Experience in the development of tourism in the USSR. Historical excursion into the development of tourism in Russia. Tourist societies, their educational role for young people

Literally from the first months of its existence, Soviet power begins to pay close attention to tourist and excursion activities, realizing that this is one of the possibilities for influencing the masses.

In the scientific literature, it is customary to single out several stages in the development of tourism in the USSR.

The first one (1917 - 1936) is characterized by the creation of socio-economic conditions, the emergence and organizational development of the excursion and tourist movement. In the context of the restoration and reconstruction of the national economy, the deployment of the cultural revolution, the first institutions of proletarian tourism are being created, designed to intensify the mass recreation of workers, to satisfy their needs for studying cultural property and nature of the motherland.

Since 1921, conferences on the problems of tour guides have been held. Conferences from the very beginning were not local, but all-Russian in nature. They had two sections on natural science and humanitarian issues. This was not accidental, since excursions and trips had to carry, in addition to general cognitive and educational, also an ideological burden. Historical and revolutionary themes were developed in accordance with Lenin's Decree of 1918 on monumental propaganda, and the lists of enterprises of the national economy were specified, where one could be convinced of the "superiority of socialist methods of management." In Moscow, the Central Museum and Excursion Institute and the Excursion Department at the Institute of Extracurricular Work Methods were established, and in Petrograd, respectively, the Scientific Research Excursion Institute. The employees of these institutions were engaged in summarizing the experience of work in the tourism sector, read various lectures and prepared conferences and congresses both on theoretical and practical issues related to tourism.

From the mid 1920s. articles began to appear on the pages of Komsomolskaya Pravda, persistently urging young people to take up tourism. In December 1926, the Moscow Committee of the Komsomol, together with Komsomolskaya Pravda and MGSPS, organized the first mass excursion, about 300 people took part in it. It was an advertising and propaganda event within the framework of GOELRO.

In the 1930s it became clear that the world was on the verge of a new war. Tourism began to take root in the army. “Journey of a group of commanders of the 51st division on Danube kayaks from Smolensk to Odessa, along the Dnieper and the Black Sea; boat trip of the commanders of the Smolensk garrison from Smolensk to Kyiv; cycling run of the command staff of the Kyiv garrison along the route Kyiv - Zhytomyr; mileage of the commanders of the Volga Military District along the route Kazan - Sviyazhsk - Cheboksary; 700-kilometer trip on the boats of the commanders of the North Caucasian Military District along the Don, etc. ” These facts testify to the understanding of the importance of tourism by the army command in the education and development of such qualities necessary for a soldier as the ability to navigate the terrain, tempering character, courage, endurance, and mutual assistance.

In the field of international tourism, the task is set: to provide friends of the USSR and representatives of the progressive movement abroad with the opportunity to get acquainted with the progress of socialist construction in the USSR, and also to expand the volume of trips of Soviet working people abroad.

The second stage of tourism development (1936 - 1969) is characterized by the introduction of new organizational forms of management. In 1939 A voluntary mountaineering organization of a military-sports orientation was created. Of the members of this organization during the years of the Great Patriotic War special units were formed. Tourism brought tangible help to the country 1 .

Brizhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism. - M; SPb., 2001

The "Soviet tourist" developed about 30 routes that covered virtually the entire territory Soviet Union. Pamir routes were even developed. Considering that the average duration of vacation for the majority of workers and employees was about two weeks, respectively, the vast majority of tours were of the same duration.

The difference in the activities of the OPT and Sovtour was that the OPT was engaged in organizing amateur hikes, while the Sovtour served groups of vacationers along predetermined routes, which were mainly of a general educational and local history nature.

Along with domestic tourism in the USSR, foreign tourism also begins to develop very early. Just as with the development of domestic tourism, propaganda issues were a priority here.

In April 1936, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR considered it inappropriate to further develop tourism within the framework of a voluntary society and decided to liquidate it. All the property of the OPTE (society of proletarian tourism and excursions) was transferred to the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, where the tourist and excursion management (TEU) of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions was created, which was entrusted with the management of tourist routes of all-Union significance, as well as all activities in the field of tourism and excursions. The functions of the territorial TEU, which worked on a self-supporting principle according to the planned tasks of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, included tourism promotion, public consultations, cultural and mass services and economic services along the way, route development, as well as the construction of tourist houses, mountain huts, camps, and the production of equipment. In November 1937, the Charter of the Tourist and Excursion Administration of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions was approved.

