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The most ancient cities of Russia. Age of Russian cities. What cities of the Black Sea coast were founded by the Greeks? Which city was founded in the 1st century
Oleg and Askold; b) Prince Igor and Yaroslav the Wise; c) Prince Yaropolk and Rogneda; d) Svyatopolk the Accursed and Vladimir Monomakh; e) Genghis Khan and Yuri Dolgoruky; f) Alexander Nevsky and Batu. 3. In connection with the death of which Grand Duke, the inscription “our king” was made on the wall of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv? a) Igor the Old; b) Saint Vladimir; c) Yaroslav the Wise; d) Vladimir Monomakh. 4. Place the following events in chronological order: a) the adoption of Christianity in Kievan Rus; b) the congress of princes in Lyubech; c) the introduction of "lessons and churchyards"; d) the creation of Yaroslav's "Pravda"; e) the creation of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". 5. The Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus around 948 wrote: “When the month of November comes, their princes immediately go out with all the Rus and set off on a circular detour precisely to the Slavic lands. Feeding there for the whole winter, in April, when the ice on the Dnieper melts, they return to Kyiv again. Then they take their ships ... equip and go to Byzantium. Who are these princes and what phenomenon did the Byzantine emperor describe? 6. Determine who it is. His youth was spent in military campaigns that his father made against the Polovtsians. Thanks to him, the intensive development of the northeastern lands of Russia began. The mention of "the heart of the Russian lands" is associated with his name. Twice he was the great prince of Kyiv. Thanks to him, such cities as Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Dubny, Yuryev-Polsky arose. Contemporaries noted his passion for capturing foreign lands and awarded him the appropriate nickname. He constantly clashed with his own son and did not want him to inherit his throne. He died in the midst of preparations for a military campaign, which was supposed to stop the princely strife at least for a while. 7. With what royal families of Europe was Yaroslav the Wise associated? 8. On one of the old books there is a formidable warning: "If a priest or a deacon reads this book, and does not fasten it, he will be damned!" Why did the book have to be fastened? 9. Why Early Education Old Russian state causes so much controversy and controversy among historians? 10. Famous historian L.N. Gumilyov expressed the opinion that the power of the Mongols over Russia did not represent a cruel yoke, but until the end of the 13th century. was a kind of mutually beneficial alliance. Is it possible, on the basis of the facts known to you, to assess the validity of this assumption?
A1. Which of the above decrees was signed by the emperor in 1803?1) "On obligated peasants"
2) "About free cultivators"
3) “On the establishment of the III branch of the Own H.I.V. Offices»
4) "On the introduction of universal military service"
A2. What estate was the most privileged in Russia in the 19th century?
1) boyars 3) merchants
2) nobility 4) clergy (clergy)
A3. Which government agency the authorities were given the functions of the highest judicial instance and the body of supervision over the administration according to the reform of 1802?
1) Holy Synod 3) Senate
2) Supreme Privy Council 4) Council of State
A4. As in the XIX century. named peasants who had cash and doing business?
1) sessional 3) temporarily obligated
2) capitalist 4) black-hundreds
A5. Read an excerpt from the historian's work and indicate the meeting place of the two emperors, about which in question.
“On June 25, 1807, at the second hour of the day, the first meeting of both emperors took place. In the very middle of the river, a raft with two magnificent pavilions was approved. The whole guard was lined up on the French shore, on the Russian - a small retinue of the emperor ... The boats set sail from the banks, and in the middle of the river, the emperor and the tsar simultaneously entered the tent of peace. The guardsmen, who were shooting at each other 10 days ago, shout: "Hurrah!" Yesterday's enemies hugged ... "
1) Waterloo 3) Austerlitz
2) Tilsit 4) St. Petersburg
A6. During the years of what war did the Russian army carry out the brilliant Tarutinsky march-maneuver?
1) Smolensk 3) Livonian
2) Northern 4) Patriotic
A7. In the XIX century. wealthy townspeople could participate in city management issues through
1) city dumas 3) labial elders
2) peace mediators 4) zemstvo committees
A8. Read an excerpt from the notes of a contemporary and indicate the name of the war, the events of which are being discussed.
“The Uglitsky and Kazan regiments, and the fifth squad of the Bulgarian militia, with amazingly beautiful harmony, moved forward under heavy enemy fire. After brilliant attacks, Skobelev lined up in front of<Шипкой-Шейново>Vladimir regiment... - Well, brothers, follow me now. Your comrades have honestly done their job, and we will finish as it should. - Let's try ... - Look ... Walk harmoniously ... The Turks are almost already defeated ... blessing, with God!
1) Russian-Turkish war of 1806–1812 3) Crimean War 1853–1856
2) Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829. 4) Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878.
A9. According to the reform of 1861, the peasants received the right
1) transition to other estates
2) elect and be elected to the State Duma
3) leave the community and settle in farms
4) to all the lands of the landowner
A10. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of N. Figner and indicate the name of the emperor, the preparation of the assassination attempt on which is discussed in the document.
