The development of tourism in the years of Soviet power. Development of the Soviet system of tourism in the second half of the 20th century Problems of development of youth tourism in the Russian Federation

Introduction

1. Stages of development of tourism in the USSR

1.1. Post-revolutionary stage of tourism development

2.2. Development of tourism legislation

Conclusion

On April 12, 1918, V.I. Lenin signed a decree "On the removal of monuments erected in honor of the Tsar and their servants, and the development of projects for monuments to the Russian Socialist Revolution." A memorial is being created near the Kremlin, on which the names of outstanding thinkers and revolutionaries are perpetuated. In Moscow, Petrograd and other cities, the construction of monuments, stelae, bas-reliefs and memorial plaques began in honor of famous fighters for people's power, for revolutionary achievements. These first objects of proletarian ideological symbols and paraphernalia have also become objects of new revolutionary, exhibition tours and tourist events.

At the same time, the search for new organizational forms of tourism and excursions began. In some institutions, subdivisions were created, the task of which was to conduct excursions and tourist trips outside the city.

One of the first to carry out this work was the out-of-school department of the People's Commissariat for Education (Narkompros) in November 1917. It was headed by N.K. Krupskaya. Similar subdivisions were organized in the provincial network of Narkompros. In 1918, excursion stations were created throughout the country, and the Experimental Excursion Base of the People's Commissariat of Education was formed.

In March 1919, V.I. Lenin signed a decree "On medical areas of national importance", which contributed to the development of medical tourism and the organization of excursions to healing springs.

In 1920, the United Lecture and Excursion Bureau was created under the People's Commissariat of Education, a prototype of modern tourist and excursion institutions, the purpose of which is to widely promote proletarian tourism and excursions.

Since 1920, excursions and so-called tourist trips began to be carried out by some departments and institutions. For workers and employees, trade unions became their organizers. Students and military personnel were sent on trips by the People's Commissariat of Education and the RKSM. This work was mainly carried out by enthusiasts on a freelance basis. They developed tourist programs, routes.

As the interest of the population in tourism and excursions grew, the need for their use in cultural work became obvious. Among the population for this purpose, as well as to increase ideological content of all activities in the field of tourism and excursions, the methodological management of tourist and excursion practice in 1920 was entrusted to the Main Political and Educational Committee of the Narkompros (Glavpolitprosvet). The question arose about the training of public personnel; the created excursion stations began to prepare a freelance asset - group guides and so-called tourism organizers.

Glavpolitprosvet undertook to investigate the question of how effective the initial forms of tourism and excursions are and whether they meet the urgent tasks of society. The Provincial Political Education Department of the Moscow Department of Public Education (Gubpolitprosvet MONO) was instructed to conduct a study to study the demand and wishes of the working people of Moscow in the field of tourism. A selective survey was conducted among residents of the Krasnopresnensky and Rogozhsko-Simonovsky districts of the capital, which showed that tourism and excursions were becoming more and more popular among the population, especially trips to study the social reorganization of society. As a result, the so-called social science excursion topics were developed.

In the early 1920s, interest in tourism and excursions began to grow. Thousands of working people were involved in excursions, trips and travels. So, only one excursion section of the Gubpolitprosveta MONO in 1921 conducted more than 400 group excursions every month. Approximately the same number of people were served by the Moscow City Council of Trade Unions, the Labor Artel of Moscow Workers, and others.

The excursion conference, held in 1921 in Petrograd with the participation of trade unions, the Head of Political Education and the Petrograd excursion institute, studied the results of excursion work and recommended expanding its use in school practice.

Structural expansion of the network of tourism and excursions has begun. Departments of near and far excursions were created at the People's Commissariat of Education, which were handled by N.K. Krupskaya. In 1923, the department of long-distance excursions of the People's Commissariat of Education became part of the Moscow Museum and Excursion Institute, and later - in the joint-stock company "Soviet Tourist" (Sovtour).

Various institutions began to organize tourism and excursions. For the first time after 1914, a trip to the Crimea was organized by the Institute of Extracurricular Work Methods, the Ya.M. Sverdlov Communist University, the Communist University of the Working People of the East; some universities and workers' faculties promoted tourism among students and students. Stations of young naturalists offered "natural history" excursions. Some museums have put into practice "through museum tours" for out-of-town tourists.

The study and expansion of the methods and organizational principles of tourism and excursions were initially carried out by the Moscow Institute of Methods of Extracurricular Work, the scientific and pedagogical forces of Petrograd, the excursion business department of Moscow State University, and the excursion sections of the Glavpolitprosveta.

Somewhat later, the Main Directorate of Scientific and Scientific and Artistic Institutions under the Nar-Compros (Glavnauka) developed methodological foundations work of local history organizations in many cities of the country. They created the first experimental models of group local history trips, trips, and excursions on the ground.

Certain measures for the development of tourism were taken by the state. They were aimed at creating a material and technical base and training professional personnel. The ways of activity in this direction became more and more obvious: the centralization of tourism activities, the provision of tourists and sightseers with transport, accommodation, food, as well as guidebooks, information about the objects of visit, the training of personnel group organizers, etc.

