preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, certain species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.

Great Arctic Reserve




IUCN Category - Ia (Strict Nature Reserve)

basic information

Square	4169222 ha


Foundation date	May 11, 1993



Location

75°46′39″ N sh. 98°15′11″ E d. HGIOL

Country




bigarctic.ru




Media files at Wikimedia Commons

Location of the administration of the reserve: 663000, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Norilsk, Leninsky Prospekt, 21, bldg. one.

The history of the formation of the reserve

The Great Arctic Reserve was established by a decree of the Council of Ministers - Government Russian Federation dated May 11, 1993 No. 431 "On the creation of a state nature reserve"Big Arctic" of the Ministry of Protection environment and natural resources Russian Federation" with the consent (at the suggestion) of the administration of the Taimyr autonomous region, which adopted Decree No. 29 of March 1, 1993 "On the organization of the Great Arctic Reserve on the territory of the Dikson administrative region of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug" on the lands of the reserve of the Dikson region with a total area of 4,169,222 hectares. By the same decree of the Administration of the Autonomous Okrug, within the boundaries of the land plot of the Great Arctic Reserve, a biospheric polygon with a total area of 2,007,069 hectares was allocated with a regime of limited economic activity.

By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 11, 1993 No. 431, the Administration of the Autonomous Okrug was ordered to clarify the boundaries of the reserve. Fulfilling this resolution, the Administration of the Autonomous Okrug adopted Resolution No. 134 dated September 26, 1994 “On clarifying the boundaries and fixing the buffer zone of the Bolshoy Arktichny state nature reserve”, which changed the boundaries of the part of the Bolshoy Arktichny reserve - “Meduza Bay” and formed a buffer zone “Medusa Bay” with a total area of 3,020 hectares and a protected zone called “Efremov Bay” with a total area of 6,530 hectares with the restriction within their boundaries of any activity that adversely affects the natural components of the landscape.

In accordance with the Regulations on the Bolshoy Arktichesky Reserve, it manages the Severozemelsky Federal State Nature Reserve with an area of 421,701 hectares and the Brekhovskiye Islands State Nature Reserve of okrug significance with an area of 288,487 hectares.

On March 20, 2013, it ceased to be an independent institution and became part of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Reserves of Taimyr" along with the Taimyr and Putoransky reserves.

Territory of the Great Arctic Reserve

The territory of the reserve is a land plot with features that distinguish it from the usual ideas about a land plot as a “single array”. At the same time, these features big square, multi-contour configuration, composite, two-level cluster character (that is, qualitative, taking into account the heterogeneity and diversity of lands) - are inherent in the territories of state nature reserves.

Within the boundaries of the territory of the Great Arctic Reserve, there are interspersed land plots belonging to a different category of land (industrial land) and having a different purpose (the polar station of Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee, navigation signs and land previously provided for polar stations, but subsequently returned to the treasury of the Russian Federation) .

The land plot of the Great Arctic Reserve consists of 35 separate parts (contours) formed both by individual islands and groups of islands, archipelagos or mainland parts of the Taimyr Peninsula with the adjacent waters of the Kara Sea, its bays and bays. The entire land plot of the reserve is located within the boundaries municipality urban settlement Dixon of Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky municipal district Krasnoyarsk region.

The Great Arctic Reserve consists of 7 cluster areas:

Dixon-Sibiryakovsky
"Islands of the Kara Sea"
Pyasinsky

Natural characteristics of the territory of the Great Arctic Reserve

The main territory of the reserve belongs to the arctic tundra subzone, and the northernmost sections belong to the arctic desert zone. Permafrost rocks are common throughout the reserve. The thickness of permafrost is 500-700 m in the valleys and 200-300 m in the interfluves, in the West Taimyr ridges - 700-900 m and 300-500 m, respectively. from -11 to -13 °С.