“Simultaneously with the preparations for explosions near Moscow, Alexandrovsk and Odessa, the Committee had in mind another appointment in St. Petersburg itself ... The Committee in St. persons chosen by the members of the Committee from among themselves for matters of the greatest importance. At that time these three were: Al. Mikhailov. Tikhomirov and Al. Kwiatkowski, from whom I once heard a mysterious phrase: "While all these preparations are going on, here the personal courage of one can end everything." This was an allusion to Khalturin, who later told me that in the Winter Palace he once happened to be alone with the sovereign, and a hammer blow could destroy him on the spot.
1) Pavel Petrovich 3) Nikolai Pavlovich
2) Alexander Pavlovich 4) Alexander Nikolaevich
A11. Which of the following happened in the 19th century?
1) the abolition of the patriarchate 3) the proclamation of Russia as an empire
2) the establishment of collegiums 4) the abolition of serfdom
A12. "We were the children of 1812" - so they said about themselves
2) Marxists 4) Narodnaya Volya
A13. What was the name of the legislative body of state power established in 1810?
1) Council of State 3) Supreme Senate
2) The State Duma 4) Holy Synod
A14. Started in Russia in the 30s. 19th century the industrial revolution helped
1) the emergence of the first manufactories
2) the emergence of the first all-Russian fairs
3) decrease in the number of urban population
4) the formation of factory centers
A15. Representatives of Russian public thought from the late 1830s - 1850s, who believed that Russia should develop in an original way, and not follow the patterns of leading European countries, were called
1) Westerners 3) Slavophiles
A16. Indicate the changes, transformations that were carried out during the Great Reforms of the 1860-1870s.
A) cancellation of recruitment for the army
B) restriction of corvée to three days a week
B) the creation of provincial and district zemstvos
D) prohibition to sell peasants without land
E) the introduction of the institution of jurors
Specify the correct answer
ABG 2) AVD 3) BVG 4) IOP please help
Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise(years of life 978-1054; reign: in Rostov (987-1010), in Novgorod (1010-1034), Grand Duke Kyiv (1016-1018, 1019-1054)), the son of the baptist of Russia, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich (from the Rurik family) and the Polotsk princess Rogneda Rogvolodovna, in baptism received the name George (or Yuri). This is one of the most famous ancient Russian princes.
In 987, being nine years old, he was sent by his father to reign in the city of Rostov. In 1010 he became the Prince of Novgorod. It is believed that it was at the end of his reign in the city of Rostov in 1010 that he founded Yaroslavl.
There is little information about this period of the prince's life and they are legendary. It is known that being the prince of Novgorod, Yaroslav wanted to break all dependence on Kyiv and in 1014 refused to pay his father an annual tribute of 2,000 hryvnias, as all Novgorod posadniks did. Novgorodians, who were burdened by dependence on South Russia, supported the prince. This episode is reflected in the annals.
Angry at his son, Vladimir prepared to personally go against him, but soon fell ill and died. Power in Kyiv passed to the eldest in the family Svyatopolk, who, fearing Boris, beloved by the people of Kiev and wanting to protect himself from the claims of other brothers to the grand throne, killed three of them - Boris, Gleb and Svyatoslav. The same danger threatened Yaroslav.
In an evil slaughter, Yaroslav defeated Svyatopolk near the city of Lyubech, entered Kyiv and occupied the grand prince's table (1016). The struggle between the brothers continued with varying success, and only in 1019, after the death of Svyatopolk, Yaroslav was able to establish himself on the throne of Kiev.
In 1036, the chronicles speak of the siege of Kyiv by the Pechenegs, in the absence of Yaroslav, who had gone to Novgorod. Having received news of this, Yaroslav hastened to help and defeated the Pechenegs under the very walls of Kyiv. After this defeat, the attacks of the Pechenegs on Russia ceased. In 1030, Yaroslav went to Chud and established his power on the shores of Lake Peipsi; he founded a city here and named it Yuriev, in honor of his angel (the Christian name of Prince Yuri). Now it is the city of Dorpat.
Having won military victories, Yaroslav begins work that was grandiose for that time. On the site of his victory over the Pechenegs, he laid a new architectural ensemble, the center of which was the St. Sophia Cathedral. He built the Kyiv church of St. Sophia in imitation of the Constantinople church, splendidly decorating it with frescoes and mosaics.
Yaroslav did not spare money for church splendor, inviting Greek masters for this. He decorated Kyiv with many buildings, built new stone walls, arranging in them the famous Golden Gate (in imitation of the same Constantinople), and above them - the Church of the Annunciation.
In an effort to eliminate the dependence of the Russian Orthodox Church on Byzantium, he took steps due to which in 1054 the first metropolitan not from the Greeks, but from the Russians, Hilarion, became the head of the church.
In order to instill in the people the principles of the Christian faith, Yaroslav ordered that handwritten books be translated from Greek into Slavonic. Yaroslav was very fond of books and often read them. He multiplied the number of books in Russia and gradually introduced them into use. Since that time, book wisdom has firmly established itself among Russians. To spread the letter, Yaroslav ordered the clergy to teach children. In Novgorod, he set up a school for 300 boys.
Under Yaroslav the Wise, the first Russian monasteries appeared, including Kiev-Pechersk, who played a big role in the development of Russian literature and chronicles. Yaroslav remained the most famous to posterity as a legislator: the code of laws "Russian Truth" is attributed to him.
