Foreign experience in the development of tourism. International development of tourism (Experience of foreign countries and its application in Russia) Golovatyuk Alina Vladimirovna. The system of state regulation and support for the development of tourism in Russia in the context of the experience of countries with developed

The tourism sector is now developing everywhere. And Russia is no exception. Like everyone else, it has its advantages and disadvantages regarding this direction. Let's try to analyze the position of Russia in the international tourism market.

In the ranking of tourist attractiveness, calculated according to the methodology of the World Economic Forum, Russia in 2007 occupied 68th place, but then it rose up and in 2011 reached 59th position in the rating. These data point to two important features. state of the art tourism in Russia. On the one hand, the place of the Russian Federation in the ranking is not high enough, which is an indicator of a poorly developed tourism infrastructure. On the other hand, progress is visible, the growth of Russia's position, which indicates development, the tourism industry is moving forward.

Among the features of Russia, one can single out the specifics of the provision of tourist services. It is worth paying attention to the fact that the leading tour operators are redistributed in one or another direction of tourist trips. Separate the travel agency and tour operator segments of the market. Moreover, in the tour operator segment there is a pronounced oligopolistic competition: in any of the directions there are 5-10 large tour operators that have captured approximately 90% of the entire market segment. There is perfect competition in the travel agency segment, which significantly reduces barriers to entry.

Institute economic strategies compiled a list of leading companies in the tourism market in 2008. The first places are occupied by: the Intourist group of companies, Neva, Natalie Tours, Tez Tour, Coral Travel, Inna Tour, Capital Tour, Pac Group. However, even among the leading companies, things are not always going well. For example, the situation with the Tez Tour company is known, which violated the Federal Law “On Competition” and aired a video with the slogan “Tour Operator No. 1” on Channel One, which led to an administrative case filed against the FAS travel agency.

In order to characterize the place and role of tourism in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to analyze a number of indicators. For example, the total contribution of tourism to Russia's GDP is 5.9%. This figure is less than the world average, but by 2012 growth is expected to be 4.6%. In 2011, the number of people employed in the tourism sector was 5.5% of total employment, and according to the forecast for 2022 it will be 5.9%. As we can see, the share of tourism in these indicators is not very large, but there are upward trends.

The next thing that deserves attention is the inbound and outbound trips of citizens for purposes.

Table 8 - Entry into the Russian Federation and departure of citizens from the Russian Federation, thousand

Let's analyze the structure of the table. It can be concluded from it that the total number of trips from Russia and to Russia is growing. However, the number of trips of Russian citizens abroad exceeded the number of trips of foreign citizens to Russia by more than three times in 2011. This cannot be called a positive trend, since, based on the structure of the table, it is obvious that inbound tourism is very poorly developed. Over the past ten years, the number of visiting foreign citizens has increased by 24%, while the number of trips of Russian citizens abroad has increased by 198%. Undoubtedly, the difference is very important. Moreover, based on the data in the table, there is a prospect of maintaining this trend.

If we consider trips by purpose, then people come to Russia mainly for official purposes, followed by private trips and tourism, which occupy approximately the same positions. Russian tourists go abroad for the most part for the purpose of tourism or these are private trips. Therefore, we can say that at this stage Russia is a country unattractive for inbound tourism. In percentage terms, for the purpose of tourism over the past ten years, the increase in trips to our country was only 0.6%. And the increase in the number of trips from the Russian Federation for the same purpose amounted to 230%. These figures immediately reflect the main problem of the Russian Federation - low attractiveness from the point of view of international tourism. On the other hand, Russian citizens are active consumers of international travel services, which has already been discussed in Table 5.

It is also worth considering where Russian citizens are mainly sent for the purpose of tourism, which destinations are most popular with them.

Table 9 - Number of trips of Russian citizens abroad for the purpose of tourism in 2011, thousand

It can be seen that most of the directions are associated with countries with a warm climate that have access to the sea. This suggests that Russians prefer traditional beach tourism more. And again, one cannot fail to note the global trend in the interest of developing countries in terms of providing tourism services. Russia is no exception. The first three countries in popularity among Russian tourists are Turkey, China and Egypt, and Thailand occupies the sixth position.

