Where and why are the enterprises of the complex located. Utilization of wood waste generated as a result of woodworking. World development trends

22.04.2020

Forestry and woodworking industry - a set of industrial productions of the national economy, specializing in the procurement and processing of wood material, the manufacture of furniture structures, various wood semi-finished products, paper, cardboard and cellulose products, various chemical substances based on wood waste. All these industries are combined into larger inter-industry complexes, such as forestry, forestry and timber industry.

Branches of the forest industry

The main branches of the forest industry are:

logging industry

It is the largest industry, includes the direct process of harvesting raw wood and its export (or alloy) for further processing, as well as the disposal of logging waste, is carried out by special forestry enterprises: forestries or forestries. Due to the presence on the territory of the former Soviet Union of large taiga massifs of Siberia and the Far East, it occupied one of the leading positions in the state economy, by 1972 the USSR came out on top in world timber exports, in other countries of the socialist camp (Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania) also exported wood abroad, but in much smaller volumes. The leading positions in the countries of the capitalist world were occupied by the USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland, France, Germany, and Japan. Today, the major wood-producing countries are the USA, Canada, Russia, Ukraine, Sweden, Brazil, India, Indonesia, China and Nigeria.

Woodworking industry

Carries out mechanical and chemical-mechanical processing of incoming wood raw materials and its further processing. The products of this industry are plywood, sleepers, various wood sheets and boards, beams, wooden blanks, finished wood elements that are used in various types mechanical engineering (production of wagons, ships, cars, aircraft, etc.), spare parts for furniture structures, matches, wooden containers, etc. During the period of post-war development in the USSR of almost all sectors of the national economy, the Soviet woodworking industry experienced an unprecedented rise, since 1957 the country ranked first in the world in terms of lumber production. Other socialist countries also had a developed woodworking industry at that time - Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and even Mongolia, capitalist countries did not lag behind them: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Canada, etc. Today, the USA, RF, Canada, Japan, Brazil, India, France, Sweden, Finland, Germany are considered the largest manufacturers of woodworking products;

Pulp and paper industry

The most complex branch of the forest industry. The basis of the activity of enterprises in this industry is the production of paper, cardboard and cellulose products from the remains of wood raw materials, using mechanical and chemical processing. In the USSR, pulp and paper mills were located on the territory of the Byelorussian and Russian socialist republics. Soviet Union was in the top ten countries in terms of output of paper and cardboard products, traditional competitors are the USA, Canada, Sweden and Finland. Now the production of pulp on a large scale has been established in developed countries ah of the northern hemisphere: USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland, Japan and in one single country of the southern, in Brazil. Countries that produce paper in large volumes for export are Canada, the USA, and Japan. The output of paper and cardboard products is growing rapidly in Asia (China, Thailand, Korea, etc.);

Wood chemical industry

It is based on the chemical processing of wood waste: the production of rosin, phenol, alcohol (both ethyl and methyl), the production of glue, acetone, camphor, etc. Since 1932, the USSR has occupied the second place in the world (1st place in the USA) in the production of camphor and rosin, many wood-chemical enterprises producing charcoal, camphor, rosin and turpentine were located in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia. Competing capitalists are the USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Mexico, Portugal, France and Greece. Now the USA, Great Britain, Russia, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Italy, Poland, Hungary, etc. occupy the leading positions in the export of wood chemical products.

Russian timber industry

It plays one of the main roles in the economy of the state, on whose territory ¼ of all the forest resources of our planet are located. The structure of the forestry complex of the Russian Federation includes about 20 industries, the main ones are:

Lumber complex. It is the basic direction of the entire timber industry complex of the Russian Federation. Previously, the USSR was the second largest exporter of wood, now Russia is the sixth or seventh, supplying wood raw materials to Europe and Asia. Territorial logging is carried out on Far East, the European North of the Russian Federation, in the Urals, in the regions of Eastern Siberia;

Woodworking. It is the most labor-intensive industry, the product range is wide and varied. Plywood is made mainly from birch, the enterprises of this industry are located in the Northern (Arkhangelsk region), North-Western and Ural (Perm and Sverdlovsk regions) regions. Most of the sawmill enterprises operate in the European part of Russia, the production of sheets and boards from wood chip waste is located near logging and sawmills, major cities, matches (from aspen) - in the places where the raw material base is located.