In foreign policy the prince relied more on diplomacy than on weapons. At that time, dynastic marriages were the main way for this. And the leaders of European states were not averse to intermarrying with the ruler of Kievan Rus. Yaroslav himself married Ingigerda (in Orthodoxy - Irina), the daughter of the Norwegian king Olaf.
The son Vsevolod was married to a Greek princess, two more sons were married to German princesses, the Polish prince Casimir was married to the sister of Prince Dobrognev; and Yaroslav's son Izyaslav married Kazimir's sister. The Norwegian king Harald was married to the daughter of Yaroslav Elizabeth, the Hungarian king Andrei married his daughter Anastasia, the French king Henry I married his third daughter, Anna Yaroslavna. So the prince of Kyiv was the father, grandfather and uncle of many rulers of Europe.
Appearance of Yaroslav the Wise
A detailed description of the appearance of Yaroslav the Wise chronicle was not left to us. Having opened the tomb of the prince, a group of Russian anthropologists led by M. Gerasimov recreated his appearance.
Here, in the picture, you can see it. It is clear that this reconstruction gives a very approximate idea of the appearance of Yaroslav the Wise.
The character of Yaroslav the Wise
Describing the character of Yaroslav the Wise, the chronicler speaks of prudence, intelligence, diligence in Orthodox faith, courage, compassion for the have-nots. The prince's temper was strict, and his life was modest. In this he differed from his father, who loved merry feasts.
At the same time, the character of Yaroslav the Wise was far from simple. Controversial figure: brutal dictator and wise book lover; crafty politician and inspired builder; the creator of the first set of Russian laws - "Russian Truth" and a man who does not know gratitude, who could punish with an iron hand even faithful associates who did a lot for the principality and for him personally, and even close relatives.
Yes, and it is difficult to imagine calmness and Russian good nature in the character of Yaroslav the Wise. After all, his mother was a Polovtsian, and he himself was half Polovtsy. The hot and furious blood of the inhabitants of the Polovtsian steppes flowed in his veins.
What cities were founded by Yaroslav the Wise
In order to strengthen his power, Yaroslav the Wise founded cities in different parts of Kievan Rus. Often they bore the name of the prince. These cities include:
- . The fact that the prince founded this city is not indisputable.
- Yuriev (now Tartu) was founded in 1030 during the military campaign of the squad of Yaroslav the Wise against the Estonians, which ended with the annexation of part of their lands to the Old Russian state. On these lands, the prince founded a city, which he gave the name Yuryev (this is the Christian name of the prince, given to him at baptism). Now Tartu is the second most populous city in Estonia after Tallinn.
- Yaroslav was founded in 1031. The city of that time is called the "Princely City". Near Yaroslav in 1245, the Battle of Yaroslavl took place. Since the XIV century as part of Poland. Now it is included in Poland in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Yaroslavl County. It stands on the river San.
- Another Yuriev was founded by Yaroslav the Wise in 1032. It was one of the fortress cities included in the Poros defensive line, built to defend against the invasions of the steppe nomads of the Kyiv principality. It was destroyed in 1240, during the Mongol-Tatar invasion, only the ruins of the church remained from the city, near which the city was reborn. now this White church- a city of regional subordination in the Kyiv region of Ukraine.
- Some historians associate foundation of Novgorod-Seversky with the conquest campaign of Yaroslav the Wise in 1044. However, according to archaeologists, the first fortified settlement on the site of the city appeared at the end of the 10th century, during the reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavich. Now Novgorod-Seversky is a city in the Chernihiv region of Ukraine, the administrative center of Novgorod-Seversky district.
By his deeds, this prince earned from his descendants nickname Wise. The reign of Yaroslav the Wise was the longest - 37 years.
He died in 1054 and was buried in a marble coffin that has survived to our time in St. Sophia Cathedral.
Veneration in Christianity
For the first time, the Holy Prince is mentioned by Adam of Bremen, who in the Acts of the High Priests of the Hamburg Church, dated 1075, calls Grand Duke Yaroslav Vladimirovich a saint.
However, formally Yaroslav the Wise was not among the saints of the Russian Orthodox Church. In connection with the 950th anniversary of his death on March 9, 2004, he was included in the holy calendar of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church MP, and on December 8, 2005, with the blessing of His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II, the day of February 20 (March 5) was included in the calendar as the day of memory of the Right-Believing Prince Yaroslav the Wise.
Interesting facts about Yaroslav the Wise
- The sarcophagus of Yaroslav the Wise was opened three times in the 20th century: in 1936, 1939 and 1964.
- In 1936, they found a pile of mixed bones in the sarcophagus and determined that there were two skeletons: a male, a female, and several bones of a child.
- The ashes themselves were taken out only in 1939. Then the remains were sent to Leningrad, where, with a high degree of probability, scientists from the Institute of Anthropology established for the first time that one of the three skeletons found in the burial belongs to Yaroslav the Wise. Then, using the found skull, the great Soviet archaeologist and anthropologist Mikhail Gerasimov restored the alleged appearance of Yaroslav the Wise.
