The place and role of the social complex in the Crimean economy and the life of the population. Economy of Crimea Macroeconomic indicators of Crimea during the Soviet era

Especially for Crimea.Realities

No money. This phrase is in danger of turning from a network meme into an epitaph on a tombstone. Russian Federation in general and Crimea in particular. As I wrote in April this article, the economy of the “sub-Russian” peninsula sank in all respects, so that life has risen in price by more than 25% per year. In May this article shows how subsidies are being cut from federal budget and the Crimean budget is subject to sequestration. Now it's time to look beyond the peninsula and compare its economic performance with that of other regions of Ukraine and neighboring Russia. Trust me, you won't like what you see.

A moment of theory

An integral indicator of the development of an administrative unit is gross regional product (GRP) . It is calculated by adding up the value of all goods and services produced in a particular region, minus taxes that go to the central budget. The higher the GRP, the better the region lives, which is obvious. However, since administrative units can differ greatly in the number of inhabitants (namely, people create the surplus value of the regional product), the GRP per capita indicator is more adequate for calculations. According to him, we will compare the state of Crimea in 2013 and 2014. Since GRP statistics are on average one and a half years late, data for 2015 is not yet available to us, but they are unlikely to greatly affect the picture.

Gross regional product of Crimea in 2004–2014

The gross regional product of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol grew steadily from 2004 to 2008, with the onset of the global crisis, having collapsed to approximately the level of 2006, and by the last “pre-war” year, returning to lost positions.

Let's take a closer look at the year before and after the annexation. So, according to the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, in 2013 the per capita GRP of the ARC was 22.6 thousand hryvnias (or 2756 dollars at the then average rate), Sevastopol - 25.6 thousand hryvnias (3122 dollars).

The annexation of Crimea, contrary to the promises of the architects of the "Russian spring", led the region to economic collapse. In detail, we considered this issue before, now let's look at the whole picture as a whole.

According to Rosstat, the GRP of the "Republic of Crimea" in 2014 amounted to 73.2 thousand rubles, and Sevastopol - 45.8 thousand rubles. The first change is obvious - the "city of Russian glory", "having returned to its native harbor", surrendered its positions. It is not surprising - the sailors of the Black Sea Fleet no longer receive any additional payments for service in a foreign state, tourism and transport in the city are slowly dying.

Move on. The dollar exchange rate in Russia during 2014 fluctuated from 36.2 rubles in January to 67.8 rubles on the "day of panic" on December 18, but the Central Bank managed to end the year with an indicator of 56.2 rubles per 1 US dollar. My methodology may cause criticism from professionals, but where there are two economists, there are three opinions, so I will safely consider average rate dollar in 2014 at 44.5 rubles.

Thus, in 2014, the gross regional product of the “Republic of Crimea” amounted to $1,645, and that of Sevastopol was barely $1,030. 3 times - Sevastopol). The reasons, I think, are clear to everyone.

But that's not all.

From the middle peasants to the outsiders

Another aspect of the current situation of the peninsula is its place relative to other regions of Ukraine and Russia. During 2008-2013, Sevastopol and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea consistently ranked 10th and 15th respectively (out of 27) in the list of regions of Ukraine in terms of GRP per capita.

But for Russian ratings Crimea and Sevastopol have turned from strong middle peasants into outright outsiders. Judge for yourself. GRP per capita of the poorest administrative unit of the Russian Federation - Chechnya - amounted to 2337 thousand dollars in 2014 (104 thousand rubles at an average exchange rate of 44.5 rubles for 1 dollar).

Against this background, the promises given to the Crimeans before the annexation look especially piquant – they say, you will become much richer, salaries will be like in Russia, the standard of living will rise. Well, if earlier Crimea was approximately on the same level with the Lviv region, and Sevastopol - with Odessa, now, according to Russian statistics, the indicators of Ingushetia and Chechnya are unattainable for the peninsula. This is a definite success.

And finally. Since the Crimean budget for 2/3 consists of central injections, and the Russian economy is steadily degrading, it is not necessary to wait for the heyday of the peninsula for objective reasons.

And while the stones from the sky, as a sin, are completely inedible.

Andrey Vvedensky, Crimean observer

The views expressed in the "Opinion" section convey the point of view of the authors themselves and do not always reflect the position of the editors

Most Russian regions ignored the recession

The economy of Crimea and Sevastopol grew by almost 7% in 2016 against the backdrop of a fall in Russian GDP; in total, 51 regions “ignored” the crisis. And almost the highest rate of decline was shown by Moscow - its GRP decreased by 3%

Lighthouse near the port of Yalta, Crimea (Photo: Ruslan Shamukov / TASS)

More than half of Russian regions did not notice last year's recession - their gross regional product (GRP) grew despite the country's economy falling by 0.2%. As follows from the assessment of the Ministry of Economic Development on GRP for 2016 (official data is published by Rosstat with a one-year delay), which was at the disposal of RBC, Crimea and Sevastopol showed one of the highest growth rates. The difference in GRP dynamics between the fastest growing region (Jewish Autonomous Region) and the subject with the largest economic decline (Chelyabinsk Region) amounted to 12.7 p.p.

