Class hour on the topic "children about ecology". Children's ecology Forms of ecological education

Since ancient times, man has conquered nature and used it for his own purposes. The last two centuries have witnessed rapid growth in industry and population. The increase in anthropogenic impact on the environment has given rise to environmental problems that have become a serious threat not only to the future of all mankind, but also to our planet as a whole. In our time, we are increasingly thinking: what can each of us do to stop the process of pollution and rapid change environment? In this article Marina Artyukh, Head of Communications at the Siberian Health / SiberianWellness Corporation and curator of the Ecology course of the SiberianChallenge project, will tell you exactly what environmental problems we are facing now and what our children will have to face later.

1. The problem of polluted air

The air contains a large number of pollutants, including solid components: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen, oxides of nitrogen and carbon. The main sources of air pollution are industrial enterprises and vehicles. Their influence on the state of the air is especially noticeable in cities.

In 2018, the state report "On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2016" was published. According to him, from 2007 to 2014 the air became cleaner, as the volume of emissions was reduced from 35 million tons to 31 million tons per year, but in 2015 and 2016 there was no change in the amount of emissions. At the same time, about 45% of emissions harmful substances into the atmosphere is due to road transport. The most polluted Russian cities named Yekaterinburg, Blagoveshchensk and Dzerzhinsk, and the cleanest air in Salekhard, Orenburg, Belgorod and Murmansk.

2. Scarcity of water resources

Water is a vital resource for all life on Earth. Population growth increases the need for its consumption. Russia with its fresh water reserves will be affected much later than the rest of the world, however over the past 10 years, there has been a decrease in the amount of fresh water in the country from 4884 cubic kilometers in 2007 to 4441 cubic kilometers in 2016.

There is also contamination fresh water: one of the greatest Russian rivers Volga called "dirty". Its waters contain a large amount of organic matter and minerals: copper, iron, sulfates and phenol. These substances come along with industrial waste, which is not cleaned at all or cleaned, but not well enough. Part of the problem of dirty water is connected with the urbanization of the population: through biological treatment facilities waste is also collected. The water purification system at aeration stations does not cause any complaints, but a large number of pipes through which water flows directly to houses and apartments have long been exhausted. Accordingly, these corroded pipes contaminate the water entering the houses with iron and other substances.

It is important to note that river pollution is one of the reasons for the reduction water resources. Together with uncontrolled fishing and poaching, this may soon lead to a serious impoverishment of the fauna of our rivers and lakes.

3. The problem of depletion of biological resources

The problem covers the degradation of vegetation and forests, the reduction in the diversity of species of living beings, the digression of pastures and other negative trends. The main cause of the problem is human anthropogenic activity. Environmental pollution, poaching and unauthorized deforestation lead to the destruction or change of habitual habitats of living species. In our time, we are seeing how some species of animals, plants, insects and fish are on the verge of extinction.

At the same time, our country is characterized by irrational use of forest resources: consumption exceeds recovery. Separate negative factor forest areas are affected by forest fires and illegal logging. Yes, in 2663.5 thousand hectares of forests were destroyed by forest fires in 2016, which is comparable in size to the size of such states as Rwanda or Macedonia.

Half of the territory of our country is occupied by woody vegetation. Russia's forests make up about a quarter of the world's forests. Manifold climatic zones allows many species of living beings to live on the territory of our country. If the trend in the degradation of vegetation and forests, the reduction in the diversity of species of living beings does not change, then many species of animals, fish and plants will not survive to future generations, real forests will become smaller and the amount of oxygen in the air will decrease.

4. Depletion of land resources

Our children will face a severe shortage of various minerals. But in order to reduce their consumption, you just need to learn how to process waste and develop its reuse. Such a reasonable approach will reduce the size of the sprawling landfills that pollute the soil.

And here we are faced with another problem: every day a city person “produces” about 1 kilogram household waste . Most of the garbage is plastic, which does not decompose. For a year people store over 85 billion tons of waste. This not only reduces quality land, but also pollutes the planet with pesticides, household and industrial waste, solid and liquid waste. Simple waste sorting and reuse saves on the extraction of new minerals and prevents clogging of the soil. For enterprises, the use of recycled materials is an opportunity to reduce the cost of quarrying. The production of goods from recycled materials allows reduce costs for the enterprise by up to 80%. Solid pluses!