- In 2009, the tomb in St. Sophia Cathedral was reopened, and the remains were sent for examination. The decision to open the sarcophagus was taken by a high-ranking commission, consisting of scientists and representatives of the Ukrainian government. It's no joke, the remains of Yaroslav are the most ancient of the surviving remains of the Rurik family. The sarcophagus was opened to determine the appearance, exact age, illnesses of the prince, and with the help of DNA to establish: the Rurik family belongs to the Scandinavians or Slavs. But it turned out that the remains of the prince were not there. The autopsy revealed the Soviet newspapers Pravda and Izvestia dated 1964. In March 2011, the results of a genetic examination were published, according to which not male, but only female remains rest in the tomb. Interestingly, these female remains belong to two women, one of them lived in the era of Kievan Rus, and the other a thousand years earlier, that is, during the time of the Scythian settlements. The remains of the Kyiv time belong to a woman who was engaged in a lot of hard work during her lifetime. physical labor, that is, she was clearly not of a princely family. According to historians, the remains of the Grand Duke should also be sought in the United States.
- The Library of Yaroslav the Wise, which is often compared with the Library of Ivan the Terrible, has become legendary.
- In 2008, Yaroslav the Wise took first place in the television project Great Ukrainians.
- There is an opinion of historians that the wife of Prince Ingigerd was the real ruler of Russia, actively influencing political processes.
- As a dowry, Ingigerda received the city of Aldeygyuborg (Staraya Ladoga) and a rather large area around Lake Ladoga, named Ingermanlandia (Ingigerda's land) in her honor. St. Petersburg was founded on the territory of Ingermanland in 1703.
- In Kyiv, on the initiative of Ingigerda, the first convent was built at the Church of St. Irina (after baptism, Ingigerda took the name Irina). Until the middle of the twentieth century, one of the columns of the cathedral of this monastery towered. Now only the name of a quiet street Irininskaya in the center of Kyiv reminds of the temple.
- At the end of her life, Ingigerda took the veil as a nun, taking the name of nun Anna. Her remains are in Novgorod.
- In 1439, Archbishop Evfimy canonized Ingigerda-Irina-Anna and her son Vladimir as saints. She became the heavenly patroness of Novgorod. This also testifies to the enormous moral, at least, significance that this woman had. After all, her husband Yaroslav the Wise was officially canonized only in the 21st century.
If anyone knows which city's coat of arms is depicted in this illustration,
let him sit silently with a bored look, or read the post further. Suddenly, too, from a well-forgotten old, he will discover something new.
And if a descendant of proud ukrov pays attention to this post, then this,
all the more necessary to sit and delve into what is written below ..
Last weekend the birthdays of the cities of Moscow and Tula were celebrated. I drew attention to the fact that my native Tula turns out to be a year older than Moscow. In this regard, I wanted to know how the oldest cities in our country. I must say that Tula and Moscow were not among the ten oldest.
10. Ryazan. Population: 532,772
Ryazan opens our Top of the most ancient cities in the country. The name of the city comes from the territory of the principality, which at the beginning of the 11th century was located on the right bank of the Oka. Tourism in Ryazan is widely developed, because the land on which it is built is the most ancient territory of Russia. There is something to see here: St. John the Theologian Monastery, Trinity Monastery, Ryazan Historical Museum-Reserve and much more.
9. Yaroslavl. Population: 603,961
One of the oldest cities in Russia dates back to 1010. In the past, Yaroslavl proudly bore the title of "the city of a hundred churches." Now there are only thirty left. You can see all the churches in one day. Many old cathedrals and architectural monuments have been preserved in Yaroslavl, which is not surprising, because it is part of the Golden Ring of Russia. The most important attraction in the historical center of the city is the Transfiguration Cathedral (not to be confused with the monastery of the same name), built in 1516.
8. Kazan. Population: 1,205,651
Kazan was founded in 1005 as an outpost on the border of the Volga Bulgaria. One of the most ancient cities in Russia has a centuries-old rich history and a unique cultural and historical heritage. Included in the list world heritage UNESCO. One of the main attractions in the city is the Kazan Kremlin, built of white brick. And the Kul Sharif mosque is considered the main symbol of the Republic of Tatarstan.
7. Vladimir. Population: 362,581
The city-museum was founded in 990. It is one of the most ancient in the country, it is included in the Golden Ring of Russia. They say about Vladimir: "even the city's hospitals, shops and pharmacies are architectural monuments built by our ancestors." And there is no exaggeration in this description. Many houses in the city are over 300 years old. And the world-famous Golden Gate, Assumption and Dmitrievsky Cathedrals are included in the UNESCO list.
6. Murom. Population: 110,746 people
The first mention of Murom slips in The Tale of Bygone Years. It was from this ancient source that it was possible to establish the origin of the name of the city. In ancient times, one of the tribes of Finno-Ugric origin, called Muroms, lived on this territory. Prince Vladimir in 988 gave the city to his son Gleb. It was he who became the first ruler of Murom. It will be interesting for tourists to look at the Transfiguration Monastery, which is the oldest in the country.
5. Suzdal. Population: 9978 people
There are several references to this city in ancient sources. One dates back to 1024. It describes the uprising of the Magi. The second, in the year 999, which says that Suzdal was founded as a result of the merger of several settlements. Currently, one of the oldest cities is part of the Golden Ring of Russia. On its territory there is a huge number of monuments, which have no equal anywhere in the country.