Crimea at the forefront

Although Sevastopol remains the smallest economy among the Russian regions since joining Russia - its GRP in 2016 amounted to 36.9 billion rubles - the city's growth rate reached 6.7% (fourth place among all regions). Growth in industry and investment ensures positive dynamics, says Elimdar Akhtemov, director of the Sevastopol Department of Economics.

Crimea was ahead of Sevastopol in terms of growth rates - its GRP grew by 6.9%. This is a recovery growth, partly associated with the implementation of the federal target program for the socio-economic development of Crimea and Sevastopol, as well as with the growth in production, says the Minister of Economic Development of Crimea Andrey Melnikov. In the future, the Crimean economy should accelerate to 7-9% per year, the official expects. The growth of investments in Sevastopol, along with the modernization and development of construction, is provided by budget injections, in particular, the federal program, Akhtemov notes. In 2016, the volume of expenditures on FTP amounted to 120 billion rubles. According to the budget law, in 2017 the state will spend 164.7 billion rubles on the Crimean program, and another 270.7 billion rubles in the next two years.

In general, growth was observed in 51 subjects. The economies of some regions “received significant benefits from public investment to finance infrastructure projects (eg, construction of facilities for the World Cup, road construction),” says Vladlen Kuznetsov, Moody’s Lead Russian Regions Analyst. “At the same time, it can be said that, in general, budget investments had a decisive influence on economic growth only for regions with an initially low base for economic development,” he adds.

Statistics are not a reason to invest

The first place in terms of economic growth is occupied by the Jewish Autonomous Region (+7.1%), the top five also includes the Nenets autonomous region and Mordovia, and in the top ten - Dagestan, Ingushetia and Kabardino-Balkaria (see table). The dynamics of regional development last year “in most cases was determined by the concentration of the economy of these regions by sector,” Kuznetsov argues: “Regions that are concentrated on industries that showed growth also generally had more positive dynamics.” Positive growth rates were shown mainly by export-oriented industries, in particular, the oil and gas and chemical sectors, this was due to investment projects and increasing demand, he says. Counter-sanctions and the devaluation of the ruble helped the production of food and equipment for large monopolies, while state support helped agriculture, Kuznetsov notes, as the defense complex and infrastructure construction grew thanks to state orders.

The statistics of growth in the subjects is the “icing on the cake” for business, explains Andrey Nazarov, vice president of Business Russia: this is just one of the criteria for choosing a region for investment, but far from being the most important one. Although the official data on the same Crimea look optimistic, companies are primarily looking at the volume and nature of investments from the state and big business, he says, and are trying to find a use for themselves in the existing scheme. Growth by 7% in the conditional Jewish Autonomous Region can hardly influence the decision of business to invest in it, Nazarov agrees.

Moscow pulls down

According to the Ministry of Economic Development, GRP fell in 30 regions in 2016. But their share in the Russian economy turned out to be higher than that of stagnating and growing subjects, and ensured a reduction in gross domestic product by 0.2%. The decline was ensured by industries focused on domestic demand, in particular construction and trade, Kuznetsov from Moody's notes. The fall in these sectors in many cases outweighed the positive dynamics in the regions, he continues, the reason is the reduction in real incomes of the population, which in the past year decreased by 5.9%.

Among the shrinking regional economies are such large industrial regions as Krasnoyarsk region, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. Moscow occupied the penultimate place in terms of decline — in 2016, its GRP decreased by 3%. Moscow's economy is heavily dependent on the service sector, recalls Kuznetsov, the Moscow government in its socio-economic forecast estimates its share at 65% (.pdf).

Chelyabinsk (Photo: Valery Sharifulin / TASS)

Factors that have reduced economic activity in Russia as a whole - cheap oil, the devaluation of the ruble, sanctions - "had a direct impact on the economy of the city of Moscow," the forecast says. The city authorities expect that in 2017 the GRP will remain at the same level as in the past, and in the next two years it will grow by 1.8 and 1.4%, respectively. Thus, Moscow will be a year late with economic growth - the Ministry of Economic Development predicts an increase in Russia's GDP by 2% this year. At the same time, the Department of Economic Policy and Development of Moscow told RBC on Friday evening that it had made a preliminary estimate of GRP for 2016, according to which the growth of the capital's economy amounted to 0.7%.