In 1923 alone, the People's Commissariat of Education and the Institute of Extracurricular Work Methods trained 2,500 group teachers for tourist groups and held ten-day seminars for workers from other cities in the education system. Teachers and Komsomol activists were trained in excursion circles and seminars at the Central House of Gubpros and its regional houses in Moscow. They were essentially the first professional staff in Soviet tourism, although they worked part-time.

By the beginning of the 1920s, the geography of tourism was taking shape. If in 1918 - 1920. campaigns and trips were carried out locally - within the Moscow and Petrograd provinces, then in 1921 - 1924. there have already been tourist trips beyond their borders and beyond. Mutual visits to neighboring cities began. The first all-Union route was the mass route to the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow.

More and more institutions began to turn to tourism as one of the progressive forms of recreation. According to the ideas of the organizers, tourism in the future was to become a necessary part of everyday life, not only a personal matter for everyone, but also a mass socio-political movement.

These ideas were developed by public, and then by special publications: "On the Ways of the New School", "Bulletin of Education", "Excursion Business", etc.

A significant role in such activities belonged to the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda. In December 1926, the newspaper created a headquarters under the editorial office and was one of the initiators of the development of mass tourism, which, in terms of goals and content, she called "proletarian".

The headquarters of "Komsomolskaya Pravda" in 1926 organized the first numerous trip of 600 workers to "Volkhovstroy" in the history of tourist and excursion work. Immediately after that, a tourism bureau was created under the Central Committee of the Komsomol, and then Komsomolskaya Pravda held the first correspondence meeting on the organization of proletarian tourism.

Meanwhile, in the presence of several institutions that conducted unstable tourist trips for people of various professions, there was no specialized department - the organizer of tourism for the broad masses of workers. The existing Russian Society of Tourists (ROT), due to its small number and adherence to pre-revolutionary methods of leadership, was not able to lead the tourist movement.

By the end of the 1920s, within the framework of the general tasks of cultural work, it became necessary to streamline the management of tourism and excursions throughout the country, create a target organization capable of providing the population with meaningful and cheap tourist travel, develop a clear ideological basis for tourism, create a material base, personnel, routes to make tourism useful for the national economy.

Trade unions, Komsomol and Narkompros became in 1924-1928. leaders of tourism and excursion work in the country. Organizational forms initially developed autonomously in two directions: the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the People's Commissariat of Education began to create grassroots tourist links - groups at industrial and agricultural enterprises, in educational institutions, at clubs, etc.

Komsomol created a tourism bureau under the Komsomol committees. The bureau was tasked with assisting local "mass travel societies", conducting reference and instructor work. Under them, sections were created: local history, camp, distant, suburban tourism. They accumulated tourist materials (maps, route descriptions), cooperation was established with interested state and public organizations - local trade union councils, sports and local history teams, associations of young naturalists, Osoaviakhim, Osnav (Water Rescue Society), as well as public catering establishments , transport, hotel, utilities and other services. Such activities contributed to the organizational development of tourism, an increase in the number of its participants.

Only in the first half of 1927, about 200 thousand people of different ages, professional and territorial affiliation took part in group campaigns and trips along the Komsomol line.

The Tourism Bureau has begun fundraising for the further development of tourist and excursion work. For this purpose, lotteries, amateur performances were held among the population, Sundays were organized to collect waste paper, scrap metal, and various works were carried out.

In 1927, the Central Bureau of Mass Tourism for the first time expanded the geography of tourism and excursions, offering workers 39 approximate routes in six regions of the country: North-Western, Central Industrial, Middle Volga, Urals, Crimea, Caucasus.

Combining the efforts of trade unions and the Komsomol on tourism issues made it possible to introduce a preferential railway fare along routes, rent premises for tourist camps, accumulate equipment, i.e. provide workers with tourism services paid in part by trade unions.

As the network of local tourist organizations expanded, its organizational structure improved. This contributed to an increase in the role of grassroots cells. They listened to the reports and wishes of tourists, based on them were compiled guidelines for new trips, hikes, trips, local history data were accumulated.

In 1927, at the editorial office of the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper, a temporary reference and instruction center and an organizing commission were created, which were instructed to prepare the issue of creating a mass tourism society. Thus, the Komsomol became the initiator and organizer of the development of mass tourism, which, since the mid-1920s, has launched extensive activities in organizing youth leisure.

The Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League and the editors of Komsomolskaya Pravda held a meeting in January 1927 on the organization of mass tourism. All its participants expressed the opinion that tourism should become widespread, become a powerful means of raising the cultural and political level of young people, familiarizing themselves with the history and modern life of the country. Health-improving value of campaigns, their opportunities for development of public initiative were emphasized. At the meeting, a tourism commission was created under the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League and the editorial office of Komsomolskaya Pravda, which began its work with propaganda. On the pages of "Komsomolskaya Pravda", then in almost all local Komsomol newspapers, articles by Y. Ilyin, L. Barkhash, G. Bergman and other enthusiasts about tourism were published, advice was given on travel techniques, recommendations for approximate routes, messages about the first undertakings.

"Where will you go next Sunday?" the newspaper addressed readers. "Don't miss the holidays for local tourism. Get ready for summer holidays." In "Komsomolskaya Pravda" opened the column "Tourist's mailbox".