5. Soil-geomorphological problems

Use of forest resources and active management Agriculture leads to the fact that the soil becomes clogged and erosion appears in it. For 2014, according to the Russian Ministry of Agriculture, over 8 million hectares of agricultural land have been degraded. More than 2 million hectares of them belong to the category of agricultural land. But here, too, the situation can be saved if erosion is caused by land use: it is necessary to create forest belts that will protect against wind and from changes in the type and density of vegetation, and introduce certain planting technologies.

The second side of the problem lies in the aggressive use of soil for agricultural land. This leads to a decrease in humus in the soil - in some southern regions this indicator compared to 1990 amounted to almost 50%. To replenish the resources of the soil, it is necessary to apply organic fertilizers there. If this is not done, then in the near future we risk facing a decrease in land fertility and, as a result, a shortage of food.

6. Ozone layer change and global warming

The ozone layer is our protection against ultraviolet radiation. Its destruction leads to the fact that the risk of developing various diseases, including skin cancer, increases. At the same time, the temperature of the surface atmospheric layer gradually increases. Over the past century, it has grown by 0.3-0.8 degrees. Warming leads to a reduction in snow cover in the north and, as a result, to a rise in the level of the world's oceans. If we consider the statistics only for Russia, then over the past 10 years the average annual temperature in the country has been almost 0.5 degrees. With global warming, everything is ambiguous. The time during which humanity exists is negligible for the planet. Throughout the history of its existence, there have already been ice ages and warming. Maybe one of them is just coming.

At the same time, each of us can slow down the destruction of the ozone layer. To do this, you need to reduce the consumption of sprays with deodorants, fresheners, walk more often, ride a bike, use public transport.

7. Diseases as a consequence of environmental pollution

Along with the growth of the technological process, the rate of atmospheric pollution increases. The fact is that every day people inhale more than 19 thousand liters of air, in which, in addition to oxygen, there are various gases and particles. These are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, soot, zinc. According to research conducted by the International Energy Agency, Russia ranks fifth in terms of mortality due to poor ecology - about 140 thousand people die every year. This figure is equal to the population of an entire city in the Moscow region.

Falling acid rains pollute the soil and water bodies with sulfuric and nitric acids. They contain large amounts of aluminum and cobalt, which destroy forest vegetation and reduce yields. Toxic compounds get into the water we drink and have a detrimental effect on health.

How to improve the ecological situation?

All of the above problems are already tangible for our generation. In 20–30 years, they will only become more acute and urgent, so it is important to understand how to deal with them in order to protect your children from them. Many countries are already using alternative fuels and vehicles to reduce emissions. In Europe, it is quite common to see people moving around in electric cars and bicycles. Another way to solve problems is to separate garbage into those that can be recycled and those that are not suitable as recyclables.

You just need to remember that the decision environmental issues depends on each individual. It is important not only to know that negative consequences exist, but also to fight them: participate in environmental campaigns, instill in children from an early age a love for living things, teach them to behave correctly while walking in nature and in the city, join the ranks of environmental organizations to work together to improve the environment.

The toddler age is perhaps the most curious age, when the world seems big, wide, spacious, and so many amazing things fit in it.

Books published by "Samokat" will introduce the baby to different ecosystems. From them, the child will be able to learn that there is another world beyond his densely populated habitat. Or rather, worlds, because there are four ecobooks from Catherine Ville!

This series from "Scooter" is great news for those parents who are very concerned about the preservation of the environment. And the thing is that a series of illustrations from Catherine Ville is a 100% eco-product. Publishers proudly tell us that the circulation of one book alone made it possible to save as many as 11 large trees from destruction.

My little garden Catherine Wille

Catherine Wille in her books introduces the little reader to four ecosystems. Let's take a look at the forest first.

So that we do not get lost among the mighty pines and oaks, as many as three guides go with us on a familiarization trip: a fox, a squirrel and a badger.

First of all, the animals tell where they live - among these trees and mosses. Squirrels live, for example, in hollows, foxes and badgers live in deep holes.

It is very, very interesting in the forest, because every corner of this place is different. In the forest you can find oaks, and maples, and acacias, and spruces, and junipers, and alders. Try, guess what kind of leaves it is, what tree it is from? Parents can explain how important trees are to us. But after all, not only to us - various animals and birds feed on the fruits and seeds that trees give.

What else do animals eat? That's right, mushrooms and berries. But when exploring the world, you need to be very careful, because both mushrooms and berries can bring not only benefits and pleasure, they can also be dangerous to health, poisonous.

Together with the squirrel, we go on a small forest journey further and notice a big bump! See how happy the squirrel is to meet you - she hugs the cone, whose seeds are her favorite treat. In addition to cones, you can find acorns, wild roses, and chestnuts in the forest.