The share of Moscow's GRP in the Russian economy is 15-17%, says Kuznetsov, and its decline "had a significant effect on the national indicator." On the other hand, it must be taken into account that many all-Russian economic processes are closed precisely in the capital - it houses the central offices of many companies operating throughout the country, argues a leading researcher at the Development Center Institute high school Economics Andrey Chernyavsky. “The influence is mutual: much that happens in Russia as a whole forms Moscow's indicators. Therefore, to say that Moscow itself is pulling Russia down would not be very correct, ”he sums up.

However, the official GRP data “does not fully reflect the real state of the city's economy,” the Moscow government claims in its forecast. The economic situation in the capital is "more prosperous", according to the authorities, and this is evident from high level entrepreneurial activity and the growth of energy consumption.

The Crimean economy was formed on the basis of the natural and climatic features of the peninsula.

Traditionally, the role of Crimea in the territorial division of labor was determined by mechanical engineering, food industry, industry building materials, production of grain, sunflower, grapes, vegetables, fruits, as well as resort and port facilities. This specialization has developed due to the coastal position of the region, fertile soils and warm climate, as well as recreational resources.

The structure of the economy of the Republic of Crimea is dominated by the service sector, which accounts for more than 60% of the gross regional product: trade - 13%, transport and communications - 10%, real estate transactions - 10%, social sector - 10%, public administration - 8%.

Among the branches of material production, the leading place is occupied by industry (16%), agriculture also holds a significant role in the economy - 10%.

Largest part products sold accounts for processing industry enterprises - 50.8%, production and distribution of electricity, water and gas occupies 41.3%, mining industry - 7.9%.

Tourism and winemaking also make a significant contribution to the economy. Since ancient times, the Republic of Crimea has been especially proud of local health resorts that provide sanatorium treatment, medical rehabilitation and disease prevention services. There are more than 780 accommodation facilities in 13 resort regions of Crimea, including 558 sanatoriums and 222 hotels. Every fourth institution of the sanatorium and resort complex belongs to health resorts, of which more than two thirds are sanatoriums of various specializations. According to official statistics, the region ranks 2nd in Russia in terms of the number of accommodation places and 5th in terms of the number of tourists accommodated.

Profitable geographical position peninsula predetermined its special significance as a major transport and transit hub in the Black Sea region. And today, the transport and road complex of the Republic of Crimea is a developed communications system, which includes 6266.8 km of public roads, 4 commercial sea ports (Kerch, Feodosia, Yalta, Evpatoria), 2 ferry crossings, 3 airports, railway, the operational length of which is about 650 km, road transport enterprises.

At the same time, the Crimean infrastructure, which was practically not updated by the Ukrainian authorities, is badly worn out and needs serious investments.

In the light of the recent political events of 2014, as a result of which the Republic of Crimea became part of Russia, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted a number of important normative documents aimed at synchronizing the life of the region with Russia

In accordance with Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2014 No. 168 "On the formation of the Crimean federal district”, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 11, 2014 No. 790 approved the Federal Target Program “Socio-economic development of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol until 2020”.

The program is aimed at integrating the economy of the Crimean Federal District into the economic space of Russia, ensuring transport accessibility, as well as removing infrastructure restrictions that hinder the sustainable socio-economic development of the region.

The main objectives of the program for the period 2015 - 2020 are: the elimination of transport infrastructure restrictions, the creation of a system of sustainable water supply and energy supply of the territories, the accelerated development of industry, healthcare, the social sphere and education, etc.

Financing of the Federal Target Program will amount to 700 billion rubles, of which about 660 billion will come from the federal budget.

The federal target program funds are mainly focused on the construction of a crossing through the Kerch Strait, the reconstruction of air and sea ports, and highways. In the energy sector, the program provides for measures to develop the grid complex, create its own generation for a reliable energy supply to the peninsula, ensure an uninterrupted supply of Crimea with water, strengthen the coastline, and adjust the system treatment facilities and disposal of solid household waste. In the social sphere, the program provides for the construction and serious reconstruction of healthcare and education facilities. It is also planned to create industrial parks and technology parks in the field of high technologies.

As part of Ukraine, the Republic of Crimea, together with Sevastopol, produced about 3% of GDP. Gross regional product - the GRP of Crimea was estimated in 2013 at $4.3 billion. The main income for the region comes from diversified industry - 16%, which is represented by more than 500 large and medium-sized enterprises. The most famous factories are the Dzhankoy Machine-Building Plant, the Feodosiya Optical Plant, the Kerch Shipbuilding Plant, the Kerch Canning Plant, the Crimean Soda Plant, the Crimean Titanium, as well as the famous Massandra Winery, etc. The contribution of trade to GRP is 13%, construction and agriculture - 10% each. %. Income from tourism, paradoxically, gives only 6% of the regional product, despite the presence of well-known resorts on the Black Sea coast and in the zone of the steppe and mountainous Crimea - Koktebel and others.