Pulp and paper industry. The raw materials for it are coniferous trees, the leading areas for manufacturing products are Karelian, Volga-Vyatka and Ural;
Wood chemical complex. It consists of two main areas: the hydrolysis industry (production of alcohol, glycerin, turpentine, rosin, etc.), the main raw material is waste from the woodworking industry, and the production of various plastics, synthetic fibers, linoleum, cellophane, etc., raw materials - waste from pulp and paper mills.

World development trends

Depending on the places of concentration of forest tracts on our planet, the following belts are distinguished:

Northern. This is the territory of taiga forests on the Eurasian and North American continents, where coniferous timber is harvested. A number of developed countries of the Eurasian and North American continents (USA, Russia, Finland, Canada, Sweden) specialize in the supply of wood raw materials on an international scale.
Southern. Hardwood harvesting is carried out in three main areas the globe- forests of Brazil, tropical Africa and southeast Asia. Huge reserves of wood raw materials are concentrated on the South American continent, from there it is exported to Europe and Japan for further processing, or used as fuel for heating homes. In states located in southern hemisphere, for the manufacture of paper products alternative raw materials (not from wood) are widely used: bamboo branches are processed in India, sisal in Brazil and Tanzania, jute in Bangladesh, and sugarcane bagasse in Peru.

The uneven distribution of forest resources, which are renewable, poses a threat of their overuse, which can lead to total deforestation of territories. As, for example, uncontrolled cutting of wet equatorial forests have already led to massive environmental issues in Brazil and Mexico.

The developing countries of Asia, Africa and South America are increasing the procurement of wood raw materials every year, and China and India have already appeared among the traditional developed countries (USA, Canada, Finland, etc.), which were previously among the top ten procurement states. , Brazil and Indonesia, Nigeria and Congo. However, in developed countries, the percentage of industrial (high-quality) wood exceeds the share of firewood (used for fuel) several times, and in states Latin America and Asia, this picture is absolutely opposite. USA, Sweden, Finland Canada, etc. in the structure of fuel consumption, firewood takes from 3 to 12%, while in African countries - up to 78%, in China - up to 65%, in South America about 57% of all harvested wood raw materials are used for firewood.

Forest resources and their importance.

Russia accounts for 22% of the world's forest resources - 770 million hectares - 45% of the entire territory of the country. Timber reserves - 82 billion m 3, which exceeds the total reserves of the United States and Canada by 3.5 times. Forests are distributed unevenly throughout the country. In the western zone (European north), 30% of the area covered by forest is concentrated. In the eastern zone (Northern Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, Far East) - 70% of the territory is covered with forest - these are territories with the exception of tundra and forest tundra. Mature wood is 50%. In general, the eastern macroregion contains 75% of timber reserves. (see tab. 34 Dronov, p. 151).

The density of forest resources is inversely proportional to the density of population (see Figure 49 Dronov, p152). In some areas, forest cover (the share of the area occupied by forest vegetation in relation to the entire area) is 2/3 of the territory - these are the Irkutsk region, the Komi Republic, Primorsky Krai, the Arkhangelsk region. But there are areas completely treeless - the Astrakhan region.

In the eastern regions, coniferous species predominate (cedar, fir, larch, less spruce and pine). In the European part - spruce, pine, which are of the greatest value for construction, as well as deciduous forests (more than in the east).

Areas of the European part of the country are intensively exploited. In the future, the exploitation of the eastern part will increase more and more.

The forest is used in many sectors of the economy: in construction (in the form of a fastening forest, for finishing), in the mining industry (in the form of mining racks), in furniture production, in the chemical industry, in the production of cellulose, paper, cardboard, for the production of containers. The forest is a recreation center, a hunting base, a source of berries, mushrooms, medicinal herbs.

Timber industry. - one of the oldest industries producing structural materials and consisting of the following interrelated industries, which differ from each other in production technology, the purpose of the products, but use the same raw materials:

logging, felling, trailing (delivery to the consumer)

mechanical processing - includes sawmilling, production of plywood, lumber, furniture, matches, parquet, etc.

wood chemistry includes the production of cellulose, paper, and other products.

the pulp and paper industry occupies an intermediate position, where chemical technologies are combined with mechanical processing, and includes the production of cellulose, rosin, wood alcohol, fodder yeast.

logging . From a seasonal industry, it has turned into an industrial production sector with permanent, qualified personnel and high-quality equipment. This industry belongs to the mining industry. The bulk of logging falls on the forest surplus regions of the European north, the northern Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East, except for the tundra and forest tundra. But the forests of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the north-east of Russia are far from the consumer - there is no wood harvested there. In Krasnoyarsk - an exception - the zones along the rivers and south.