But, shhh.. what is that noise? Who says it from there, from the next page? Yeah ... a whole detachment of unprecedented animals and insects! It will be very interesting for the kid to get acquainted with a hare and a raccoon, with an owl and a bat. And learn a lot of interesting things from the pages of an environmental book.

This is not the end of the text, click on the number 2 to go to the next page.

Before telling children about ecology, you must first talk with them about nature. Nature is the sun, stars, air, water ... These are trees, birds, animals, butterflies ... And man is also part of nature.

But nature is not a random collection of living and non-living objects and phenomena.

Nature is a single house in which everyone needs each other: from the huge Sun to the smallest midge.

And ecology is the science of the laws of life in nature.

Translated from Greek this word means "ekos" - house, "logos" - science. That is, ecology is the science of the home.

The main law of ecology is that everything is connected with everything.

Nature needs bunnies and wolves, poisonous mushrooms and edible, beautiful butterflies and biting mosquitoes.

And also rain, snow, and clean air.

But a person cannot live without using the riches of nature. And it is ecology that teaches how to use nature without harming it.

For many, many years, people took everything they wanted from nature, without thinking about the consequences.

Therefore, it is not easy for nature now: many different species of animals and plants have disappeared, while others are now on the verge of extinction.

Instead of forests, deserts appeared, lakes and rivers dried up, and even the whole sea - the Aral Sea.

Nature is in trouble and needs help.

Forests, meadows, rivers, lakes are our common home, and animals and plants are our neighbors on planet Earth.

We must live in peace and harmony with our neighbors.

Everything that moves and grows must be treated with care.

remember simple rules behavior in nature

• Do not catch and do not bring home healthy cubs of forest animals and birds.
• Take care of frogs, toads, tadpoles, they eat a large number of insects that a person has to fight.
• Do not kill any snakes - nature needs them too. (Unless, of course, no one is in mortal danger).
• Do not catch butterflies, dragonflies, beetles, nature needs them too.
• Do not destroy anthills in the forest, ants are the orderlies of the forest.
• Don't break branches on trees.
• Do not leave trash behind in nature.

If all people treat the world of nature around them well, then the Earth will feed man for many, many centuries to come.

Tell your children about ecology and do not forget about it yourself if you want to drink clean water, swim in lakes and rivers, breathe clean air, eat healthy food.

IT IS INTERESTING

The rarest animals in the world.

Red wolf (Canis rufus) suffered greatly from the prejudices of the farmers of the eastern part of the United States, where he lives. According to farmers, the wolf is the cause of absolutely all livestock damage. In fact, these conclusions were greatly exaggerated. Such intense extermination has led to the almost complete disappearance of red wolves. Of the three subspecies of this species, two have already become extinct, leaving only Critically endangered. This subspecies is listed in the International Red Book. By the beginning of the 21st century, the number of the red wolf was limited to 270 individuals.

Florida cougar (Puma concolor coryi) - the only cougar listed in the Red Book. The main cause of extinction, of course, is man and his activities. This subspecies lives in the USA (Florida).

Far Eastern leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis ) - Another rare animal. Like most endangered species, human activity has become the reason for the decline in the number of these beautiful animals. People who settled on the land Far Eastern leopards, drove them out, and the animals that did not want to leave were exterminated. Here is the result: the number of Far Eastern leopards has decreased to 30 individuals in Russia and about 10 in China.

Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) found only in nature. No one has managed to keep these animals in captivity. And, probably, no one will succeed, because there are less than 60 Javan rhinos left, and illegal hunting for them continues ...

Golden Lemur (Hapalemur aureus), for a long time did not meet researchers, until in the 70s, scientists stumbled upon one population of these animals. Subsequently, several more populations were discovered, but the total number of all golden lemurs endemic to Madagascar does not exceed 130 individuals. These lemurs depend on bamboo, so cutting it down causes great harm to these animals.

Queensland wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) - nocturnal herbivorous mammal. The destruction of the natural habitat has led to the fact that the Queensland wombats remained only in the protected area - national park Queensland - in the amount of about 113 individuals.

Blue Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii) no longer found in wild nature. All remaining representatives of this species are kept in captivity by private collectors. The last wild male disappeared not so long ago - in 2000. Attempts to restore the number of blue macaws in their natural environment failed largely due to the fact that the reason for the decrease in the number of birds has not been eliminated - poachers, deforestation and African bees that have occupied hollows for nesting blue macaws. However, work to save the species continues. In 2007, 90 birds were kept in captivity, and in 2010 there were already 105.