4. Smolensk. Population: 330,049 people
The hero city was first mentioned in 946 in the Tale of Bygone Years as a settlement of the Krivichi tribe. And twenty years later, Prince Oleg captured Smolensk and annexed it to Ancient Russia. He made his son Igor the prince of the city, but he, due to his infancy, could not perform managerial functions, so Smolensk was controlled from Kyiv. Of the main attractions of the ancient city of Russia, it is worth noting the Borisoglebsky Monastery, the Church of St. John the Evangelist, and the Assumption Cathedral.
3. Veliky Novgorod. Population: 221,954
This ancient city was built in 859. It can rightfully be called unique, because such architectural monuments cannot be found in any other city in the world. And the atmosphere of Novgorod, which received bronze in the rating of the oldest cities in the country, cannot be confused with anything. This is due to the fact that the city was built on the site where many important events of Russia took place. Tourists should look at the main attraction of Veliky Novgorod - St. Sophia Cathedral. It is often called the religious center of the country. And the Novgorod Kremlin is one of the most beautiful buildings in the country. 
2. Staraya Ladoga. Population: 2012 people
Staraya Ladoga, which took second place in the ranking of the oldest cities in Russia, was founded in 753. But historical evidence shows that even before the founding of the city, people lived here. It is interesting that the first prince of Ancient Russia - Rurik, was a native of Staraya Ladoga. Since the city was close to the territories of hostile states, it was the first outpost on the way of foreigners. It has been destroyed and rebuilt many times. The wooden fortress of Staraya Ladoga was replaced with a stone one in the 9th century, which allowed it to become the first fortress in the country made of this material.
1. Derbent. Population: 121,251
Derbent is rightfully considered the oldest city in Russia. After all, its history goes back as much as 5,000 years! It was founded when Ancient Russia did not yet exist in the project. The earliest references to the city date back to sources from the 6th century BC. But then it was called the Caspian Gates. Part Russian Empire Derbent entered only in 1813, after an armistice agreement was signed with Persia. With such a long history, it would be surprising if the city did not have ancient monuments. Of the most famous: the Juma mosque built in the 8th century, and the Naryn-Kala fortress, 2500 years old.
Well, I think those who did not know already guessed that the illustration for this post depicts the coat of arms of the city...
I don’t know from what buoys the descendants of the Jupiterian dolphins, which in our centuries settled Kyiv and its environs, decided to appropriate the image of the capital of ancient Russia - Ladoga.
And why Kyiv is considered the mother of Russian cities. Indeed, in fact, it became the capital only the third in a row.
Now about the capitals of Russia
It has been noticed that, unfortunately, there is a lot of speculation on the topic “the capital of Russia”. For example, in Ukraine, the theory is supported that the main, historical and almost the only legitimate capital of Russia (meaning both the borders of the ancient Russian state and its modern “heirs”: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus) is exclusively Kyiv. There are various arguments for this, the main of which can be called, probably, two:
- Kyiv is the original and original capital of Russia.
- Kyiv has been the capital for a very long time.
- Well...
Ladoga, which arose in the middle of the 8th century, is named the residence of Rurik in the Ipatiev list of The Tale of Bygone Years. According to this version, Rurik sat in Ladoga until 864, and only after that he founded Veliky Novgorod.
Ladoga is not only one of the most ancient cities in Russia, it is also one of the most ancient Slavic outposts, which was constantly attacked by its northern neighbors. The fortress was burned, destroyed, but again and again rose from the ashes, putting up a barrier to the invaders. In the 9th century, the wooden walls of the Ladoga fortress were replaced with stone ones made of local limestone, and Ladoga became the first stone fortress in Russia.
2. Novgorod (862 - 882) is 20 years old.
According to other chronicles, Veliky Novgorod became the first capital of the Old Russian state.
Veliky Novgorod - one of the most ancient and famous Russian cities, was first mentioned in the Novgorod Chronicle under 859 in connection with the name of the legendary Prince Rurik, who began advancing to Russia from Ladoga.
Already in the first centuries of its existence, Novgorod played an important role in the events that took place on Russian soil, in fact, becoming the first capital of Russia. The location of Novgorod was so advantageous geographically (the city stood at the crossroads of waterways running from the Baltic from the north and west to the south and east) that by the middle of the 9th century it had become a major commercial, political and cultural center of the northwestern lands.
Novgorod did not remain the capital for long. In 882, Prince Oleg made a trip to Kyiv and moved the capital there. But even after the transfer of the princely residence to Kyiv, Novgorod did not lose its significance. Being in the zone of lively trade contacts with foreign countries, Novgorod was a kind of "window to Europe".
3. Kyiv (882 - 1243)— this is 361 years.
In 882, Rurik's successor, Novgorod prince Oleg the Prophetic, captured Kyiv, which from that time became the capital of Russia. With the adoption of Christianity by Russia at the end of the 10th century, Kyiv became the residence of the Russian metropolitan.
The coincidence of the political and ecclesiastical center, combined with a long period of autocracy Kyiv princes led to the formation in Russia of a stable institution of the capital, which was not typical for most European countries of that time.
In ancient Russian literature, the concept of the capital corresponded to the expressions “the oldest table” and the “capital city” and the epithet “first throne” that have retained their meaning to this day. Kyiv received the name "Mothers of Russian cities", which was a tracing-paper from the Greek word "metropolis" and likened the city to Constantinople.