If you look at information about which countries tourists come to Russia from, then the situation will be radically different.

Table 10 - Number of trips of foreign citizens to Russia for the purpose of tourism in 2011, thousand

It is immediately noticeable that the numbers here are much more modest than in the previous table. At the same time, the countries where Russian citizens go do not coincide with those from where foreign tourists come to us. Mostly people come to Russia for the purpose of tourism from Europe. In addition, 2nd and 3rd positions are occupied by China and the United States.

It can be assumed that this is due to the relatively high costs of tourist holidays in Russia, the poor development of tourist programs and routes, and poor adaptation to receiving foreign tourists.

With regard to tourism receipts and expenditures of Russian citizens on tourism services, the situation described above is repeated here. In 2011, Russia ranked 24th in the world in terms of tourism receipts, with an increase of 29.1% compared to the previous year. And in terms of spending on tourism services, Russia is among the top ten world leaders, its spending in comparison with 2010 in 2011 even increased. As a result, in 2011 Russia ranked 7th in the world in terms of spending, and growth is also observed. The increase compared to 2010 was about 22.1%.

Thus, we can say that tourism in Russia is developing, but this development is one-sided. Russian travel agencies and tour operators are mainly focused on outbound tourism, while inbound tourism is extremely poorly developed. This is also confirmed by WTO statistics, which include Russia among the largest importers of tourism services. Its share in 2011 was 3.4%, for comparison, the share of the USA is 9.1%, China - 7.6%, Canada - 3.5%.

However, Russia also has a potential that can contribute to the development of tourism activities in terms of inbound tourism. This includes unique nature, climate, monuments of history and culture, a rich historical past, a vast territory suitable for active recreation. But again, all this comes up against difficultly eliminated problems of Russian realities, which will be discussed later. Moreover, judging by the above statistics, the Russians themselves find the tourism services provided by our country as insufficient services. High Quality and actively use the opportunities provided by outbound tourism. Therefore, it is advisable to consider the main problems, risks and threats for the Russian tourism market, as well as identify promising areas for its development.

• Specialty HAC RF08.00.14
• Number of pages 164

Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological foundations for the development of international tourism.

1.1. Features of the interpretation of the concept of tourism and forms of its organization at the national and international level.

1.2. The role of international tourism in world trade in services.

Chapter 2. Analysis of trends in the development of international and domestic tourism in Russia.

2.1. Current state tourism potential Russia.

2.2. Structure and perspective directions of outbound tourism.

2.3. Export of tourist services and prospects for its development.

2.4. Trends in the functioning of the domestic tourism market.

Chapter 3. Organizational and legal basis for the development of international tourism.

3.1. The system of state regulation and support for the development of tourism in Russia in the context of the experience of countries with developed economies.

3.2. Legal basis for the formation of the tourism market in Russia.

Chapter 4. The main methods of intensive development of tourism.

4.1. Sources of attracting investments in the tourism sector.

4.2. Marketing in the field of international tourism.

Chapter 5. The structure and functioning of the hotel services market as one of the most important components of international and domestic tourism.

5.1. World experience in the development of the hotel market.

5.2. Characteristics of the current state of the hotel services market in Russia.

Similar theses in the specialty "World Economy", 08.00.14 HAC code

• The economic mechanism of the tourism sector 2000, Doctor of Economic Sciences Nikiforov, Valery Ivanovich

• Organizational and economic mechanism of intensive development of tourism in the Russian Federation 1999, Doctor of Economic Sciences Rozanova, Tatyana Pavlovna

• The mechanism of development of the hotel industry of the Russian Federation 2007, Candidate of Economic Sciences Konovalova, Anastasia Igorevna

• Formation of an effective hotel management strategy 2006, Candidate of Economic Sciences Fedoseev, Oleg Lvovich

• Improving the organizational and economic mechanisms for the development of the hotel and tourism business in the Moscow region: On the example of mini-hotels 2006, candidate of economic sciences Khoroshilova, Evgenia Vladimirovna

Dissertation conclusion on the topic "World Economy", Golovatyuk, Alina Vladimirovna

List of references for dissertation research candidate of economic sciences Golovatyuk, Alina Vladimirovna, 2000

Please note that the scientific texts presented above are posted for review and obtained through recognition of the original texts of dissertations (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors related to the imperfection of recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in the PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.