Snow usually covers the tundra in late August - early September, but a stable snow cover forms in mid-late September. The snowless period is the longest at Dikson (103-110 days), the longest snow lies at Cape Chelyuskin (300 days). Full melting of snow usually occurs in late June - early July. In winter, winds of southern rhumbs (southern, southwest and southeast) prevail, in summer - northwest, north and northeast.

Flora and fauna

Of the representatives of higher plants in the reserve, 162 species belonging to 28 families were noted. According to the number of species, cereals (28 species), cabbage (19 species), cloves (16), saxifrage (15) and sedge (13 species) are distinguished. Among the flowering plants, a brightly flowering species stands out - the cushion poppy. Among bryophytes 15 species were identified

Taimyr Autonomous Okrug

History of creation
The Great Arctic Reserve is the largest reserve in Russia and all of Eurasia, the third largest in the world. Its area is 4169 thousand hectares, including 981 thousand hectares - the sea area. In total, it includes seven separate sections.

Physical and geographical features
The reserve is located on the islands and coast of the Arctic Ocean. Its shores are washed by two seas: the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. Since the reserve occupies a vast territory and consists of separate sections, its landscapes are very diverse.
Permafrost is common throughout the Great Arctic Reserve. The climate here is very harsh, because the reserve is located beyond the Arctic Circle.
Here the phenomena of the polar day and polar night are observed, so that the duration of sunshine and the height of the sun above the horizon during the year vary within very wide limits. In the annual course, the maximum duration of sunshine is observed in April.

Diversity of flora and fauna
For the most part arctic desert practically devoid of vegetation. General form the tundra is monotonously monotonous, especially in bad weather. But on very rare clear days here, the tundra is transformed, filled with colors and makes an indelible impression. The main vegetation in this area is mosses and lichens, which endure the harsh conditions of the Arctic. They paint the tundra in various colors from bright yellow to black.
Of the birds, the characteristic inhabitants of the tundra are the snowy owl and the tundra partridge, which do not leave the harsh Taimyr in winter. Birds such as the Siberian eider, white and pink gulls are also found here almost all year round.
In the reserve, nesting and molting sites of black geese are taken under protection, rare species of gulls are found: pink, fork-tailed, white. The pink gull is a rare, little-studied species, endemic to Russia, listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. Only one nesting colony of these birds is known in Taimyr.
Of the mammals, the smallest northern animals, lemmings, are numerous. The number of lemmings determines the number of predators - arctic fox, hairy buzzard, skuas. Throughout the reserve there is a wild reindeer, relatively normal view Great Arctic Reserve - polar bear. On the islands, it occurs all year round, on the mainland - mainly in winter, and more often in the very north.

What to watch
The reserve has developed several wonderful routes with names that beckon to set off: "Taimyr Labyrinth", "Khutuda-Biga - a river rich in life", "Medusa Bay", "Spring on Khutuda-Biga". They include visiting the camp of the Nenets, getting to know their culture and way of life, ornithological and zoological safaris, rafting and even diving.
Khutuda-Biga is translated as "a river rich in life." So it was called by the indigenous inhabitants of Taimyr - Nganasans. Traveling along the river, you can be sure that they were right: near the mouth in summer they accumulate for seasonal molt many thousands of geese, arctic salmon rise from the sea to the upper reaches of the river to spawning grounds, herds of wild deer are visible along the banks.

According to oopt.info and zapoved.ru

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Location Krasnoyarsk Territory, Taymyrsky District Country Russia Square 4169222 ha Foundation date May 11, 1993 Website http://www.bigarctic.ru

The Federal State Institution "State Nature Reserve "Big Arctic"" (hereinafter referred to as the "Big Arctic" Reserve) is a state environmental, research and environmental education institution of federal significance, with the aim of preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.

Location of the administration of the Bolshoy Arkticheskoy Reserve: 663000, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Norilsk, Leninsky Prospekt, 21, bldg. one.