The main forest-forming species is larch, the processing of which is always difficult. The greatest load falls on the European north, south of Siberia and the Far East.

The first place in timber harvesting is occupied by the European North (Republic of Komi and Karelia, Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions) - more than 20%. There is an extensive network of rivers, logging roads (Kotlos - Vorkuta, Vologda - Arkhangelsk, Petrozavodsk - Murmansk), timber export port - Arkhangelsk. The important role of this area was predetermined by the main consumers - the Center, the Volga region.

The second place is occupied by the East Siberian region (south of the Irkutsk region, Krasnoyarsk Territory). Part of the forest is rafted along the Yenisei to the port of Igarka, and most of it is rafted along the Trans-Siberian Railway to the European part.

The third place is occupied by the Urals (Sverdlovsk and Perm regions) - 18%.

These 3 regions harvest 60% of Russia's timber. AT recent times there is a noticeable shift to the east in the location of logging, which increases the distance of transportation, which has increased from 750 to 1700 km and is the longest among the transport of bulk goods on the railway in the world.

sawmilling - the main consumer of industrial wood at the stage of logging, from which wood makes up 25% (boughs, bark, needles) in sawmilling - sawdust, shavings, pinkies, slats (they increase to 40%).

Sawmilling centers are located not only in logging areas (Arkhangelsk, Lesosibirsk on the Yenisei), but also in the sparsely forested Volga region (Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan). A huge mass of roundwood is transported by rail.

Sawmilling serves as the basis for the subsequent processing of raw materials. In close connection with it, standard housing construction, the production of furniture, DRSP, plywood, and matches were widely developed. Enterprises for the mechanical processing of wood have historically been concentrated in the center of Russia (Center, Central Black Earth Region, Volga Region), which now produce most of the sawn timber using imported raw materials. The location of industries for the mechanical processing of wood should take into account such features of the forest industry as high specific consumption of raw materials for the manufacture of products (1 ton of wood pulp - 3 m 3), and waste at the stages of logging and sawmilling. With such specifics, it is necessary to bring production closer to the sources of raw materials.

In the areas of distribution of raw materials, enterprises for the mechanical processing of wood are located as follows:

at the places of intersection or approach of the railway to the rafting tracks (Omsk, Kotlas, Novosibirsk), where raw materials are delivered by river, and finished products are delivered by railway;

in the lower reaches or mouths of large raftable rivers with access to the sea (Arkhangelsk, Mezen, Naryan-Mar, Igarka);

on forest roads.

For furniture production beech, oak and other valuable wood species are used. Transportation of furniture is more expensive than transportation of wood, and its production requires a highly skilled workforce. As a rule, the production of furniture is located at the consumer.

Match production satisfies the needs of the population - there is one factory for each district. The raw material for the production of matches is aspen. Centers: Kaluga, Rybinsk, Kirov, Tomsk, Blagoveshchensk

Plywood production(from birch) and parquet(made of oak and beech) is located in areas rich in mixed forests.

Placement factors :

raw materials

fuel and energy

1. Can wood be replaced with other materials?

Most wood products can be made from other materials, and in some cases substitute products can be even better. For example, plastic skis have now almost completely replaced wooden skis.

However, wood is still widely used in everyday life and industry, both for economic (as a material it is often cheaper than substitutes) and for environmental reasons. For example, in a wooden house, surrounded by pure wood furniture, a person feels much better.

Synthetic materials cause allergic reactions in many people. It is estimated that a person spends an average of 100 m 3 of wood in his life. There are products in which the replacement of wood with another material radically changes their properties (for example, wooden musical instruments).

2. Where and why are large timber and paper industries located? Match the figure with the population density map.

Large forestry complexes are located in the zone of the European North (Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar), in the south of Western and Central Siberia (Asino, Lesosibirsk, Bratsk, etc.), which is associated with the presence of forest resources.

The main enterprises of the pulp and paper industry are located in forest surplus areas near rivers, because this industry is characterized by a significant material, water and energy intensity. The leading paper-producing regions (for 2004) are shown in Table 9.