Kyiv did not have its own princely dynasty, control over it was the subject of constant struggle, which, on the one hand, led to a steady decline in its real role, and on the other, made it an object around which the interests of all Russian lands intertwined.
Since 1169, when Andrei Bogolyubsky, having a recognized seniority, for the first time refused to take the Kyiv throne, the connection between the possession of Kyiv and the status of the most powerful prince became optional. In the subsequent time, the senior princes of Suzdal and Volyn preferred to transfer Kyiv to their minor relatives, while the Chernigov and Smolensk princes more often ruled personally. Nevertheless, the title of princes of "all Russia" continued to be attached to the princes who had ever visited Kyiv during their lives. Both in ancient Russian sources and in the eyes of foreigners, the city continued to be perceived as a capital.
In 1240, Kyiv was destroyed by the Mongols and fell into decay for a long time. The fight for him is over. The Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (1243) and Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (1249) were recognized as the oldest in Russia, and Kyiv was transferred to them. However, they preferred to leave Vladimir as their residence.
After the Mongol (and then Lithuanian) invasion, there was a mass migration of the Russian population from Kyiv and nearby lands to the undeveloped and infertile lands of Zalesye (a section of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus), where the Tatars rarely reached. In fact, the Russians (not all, of course, but those who had the will and strength to do so) left the captured Kyiv and created a new state from scratch, and Moscow turned from a princely hunting lodge into its capital in a hundred years. Therefore, by the way, according to relatively recent studies, the current Great Russians and Turkic peoples do not have common genes.
In the next era, until the conquest of Kyiv by Lithuania (1362), it was ruled by provincial princes who did not claim all-Russian supremacy.
4. Vladimir (1243 - 1389) is 146 years old.
Vladimir-on-Klyazma, founded in 1108 by Vladimir Monomakh, became the capital of North-Eastern Russia in 1157, when Prince Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky moved his residence here from Suzdal.
The recognition of seniority in the princely family, indeed, turned out to be divorced from the Kyiv table, but it was attached to the personality of the prince, and not to his city, and by no means always belonged to the Vladimir princes.
The time of maximum influence of the principality was the reign of Vsevolod Yurievich the Big Nest. His supremacy was recognized by the princes of all Russian lands, except for Chernigov and Polotsk, and henceforth the Vladimir princes began to be called "great".
Panorama of Vladimir - Golden Gate and Trinity Church Photo: bestmaps.ru
After the Mongol invasion (1237-1240), all Russian lands came under the supreme authority of the Mongol Empire, subordinate to its western wing - the Ulus of Jochi or the Golden Horde. And it was the Grand Dukes of Vladimir who were nominally recognized in the Horde as the oldest in all of Russia. In 1299, the metropolitan moved his residence to Vladimir. From the beginning In the 14th century, the princes of Vladimir began to bear the title of "great princes of all Russia."
5. Moscow (1389 - 1712) + (1918— n. c.) = 421
Moscow was first mentioned in chronicles in 1147. In 1263, Moscow received an inheritance younger son Alexander Nevsky - Daniil Alexandrovich. Without claiming the great reign of Vladimir, he was able to significantly expand the territory of his principality at the expense of neighboring Smolensk and Ryazan volosts. This allowed Daniil to attract a large number of service people to his service, who formed the basis of a powerful Moscow boyars. In modern historiography, this factor is considered as the most important in the process of the successful rise of Moscow.
In 1325, the metropolitan moved to Moscow from Vladimir.
In 1547, Ivan IV assumed the royal title, and until 1712 Moscow became the capital of the kingdom - the Russian State.
6. St. Petersburg / Petrograd (1712 - 1918) is 206 years old.
In 1712, by the will of Peter I, the capital of Russia was moved to St. Petersburg, specially founded as a capital city.
Thus, Kyiv does not have the right to be called the “only correct” capital of Russia, neither by its originality nor by its duration, just like any other capital in the entire history of Russia.
Before naming the most ancient cities of Russia, it is necessary to clarify what is meant, a primordially Russian city that originally arose on the lands of Russia, or a settlement located on the territory modern Russia. In the second case, the answer will be unequivocal - this is Derbent. It has been known about him since the 6th century BC, when there was no Russia at all.
Inhabited since time immemorial territory
Of course, the ancient settlements were, as excavations show, everywhere and on the territory of Moscow too. And in the Crimea, on the White Rock, a skeleton of a mother with a child, who is 150,000 years old, was found.
Later, during the Copper Age (Eneolithic), the settlements were already protected in every possible way, a prototype of fortresses appeared - the settlement was erected on a high place, a fence was built near the river. Archaeologists still have a lot of work to do - already now on the territory of our country there are hundreds of excavated settlements belonging to various temporary cultures. Herodotus mentions the wooden city of Gelon, which, according to some scientists, could be located on the territory of present-day Saratov. Much is known about the existence, especially in the Crimea, of ancient cities such as Tiras and Olbia, Tanais and Phanagoria. These cities and many others shaped medieval Russia. Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that Rurik did not come from scratch.
One of many
There are many lists of ancient Russian cities, and they all differ. Some indicate one settlements, in some others, the dates of formation do not always coincide. Scientists argue, and new data appear. Below is one of the lists.