At the provincial and district committees of the Komsomol, tourism bureaus began to form, and at the cells - tourist sections. Already in March 1927, at the V All-Union Conference of the Komsomol, the speaker on cultural work I. Zheldak reported that "we have grown a movement that the union had not dealt with before - proletarian tourism, in which there are about 20 thousand tourists united in groups" .

In 1927, the pre-revolutionary Russian Society of Tourists (ROT) resumed its activities in Moscow, uniting about 500 people. In terms of social composition, the society mainly consisted of the intelligentsia and former wealthy townspeople, and only one person represented the workers. On the advice of the Bureau of Tourism under the Komsomol Committee, 1,500 young tourists were sent to the ROT, who demanded the convening of an extraordinary conference. At this conference, the activities of the old board were recognized as unsatisfactory and a new one was elected, which included N.V. Krylenko (chairman), V. Antonov-Saratovsky, L. Barkhash, V. Nikitin and others. The society was renamed the Society of Proletarian Tourism (OPT).

Thus, in July 1928, the OPT began practical tourist and excursion work, focusing primarily on the wishes of the working people. Only in the first year of its existence, the society served more than 300 thousand people. In 1929, the Charter of the OPT was approved.

Compared with other organizations of departmental tourism, the Society for Proletarian Tourism of the RSFSR immediately took first place in terms of popularity among workers and the amount of work. It carried out 90% of tourist and excursion work in the country.

The organizational basis of the society was the primary tourist cells at industrial and agricultural enterprises, institutions, educational institutions, in the Red Army, at reading rooms, etc.

The activities of the OPT covered not only the adult population. Since 1929, children's tourist and excursion stations were organized under him. Branches of the Society of Proletarian Tourism of the RSFSR were widely developed in Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan and other republics, contributing to the all-Union expansion of the geography of tourism.

The creation of the protected area meant a transition to a mass organized tourist and excursion work, but it clearly lacked the material capacity. Therefore, in order to strengthen and develop the mass tourist movement in the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in March 1930 adopted a resolution "On the merger of the joint-stock company" Soviet Tourist "with the Society of Proletarian Tourism of the RSFSR and the creation of the All-Union Voluntary Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE)".

The work of the newly created society was put on a state basis. Other autonomous organizations of tourism were introduced into its structure (joint-stock company "Tourist of Georgia", Ukrainian society "Umpet", etc.). OPTE improved its work. Its Central Council included state, professional, public and other organizations and enterprises. It was led by the Presidium of the Central Council of the Society. A prominent statesman, People's Commissar of Justice N.V. Krylenko was elected Chairman of the Presidium. financial basis OPTE made membership dues and funds of the organizations. Presidium of the Supreme Economic Council USSR instructed several enterprises to establish the production of tourist equipment.

The results were not slow to affect the level of work. So, if in the year of its creation, the OPTE organized trips for 300 thousand people, then the very next year - for 3 million tourists. By 1931, the number of members of the society had grown to 500 thousand, by 1932 - up to 800 thousand people. The professional composition of tourists has changed: by the end of 1930, there were 49% of workers, the next year - already 52%, employees accounted for 19%, students - 23%, collective farmers and peasants - 6%.

Direct work with the population was carried out through the grassroots tourist cell. The regulation on it was developed by the All-Union Conference of Tourists in September 1930, which stated that the main task of the cell was "propaganda of the ideas of organized tourism and excursions and the mass involvement of workers, turning tourism into a truly popular, organized proletarian movement."

The growing mass character of tourism required the further development of the corresponding material base, which in turn necessitated the attraction of additional material and financial resources.

The All-Union Voluntary Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions inherited from Sovtur and other organizations several enterprises of material production and consumer services (workshops for the production and repair of tourist equipment, boat stations, ski rentals, bases in the Crimea and the Caucasus, etc.), and the company's budget totaled only 2 thousand rubles. Therefore, the OPTE took several steps to accumulate a financial fund, the main source of which was the contributions of collective and individual members. The money was transferred to a special "tourist" account of the Moscow branch of the State Bank.

The acquired funds were invested in the widespread development of the material and technical base of tourism. Tourist camps, campsites, bases, shelters, mountain huts, tent camps, tourist material production enterprises were built and rented from various organizations. By the beginning of the second five-year plan, there were about 300 own and leased bases, factories, repair shops and shops for tourist equipment, photo studios, rental offices and other enterprises in the OPTE system.

In the mid-1930s, the material and technical basis of tourism became so strong that its financial contributions to the state budget amounted to significant amounts. Centrally and autonomously, OPTE units and cells contributed money to local industry and Agriculture, for cultural construction, the defense of the state. Part of the deductions was intended for the construction of tourist facilities of national importance. So, 3 million rubles. were subsidized for the construction of the All-Union Tourist House in Moscow.

Part of the financial savings was directed by the OPTE to create a public platform for the tourist and excursion movement - the media. Since the beginning of the 1930s, OPTE has been publishing the periodicals "World Tourist", "On Land and Sea" (at first monthly, then twice a month) and the organizational and methodological monthly "Tourist-activist". The supplement to the magazine "On land and at sea" was the "Tourist's Library" (12 brochures per year) - small brochures, the authors of which were tourists, who reported on the most successful tourist and research expeditions and trips, on the types of social work among the population in route locations. Since 1929, the magazine "Tourist" began to be published - the organ of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, which later became the leading periodical on the theory, methodology and practice of Soviet tourism. In addition, the state publishing house "Physical Culture and Tourism" was created in Moscow, which published books on the methods and techniques of various types of tourism, with descriptions of tourist areas and specific trips. Local societies, such as "Tourist of Transcaucasia" and others, began to publish books and periodic bulletins.