After some decline observed in 2001-2003, 2004 and 2005. marked a significant rise cross-border movements. The number of international tourist arrivals in 2004 amounted to 763 million people, in 2005 it increased to 808 million people, and by the end of 2007 the figure is almost 898 million. If we consider statistics within specific regions of the world, we will get the following data.

As of the end of 2007, visits to the Middle East as a whole amounted to 46 million tourists and remains one of the successful places in terms of visiting, despite the ongoing tension in this region of the world. This region stands out with a good indicator of attendance, and the number of tourists is growing every year. In 2007, among the leading countries in this region in terms of attendance, one can single out Saudi Arabia and Egypt. Against the backdrop of strong growth of the above countries - 7% annually since 2000, 185 million tourists visited Asia and the Pacific. At the end of 2007, the increase in attendance compared to 2000 is: Japan (+14%), Malaysia (+20%), Cambodia (+19%), Vietnam (+16%), Indonesia (+15%), India (+13%) and China (+10%) continue to grow. With an estimated total of 44 million international tourists, Africa has confirmed a good growth rate for 2006 as its growth averaged (+7%), which compared to 2000 (+3%) is not a bad result.

Tourist attendance North Africa is (+8%), which is slightly better than the regions of the Sahara where the increase is only (+7%). America doubled its growth rate from (+2%) growth in 2006 to (+10%) at the end of 2007, which is a very good indicator.

In 2007, 480 million tourists visited Europe.

Greece (+12%), Portugal (+10%), Italy and Switzerland (+7%), Germany (+12%).

All these indicators are presented in (Table 1).

Table 1. Calculated according to UNWTO data.

In 2004, according to the UNWTO classification, 52% of all international tourist arrivals were for the purpose of leisure, recreation or vacation (ie, in other words, their purpose was tourism per se); 24% - for the purpose of visiting friends or relatives, undergoing medical treatment, religious motives (private trips); business travel accounted for 16% and for 8% of arrivals the purpose of the trip was not specified. (Diagram 1).

Diagram 1

The data for 2007 are much different compared to 2004, so according to Rosstat, the number of trips of foreign citizens to Russian Federation at the end of the year amounted to almost 23 million people. Data on the entry of foreign citizens into the Russian Federation are presented in the table

table 2

Growth of inbound tourist flow (for business and leisure purposes) last year (2007) was demonstrated by Germany, Great Britain, Austria, Italy, Spain, Australia, Israel and some other countries.

The number of tourist trips for official purposes increased by 1%. The dynamics of business tourism in the analyzed period for the main source markets shows a significant increase in the flow from Germany - 23%, Austria, the Netherlands - 21%, Italy, Sweden - 16%, Great Britain, Australia - 13%, Canada - 10%, Japan - 7% . In absolute terms, the leaders in inbound tourism were such non-CIS countries as Germany, Great Britain, the USA, and France.

As for the traditional tourist trips for the purpose of recreation, the significant growth rates of trips from Spain (47%), Austria (22%), the Netherlands (16%), Israel (15%), Italy (12%), Canada attract attention. (13%), Norway (10%), Australia (34%). Mostly tourists from these countries visit our country for cultural and educational purposes. However, the total number of arrivals of foreign tourists for the purpose of recreation has decreased by more than 8%, which cannot be encouraging, since the reduction in the inbound tourist flow to our country began to occur since 2006. This is primarily due to increased prices for services in the country, as well as a sharp increase in hotel prices due to a decrease in the number of tourist-class hotels, as a result of which there was a significant increase in the cost of the package of services offered to tourists when traveling to Russia (Diagram 2).