Founding dates |
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Velikiy Novgorod | ||
Rostov the Great |
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Belozersk |
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Great Izborsk |
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Smolensk | ||
Vladimir | ||
Yaroslavl |
Several Yet
Novgorod is the oldest
Most often, the list is headed by Veliky Novgorod, first mentioned in the Novgorod Chronicle of 859. The mention is connected with Rurik, who came to Russia from Ladoga (based on this information, in some lists this settlement is indicated under the first number). By the middle of the 9th century, the advantageous location makes Novgorod the center of the northwestern lands and the first capital of Ancient Russia. The city is a major cultural, political and commercial center, leading the exchange of goods with many foreign countries.
But in 882, Prince Oleg conquers Kyiv and makes it his capital and leaves Novgorod. The city continued to develop quite successfully, becoming the first "window to Europe" for Russia. It can be noted that the first bishop arrived in Veliky Novgorod in 989.
Construction boom year
The second number in some list of "The most ancient cities of Russia" is Belozersk, founded in 862. I wonder whose efforts so many cities were founded this year? Beloozero (the second name of the city) was transferred several times - either it would flood it, or a pestilence would destroy half of the population. Trade routes along the Sheksna and Mologa rivers to the Volga and beyond passed through it. Both Novgorod and Belozersk are cities with a rich history, they still exist, but in this article they are interesting precisely as the ancient cities of Russia.
The list continues with the well-known, thanks to the great inmate Ilya, Moore. The history of this outpost originates from the settlement of the Oka by the Finnish Muroma tribe. The city was the capital of the Muromo-Ryazan principality. Due to the fact that he was in the border zone, the city was constantly subjected to raids. In 862, at the mouth of the Polota River, at its confluence with the Western Dvina, Polotsk (Polotesk) was founded. Polotsk became part of the Old Russian state in 907, there is documentary evidence of this. At the same time, the city of Rostov, which later became part of the Rostov-Suzdal Principality, was being built on the shores of Lake Nero.
Next on the list
Smolensk was founded a year later in 863. It is mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years. The favorable position on the Dnieper contributed to the rapid formation of the capital of the Krivichi. Smolensk is part of Kievan Rus as a strong principality. Pskov and Uglich, Bryansk and Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Kursk and Ryazan, Vladimir, Kostroma and Tver are also ancient cities of Russia. The list is supplemented by Moscow. But these are younger formations. So, Tver was founded in 1208. Initially, the city was part of the Novgorod principality, and then was annexed to the Vladimir-Suzdal lands. All these cities are the historical heritage of our country.
The history of the famous route
About 40 years ago, the newspaper "Soviet Russia" published a number of articles about ancient Russian cities, concentrated on the territory of several nearby regions. The golden-domed churches of these cities, located along a closed ring, gave the name to the new tourist route. The "Golden Ring of Russia" was born from newspaper essays, the term was coined by the writer Yuri Bychkov. Initially, this route included only eight of the most ancient Russian cities - Moscow and Sergiev Posad, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Rostov the Great, Uglich and Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Ples, Suzdal and Vladimir, between them there is one more point - Bogolyubovo. These cities were selected according to a certain principle. For example, they represent all types of ancient Russian architecture, the development of which can be traced in stages.
unofficial center
The route gained popularity, it became a cult, but many ancient settlements were not covered. And now, the "Golden Ring of Russia" already includes 20 cities, special routes are being created in order to visit something else famous points.
There are cruises on the Volga under this name. The unofficial, but generally recognized capital of the entire "Golden Ring" is Vladimir - a city located 193 km from Moscow, where the route begins and ends. The Pearl of the Ring was founded in 1108. Vladimir Monomakh, who was actively engaged in urban planning, laid and surrounded the wooden fortress with an earthen rampart. His grandson Andrei Bogolyubsky, the city owes its flourishing. famous Vladimir icon was brought to the city by him, and he also built for her an amazing temple of the Assumption of the Mother of God. In 1157, Vladimir became the capital of the Old Russian state. The city continues to develop further. Since that time, many monuments have been preserved, and this center of ancient architecture impresses with its beauty preserved in its original form. The main attractions of the city are the Golden Gate, built in 1164, the Assumption Cathedral, painted by Andrei Rublev in the 12th century, the Dmitrievsky Cathedral, famous for its white stone carvings. These are far from all the historical and architectural monuments that Vladimir is rich in.
Glorified by warriors
All cities of the Golden Ring amaze and fascinate with primordially Russian beauty. Some occupy special niches. So, the city of Murom, instead of which Ivanovo sometimes appears in the list of 8 cities, is the oldest city in Russia. He, mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years, remained pagan for a very long time. After the murder of the great-grandson of Yaroslav the Wise Mikhail in Murom, his father, the namesake of his grandfather, Prince Yaroslav laid siege to the city, and, having taken it, baptized the inhabitants by force in 1097. Murom was destroyed by Batu, later ruined by the Tatars three times, it was plundered in Troubled times, but always his warriors were in the forefront of the defenders of the motherland. City of Murom
gave Russia the most famous hero Ilya Muromets.