3. Wood is a versatile raw material. How did the use of wood change as the economy developed?

The use of wood began with the manufacture of the simplest tools and the kindling of fires for heating and cooking. Gradually, this raw material penetrated into many branches of the economy. In the XVIII century. wood was actively used in metallurgy: for the smelting of 1 pood (16.4 kg) of cast iron, 3-5 poods of charcoal were required, and 8 poods of charcoal were used to produce 1 pood of iron. By analogy with oil (“black gold”) and natural gas (“blue gold”), the forest is called “green gold”, emphasizing the exceptional value of this resource.

Despite the wide variety of areas of application, even now about a third of the wood received is used for fuel. The use of wood depends on the properties of a particular tree species. Table 10 shows the scope of various breeds, supplement it with your own examples.

Breed	wood properties	Application	Your examples
Pine	Soft, not rotting	Production of artificial wool; construction	Furniture
Spruce	Durable and soft	Raw materials for the production of paper; artificial silk production
Cedar	Durable and soft. antiseptic	Construction; pharmaceuticals
Fir	rots quickly	Paper; from needles - aromatic substances
Aspen	Soft, light	Matches; container
Linden	Easily processed, dyed and does not warp when dried	Crockery; plywood; boards
Birch	Elastic, durable	Furniture; plywood; skis
Beech, oak	Strong and solid	Furniture; parquet; barrels

4. Which industries are most closely related to the forest industry and why?

The timber industry is now a powerful and diverse field of activity, closely connected with suppliers and consumers of products. The timber industry employs about 1.4 million people in Russia. And it is more correct to speak not about industry, but about the forest complex. By analogy with the agro-industrial complex (p. 35, fig. 18), draw up a diagram of the forestry complex, including transport (transportation of products), the chemical industry (production of plant protection products and means of chemical processing of wood), mechanical engineering (forest harvesting equipment: saws, tractors, skidders), light industry (textile enterprises - consumers of artificial silk and wool), as well as science and education (scientific development and training of personnel).

Further development of intersectoral relations will allow Russia to overcome the main problems forest complex. For example, irrational use of resources. Russia loses from 25 to 75% of the harvested timber, i.e. from 0.5 to 1.5 million hectares is cut down in vain, and it takes a considerable time to restore the forest fund. The most valuable tree species are slow growing. Almost all young trees grow rapidly at first, then growth slows down, and the ripeness of the tree, that is, the state in which felling can be carried out, is achieved in birch and aspen after 50-70 years, in conifers in the north - after 150 years, in the central and southern taiga - in 80-100 years.

5. Show on the map the largest timber industry complexes. Evaluate their placement in terms of economic feasibility, ecology.

Timber industry complexes are located on major rivers in forest surplus areas. The main ones are located in the cities of Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar, Asino, Lesosibirsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Bratsk, Amursk.

Such an arrangement is economically justified - the CRC combines all stages of production: harvesting, processing and chemical processing of raw materials.

However, the active use of forest resources inevitably entails their depletion. Therefore, one should not forget about the need to increase the productivity of forests, improve the methods of their restoration. If the production technology is not observed, rivers also suffer.

6. Why do you think products made from solid natural wood are especially valued now?

Their manufacturers will eloquently tell you about the advantages of wooden products over their analogues. For example, manufacturers of windows and wooden houses.

Among the main points, we highlight the following:

a) Wood breathes.

In the field of construction, wood is of great value. Compared to other building materials, it does not interfere with air circulation, since a constant air exchange takes place in the internal structure of wood. Wood also provides an optimal level of humidity in the house without the use of any air conditioners. The absence of drafts in combination with the special freshness of living wood creates a unique microclimate of a log house.

b) Wood retains heat.

Despite providing free

air exchange, a log house is a warm and durable structure. Due to the ability to accumulate and retain heat at an optimal level for life, log walls provide the best heat retention compared to brick and concrete walls of the same thickness. Even in conditions of extremely severe frosts, a log house effectively retains heat and, at the same time, thanks to

with its remarkable properties, it maintains a favorable temperature on hot summer days.

c) Wood keeps healthy.

In modern construction, artificial materials are often used that prevent the necessary air exchange inside the house. The air is sometimes too dry and oversaturated with carbon dioxide. Excessive concentration of carbon dioxide can cause headaches and other unpleasant sensations. In a log house, there are no problems of this kind, since wood breathes and is a pure natural product that meets all environmental standards for building materials.

d) Ease of disposal.