Diagram 2

Here are some interesting statistics on services for the first quarter of 2007. The analysis of statistical data for the first quarter of 2007 by Rostourism on tourist services, as well as on the services of hotels and similar accommodation facilities, showed the following.

In the first quarter of 2007, the volume of services provided by hotels and similar accommodation facilities increased by 2,743,801.3 thousand rubles. compared to the same period in 2006 and amounted to 17,819,632.7 thousand rubles.

The total volume of tourist services in the first quarter of 2007 reached 7,822,621.0 thousand rubles, which is 13.5% more than in January-March 2006.

In the structure of the volume of paid services to the population, the share of hotel services and similar accommodation facilities in the first quarter of 2007 compared to the first quarter of 2006 remained virtually unchanged and amounted to 2.5% (of all types of services).

The share of tourist services in the structure of the volume of paid services to the population in the first quarter of 2007 also practically remained at the level of the same period in 2006 and amounted to 1.1% (of all types of services). Data on the volume of paid services to the population for January-March 2006-2007. are presented in the following (Table 3).

Table 3. Volume of paid services to the population by types.

From the statistics given above, we can conclude that, compared with 2006, the volume of paid services in the Russian tourism industry has increased markedly, and it is assumed that the revival that occurred in the first quarter of 2007 will continue to accompany us with new positive figures, at least in terms of income per tourist arrival of about $580, Russia is noticeably behind the world average of about $850, but at the same time it is ahead of a number of countries that are included in the group of leaders in tourism development, including Hong Kong, Mexico and even France. At the same time, in terms of the value of this parameter, the Russian Federation far exceeds the average indicator for the countries of Central and of Eastern Europe. It should be noted that this indicator is not decisive for characterizing the role of Russia in the system of international tourism. Its value depends mainly on three factors:

Transportation costs associated with the delivery of tourists to the host country and back (it is the high cost of air travel that is the main reason for such a high value of this indicator for Oceania);

The level of prices in the host country (daily personal expenses of tourists for food, transport, etc. in the Scandinavian countries, for example, are approximately three times higher than, say, in Greece or Spain);

The set and degree of attractiveness of the services offered to the tourist during one trip.

At present, Russia faces the main task of maximizing the influx of foreign tourists into the country, and therefore the increase in the cost of tours and the level of associated costs, in particular, may scare rather than attract potential consumers of tourist services to Russia. On the contrary, at this stage of development of tourism in general and inbound tourism in particular, it is hardly necessary to strive for a sharp increase in the indicator of “revenues”. Such a task can be set at later stages, when a competitive tourism infrastructure has been created in the country, and visiting Russia in in the eyes of foreign citizens will be considered no less interesting and prestigious than, for example, a sightseeing trip to France.In such a situation, we can already talk about the expediency of diversifying the sources of inbound tourism to the country (mainly due to an increase in the share of Western Europe, North America and East Asia), as well as a significant improvement in the quality of services provided to tourists with a corresponding increase in prices for these services. However, it is clear that in the foreseeable future Russia will have to face ever-increasing competition in the tourism sector from both leading tourism countries and relatively new participants in this huge market.

According to projections in the UNWTO Tourism Panorama 2020 report, by 2010 the total number of international tourist arrivals in the world will exceed the figure of 1 billion people, and by 2020 will come close to the mark of 1.6 billion, thereby almost doubling the level of 2005. It should be noted that the dynamics of the number of international tourists in the long term may be subject to quite serious fluctuations at the level of individual macro-regions, which is associated with the action of such factors as natural disasters, epidemics, the threat of large-scale terrorist attacks, etc. The UNWTO report notes that in the long term, the influence of these factors will generally be overcome, which will ensure a significant increase in tourist flows. long distance(interregional tourism). WTTC presented a list of ten countries whose tourism sector is expected to increase in 2007-2016. will develop most rapidly (Table 4).