In Moscow and some other cities, "Tourist" shops were opened, where a small discount was set for members of the society.

The creation of an organizational and managerial basis (district, city, regional, republican and Central tourism divisions, an extensive network of cells), the development of a material and technical base, an increase in the population's demand for tourist services have significantly expanded the geography of tourism. Traveling and hiking in new areas became more and more frequent - Western Siberia, Altai, Kuzbass, Central Asia, the Arctic.

The development of foreign tourism necessitated the development of measures to streamline the reception of foreign guests in the USSR. In May 1929, by decision of the Council of Labor and Defense, the All-Union Joint-Stock Company "Intourist" was created. In addition to receiving and serving foreign delegations and tourist groups, it organizes the departure of its own tourists abroad. In 1930 - 1931. For the first time, mass cruise trips of labor shock workers of the first five-year plan were carried out on board the motor ships "Abkhazia" and "Ukraine" around Europe. Participants were received in Germany, Italy and Turkey (England and France did not allow stops) by employees of the Soviet plenipotentiaries. M. Gorky specially came to Naples for all the days of the stay of "Abkhazia". The trip has been the subject of several books and films.

Over 200 railway, walking and combined routes on local history, industrial, agricultural and other topics were provided to tourists in the mid-30s. The number of tourists and sightseers has increased. At the turn of the first and second five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR, the OPTE alone provided tourism services to about one and a half million workers.

To a large extent, this success was ensured by the reduction in the cost of public services. Groups of tourists were entitled to preferential travel by rail (50% of the cost for groups of at least three people and for a distance of more than 300 km). Members of the SPTE were provided with preferential services at tourist bases.

The contingent of tourists has also changed in the direction of an increase in representatives of the working class and the peasantry. So, if in 1930 workers and collective farmers accounted for 55%, then in 1935 - already 61%.

The increase in the volume of activities, as well as the expansion of the network of tourist organizations and cells (there were about 1 thousand district councils alone), the development of new routes, and the improvement of the material and technical base required a solution to the problem of personnel. It was necessary to train practical workers of the tourist apparatus, personnel of service enterprises, qualified guides, guides, and public organizers.

Since it was no longer possible to service tourism by the forces of public figures, who were mainly entrusted with this work, the Central Council of the OPTE, continuing to a certain extent focus on enthusiasts, invited Komsomol, trade union and other workers to cooperate.

In local tourism organizations staffing units were created. For their training and advanced training, as well as for the preparation of a personnel reserve, the OPTE opened short-term central tourism courses for the asset. For several years, over 10 thousand people were covered by these forms of education. At the same time, the issues of creating departments and cycles on tourism and excursions in political education and technical schools, introducing an optional course on tourism at the geographical and ethnographic faculties of a number of higher educational institutions were worked out. A specialized technical school for training middle-level tourist workers was opened in Moscow.

A significant event in the activities of the OPTE in 1932 was the All-Union Congress, which met in the Hall of Columns. The delegates represented 800,000 members of the society. OPTE already had over 300 tourist bases. Financial plan in 1932 it exceeded 80 million rubles. The number of participants in the campaigns was already hundreds of thousands.

However, difficulties and unresolved problems began to accumulate in the field of tourism development and excursions. There was a discrepancy between the growth of tourist-excursion movement and the existing material base, there was a shortage of tourism specialists. By this time, two main directions of workers had developed and gained mass distribution in national tourism: hikes of workers, especially young people, as part of amateur tourism and tourist-excursion trips and travel along planned routes. Both areas required equally constant attention and creation favorable conditions for his further development.

1.2. The processes of development of domestic tourism in the middle of the 20th century

In April 1936, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR considered it inappropriate to further develop tourism within the framework of a voluntary society and decided to liquidate it. All the property of the OPTE (hostels, factories, etc.) was transferred to the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, where a tourist and excursion department was created - the TEU of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, which was entrusted with the management of tourist routes of all-Union significance, as well as all activities in the field of tourism and excursions. The functions of the territorial TEU, which worked on a self-supporting principle according to the planned tasks of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, included tourism promotion, public consultations, cultural and mass services and economic services along the way, route development, as well as the construction of tourist houses, mountain huts, camps, and the production of inventory. In November 1937, the Charter of the Tourist and Excursion Administration of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions was approved.

The management of independent tourism was entrusted to the All-Union Council of Physical Culture under the Central Executive Committee, and mountaineering was separated from tourism.

The liquidation of the SPTE has caused enormous damage to the development of tourism. In the mid-1930s, not only the OPTE was liquidated, but also almost all mass voluntary societies: "Friend of Children", "Avtodor", "Down with Illiteracy", "Technology for the Masses", etc.

By this time, an administrative-command system had already taken shape in the country, which did not need amateur public organizations that united thousands of people. They were replaced by reliable officials. Voluntary societies were seen as potentially dangerous "nests", convenient signs for "enemies of the people".