Flightless kakapo parrot (Strigops habroptilus) - a representative of nocturnal current birds that lives in New Zealand (its endemic). These birds are becoming extremely rare mainly due to introduced predators (rats, cats and others) and ungulates, as well as human activities. Despite the fact that kakapo are well tolerated in captivity, it is difficult to breed them in captivity, since these birds do not form pairs. To date, there are about 62 kakapo.

Japanese, or red-legged ibis (Nipponia nippon). These birds are so rare that even determining their abundance and conservation status is very difficult. It is known that at the beginning of the 20th century there were about 100 of them. Further information (closer to the 50s) spoke of a sharp decrease in the number (about 27 birds). Data from the 1960s indicate a continuing downward trend in the number of individuals. There is no new data on Japanese ibis, so it is generally accepted that today there are from 6 to 20 individuals of these birds in the world.

Human activity and its careless intervention in natural ecosystems have caused the death of thousands of animal species around the world. The trend is as follows: a much larger number of animal species disappear per year than scientists discover.

Our world is very fragile and beautiful. The nature around us is perfect and amazes with its charm. But a person often does not notice this and destroys his habitat.

Ecology is the science of the laws of nature and the interactions of living organisms with each other. Ecology also refers to the state of the environment. AT recent times people think less and less about the planet Earth, pollute it and forget about the consequences of their actions. Therefore, it is very important to tell children about ecology.

When we talk about the ecological situation, we are talking not only about the picture as a whole, but also about the behavior of an individual. When one person throws out a piece of paper in the forest, he thinks that it's okay, she's alone. But if a huge number of people think the same way, then the forest will simply turn into a garbage dump. What to say about plastic bags and cigarette butts that will decompose for hundreds of years.

It is impossible to change the image of all people. But you can change your child's behavior. Parents should understand that ecology is as important for children as mathematics, literature, history. Ecological thinking cannot be forced, but it can be made into a habit. The sooner mom and dad start educating children about ecology, the sooner the crumbs understand that it is necessary to think about the world around us and protect nature, the more likely it is that in the future the child will continue this noble cause.

It is impossible to teach a son or daughter to take care of the environment if he does not know why this is necessary. Therefore, you must first have an educational conversation with him. Explain to the child where water comes from, why you can’t litter, what the food chain is. And the best way to teach your baby is to play.

What is ecology for children

Ecology is best studied in the form of a game. An important task of parents is to instill in children a love of nature. Caring for her should become a baby's habit.

When your child knows why minerals are needed, how a person harms nature, how and what animals and plants eat, it is easier for him to explain what ecology is and why you need to take care of it. Therefore, it is necessary to tell the child something new every day about the world in which we live.

Why is it important to educate children to respect nature? Is it really impossible to do without all these nonsense, because a person - the pinnacle of evolution and the owner of the planet, has the right to equip the world as he wishes. Is it so? We suggest looking for the answer with MedAboutMe.

Ecology is not just a buzzword that is used where it is necessary and not necessary. The planet we live on is not that big, and there is no spare one yet. The “crown of nature”, Man, treated his only place of residence in such a way that the Earth can no longer independently restore its planetary health: the ecological crisis is becoming more and more threatening. Only ecologically sensible behavior of every inhabitant of the planet can help save it from gradual destruction.

But for this it is necessary to form a new, responsible type of thinking, to instill an ecological culture in new generations.

At the end of the 20th century, a term appeared - the ecology of personality, which became one of the aspects of morality. Impossible to bring up moral person without instilling in him a culture of respect for the world in which he lives.

The importance of environmental education for the development of a child's personality

• Ecological education of children is not only a willingness to protect nature, but also the formation of the foundations of morality.
• Obtaining new knowledge about the world around us, the processes taking place in it and living organisms living next to a person contributes to the development of intelligence.
• The ability to feel the beauty of nature develops an aesthetic sense.
• Observations for natural phenomena, plants, animals develop attention, the ability to concentrate, memory.
• Caring for plants and animals helps to cultivate accuracy and responsibility, responsiveness and the ability to sympathize.

Lately in in social networks often there are reports of cruelty to animals and people. All this is the consequences of omissions in education, the lack of a moral attitude towards nature, an unformed ability to empathize.

The best time to start cultivating an environmental culture is preschool age. It is at this time that the foundations of the personality are laid and the attitude to the world is formed.

As in everything else, the main tool of education is the personal example of adults. Parents can say a lot of words, but if at the same time the father does not consider it shameful to kick the cat, the mother takes the annoying dog to the shelter, and together they leave mountains of garbage at the picnic site - the words will turn out to be meaningless.