Every year 5-6 million organized and independent tourists come to Crimea, 40% of whom are vacationers from Russia. FROM tourism connected most of the local households - either directly or through related industries - hospitality, retail, catering, entertainment industry. But these industries are completely subject to the seasonal "ebb and flow" of tourists. The high season in Crimea is from the end of May to September, when the number of working shops, cafes and restaurants increases by 50%.

In terms of GRP per capita, in terms of average wages and pensions, Crimea as part of Ukraine was one of the poorest regions. With an average salary in the country of 3148 hryvnia; as of January 2014, Crimeans received on average about UAH 2,695, which is almost half as much as in neighboring Russian regions - in the Krasnodar Territory - 21.87 thousand rubles, or at the exchange rate for January - UAH 5,500; in the Rostov region - 19.7 thousand rubles, or 4900 UAH. The average pension in Crimea, according to 2013 data, was UAH 1,400 - about 5,800 rubles.

Shortage of vital resources
The Crimean economy has both strengths and weaknesses, but in the new situation, the region's self-sufficiency becomes the main criterion. And in this regard, the peninsula is very vulnerable. Crimea gets 90% drinking water, 80% of electricity consumed, 60% of essential goods from other regions. At the same time, the region is well provided with its own food, and also has a small export potential. Half of the exports went to the CIS countries - 45%, of which most of this went to Russia - 29%, and 23% of Crimean products were previously sold in the EU. Agricultural goods are exported to the CIS and Russia - grain, livestock products, essential oil raw materials for the cosmetic industry - rose oil, lavender extract, etc., and to the EU countries - chemical and mineral products, including fertilizers and titanium raw materials. A major export item in 2013 was alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, mainly wines, as well as wine materials, which were purchased by Russia, Belarus, China, Japan, Germany and the United States.

Crimea is well supplied with natural gas. The state enterprise Chornomorneftegaz, which is part of the structure of Naftogaz of Ukraine, annually produces more than 1.6 billion cubic meters offshore. m of gas, which fully covers domestic consumption and even makes it possible to supply gas to other regions of Ukraine. At the same time, oil and gasoline must be imported to the peninsula from outside.

The main difficulty is in supplying drinking water and electricity. major rivers There are no fresh water lakes in Crimea, and most of the water comes from the Dnieper through the North Crimean Canal. After the separation of the Crimea, water supplies will have to be paid.

Other weakness- power supply. There are almost no own sources of electricity generation in Crimea, with the exception of small solar and wind power plants, as well as outdated thermal power plants. More than 1200 MW of power are supplied via power lines from the main territory of Ukraine.

The financial situation of Crimea is highly dependent on interbudgetary transfers. Own taxes and fees cover a smaller part of the expenses of the regional budget, and the rest of the funds - from 52 to 66% in different years provided revenue from the state budget of Ukraine. Autonomy did not directly receive money from the lease of the naval base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol. The entire rent of Russia - this is $ 97 million a year - came to Kyiv, and after the redistribution in the state budget, $ 6 million was returned to Sevastopol.

Thus, without external financial subsidies, with a shortage of vital resources, with a seasonal nature of a number of core sectors of the economy, Crimea will not survive on its own, significant assistance from the center is needed. The official per capita income in Crimea is UAH 1.8 thousand. This is about $200, or 7.2 thousand rubles. at the current rate. To raise the Crimean economy at least to the level of the average Russian region in terms of GRP per capita, huge investments will be needed.

Who invests in Crimea
Before the revolutionary events in Ukraine, the main health resort of the country was not deprived of the attention of foreign investors, primarily Russian ones. Over the period 2000-2008, before the financial crisis, foreign investment in Crimea increased 4.3 times - from $146 million to $637.6 million. 9.2 times. Nevertheless, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea steadily occupied the 7th-8th place in the period under review in terms of FDI among 27 regions of the country, annually attracting approximately 1.8% of the total foreign investment in Ukraine.

In terms of the number of attracted FDI per capita, Crimea was only in the 11th position in the ranked list. The region became especially attractive for investors during the period of the law of Ukraine on free economic zones - SEZ, and territories of priority development - TPR, thanks to which the North Crimean SEZ "Sivash" operated in Crimea in 1995-2001 and TPR "Crimean" 1999-2005. But at the end of 2005, this law was repealed, and with it tangible tax incentives for investors disappeared, which negatively affected FDI inflows in subsequent years. In 2012, foreign businesses invested $17.6 million in Crimea, and only $5.2 million in 2013. Foreign investments were directed to construction, the agricultural sector, mining and light industry, real estate business.