This period of development of Russian tourism is characterized by a transition from administrative regulation of tourism to economic incentives based on new Russian laws relating to both business and the market in general, and tourism activities in particular.

The Great Patriotic War and the recovery period pushed the tourist problems into the background. Domestic tourism began to revive only in the late 1940s.

In the post-war years, both planned and amateur, sports, children's and family tourism became widespread.

Tourism was also restored in the Armed Forces of the USSR. According to the order of the Minister of Defense, the chief of the Logistics of the Armed Forces was entrusted with the head of this direction in tourism, and the direct leadership was entrusted to the Department of Tourism and Excursions of the Ministry of Defense. The All-Army Council for Tourism was specially created to attract wide sections of the army and navy public to this work. Tourism, both planned and amateur, soon becomes one of the most popular and popular types of recreation.

By the mid 1980s. there were 24 camp sites that were subordinate to the military departments and the Ministry of Defense. From 1980 to 1985 alone, about 1.2 million military personnel and members of their families rested on them. Most popular in Soviet time used tourist center "Terskol", which received tourists all year round. In summer, hikes and excursions around the Elb-Rus were made from here, and skiers came in winter. Its uniqueness, however, lay elsewhere. Only here were developed routes of various categories: from the simplest, giving the right to the badge "Tourist of the USSR", to the I category of complexity.

Dozens of bus routes across the USSR were developed. River trips along the Volga and the Volga-Balt were also popular, and in July a 15-day tour along the Yenisei from Krasnoyarsk to the polar Dikson was held annually. Care was also shown for the families of young officers.

It tripled in the mid-1980s. the number of camp sites where it was possible to relax with children from the age of five 1 .

Amateur tourism was also not ignored. Since the 1970s annual all-army competitions for the best tourist trip began to be held, and since 1976 - all-army gatherings of tourists. These were great events.

Traditionally, school tourism has been an important area of ​​tourist and excursion work. Even before the start of the Great Patriotic War in 1941, the start of the All-Russian tourist expedition "My Motherland - the USSR" was announced. The idea of ​​resuming this expedition was returned only in the mid-1950s. In 1956, Pionerskaya Pravda and the Central Children's Excursion and Tourist Station published the main provisions of this Expedition. The work unfolded in seven areas: “Lenin is still more alive than all the living”, “To the secrets of nature”, “Art belongs to the people”, “In the everyday life of great construction projects”, etc.

Since 1957, the history of Soviet maritime tourism begins. Intourist rented two ships - "Victory" and "Georgia", on which sea voyages around Europe from Odessa to Leningrad were carried out. The ship "Peter the First" conducted Black Sea cruises for tourists from the socialist countries. And in 1960, the notorious ship "Admiral Nakhimov" began to run along the Crimean-Caucasian coast. In the early 1960s sea ​​tourism began to develop in the Baltic, and the ship "Grigory Ordzhonikidze" arranged 20-day tours along the Far East coast.

It took ten post-war years to create requirements that meet European standards for receiving foreign tourists. It was necessary to build a network of hotels and restaurants, gain experience in transporting a large number of foreigners by air and rail

1 [Sokolova M.V. History of tourism: Tutorial for stud. Higher Textbook Institutions. - 2nd ed., revised. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004 p. 294] transport, deploy advertising and, finally, establish the production of souvenirs.

Intourist organized not only group tours, but also individual sea and river cruises, trips of foreigners to the resorts of the USSR, and Soviet citizens to foreign resorts. Exclusive tours were arranged, for example, for hunting.

Since 1964, Intourist began to receive tourists for treatment at the most famous resorts in the country. These included sanatoriums famous for their mineral springs, for example, Matsesta in Sochi, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk, Tskhaltubo therapeutic mud, etc.

In the 1960s In the USSR, there were five areas of tourism that existed largely in parallel to each other:

professional tourism (Central Council for Tourism and Excursions TsSTiE at the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions);

foreign tourism ( State Committee on foreign tourism under the Council of Ministers of the USSR);

youth tourism (Sputnik under the Komsomol Central Committee);

military tourism (Department for Tourism and Excursions of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR);

school tourism (TsDTES of the Ministry of Education of the USSR).