The history of the formation of the reserve "Big Arctic"

The Bolshoy Arkticheskoy Reserve was established by Decree of the Council of Ministers - the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 11, 1993 No. 431 “On the Creation of the Bolshoy Arkticheskiy State Nature Reserve of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation” with the consent (at the suggestion) of the administration of the Taimyr Autonomous district, which adopted Decree No. 29 dated March 1, 1993 “On the organization of the Great Arctic Reserve on the territory of the Dikson administrative region of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug” on the lands of the reserve of the Dikson region with a total area of 4,169,222 hectares. By the same decree of the Administration of the Autonomous Okrug, within the boundaries of the land plot of the Bolshoy Arktichesky Reserve, a biospheric polygon with a total area of 2,007,069 hectares was allocated with a regime of limited economic activity.

The territory of the reserve "Big Arctic"

The territory of the reserve is a land plot with features that distinguish it from the usual ideas about a land plot as a “single array”. At the same time, these features - a large area, a multi-contour configuration, a composite, two-level cluster character (that is, a qualitative one that takes into account the heterogeneity and diversity of lands) - are inherent in the territories of state nature reserves.

Within the boundaries of the territory of the Bolshoy Arktichsky nature reserve, there are interspersed land plots belonging to a different category of land (industrial land) and having a different purpose (the polar station of Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee, navigation signs and land previously provided for polar stations, but subsequently returned to the treasury of the Russian federation).

The land plot of the Bolshoy Arktichesky Reserve consists of 35 separate parts (contours) formed by both individual islands and groups of islands, archipelagos or mainland parts of the Taimyr Peninsula with the adjoining water area of the Kara Sea, its bays and bays. The entire land plot of the reserve is located within the boundaries of the municipality of the urban settlement Dikson of the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The Big Arctic reserve consists of 7 cluster areas:

Dixon-Sibiryakovsky
"Islands of the Kara Sea"
Pyasinsky
"Lower Taimyr"
"Chelyuskin Peninsula"

Natural characteristics of the territory of the reserve "Big Arctic"

The main territory of the reserve belongs to the arctic tundra subzone, and the northernmost sections belong to the arctic desert zone. Permafrost rocks are common throughout the territory of the Bolshoy Arkticheskoy Reserve. The thickness of permafrost is 500-700 m in the valleys and 200-300 m in the interfluves, in the West Taimyr ridges - 700-900 m and 300-500 m, respectively. from -11 to -13 °С.

Of the representatives of the flora of higher plants, 162 species belonging to 28 families were noted in the reserve. According to the number of species, cereals (28 species), cabbage (19 species), cloves (16), saxifrage (15) and sedge (13 species) are distinguished. Among the flowering plants, a colorful, brightly flowering species stands out - the cushion poppy. Among bryophytes, 15 species of liver mosses and 74 species of leafy mosses were identified, 89 species in total. Amblystegia mosses stand out especially - different types of drepanokladus, calliergon and the like, a total of 18 species. 15 species of fungi have been identified - most of them are lamellar (agaric); among them is a rare white-skinned fiber. Lichens are widely distributed here - 70 species. Comparison of the flora indicates that an important botanical and geographical boundary between the western and eastern Siberian flora passes between Sibiryakov Island and Meduza Bay. This is one of the manifestations of the Yenisei biogeographic boundary - the largest meridional boundary of this kind in the Palearctic.

Fauna: 124 species of birds live here, of which 55 species reliably nest in its territory; Also on the territory of the reserve there are 18 species of mammals, of which 4 species are marine animals, fish - 29 species.

Literature

Bartnovsky V. "In the Far North" //newspaper "Nash Krai". Krasnoyarsk - 2001. - No. 48.
Gavrilov A. "Reserved corners of the Khatanga tundra." - Krasnoyarsk, 2002. - 60 p.
Prudnikov S. "The Lost World under the Polar Star" // Names and Faces. - 2008. - No. 5.
Tusheva L. "The largest in the world" //newspaper "Krasnoyarsk worker". Krasnoyarsk - 1997. - November 15.