By September 2012, the accumulated FDI in the Crimean economy, which came only from Russia, amounted to $359.7 million - 23.4% of all accumulated direct investments, and if investments through offshore companies are taken into account, then about 80%. Money traditionally went to the resort business: the construction of boarding houses, hotels, restaurants.

China loudly declared its economic interests in Crimea, which considers the peninsula as one of the key points in the implementation of the national strategy "Economic Belt of the Silk Road", which provides for the creation of new efficient trade routes by land and sea from China to Europe. In December 2013, during the visit of Viktor Yanukovych to Beijing, a memorandum of cooperation was signed at the Ukrainian-Chinese business forum held there.

The main content of the agreements is the transfer by Ukraine of part of the territory of Crimea - including Sevastopol and the western coast to China to create the so-called Crimean Economic Development Zone under the promised investment of $10 billion. Of these, the Chinese promised to allocate $3 billion in the first place, for the construction of a deep-water cargo port near Evpatoria - settlement Frunze, Saksky district. In addition, the Chinese planned to build a new airport, shipyards, refineries, a terminal for the export of liquefied natural gas, training centers, beaches and recreation areas in Crimea, investing $ 7 billion in these projects. The prospects for these agreements in the new situation remain unclear.

Russia intends to continue investing in Crimea. The Ministry of Economic Development has already offered large businesses to invest about $5 billion in the reconstruction of roads, ports, and recreational and hotel complexes. Infrastructural objects can become the most expensive. These include projects for the reconstruction of the Kherson-Dzhankoy-Feodosia-Kerch highway worth $1.4 billion, projects related to ports in Evpatoria, Feodosia, Kerch, Yalta - about $1.8 billion in total, as well as large-scale construction of a transport crossing - a bridge through the Kerch Strait, which would connect the Taman Peninsula with the Crimea. The cost of the latest project could range from $1.5 billion to $3 billion, depending on whether they build a road bridge or a double-decker road-railway crossing, or build a tunnel under the strait - the most expensive option. It is important to create your own energy base. Potentially, the region is interesting for private investors, but subject to solid state guarantees.

The prospects for the economic development of Crimea now largely depend on how successfully it will be integrated into a single socio-economic and legal space of Russia. At the state level, all necessary measures are being taken for this. From April 1, the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol receive direct funding from the federal budget - over 13 billion rubles. grants for 2014. It is stated that Crimea can be given the status of a special economic zone similar to Kaliningrad. It is planned to create a corporation for the development of the Crimea and adopt a special federal target program.

Banks of Crimea: new configuration
The inclusion of the Crimean Peninsula into the Russian Federation dictated the need for a local monetary reform here, the creation of a settlement and payment system and, as a result, the solution to the problem of closing about 1,500 branches and offices of Ukrainian banks in the context of the ban in the Russian Federation on the functioning of branches of foreign credit organizations.

The result of the monetary reform will be the approval of the Russian ruble as the only legal tender on the territory of the Crimean Federal District. And there are good reasons for this. In most cases, the reform of monetary circulation is associated with the devaluation of the national currency, partial confiscation of savings and various restrictions on the exchange of money. However, history also knows cases of "soft" monetary reforms, when the denomination or the transition to a new monetary unit was not accompanied by the confiscation of monetary property and the introduction of restrictions on the exchange of money.

It is this version of the monetary reform that is currently being implemented in Crimea. The gradual entry of the economy and households will be ensured by the parallel circulation of the Russian ruble and the Ukrainian hryvnia as legal tender until January 1, 2016. However, this does not mean at all that there are no many organizational problems of the transition period, the main of which are the organization of cash circulation, settlement and cash services for the population, enterprises and organizations, as well as ensuring the availability of financial services.

The transition to settlements in rubles, even under the condition of parallel circulation of the hryvnia, makes the Crimean economy sensitive to the shortage of cash currency, both Russian and Ukrainian. If it occurs, there may be threats of using money surrogates and even the emergence of black markets for cash. For these reasons, as well as for socio-political considerations, the establishment of cash circulation in the territory of Crimea is the key task of the first stage in the conduct of monetary reform. Taking into account the rich experience of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in organizing cash circulation, as well as the creation of the Bank of Crimea and the Bank of Sevastopol with the obligation to make budgetary and social payments, it can be assumed that there will be no problems in the field of cash.