In the 1960s tourist and excursion organizations of trade unions have developed over 13,000 routes - linear, ring, radial. In order to ensure the development and release various kinds advertising, organization in the press, on radio, television and in the cinema of propaganda and advertising of events held by tourist and excursion organizations, it was decided to create an advertising and information bureau "Tourist". It was opened in 1971 and operated on self-supporting terms.

The main tourist regions were Central, which, in addition to Moscow, included Tula, Ryazan, Kaluga, Kalinin, Smolensk, Yaroslavl and Vladimir regions; and the Northwestern, which included the Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions. Only the Moscow Tour Bureau in the 1960s. sold 4 million tourist vouchers. Tourist "meccas" during this period are the routes: "Across Pushkin's places", "Along the ancient Russian cities and Leningrad", etc. Although the number of routes in the Central and Northwestern regions was less than, say, in Transcaucasia or Crimea, but in they were attended by a much larger number of tourists due to the development of infrastructure. In addition, large tourist complexes were concentrated here, which were able to serve a large number of travelers. Many routes in the Central and Northwestern regions were all-Union in nature, which also influenced the mass character, although this does not mean that local routes did not exist here.

More than half of all planned all-Union routes were laid in such resort areas as Black Sea coast Caucasus, Crimea, North Caucasus, Transcaucasia. This region was the leader in the "concentration" of campsites, tourist bases and hotels, which accounted for more than 50% of their total number in the country 1 .

Routes with active modes of transportation included 55 all-Union routes. These were horse, bicycle, water (boat, kayak and inflatable rafts), pedestrian. A tourist who took part in one of them had the right to receive a certificate and badge "Tourist of the USSR". Nine routes classified as the first category of difficulty, among which are such as "Across the mountainous Crimea",

“Along the Dniester Canyon on rafts”, “Along the Teletskoye Lake and Altai Sokolova M.V. History of tourism: Textbook for students. Higher Textbook Institutions. - 2nd ed., revised. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004 p. 294] taiga", etc. - could bring the tourist the assignment of the third category in tourism, however, if he already had the "title" "Tourist of the USSR". Tourism in the 1960s became so popular that almost all universities of the USSR created tourist sections, and some universities even organized tourist clubs.

In the 1970s - 1980s. there is an expansion of the geography of tourism. Along with elite sea and river cruises - such as, for example, the "Arctic Cruise", when a trip was made along the Northern Sea Route, starting from Murmansk and ending with Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, along the seas of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans - Okhotsk and Japan; or traveling on comfortable boats along the Lena, Yenisei, Amur - there is a development of amateur routes from Khibiny to Kamchatka. Tourist travel is becoming one of the most popular forms of recreation for Soviet citizens.

Traveling on riverboats took place in all major rivers Soviet Union. More than 40 Tourist Boards of various levels rented boats and organized trips for "their" tourists. And although travel by water transport traditionally had a small share - about 5% of the total volume of transport travel - nevertheless, in the USSR by the beginning of the 1990s. there were about 500 river and sea routes that served 200 ships 1

Planned rail travel first appeared in the 1960s. Gradually, routes using rail transport have become an integral part of many routes of various levels. “Health trains” and special tourist-excursion trains are beginning to form. The routes were compiled in such a way that the railroad crossings between tourist centers occurred mainly at night. In 1986 tourist-excursion trains. Especially popular among the inhabitants of the Far East, the Urals and Siberia were the ring routes, covering the main cities of the European part of the Union, as well as Central Asia.

The relative cheapness of air tickets was one of the components of the boom experienced in the 1980s. air tourism. Moreover, the aviation services of travel agencies and excursions of large cities (according to statistics, there were more than 160 of them) used not only to deliver tourists to places of rest and back, but independent air travel was also developed, for example, the route Moscow - Arkhangelsk - Solovki - Arkhangelsk - Moscow and dozens of others.

Weekend hikes are becoming a favorite for many citizens. Only in the 1980s. more than 20 million people took part in them 1 .

In the 1960s - 1980s. tourism was no longer of that forcibly ideologized character, as in the pre-war years. Its material base has increased many times over. Various tourist organizations have developed thousands of various routes of various types, duration, complexity and comfort. Tourism has firmly entered the life of a Soviet person, becoming an integral part of it. But, due to the fact that tourism was of a pronounced social nature, the demand for tourist services significantly outstripped supply. And numerous tourist and excursion bureaus could not provide everyone with vouchers.