The next step was the repressions in 1937-1938. former employees of liquidated companies. Most of the former members of the Presidium of the Central Council (CC), many members of the CC, employees of local organizations and cell activists were arrested in the OPTE. The victims of repression were V.L. Semenkovsky, L.L. Barkhash, V.A. Vorobyov, A.G. Itim, A.I. Usagin and other prominent organizers of the tourist movement. Almost all of them died in Stalin's prisons and camps.

Nevertheless, tourism, subordinated to the administrative-command system, continued to develop. With the introduction in March 1939 by the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of the Regulations on the badge "USSR Tourist", sports tourism received significant development. In particular, it stated: "The complex of the badge" Tourist of the USSR "sets as its task to promote the development of amateur tourism among the working people of the Soviet Union as one of the best forms active recreation, which combines, along with the physical development of the working people, an increase in their cultural level, knowledge of the socialist Motherland and the acquisition of defense skills necessary for every defender of our country.

An extensive campaign was launched to meet the standards of the complex in order to obtain a qualification badge. As a result, as of March 1, 1941, there were 5,000 holders of "USSR Tourist" badges in the USSR.

In 1937 - 1940. a comprehensive reorganization of the structure of tourism was carried out, which was based on strict state-party planning of capital investments, personnel and geography of recreational activities. The implementation of planned tourism was entrusted to 25 tourist and excursion departments of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, 16 excursion and tourist bureaus, 165 tourist houses, 50 tourist centers, 12 tourist hotels, 24 station camps, 19 tourist and mountaineering shelters, hundreds of temporary (seasonal) tent camps, campsites.

During the Great Patriotic War, tourist and excursion activities were completely stopped. The material and technical base of tourism in the areas occupied by the Nazi invaders was plundered and destroyed.

During the war years, the number of personnel employees of tourist and excursion organizations has significantly decreased, the system of training specialists at all levels has fallen into decay.

Together with the restoration of the destroyed national economy, the system of tourist and excursion institutions was restored and adjusted. However, this process was very slow and contradictory, due to the fact that the residual principle of financing the social sphere dominated. At the same time, the bodies that managed tourism and excursions focused on administrative pressure, personnel reshuffling and "cosmetic" reforms.

In 1962, on the basis of the TEU, a system of tourism councils was created, the management of which was carried out by the Central Council for Tourism of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

In the early 60s, the USSR clearly felt the intensification of tourism activities. By 1965, tourism councils were organized in all the Union republics and in most autonomous republics, territories and regions, which developed and mastered tourist routes.

Tourist travel has become one of the most popular forms of recreation for Soviet citizens.

The development of planned tourist trips was carried out by the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions. He issued vouchers for routes that have the status of all-Union. All other routes, which were under the jurisdiction of the republican, regional and regional councils for tourism and excursions, belonged to the local ones.

In the 1960s, tourist and excursion organizations of trade unions developed over 13 thousand routes - linear, ring, radial. Planned routes starting in one city and ending in another are called linear. For example, the all-Union bus route No. 271 "North Caucasian" began in Makhachkala, where tourists spent five days, then they were transported by bus to Grozny, Ordzhonikidze, and the journey ended in the capital of the Kabardino-Balkar ASSR - Nalchik. For each city, a five-day program was developed, the basis of which was a variety of excursions both around the city and in the most interesting valleys of the North Caucasus - Tseyskaya, Cherkesskaya, Baksanskaya, Chegemskaya, etc.

If the route starts and ends in the same place (city, village), it is called a ring. One of the popular ring routes was the all-Union bus route No. 401 "Golden Ring", passing through such ancient Russian cities as Vladimir, Kostroma, Yaroslavl; its starting and ending point was Moscow.

Many planned routes are radial, when tourists spend the entire period of rest at the same tourist base, in a tourist hotel or boarding house, making excursions, as well as short hiking trips, with overnight stays at tourist shelters.

All-Union and local routes covered the whole country and made it possible to get acquainted with the most interesting cities and sights of the Soviet Union, with such unique, inaccessible places as Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands, Franz Josef Land, etc.

The most important excursion regions of the USSR were the central one, which included the Moscow, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Smolensk, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Ryazan, Tula regions, and the northwestern region, which included the Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions. The names of tourist-excursion areas are borrowed from economic geography.

Millions of tourists visit these two areas every year. Only in the excursions of the Moscow Bureau of Tours in the 60s, 4 million people took part, who arrived in Moscow on vouchers of all-Union routes No. 1 "Moscow", No. 401 "Golden Ring", No. cities of the Golden Ring, etc.

The most popular routes of the northwestern tourist-excursion area were such as No. 194 "Lenin's places of Leningrad and the Karelian Isthmus", No. 196 "Across Pushkin's places", No. 195 "Along the ancient Russian cities and Leningrad", which included a visit to Pskov and Novgorod .

In terms of the number of routes, the central and northwestern regions were inferior to other regions of the Soviet Union, for example, such as North Caucasus or Transcaucasia, but on each route of these most important excursion areas, due to the use of the largest tourist complexes in them, significantly more tourists were received than along the routes operating in other regions of the country. So, along the route number 326 "From Quiet Don to the Black Sea" in the 80s, an average of about 1,700 vouchers were sold per year, while the Moscow tourist complex "Izmailovo" received up to 10 thousand people at the same time.