The situation with settlement and cash services and payment services is somewhat more complicated. If the changeover of cash registers is more of a technical task, then the creation effective system ruble non-cash payments makes it necessary to solve a complex set of organizational and economic tasks. This concerns the development of the ATM network, settlements using payment cards, the transition to Russian standards of payment and settlement relations, and many other aspects of non-cash money circulation.

Along with use for legal entities payment system capabilities Central Bank The solution of these problems, primarily for the population, will be facilitated by the development of branch and office networks of Russian commercial banks. Together with the expansion of the availability of financial services, this will accelerate the transition to the use of the latest banking technologies in settlements. Temporary difficulties in solving this range of problems lie in the fact that, according to the current legislation in Russia, the operation of direct branches of foreign banks is prohibited. Because of this, branches of Ukrainian banks in Crimea are subject to closure. Meanwhile, according to available estimates, there are approximately 1,500 branches and offices of commercial banks in Crimea, most of which are owned by Ukrainian credit institutions. The participation of Russian banks - more than 10, including Sberbank, VTB, Bank of Moscow, Alfa-Bank, etc., remains insignificant so far.

This problem has several complementary solutions. Firstly, some branches may be transferred to subsidiaries or parent structures operating within the Russian jurisdiction. This applies to branches of those Ukrainian banks that either have a subsidiary bank in Russia - for example, Raiffeisen Bank, or are "subsidiaries" of Russian banks - for example, Petrocommerce-Ukraine. Secondly, it is possible to legislate a transitional period during which branches of Ukrainian banks can operate on the territory of Crimea, subject to the procedures for either transforming them into subsidiary Russian banks or selling the business to interested Russian credit institutions. Thirdly, carried out in last years changes in the regulatory framework of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation facilitated the simplification of the procedure for opening branches and additional offices of commercial banks. Life shows that the expansion of their presence in the southern regions of the country is one of the noticeable trends in banking.

This is by no means a complete list of those legislative, economic and organizational tasks in the banking sector that will have to be resolved in the shortest possible time in the territory of Crimea. The problem of the volatility of the exchange rates of the ruble and the hryvnia for the period of their parallel circulation for the period up to 2016 deserves special attention.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal State Autonomous Educational

institution higher education

"CRIMEAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY

NAMED AFTER V.I.VERNADSKY

(FGAOU VO "KFU named after V.I. VERNADSKY")

TECHNICAL CUM OF HYDROMELIORATION AND MECHANIZATION OF AGRICULTURE

(STRUCTURAL DIVISION)

"KFU NAMED AFTER V.I.VERNADSKY"

Republican student scientific and practical conference,

dedicated to the 5th anniversary of the Tauride College

"Student Scientific research in the modern realities of the Crimea"

Report

Socio-economic development of the Republic of Crimea

Performed:

student Yemtsova Elena,

Technical school of hydromelioration and mechanization

agriculture (branch) FGAOU VO

“KFU named after V.I. Vernadsky",

“Commerce (by industry), 2nd year

scientific adviser

Bugaeva L.Yu., teacher

social and humanitarian disciplines

Simferopol, 2016

CONTENT

1.Introduction …………………………………………………………………………… page 3-6

2.Characteristics of the potential of the Republic of Crimea as an integral part

Russian Federation ……………………………………………… pp. 7-11

3. Social problems of Crimea and ways to overcome them……. page 12

4. Conclusion. Used Books. ………………………….. page 13

1. Introduction

1. The development of the Russian Federation as a single socio-economic system is determinedthe development of its constituent subsystems - subjects of the Russian Federation.

To date, issues related to the socio-economic

development of subjects of the Russian Federation, are extremely relevant.

This is due to the fact that the level of socio-economic development of the subjects affects the level and structure of the country's economy, its competitiveness, as well as the possibility of conducting an effective foreign policy.

Economic development- this is expanded reproduction and gradual qualitative and structural positive changes in the economy, productive forces, education, science, culture, the level and quality of life of the population, human capital. Economic development includes the development of social relations, therefore it proceeds differently in specific historical conditions of the technological structures of the economy and the distribution of material wealth. . It is a quality improvement process for all human lives and opportunities to improve living standards, self-respect and freedom .

Social development is a process during which there are significant quantitative and qualitative changes in the social sphere. public life or in its individual components - social relations, communities, organizations, institutions .

Socio-economic development is the interaction of both social and economic development. At the same time, the main goals of this type of development are determined. These are: Increasing incomes, improving education, nutrition and health, reducing poverty, improving health environment, equality of opportunity, expansion of personal freedom, enrichment of cultural life.

The process of socio-economic development includes three major components:

increasing incomes, improving the health of the population and raising the level of its education;

creation of conditions conducive to the growth of self-esteem of people as a result of the formation of social, political, economic and institutional systems focused on respect for human dignity;

increasing the degree of freedom of people, including their economic freedom.