Table 4 Leading countries in the development of international tourism in 2007 - 2016

It is very significant that this list includes either countries whose economy in the coming period, according to forecasts, will grow at the fastest pace, these are (China, India, Vietnam), or states for which the accelerated development of tourism is an issue from an economic point of view. “life-or-death” (Albania, Montenegro, Cambodia, partly Romania and Croatia). The fact that Russia was not included in this list can be explained to some extent by the fact that it does not meet these two above-mentioned conditions.

Per last years tourism business began its rapid development in all countries of the world. Getting acquainted with the experience of various foreign countries, one can see that the success of the development of the tourism business largely depends on how this industry is perceived at the state level, and how government institutions support this industry. In order to receive income from the tourism business, any civilized state must invest heavily in the study of its territories in order to assess the tourism potential. State programs should contribute to the development of the tourism business, the development of tourist centers, the creation and development of the necessary infrastructure, as well as advertising and information support.

Practice shows that the private sector will never be able to make large investments for the development of resort tourism enterprises, as well as the main elements of tourism infrastructure, it is not capable of performing the functions of the National Tourism Administration. In countries with a developed tourism business, there are organizations that are subordinate, as a rule, to ministries that are involved in the development of national tourism development programs. Such organizations have different names, so in the UK it is BTA (British Nourist Authority), in Italy - ENIT, in Ireland - Irish Board, in Spain - Turespana, in Norway - NOTRA. Such organizations have their tourism offices in other countries. These organizations develop programs that will attract tourist flows and provide tourism information.

The specifics of the tourism business is associated with a wide range of relationships. These relations are entered into by persons who participate in the processes of organizing travel and recreation. The existing relations are so diverse that they give rise to a certain complexity of legal regulation.

In any individual state, the relationship between the parties "travel agency - state", "tourist - state", "tourist - travel agency" is regulated by the relevant legislation. Such legislation should fully cover every element of the relationship between these parties.

To date, there have been several approaches to the organizational process of state regulation of tourism. Thus, in many countries with a developed market economy, state regulation is completely absent, and market entities themselves carry out operational regulation. In those countries where there is state regulation of the tourism services market, two models are applied - there are special state authorities, or regulation is carried out by multidisciplinary bodies.

Now let's look at how state institutions operate on the example of several countries.