Handsome Suzdal
Just to list the monasteries, churches and bell towers of Suzdal, the museum under open sky Not even a page is enough. Ancient monastery walls, belfries and gate churches - dozens of the most beautiful objects represent Russian architecture from the 12th to the 19th century. The city of Suzdal has a special attraction. White-stone churches and ancient monuments, of which there are up to 200 units in the city-museum, are under the protection of UNESCO. For the first time this beautiful city is mentioned in chronicles from 1024. Now everything is being done to attract more tourists. Street vendors of souvenirs and mead, buffoons and horse teams created an atmosphere of an endless holiday in the city.
Veliky Novgorod, due to its remoteness, is not included in the Golden Ring of Russia.
To the question What cities, besides St. Petersburg, were founded under Peter I? given by the author Annie the best answer is 1. Lipetsk
Historians are still arguing about the date of the founding of Lipetsk. The official version claims that this city, known for its mineral water factories, is a kind of “twinned city” of St. Petersburg, since both cities were founded by Peter the Great.
The city was founded by Peter the Great and began its history in 1703, when, at the direction of Peter, the construction of ironworks began on the Lipovka River.
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2.Petrodvorets (until 1944 - Peterhof),
3. Petrokrepost (until 1944 - Shlisselburg)
4. Taganrog July 27, 1696
Here in 1698 Peter the Great founded the first Russian port in the Azov-Black Sea Basin.
At one time, Peter even suggested moving the capital of the country here. But the fate of the city was decided by the unsuccessful war for Russia with Turkey. Under an agreement with the Turks in 1712, Taganrog was destroyed.
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5.g. Petrovsk is an old merchant town, founded by decree of Peter the Great in 1698, who, according to legend, visited here in 1707.
The architectural appearance and historical flavor of the city is given by the church built over 100 years ago in the name of the icon of Kazan Holy Mother of God, the Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God, the Ustinov estate, the building of the hospital, the railway station, the fire station, the city administration, which are still in good condition and protected by law as architectural monuments of the 19th century.
6. Petrozavodsk was founded on September 9, 1703 as Petrovskaya Sloboda.
Not far from Petrozavodsk is the oldest Russian resort "Marcial Waters", founded by decree of Peter I in 1721 in honor of the end of the Northern War, where the Church of the Apostle Peter, built according to the design of the tsar, and, of course, the mineral water springs themselves have been preserved. Currently, it is a modern balneological sanatorium.
7. Biysk was founded in 1709 by the Decree of Peter the Great, was part of the Biysko-Kuznetsk Cossack line, guarding the southern borders of Russia.
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8.Novosibirsk
At the beginning of the 18th century, under Peter the Great, the development of both banks of the Ob began. Here, by decree of the sovereign, servicemen founded the village of Krivoshchekovo in 1701. This event can be considered the conception (foundation) of the future city, and Peter - its founder.
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9. Shooting
The city was founded in 1707 by Peter the Great and began with the Travel Palace and the Church of the Transfiguration. The palace miraculously survived to this day, but the temple was destroyed during the Second World War.
Until 1917, several more churches were erected on the territory of the seaside resort town, including the most beautiful St. Nicholas Chapel, which stands on the shore of the sea bay and welcomes everyone arriving in Strelna along the Gulf of Finland. The chapel, consecrated over a hundred years ago, is still active today.
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10. Lodeynoye Pole - a city founded by Peter the Great in 1702
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11. Sestroretsk was founded by Peter the Great in 1721 in connection with the construction of an arms factory.
Opened in 1724, this plant became one of the largest in Russia, and in terms of its technical equipment it was one of the first in Europe. It produced excellent muskets, pistols and cannons for the Russian army.
Answer from Worobioff[guru]
Kamensk-Uralsky 1701 - the city's birthday. The Kamensky state-owned factory for the production of guns for the army and navy was founded by decree of Peter the Great. Therefore, the symbol of the city-cannon The list of cities is large and even the following does not fully complement.
Answer from Alexander Alenitsyn[guru]
Taganrog, Petrozavodsk
Answer from Woodsman[guru]
Baltic port (now - Paldiski)
"He is 15 years younger than St. Petersburg, 14 years younger than Kronstadt, older than the first Russian naval bases - 66 years older than Sevastopol and 75 years older than Odessa. The history of the city is inextricably linked with the history of the development of the Russian state and its military fleet on the Baltic Sea to which he owes his birth.This determines his former, and indeed his present appearance, his long and glorious biography.
The important military and strategic importance of the Gulf of Paldiski was one of the first to be appreciated by Peter I, who decided to build in the town of Rogevik (in other sources Rogervik is a Swedish name) a "harbor of warships", and if not for his death, Russia would have received at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland a powerful naval base with fortifications and hydraulic structures, which would not have been equal in all of Europe at that time.
Paldiski is the Russian version of the name, which was transformed from the first Russian post-Swedish full name of the Baltic port. "
More:
"Paldiski, a city in the Harju region of the Estonian SSR, is located 49 km from Tallinn and 80 km (by sea) from Finland on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. rye island". In the 14th century, a Swedish fortress was built on the rocky coast of the peninsula.
Rogervik Bay has always been considered by Russia as a strategic one for the protection of its borders. The military-strategic importance of the bay was highly appreciated by Peter the Great.
The city was founded by Peter I in the 17th century. Concluding the Nishtatsky peace, the Swedes asked Peter only one thing - not to build a military port here. But Peter said: "Harves of warships to be." "