The main management document for the development of the Republic of Kazakhstan isfederal target program: "Socio-economic development of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol until 2020".

The strategic goal of this program is to achieve sustainable growth in the level and quality of life of the population on the basis of a balanced socio-economic system of an innovative type.It is proposed to implement the Program in two stages:

- first stage (2015 - 2017) - stabilization of the situation - aimed at reversing the negative trends that have developed due to the foreign policy situation and the deterioration of infrastructure in the territory of the Crimean Federal District;

- second phase (2018 - 2020) - a stage of sustainable socio-economic growth.

Scientists show great interest in the problems of socio-economic development of the Republic of Crimea as a subject of the Russian Federation.

The works of economists raise questions that relate to the problems of socio-economic development of the RepublicCrimea, ways to overcome them.

In particular, this applies environmental problem, the spread of HIV / AIDS and tuberculosis, consumer inflation in the Crimea and many others.

The main purpose of the report is to identify the main socio-economic problems of the Republic of Crimea.

Socio-economic development is a complex system of targeted measures for the socio-economic development of the territory, planned by the state and municipalities, the system effective ways and means to achieve such basic aspects as:

increasing incomes, improving education, nutrition and health care;

poverty reduction;

improvement of the environment;

enrichment of cultural life;

changes in the social and administrative structures of society, etc.

2. Characteristics of the potential of the Republic of Crimea as an integral part

Russian Federation.

2. The Republic of Crimea occupies the territory of the Crimean peninsula, located in the south of Eastern Europe. Territory - 26.1 thousand sq. km.

It borders on the regions of Ukraine: Kherson and Zaporozhye, Krasnodar Territory(RF). The climate of Crimea is characterized by its location between temperate and subtropical geographical zones, contributing to the mild climate of the peninsula and a large number of hours sunlight(2180-2470 hours per year).

The relief of the Crimean peninsula consists of three unequal parts: the flat Crimea, the Kerch Peninsula and the mountainous Crimea. The Crimean peninsula is washed by the Black and Azov seas.

The number of districts is 14: Bakhchisarai, Belogorsk, Dzhankoy, Kirov, Krasnogvardeisky, Krasnoperekopsky, Leninsky, Nizhnegorsky, Pervomaisky, Rozdolnensky, Saksky, Simferopolsky, Sovetsky, Chernomorsky.

Cities of republican subordination - 11: Alushta - 53.0 thousand people, Armyansk - 25.9 thousand people, Dzhankoy - 42.4 thousand people, Evpatoria - 120.7 thousand people, Kerch - 155, 3 thousand people, Krasnoperekopsk - 31.0 thousand people, Saki - 28.5 thousand people, Simferopol - 364.0 thousand people, Sudak - 28.3 thousand people, Feodosia - 107, 6 thousand people, Yalta - 143.6 thousand people.

Population: total - 2018.4 including: urban - 1265.9 rural - 752.5

Employment of the population - 458.6 thousand people worked in the economy of the republic.

of which: in industry - 17.2% in agriculture – 17,3 %

Population density - 81.2 people. per km 2

The most important seaports are Evpatoria, Yalta, Feodosiya, Kerch and the federal city of Sevastopol. Our Republic of Crimea has many features associated with its geographical position, natural resource and environmental potential, complex history, ethno-cultural features.

The choice of development requires taking into account all these features.

Attention is offeredsome problems natural resource and ecological potential.

The environmental management system is far from perfect.

Imperfect use of the territory, high energy and water intensity,

low level of service (with high cost of services), widespread use of pesticides in agriculture, outdated industrial technologies, have led to the deterioration of the ecological state of some components of nature, which reduces the attractiveness of the subject for migrants, worsens the quality of products.

One of the problems that have environmental, natural and resource aspects over the twenty-year period of Crimea's existence as part of Ukraine is the loss of Crimea in regional uniqueness (in resource, landscape, historical and cultural relations), which constitute the greatest wealth of Crimea.

The Republic of Crimea has enormous opportunities to create a system of economic and environmental clusters.

The program: "Socio-economic development of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol until 2020" sets the task ofto develop intensive, environmentally friendly agricultural production, with the priority development of high-tech environmentally non-aggressive industries.

FROM building a modern maritime complex focused on the use natural resources Black and Azov seas.

Analysis of potential economic and environmental clusters in the Republic of Crimea.

Karkinite

bay

Sivash

west

Kerch

Cluster type

environmental

tourist - nature management

tourist

Innovation-scientific

Strengths

Availability natural resource potential, natural reserve fund,

high innovation.

natural reserve fund,

diversified industrial centers.

Availability of natural resource potential, natural reserve fund, diversified industrial centers,

project management, investment

plans and projects.