The garden can be a great living corner. But classes in it will not leave a big mark if, in front of the children, the teacher drives away with stones a mongrel that accidentally wandered onto the playground.

Unfortunately, many parents and teachers do not pay enough attention to the ecology of the personality of their pupils. As a result, a person can be formed with deformed ideas about morality, morality, humanity and the responsibility of each person for the living conditions of all mankind.

A small child cognizes the world with all senses. He wants to grab everything interesting, feel it with all his senses, test it for strength. It is at this age that one can and should begin to form a careful attitude towards all living things.

Tells Alina, veterinarian:

“When I was 4 years old, we rested with my grandmother in the village. There were some pretty chickens there. They were so cute, fluffy, that I wanted to squeeze them all the time. And I crushed one to death. At some point, I accidentally clenched my fist with the chicken so hard that I just crushed it. It was so terrible that it is forever engraved in my memory. I will never forget this shock from the first contact with death, moreover, caused to a small helpless creature by myself. Probably, it was the feeling of guilt for that incident that led me to the veterinary medicine.

Parents need to teach their child to observe nature and animals. Explain that a person, even if he is still a child, is stronger and smarter than other living beings. And therefore, his duty is to protect and care, not to offend or destroy.

The child may not understand why it is bad to tear off the wings of a butterfly, drag a cat by the tail, scare away the birds. The task of parents and educators is to tactfully explain what pain and fear are, that all living beings experience them.

The direct contact of younger preschoolers with wildlife should occur with the participation of adults, under their control.

• You can learn to gently stroke a cat and a dog - so that both parties get pleasure from the process.
• It is useful to watch birds or squirrels - quietly, patiently and carefully so as not to frighten. Adults should draw the attention of the child to what different birds live around us, how they differ in plumage, size, behavior and voices. Even the most ordinary crow can be a source of positive - these smart birds often demonstrate interesting behavior and ingenuity.
• Plants also provide a vast field for observation and a variety of experiences. Flowers can be smelled and viewed, developing the concept of color. Leaves can be compared in shape and size, they perfectly illustrate the change of seasons.
• With older children, you can take care of plants and animals together. It is very useful to give the child the opportunity to plant and grow a flower or tree. Having understood from his own experience how much time it takes, how much patience and work, he is unlikely to mindlessly pick flowers in a flower bed or break branches.

It is good if the family has pets. But having a pet “for a child”, if the parents are not ready to take responsibility for the well-being of the pet, is unacceptable. This applies to everyone - fish, parrots, hamsters, kittens and dogs. An unfortunate creature that does not receive proper care is the worst example of the attitude towards animals. As, however, is the indifferent disposal of a boring and unnecessary pet. Parents will forget about the discarded animal in a week, and the child will remember this incident for many years.

If there is no desire and opportunity to keep animals at home or grow flowers, you can teach your baby to love nature in places specially created for this.

• Zoo - a good place for a long Sunday walk. But it is worth taking children to the zoo only if it is well equipped, the animals are kept in it in good conditions. From visiting a mobile menagerie, in which animals are doomed to sit in cramped dark cages, where they are deprived of care, and often normal nutrition, must be abandoned. The strongest impressions from acquaintance with representatives of the animal world can inspire a child with respect for nature for life.
• Exhibitions of dogs and cats. In many cities, exhibitions of thoroughbred animals are held several times a year, where interesting shows and performances are arranged especially for children, they talk about dogs and cats, and teach them how to communicate with them correctly. But be prepared for the fact that after each visit, the baby will ask to have a pet.
• In many cities there are eco-farms where educational excursions are held for children and adults. There you can look at cows, horses, sheep, poultry, feed them. Horseback riding or dog sledding is often offered. There you can also see how fruits and vegetables grow in the fields and gardens, which the townspeople buy in stores.
• When choosing where to go with your child, do not forget about arboretums, botanical gardens and exhibitions of flowers, indoor and garden plants. A visit to the local history and zoological museum can be very interesting.

After returning from the tour, invite the child to draw what he saw and remembered.

Children love to listen to and make up stories and fairy tales, and this gives parents a great opportunity to teach them about nature. Everything that was seen on a walk can become the basis of the plot for a story that is best written together.

All this takes time, patience and at least minimal knowledge - so that there is something to tell the child about, to answer his questions. But do not neglect environmental education. Today's adults are leaving their children with a planet that is far from the best. Let at least the next generations learn to protect the world in which their descendants live. No other suitable one has yet been found.