More than 50% of all-Union planned tourist routes were laid in five regions of the Soviet Union: in the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Crimea and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Almost half of the tourist bases, campsites, tourist hotels of the country were concentrated in these regions.

Every year the geography of all-Union routes expanded. Only in Central Asia and Kazakhstan, 18 all-Union routes functioned, which passed through the ancient cities - Samarkand, Ferghana, Khiva, Bukhara, the capitals of the Central Asian republics, and two of them made it possible to get acquainted with the Tien Shan mountains. All-Union routes were opened in Altai, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region.

Among all-Union routes, 55 belonged to routes with active means of transportation: walking, skiing, water (by kayaks, boats, inflatable rafts), cycling, horseback riding. Participation in most of them gave the right to receive the "USSR Tourist" badge, and after passing one of 9 routes (No. canyon on rafts", No. 72 "Along the river Psel on boats" (Poltava region), No. 75 "Southern Altai", No. 76 "Along Lake Teletskoye and the Altai taiga", No. 187 "Along the wooded Carpathians", No. 433 "Along the Gissar ridge" (the camp site "Marguzor Lakes" - the camp site "Iskander-Kul", No. 434 "Along the Gissar Range" (the camp site "Iskander-Kul" - the camp site "Marguzor Lakes"), if they had the "Tourist of the USSR" badge, the participants were assigned the third category for tourism, since all of the above routes belonged to tourist trips of the first category of complexity.

1.3. The final stage of tourism development in the USSR

In the 80s, routes for parents with children were developed. So, in 1985, parents could relax with their children, traveling along route No. 413 "Zakarpatsky" (with children under five years old), twenty routes in Moscow, on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, in the Baltic states and other places (with children from 7 years old) and 29 routes - with children from 12 years old.

All-Union routes for car tourists were organized by the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions. A voucher for them gave the right to stay in a tourist campsite or hotel, use free parking, meals and excursion services. In 1985, five such routes functioned: from Rostov-on-Don along the Georgian Military Highway to Gagra; Smolensk - Kyiv - Lvov - Karolino-Bugaz; Moscow - Kharkov - Alushta; Novgorod - Pskov - Pärnu; Rostov-on-Don - Nalchik - Makhachkala - Derbent.

A much denser network than the all-Union ones covered the territory of the Soviet Union with local planned tourist routes organized by the republican, regional and regional councils for tourism and excursions. They were intended mainly to serve the population of certain regions, but citizens from anywhere in the country could purchase vouchers for them by applying to the relevant council for the sale of vouchers.

Among the local tourist routes, a significant number were travels with an active mode of transportation: on foot, skiing, rowing boats. A number of tourist and excursion boards have allowed the stay of parents with children. With a child over 7 years old, tourists could go on a horseback ride in the south of Bashkiria (Bashkir Council for Tourism and Excursions), in the Southern Urals with children of the same age it was possible to hike in the Chelyabinsk region.

The Estonian Republican Council offered tourists a kayak route of the second category of difficulty, and parents with children over 12 years old could travel along this route (the only one in the USSR).

Republican, regional and regional councils actively developed non-traditional types of travel for planned tourism. In Ukraine, the country's first speleoroute "Along the caves and rivers of Ternopolytsy" was created, which included a six-day hike with a visit to the caves.

In 1985, 17 horse routes operated in the Soviet Union in Altai, the South Urals, the North Caucasus, the Transcaucasus and other regions. Bicycle routes have appeared in a number of places. The Irkutsk council organized a bicycle route along the island of Olkhon, Leningradsky - along the lakes of the Karelian Isthmus, Kazakh - along the Karakaralinsky mountain-forest oasis. The Penza, Perm, Turkmen and other councils began to develop planned cycling tourism.

Transport trips were also among the local planned routes: motor ships (river and sea), rail and air.

Traveling on riverboats took place along all the main rivers of the Soviet Union: along the Volga and its tributaries, the Kama and Oka, the Northern Dvina and Sukhona, the Onega and Ladoga lakes and the Neva River, along the Lower Don, the Dnieper down from Kyiv, along the Ob from Novosibirsk and the Irtysh from Omsk, along the Yenisei from Krasnoyarsk to Dixon, along the Lena from Ust-Kut to its confluence with the Laptev Sea, and along the Amur from Blagoveshchensk to Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. The Volga and its tributaries also passed the ultra-long route Astrakhan - Leningrad - Astrakhan and many short ones - for three to five days, for example Astrakhan - Volgograd - Astrakhan or Moscow - Uglich - Moscow. About 40 tourism and excursion councils, not only in the regions located in the European part of the Soviet Union, but also in Azerbaijan, Armenian, Moldavian, Kazakh and others, rented boats and organized trips for their citizens along the main waterway of Russia. Volgograd, Saratov, Kuibyshev, Ulyanovsk, Kazan, Gorky, Moscow were the main excursion centers for those traveling along the Volga. For 20 days, tourists got acquainted with many sights.

Sea excursions were also organized along the Black Sea, in the east - the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, in the north - along the White, Barents and Red Seas.

In the 80s, more than 150 river and sea ships were used annually for tourist purposes.