From the point of view of ecology, an important advantage of wooden products is the ease of its disposal after the end of its service life. Disposal of similar products made of steel or concrete is more expensive. This property of wood becomes especially relevant with the development of such a direction as the ecology of industry, and the adoption of laws, according to which the manufacturer is obliged to ensure that after the product becomes unusable, it can be processed into harmless substances. material from the site

7. What folk crafts related to the use of wood do you know? In what regions of Russia do they develop?

Woodcarving has always occupied an honorable place in the work of folk craftsmen in Russia. The Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving and products of the masters of Talashkino, the complex of wooden buildings "Kizhi" became especially famous. In many ancient Russian cities there are museums of wooden architecture, where you can get acquainted with the best examples folk art, for example, Small Karely near Arkhangelsk.

At the end of the XIX century. in the vicinity of the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow, on the initiative of I.D. Polenova, a carpentry and carving workshop arose in the estate of S.I. The products of the masters of this school (ladles, caskets, salt shakers, decorative dishes and vases covered with rhythmic floral ornaments) are distinguished by a variety of toning, emphasizing the natural beauty of wood. The floral ornament is based not only on samples of carved peasant products and house decor, but also on the ornamental screensavers of old printed books.

At present, the center of the trade is located in the city of Khotkovo, Sergiev Posad district, where a factory of carved art products operates. Abramtsevo-Kudrinsk carving masters are trained by the Abramtsevo Art and Industrial College named after V.I. V. M. Vasnetsova.

Another center of peasant artistic crafts was the former estate of Princess M. K. Tenisheva, located 18 km from Smolensk - Talashkino. Educational and art-industrial workshops of ceramics, carving and painting on wood, carpentry, embroidery, etc. were organized on the estate. Artists S. V. Malyutin, M. A. Vrubel, N. K. Roerich worked in Talashkino, A. N. Benois, M. V. Nesterov, K. A. Korovin, I. E. Repin, sculptor P. P. Trubetskoy. Now it is a historical and artistic reserve, in which a park, the building of the art workshop of M. K. Tenisheva, and wooden buildings in the Russian style have been preserved.

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On this page, material on the topics:

show on the map the largest complexes
large LPKs are located in
why natural wood products are valued
why solid wood products are valued
where and why are the enterprises of the complex associated with the processing of wood

The forest complex includes forestry, harvesting, mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. These industries use the same raw materials, but differ from each other in terms of production technology and purpose. finished products. The leading place in terms of output is occupied by the pulp and paper and wood-chemical industries, in terms of the number of employees and the number of operating enterprises - the woodworking industry.

The importance of the timber industry in the country's economy is due not only to the huge reserves of timber and the territorial distribution of forest resources, but also to its wide use in various sectors of the economy - construction, industry, transport, agriculture and utilities.

Russia is the largest forest power in the world, where almost 1/4 of the world's timber reserves are concentrated. In 2007, the total forest area was 883 million hectares, and the forested area in Russia occupied 776.1 million hectares, or 45% of the country's territory, and the timber stock was estimated at 82.1 billion m3. Among the forest-forming species, conifers (pine, cedar, spruce, larch, fir) predominate, the share of softwood (birch, aspen, linden) and hardwood (oak, beech, ash, maple) is small.

Three groups of forests are distinguished in the forest fund of Russia: a) water and field protection, protected and recreational forests, in which only sanitary felling can be carried out to improve their condition; b) forests in which only selective felling is possible in the amount annual growth; in) production forests where clear cuttings can be carried out.

The forest complex is overcoming the crisis that affected it during the period of market transformations of the economy, when its industrial, scientific and technical potential was significantly undermined. In 2007, the industry's production volume was 59% of the 1990 level, the allowable cut was used only by 25%, and, taking into account intermediate cuttings, by only 14%. The volume of investments in the fixed capital of the timber industry complex at the expense of all sources of financing over the past decade has decreased by almost 7 times. The main source of investment - approximately 80% - remains the own funds of enterprises.

Transformations are also being completed in the forms of ownership. By the beginning of the XXI century. enterprises of private form of ownership accounted for 90% of the total number of enterprises operating in the branches of the forest complex, where almost half of the number of industrial and production personnel was employed, which ensured the release of 2/5 of industrial products. In 2007, the number of forest industry enterprises amounted to 18.5 thousand, employing 340 thousand people.