Availability of natural resource potential,

availability of infrastructure.

Weak sides

Lack of international support, lack of experience in creating marine clusters

Presence of dangerous enterprises

Absence

infrastructure

Possible

news

Offshore gas production (Golitsyn gas hydrate field),

development of underwater tourism,

diving

Development of the Sivash

eco-corridor,

sea ​​hunting and fishing,

development of the tourist complex.

Creation of a large-scale complex

Development of fish processing enterprises,

development of medical marine chemistry

Construction of the Kerch bridge

With the commissioning of the bridge across the Kerch Strait by 2018:

will be effectively used in (intercontinental), regional (interstate) and domestic (regional) scaleshigh capacity of railway networks, a system of transport corridors, a bridge across the Kerch Strait will meet the transport and operational characteristics of roads of modern requirements.

the strategic advantage of Crimea as one of the transit and transport centers of the Black Sea region will eliminate the transport and communication isolation of certain territories of the peninsula, facilitate the formation of an integrated internal market of the Republic of Crimea, and connect the peninsula with the mainland of our country.

The entry of Crimea into the Russian Federation made it possible for sustainable environmentally acceptable socio-economic development,

turns Crimea into a highly developed resort and recreational and commercial and financial center of international importance, provides modern infrastructure,

will allow to carry out transport and communication functions in the system of inter-district division of labor.

The Crimean Federal District represents a rich cultural and economic development, defining the region as the most attractive resort area, a place of rest and travel for many tourists.

Crimea is one of eight European regions recognized by the IUCN as world centers of plant diversity. The modern flora of the peninsula includes 2,775 species of plants, many of which are unique and protected by law.

It is impossible not to mention the fertile soils - chernozems, they provide a variety of bakery products on the shelves of the peninsula store.

Soldatova S.O. Priorities for the formation of a comprehensive policy of economic and environmental clustering of the Republic of Crimea // Bulletin of Adygeisky state university. Series 5: Economics. 2015. No. 4 (111).

3. Social problems of the Crimea and ways to overcome them.

Consider the main problems social orientation in RK.

In the Republic of Crimea, there is a demographic decline due to high rates of mortality and morbidity of the population, low birth rates. The main reasons for the demographic decline in Crimea are:

economic, ecological, social, psychological, cultural problems.

The ecological state of the natural environment of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 20 years of being part of Ukraine tended to deteriorate due to the intensive use of resources and the development of industrial production, which had a decisive influence on the decrease in the number and deterioration in the health of the Crimean population.

One of the most acute problems of morbidity among the population of the autonomy is the spread of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis.

The situation on the labor market was characterized by an increase in the level of registered unemployment, which amounted to 1.7% of the working-age population and amounted to 6 people per place.

The problem of diversifying investment investments by foreign investors associated with unjustified sanctions against the Russian Federation remains relevant.

In the federal target program for social development, the main tasks are:

improving the health of the population by improving vocational training medical workers;

creation of conditions for development of protection of motherhood and childhood;

improvement of material-technical and medical-diagnostic bases of treatment-and-prophylactic establishments.

The program of social protection and employment of the population of the Republic of Crimea, the main objectives of which are to improve the quality of public services in social protection institutions, expand the system of targeted support for socially vulnerable segments of the population, increase economic activity and employment of the population.

4. conclusion

The socio-economic development of the peninsula is aimed at:

elimination of disproportions in regional development

bringing the standard of living of the population and the development of the economy of the Crimean Federal District to the average Russian level

formation of conditions for ensuring sustainable economic growth of the Crimea,

harmonization of interethnic relations and elimination of interethnic conflicts

formation of a network of roads, ports

ensuring transport links with the mainland of the Russian Federation

effective use of tourist and recreational potential.

5. LITERATURE USED. SOURCES.

1 . Bagrov N.V. Crimea is a model region of sustainable noospheric development//Geopolitics and ecogeodynamics of regions.2010.Issue 1.C.5-12.

2 .Karpenko S.A. Geographic support of regional development programs//Scientific notes of the Tauride National University named after V.I. Vernadsky series Geography.2004.V.17(56), No.4.С 207-218

3 . Economic Dictionary http://ekslovar.ru/slovar/r-/razvitie-ekonomicheskoe.html

4 .Todaro M.P. Economic development. - M.:: Unity, 1997. - 667 p. - ISBN 5-85173-063-3.

5 .Social State. Brief dictionary-reference book, Moscow, 2002

6. Soldatova S.O. Priorities for the formation of a comprehensive policy of economic and environmental clustering of the Republic of Crimea // Bulletin of the Adyghe State University. Series 5: Economics. 2015. No. 4 (111).