Planned rail travel has been actively developing since the early 60s, and by the end of the 80s, almost all republican, regional and regional tourism and excursion councils had tourist routes using rail transport. For this purpose, special tourist-excursion trains and the so-called health trains were formed. In 1986 there were 2,600 tourist and sightseeing trains.

Program railway routes was compiled in such a way that transfers between excursion centers were carried out at night.

For residents of the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan and the Far East, four ring routes were organized, which passed through the capitals of the Union republics and the most interesting cities in terms of sightseeing: Moscow - Minsk - Vilnius - Riga - Tallinn - Leningrad - Moscow; Moscow - Kyiv - Odessa - Kherson - Sevastopol - Moscow; Moscow - Smolensk - Pskov - Novgorod - Leningrad - Moscow; Alma-Ata - Frunze - Fergana - Samarkand - Dushanbe - Ashgabat - Bukhara - Tashkent - Alma-Ata.

In the 1980s, aviation tourist routes acquired a mass character. According to statistics, more than 160 travel agencies and excursions in large cities and regional centers used aviation services to organize planned tourist trips, which allowed 2 million people to rest annually.

Along with the planned tourism, amateur tourism also developed, which was organized by the tourist group along routes developed by the participants themselves, ranging from simple weekend hikes to numerous sports hikes of the highest categories of complexity. According to statistics, more than 20 million Soviet citizens took part in weekend hikes, multi-day non-categorical and sports trips in the 80s.

Thus, in the 1960s and 1980s, thousands of routes (linear, ring, radial) were developed by various tourist organizations, which were used by millions of Soviet tourists.

To address the issues of international youth exchange in June 1958, the Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik" was created, which was engaged not only in the reception of groups of foreign youth and the organization of Soviet tourism abroad, but also in the intra-union travel of boys and girls, the organization of their recreation in youth camps .

The 70s were marked by the beginning of the third stage, characterized mainly by the extensive development of domestic and foreign tourism, as well as further changes in the management structure.

The restructuring of the second half of the 80s eventually led to the collapse of the USSR and the collapse of the unified tourist and excursion system of the Soviet Union. The process of creating independent states from the former Soviet republics, as well as national tourist and excursion organizations, began.

2. History of tourism development in modern Russia

2.1. General trends in tourism development

The reforms of the state structure of post-perestroika Russia had an impact on the country's economy, changed priorities in many areas of the national economy, affected the standard of living of the population, the distribution of labor and financial flows, and effective demand for goods and services, and tourism services in particular. The introduction of the institution of entrepreneurship and the law on departure and departure gave a powerful impetus to the generation of large-scale tourist flows.

The creation of a solvent segment of the consumer market in the country caused a revival of the tourism industry, many thousands of tourism enterprises and tens of thousands of jobs were created.

Only in the field of international tourism, more than 13 thousand travel companies received a license in 1990-2000.

First of all, outbound tourism (sending tourists abroad) developed intensively as an activity that did not require investment in the tourism industry and the creation of a tourist product. This type of tourism is based on the sale of the tourist product of other countries in Russia. Three significant factors contributed to this:

Adoption of a law on entry and exit from Russia, which globally changed the immigration policy of the state;

A steady incense of visiting abroad in any form, formed by a significant part of the population during the Soviet period;

Adoption of a currency regulation policy that allows the legitimate circulation and export of significant amounts of currency, including the national one;

Identification of a segment of the population with medium and high incomes sufficient to travel abroad;

Intensive promotion of a foreign tourism product, supported by significant funding from foreign tourism companies, tourist centers and resorts, based on the budgetary support of the host states

Inbound tourism to Russia was developed at the beginning of the perestroika process by generating the attractiveness of the processes of glasnost and openness

In general, the hospitality sector in the country has remained at the same level and is not capable of providing a competitive offer in the global tourism market without a cardinal investment of funds.

The Russian Federation, despite its high tourism potential, so far occupies an insignificant place in the world tourist market: its share is about 1% of the world tourist flow (6.8 million tourists visiting Russia, out of 698 million international tourist arrivals).

According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, in 2000. 21.2 million foreign citizens from 200 countries of the world visited our country, but the number of those who came for tourism purposes amounted to only 6.8 million people.

Non-CIS countries account for 35% of the total number of foreigners coming to Russia.

The main countries supplying tourists to the Russian Federation are Finland, Germany, USA, Great Britain, France and Italy.

By virtue of its geographical location Russia is not and cannot become a country of mass entry of tourists for the purpose of the traditional summer beach holiday. Nevertheless, the cultural, historical, natural potential of the country is huge, and with the right marketing work, improvement and development of tourism infrastructure, the number of foreign tourists arriving in our country can grow significantly.

Factors hindering the development of inbound tourism in Russia are:

The image of Russia as a country unattractive for tourism, created by individual foreign and domestic media;

The absence of state non-commercial advertising of the country's tourism opportunities abroad, including through participation in international exhibitions and the activities of state-funded foreign representations for tourism;

Unfavorable for tourist visits visa regime, which consists in the inflated cost of visas, long periods of their issuance;

Undeveloped tourist infrastructure, high moral and physical depreciation of the existing material base, a small number of tourist-class hotel accommodation facilities;

Lack of favorable treatment for investment in tourist accommodation facilities and other tourism infrastructure;

Low quality of service in all sectors of the tourism industry, including the discrepancy between price and quality of hotel accommodation.