The timber industry complex in the structure of industrial production in Russia ranks seventh in terms of output, and fifth in terms of exports. At the same time, the forest complex plays the greatest role in the economy of the European North, in the richly forested regions of the Eastern and Western Siberia, the Far East, this industry is inferior to the favorites - the fuel industry and non-ferrous metallurgy.

The products of the forest complex traditionally occupy a prominent place in the export deliveries of Russia. Foreign exchange earnings from the export of timber and paper products in 2007 amounted to 12.3 billion dollars. At the same time, the export potential of Russia is estimated at 100 billion dollars. Lumber, plywood, pulp are exported, which are inferior in quality, environmental requirements, processing accuracy, presentation and packaging of timber and paper products from developed timber-industry countries, therefore, prices for products of Russian manufacturers are 30-40% lower than the world average.

The logging industry carries out the harvesting, export and alloying of wood, as well as the primary processing and partial processing of timber. Its main product is industrial timber, which now accounts for more than 80% of the total exported timber.

The logging industry is the basic branch of the timber industry. In the late 1980s In terms of timber exports, Russia ranked second in the world after the United States, and in 2006 it was already sixth.

The location of logging sites is due to the availability of timber resources. Therefore, the leading area for the production of commercial wood is the European North, which gives 1/3 of the industry's products, where the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, the Republics of Karelia and Komi stand out. The second place is occupied by Eastern Siberia (about 1/4), where the main suppliers of commercial timber are the Irkutsk region, concentrating almost 1/5 of the total Russian timber harvesting, and Krasnoyarsk region. The third place is held by the Urals (Sverdlovsk region). In addition, timber harvesting is carried out in the Far East, Western Siberia and the North-West.

The woodworking industry is the main consumer of commercial wood and includes the production of lumber, sleepers, plywood, building parts and boards, standard wooden houses, furniture, matches, etc. The location of these industries is greatly affected by features such as huge industrial waste, which in sawmilling reach 40%, in furniture and match production - 50% of the consumed raw materials.

Sawmilling provides primary mechanical processing of 2/3 commercial timber and is oriented towards raw materials and the consumer. The main production is concentrated in the Western zone of the country on the territory of richly forested regions (European North, the Urals, the Volga-Vyatka region) and in the main consumer regions (Center, the Volga region, the North Caucasus).

The production of plywood is characterized by a high consumption rate of raw materials and orientation to birch stands. Therefore, the main production is concentrated in the territory of Central Russia, the Urals and the European North. Furniture production, being an "urban industry", focuses on the consumer.

The pulp and paper industry is a high-tech branch of the forest complex, which is engaged in the chemical and mechanical processing of wood. In this case, cellulose is initially obtained, and from it - paper and cardboard.

The location of the industry is due to high material and water intensity (for the production of 1 ton of paper, 5 m3 of wood and 350 m3 of water are needed), as well as energy intensity. Therefore, the determining factor in the location is the presence of forest resources and large water sources.

The European North remains the leading area for the production of paper, cardboard and pulp, where the main production is carried out on the territory of Karelia. Arkhangelsk region and the Komi Republic and there are Segezhsky, Kondopozhsky, Solombalsky, Syktyvkarsky pulp and paper mills, etc. In 2007, the region provided the production of almost 52% of pulp, 48% of paper and 34% of cardboard in the country.

The second place is occupied by the Volga-Vyatka region. AT Nizhny Novgorod region and the Republic of Mari El, large plants operate in Pravdinsk, Balakhna, Volzhsk. The third place is occupied by the Ural region, where the main production is concentrated in Perm region(Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Perm) and the Sverdlovsk region (Turinsk, Novaya Lyalya).

Significant volumes of paper and cardboard production are in the North-West region (Svetogorsk, Syassk), while the share of Eastern Siberia and the Far East is declining due to underutilization of existing capacities. The Amur and Astrakhan pulp and paper mills stopped producing pulp and cardboard, the Vyborg Pulp and Paper Mill was stopped.