• 1. In Austria the tourism industry is supervised by the Ministry of Economy. Advertising of the state's tourism opportunities is carried out by the Austrian National Tourist Office, which has its offices in 26 countries of the world.
• 2. In Great Britain The tourism sector is managed by the Ministry of Culture, Entertainment and Sports, which is directly subordinate to the body that is responsible for tourism - the British Nourist Authority (BTA). This organization is engaged in attracting flows of foreign tourists to the UK, and is also engaged in the development of domestic tourism. In addition, this organization consults with the government and other government agencies employed in the tourism sector. To do this, at the initiative of the administration, advertising campaigns are carried out outside the country through a network of their offices and representatives. The press, radio, television are also used for these purposes. The administration organizes international conferences, provides consulting and marketing services on international tourism issues and publishes various information and reference materials. In terms of its organizational and legal form, the BTA is also a private entrepreneurial institution, which, along with traditional activities in foreign markets, also provides a number of paid marketing and consulting services, organizes seminars and exhibitions, implements a number of projects with the involvement of foreign capital, publishes and sells guidebooks, videos and other advertising and information products. The BTA is headed by the Board of Directors, which consists of five members and the President. The organization employs about 300 people, of which about a third work directly in London, and the rest work in 26 offices abroad. About 68% of the necessary Money BTA receives from the state budget.
• 3. In Germany The organization of the tourism business is carried out by the National Tourism Committee of the Ministry of Economics, which is responsible for promoting the tourism product in Germany and increasing tourist flows to the country. Representations of this committee work in 27 countries of the world.
• 4. In Israel operates the Ministry of Tourism. In 2007, the organization's budget was $150 million. These funds were used to finance various events related to presentation, information, exhibition activities in all countries of the world. Also, part of these funds was directed to holding various conferences, organizing consulting services, publishing promotional materials and booklets.
• 5. In Indonesia there is a special department for tourism affairs, which has broad powers in the field of protecting the rights of tourists. So in the country there is a tourist police, which exercises supervision and control over all enterprises of the tourist business. In addition, she is directly involved in resolving conflict situations in which foreign tourists become participants.
• 6. In Italy in 1983, a law was passed to improve and develop the tourism and hotel industry. The law defines the main management bodies of the tourism business at the regional level and the procedure for their functioning. A clear definition of a tourist enterprise and the conditions for its registration are given. The law also defines the classification of the hotel industry, sets out a number of conditions under which tourist bureaus, transport and public associations are allowed to engage in tourism business. In addition, the law regulates the activities of professionals in the tourism sector, defines measures to support the tourism business from the state. The Tourism Department is part of the Ministry of Industrial Activities. The department coordinates the activities of regional tourism administrations, develops normative and sectoral documents of a national nature, researches and processes statistical data. In international activities, the department is engaged in the creation of intergovernmental agreements and relationships with other international tourism organizations. The powers of local administrations are broad. They are responsible for all issues of licensing tourism activities on their territory, carry out the classification of hotels, have the right to advertise and promote their tourism products both domestically and abroad. But nonetheless, leading role in the representation of Italy in the international tourism market is assigned to the National Tourism Authority (ENIT). main function this organization is the organization of advertising and information work, marketing research, coordination of foreign and local tourism organizations. ENIT is subordinate to the Department of Tourism, and its activities are fully financed from the state budget.
• 7. In Spain all tourism activities at the national level are defined by the Law on competence in the field of tourism and the Decree on the activities of private tourism enterprises of January 14, 1965. In addition to the national law, each of the seventeen autonomies has its own tourism legislation, the main provisions of which correspond to the above law. Articles on tourism regulate relations between the seller of a tourist product and a tourist, as well as a number of conditions under which legal entities and individuals are allowed to engage in tourism business, the procedure for providing tourists with their services, as well as measures of control by the state and the procedure for applying sanctions to violators. In April 1996, the Spanish Parliament approved the Combined Travel Act. This law clearly defined the rights and obligations, as tourism organization and the consumer of tourism services. Combined travel is understood as a trip that includes a tourist product containing at least two of the three main elements - accommodation, transportation and any other tourist services. This law gives a clear distribution of responsibilities within the tourism industry and provides clarifications on various aspects of the tourism product and combined travel. All issues of tourist activity in Spain are handled by the State Secretariat for Trade, Tourism and Small Business, which is directly subordinate to the Ministry of Economy. In addition to the State Secretariat, the following organizations are also subordinate to the Ministry of Economy: - The Central Directorate for Tourism, which deals with administrative issues and the development of general directions of state policy in the field of tourism business. - The hotel chain "Paradores", which includes 83 hotels that are of historical value. - Two exhibition and congress centers, which are located in Madrid and Malaga, as well as the Spanish Institute of Tourism "Turespaca". The powers of the Ministry of Economy are rather limited. Such important issues as certification of services, licensing, development of a strategy for the tourism industry belong to local authorities. In order to coordinate the activities of these organizations in Spain, a Tourism Development Council was created, which includes representatives of government at all levels, as well as representatives of private business. In most cases, Council decisions are only advisory in nature. The Spanish Institute of Tourism "Turespaca" is engaged in attracting foreign tourists. The Institute is also engaged in the promotion of Spanish resorts and advertising activities abroad. The activities of the Institute are fully financed from the state budget.