Reforms in the economy have led to a decrease in the standard of living of the population, especially those employed in the public sector, there has been a sharp drop in the level of effective demand for domestic tourism services, structural and qualitative changes in activities in this area.

Simultaneously with a sharp drop in the solvency of a significantly predominant part of the population and an increase in transport costs, a significant drop in domestic tourism was noted during this period.

Since 1999 demand for tourism services within the country is constantly growing. At the same time, the discrepancy between the existing tourist product and modern tourist demand was clearly revealed. The reason for this lies in the almost total absence two-three-star tourist-class hotels offering quality service, and a low level of staff training for working in the tourist market. In general, Russia, despite its huge tourism potential, remains one of the few countries with a low level of domestic tourism development.

The main trends in tourist demand in the domestic tourism market are to preserve the priorities of traditional types of recreation - beach in the south of Russia, cruise in the Volga region, health and skiing. Gradually, interest in cultural and educational tourism is returning.

Social tourism is developing and for a large segment of the consumer market is the only possible alternative to recreation and recreation. In many subjects of Russia, at the expense of social insurance funds and local budgets, children's recreation, recreation for the elderly, as well as other socially vulnerable categories of the population, are organized. However, this process is not systematic, insufficiently regulated and left to the mercy of local administrations.

The vast majority of sanatoriums, boarding houses, rest houses, are loaded through social insurance and other institutions. In the period 1997 - 1999. The resort sector was actively looking for a tourist or vacationer and participated in tourist exhibitions, established contacts with domestic tourism tour operators. Up to 7% of the loading volume was carried out through the sale of tourist vouchers through travel companies.

At the same time, the interest of large enterprises in financing tourism for employees is increasing.

2.2. Development of tourism legislation

The sphere of tourism in Russia in the period 1991 - 2000 has become an important and intensively developing part of the country's economy. Against the backdrop of a slowdown in development and the decline of other sectors of the economy, jobs were generated in the tourism sector, and significant financial resources are being circulated.

The formation of a state approach to the formation of a policy of regulation and coordination, regulation of tourism activities, primarily international tourism activities, was observed. Formally, the functions inherent in the National Tourist Administration were assigned to the executive authorities. In 1992 the first body was created state power, regulating tourism activities, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Russian Federation, then the functions of regulating the tourism industry were transferred to the Civil Code for Physical Education and the Russian Federation. In the State Duma of the Legislative Assembly of the Russian Federation, a Committee on Tourism and Sports has been created.

Tourism is recognized as a priority sector of the state economy. It is this area that has become attractive and most adapted to market relations and entrepreneurial activity. Practice has shown ample opportunities for solving social problems of the development of society by economic means.

Significant preferences have been made for tourism activities: the ability to work without a cash register, the use of unnumbered tourist vouchers (numbering is maintained in each enterprise), the limit on hospitality and advertising expenses has been increased, and tax benefits have been increased. The federal law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation" was adopted, as well as a number of laws of the subjects of the Federation that regulate and stimulate tourism activities in the field. A system of licensing international tourism activities and certification of tourism and hotel services has been introduced.

On June 1, 2007, Federal Law No. 12-FZ of 05.02.2007 "On Amendments to the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation" comes into force.

In connection with the termination from January 1, 2007 of the licensing of tour operator and travel agency activities, the Law establishes additional obligations for tour operators and travel agents.

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 1 of the Law, the implementation of tour operator activities on the territory of the Russian Federation is allowed only by a legal entity (at present, this type of activity can also be carried out by individual entrepreneurs).

All tour operators registered on the territory of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Federal Law "On State Registration of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs" must have financial security, that is, a civil liability insurance contract for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of obligations or a bank guarantee for the fulfillment of obligations under the contract (p. 3 article 1 of the Law).

The presence of financial support is not required only in two cases: for organizations providing excursion services on the territory of Russia for no more than 24 hours in a row, as well as for state and municipal unitary enterprises and institutions engaged in organizing travel within the territory of Russia according to state-established prices in order to solve social problems (clause 3, article 1 of the Law).

An insurer under a tour operator's liability insurance contract may be an insurance organization registered in the Russian Federation and entitled to carry out civil liability insurance for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of obligations under the contract. A bank, other credit organization or insurance organization registered in accordance with the Federal Law "On State Registration of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs" (clause 9, article 1 of the Law) can be a guarantor for a bank guarantee.

From June 1, 2007 to June 1, 2008, the amount of financial security determined in the tour operator's liability insurance contract or in a bank guarantee cannot be less than 5 million rubles for tour operators operating in the field of international tourism, 500 thousand rubles for tour operators activities in the field of domestic tourism, and 5 million rubles for tour operators operating in the field of domestic and international tourism (Article 2 of the Law).

From June 1, 2008, the minimum amount of financial support for tour operators operating in the field of international tourism, and tour operators operating in the field of domestic and international tourism, will double (clause 9, article 1).

Information about the tour operator that has financial support will be entered in the register of tour operators (clause 3, article 1 of the Law).

Zorin I.V. etc. Management of tourism. Tourism as an activity. - M.: "Finance and statistics", 2004.

Sokolova M. V. History of tourism. - M.: "Academy", 2006. - 351 p.