Thus, the largest forest industry complexes have developed in the following economic regions of the country:

The north is a richly forested region, providing for the export of timber, the production of lumber, plywood, cardboard, and almost half of the paper in the country;
Ural is a richly forested region that specializes in the export of wood and lumber, the production of plywood and paper in Russia;
Siberia (Western and Eastern) is a richly forested region that supplies sawn timber, cardboard and pulp to the Russian market;
The Volga-Vyatka region is a richly forested region, which, using its own and imported raw materials, produces almost a fifth of the paper in Russia;
The North-West is a richly forested region, where the woodworking and pulp and paper industries have received predominant development;
The center is a sparsely forested area specializing in the production of various products of the woodworking industry from imported raw materials;
The Far East is a richly forested area dominated by timber harvesting supplied to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

The forest industry is one of the oldest branches of the national economy. Its significance is determined by the huge reserves of timber in Russia (25% of the world reserves), the wide distribution of forests throughout the territory and the fact that in modern conditions there is practically no such area of the national economy where wood and its products are not used. For more than one hundred years, Russian timber has been supplied to the world market and has served as an important source of foreign exchange earnings.

What industries are included in the forest complex?

Almost 80% of production forests suitable for logging are located to the east Ural mountains in the so-called forested areas. However, they are not used enough due to the lack of transport routes and remoteness from the main consumers. A little more than 40% of the country's timber is harvested throughout the vast expanse of Siberia and the Far East, while in the European North alone, about 1/3.

In the European part of Russia, deforestation is carried out more intensively, which often leads to a catastrophic reduction in forest area in a number of regions. Unfortunately, reforestation work lags behind the pace of logging, and in some areas it has practically ceased altogether.

Rice. 21. The use of wood in everyday life and in the national economy

Can wood be replaced with other materials?

Who is the main consumer of timber?

The most capacious consumer of wood is the woodworking industry, which consists of a number of industries: sawmilling, the production of chipboard and fibreboard, plywood, prefabricated houses, furniture and matches.

The most important branch of the forest complex is the pulp and paper industry, which mainly produces pulp, paper and cardboard. Historically, paper production originated in the Central region, but at present, most paper is produced in the Northern, Ural and Volga-Vyatka regions. This industry is characterized by high material consumption, high water intensity and significant energy intensity. For the production of 1 ton of pulp, about 5 m3 of wood and up to 350 m of water are consumed. Pulp and paper mills produce a range of products from cellulose: artificial fiber, cellophane, varnishes, linoleum, and even gunpowder.

Chemical processing of wood allows you to recycle sawmill and woodworking waste: sawdust, shavings, chips. From this cheap raw material you can get ethanol, glycerin, turpentine, tar and other products.

In general, the country's forest complex is characterized by a discrepancy in the distribution of forest resources, logging and wood processing.

Rice. 22. Forest complex

Where and why are large timber and pulp and paper industries located? Compare Figure 22 with the population density map.

In forest-rich regions of the country - in the North, Siberia and the Far East - timber industry complexes (TIC) have emerged, which are territorial combinations of all three stages of production: harvesting, mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood.

The enterprises located in the forestry complex have close production ties based on the joint use of raw materials, transport, and joint processing of waste.

What are the objectives of the development of the forest complex?

The most important task is a more complete use of forest resources (waste during logging and wood processing reaches 25-75%). In terms of the efficiency of the use of raw materials, our country lags behind economically developed countries. So, in Finland, 190 kg of paper and cardboard are obtained from 1 m 3 of harvested wood, in the USA - 135 kg, and in our country - 35 kg (most of the products of our forest complex exported are unprocessed wood and cellulose). A lot of waste remains in the cutting areas, along the transportation routes, which causes significant damage. environment. Therefore, complex measures are needed for forest growing, harvesting and processing of forests.

No less important is to increase the productivity of forests and improve the methods of their restoration. First of all, this is needed in areas with long-term or intensive logging, where forest resources are most depleted.

conclusions

The forest complex combines a group of sectors of the national economy related to the harvesting, mechanical and chemical processing of wood raw materials. There is a regular pattern in the location of the enterprises of the complex (common for many industries): each subsequent stage of wood processing is less and less tied to the raw material base. We cut wood not where it is the most, but where it is more convenient; sawmilling - not so much in logging sites, but at a distance from them; finally, the production of pulp and paper is even closer to the consumer or to export ports.

Questions and tasks

Wood is a versatile raw material. How has the use of wood changed as the economy has evolved?
Which industries are most closely associated with the forest industry and why?
Show on the map the largest timber industry complexes. Evaluate their placement in terms of economic feasibility, ecology.
Why do you think products made from solid natural wood are especially valued now?
What folk crafts related to the use of wood do you know? In what regions of Russia do they develop?