• 8. During France The Tourism Act defines the conditions that make it possible to engage in the sale of tours. Also, a circle of legal entities and individuals who are subject to this law is established, a list of services that are considered to be tourist services is given. In addition, a number of conditions have been formulated that make it possible to carry out tourism activities for travel agencies, various public organizations, local tourism authorities and individuals. Here we are talking on the possibility of obtaining official permission to engage in tourism activities in the form as defined by the Law. In a special section of this Law, all relations between the consumer and the producer of tourist services are recorded. It also provides the basic rights and obligations of the seller of services and the buyer, which must be contained in the contract. The law regulates the responsibility of the seller of a tourist product for the quality of the services it provides. In addition, the Law provides for liability for violation of the Law and sanctions for violators and a mechanism for control by state organizations over the conduct of activities by legal entities and individuals that are subject to this Law. The Ministry of Transport and Public Works is responsible for regulating tourism activities. In its structure are the State Secretariat for Tourism and the Department of Tourism. These bodies deal with the management and regulation of the tourism industry, investment and international relations the field of tourism business. In addition, there are still a number of bodies that take part in the management of tourism activities with an advisory vote: - Tourism Council under the Ministry of Transport and Public Works. - The National Committee for the Prosperity of France, which deals with the issues of ecology and urban greening. - National Holiday Travel Agency. - The French Agency for Tourism Engineering and the National Tourism Supervisory Board, which is responsible for marketing research and statistics in the tourism business. Also at the regional level, there are representatives of the central executive power, whose duties include resolving issues of the development of the tourism sector and who report directly to the prefects. The activities of these representatives are mainly aimed at coordinating local initiatives in the tourism sector. The promotion of the image of France as a tourist center in the international market is carried out by the association "Maison de la France", which was founded in 1987 as a result of a partnership agreement between the administrations of sightseeing objects, tourism companies and local administrations. The activity of this organization is partly financed from the state budget, the share of which is 60%.
• 9. In Finland tourism activity is regulated by the Laws “On entities entitled to sell tours” and “On tours and engaging in tourism activities”. The adoption of this law was caused by Finland's accession to the EU and the need to bring Finnish laws into line with EU requirements. These laws regulated the relationship between the client and the travel company on the sale of the tour, as well as the procedure for resolving disputes that arose. In March 1995, the Decree of the government structures of Finland “On engaging in tourism activities” was adopted. This decree provides the basic information that is required when registering to engage in tourism activities. In addition to the usual questions, it was necessary to indicate whether the given company is an intermediary of a foreign travel company.
• 10. In United States of America The first US National International Tourism Act was passed in 1961. This law provided for the creation of the Travel and Tourism Administration (TTA), which functioned as part of the US Federal Department of Commerce. Somewhat later, in 1981, the Law "On National Tourism Policy" was adopted. In May 1992, the Tourism and Export Development Policy Act was adopted, which set the following tasks for the TPA: coordinating state policy in the field of tourism in the interests of the United States, maintaining statistics on tourism activities, studying the situation in the tourism market, providing support to states, counties , cities and rural areas, leadership of the tourism development program. In addition to the National Authority responsible for regulating tourism activities at the federal level, each of the US states has a corresponding service that is responsible for the development of tourism business. In most cases, this is the Agency for Trade, Commerce and Tourism, which deals with the tasks of systematic growth and comprehensive development of the tourism business. It also organizes advertising and information programs to promote tourism and carries out research activities to analyze the state and prospects for the development of the tourism industry. In 1996, the US Congress passed another law that contributed to the development of the tourism business. Starting from 1997, a new federal tourism structure began to function - the National Tourism Organization (NOT). This Act states that if the TTO does not soon increase the share of the United States in the world tourist market and does not increase the flow of foreign tourists, then it will be dissolved.
• 11. In Switzerland all tourism matters are handled by the Central Office for Tourism (CVT), which is the largest national advertising agency.

In the EU, in June 1990, the EU Directive was adopted, which regulated all issues related to the content of tourism services and the tourism product as a whole. In order to protect the rights of consumers in this directive, the texts of contracts between a travel company and a tourist are brought to a single content, and all conditions, mutual rights, obligations and guarantees are stipulated.