Features of the transition period:

1. transition from a monopoly economy to a mixed economy (tourist

enterprises become the property of different owners);

• 2. formation of the tourist market on the basis of new laws;
• 3. the use of tourism resources in market conditions based on new
• 1 [Shapoval G.F. History of tourism. - Minsk, 1999] economic and legal relations;
• 4. changing nature of demand due to the emergence of new species

tourist services (outbound shopping tours, entertainment and adventure tours, a tour for the purpose of learning a language, etc.

• 5. lack of demand for the material base of tourism (hotels, boarding houses, rest houses);
• 6. the emergence of a large number of small and medium-sized tourism enterprises;
• 7. growth of average indicators of outbound tourism, especially for the purpose of shopping.

4.2. Tourist and excursion business in the USSR

Literally from the first months of its existence, Soviet power begins to pay close attention to tourist and excursion activities, realizing that this is one of the possibilities for influencing the masses. At the initiative of the People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky, as early as the beginning of 1918, courses for teachers were being created in the suburbs of Petrograd. They improve the qualifications of teachers thoroughly, using at the same time such a type of training as excursions. But from episodic excursions, they quickly move on to the beginning of the formation of an organization that could coordinate this process.

In 1919, excursion sections were created under the Department of the Unified Labor School of the People's Commissariat for Education. They were planned to organize excursions in schools. The first six sections, located in the vicinity of Petrograd, having developed special routes, began their work in the same year. How seriously the Bolsheviks took this type of upbringing and education can be seen from the fact that the natural history commission that developed the topics of excursions included such prominent scientists as academician S.F. Oldenburg, professors D.N. Kaigorodov, L.S. Berg and other scientists.

For those children who arrived at the station, free food was offered (and this is in the conditions of the Civil War and foreign military intervention!). Schoolchildren who arrived for multi-day hikes were arranged for an overnight stay. They were given special discounted tickets for traveling by rail.

Gradually, differentiation began in the directions of work of the stations. In addition to the Central Station, which arose in 1920, there were three support centers: in Peterhof, Pavlovsk and Detskoy (Tsarskoye) Selo. Humanitarian stations conducted excursions to museums and estates; geological tried to use the exposed rock outcrops of the Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian periods; geographic ones were located in places with different landscapes. This made it possible to acquaint schoolchildren with the forest landscape, as, for example, in Pavlovsk, or to study the seaside region in Sestroretsk.

In order for the excursions to be carried out at a high scientific level, courses for guides were opened. Moreover, such figures as, for example, Director of the Hermitage S.N. Troinitsky.

Chairman of the Glavpolitprosveta N.K. Krupskaya highly appreciated the universal possibilities of excursion business. “Excursions can be,” she wrote, “of the most diverse nature: natural history, historical, aesthetic, archaeological - they can be aimed at studying the economy, public life etc. As varied as the phenomena are, excursions aimed at studying these phenomena can be just as varied.

On the scope of this phenomenon in the early 1920s. can be judged from the following data: in 1920 the number of excursions was 46 thousand (the number of tourists - 138 thousand), and in 1921 - 53 thousand (the number of tourists - 161 thousand).

In 1920, an Excursion Bureau was created in Moscow under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR. Three commissions (natural science, humanitarian and technical) are trying to develop plans and programs for upcoming trips and excursions on a scientific basis. For courses of guides, they prefer to take teachers as students.

People from all over the country came to the "House of the excursionist" - that was the name of one of the stations in Petrograd; among those who registered were tourists from the Far East, the Kola Peninsula, Siberia, Astrakhan, etc. There is a good library here.

Since 1921, conferences on the problems of tour guides have been held. Conferences from the very beginning were not local, but all-Russian in nature. They had two sections on natural science and humanitarian issues. This was not accidental, since excursions and trips had to carry, in addition to general cognitive and educational, also an ideological burden. Historical and revolutionary themes were developed in accordance with Lenin's decree of 1918 on monumental propaganda, and the lists of enterprises of the national economy were specified, where one could be convinced of the "superiority of socialist methods of management." In Moscow, the Central Museum and Excursion Institute and the Excursion Department at the Institute of Extracurricular Work Methods were established, and in Petrograd, respectively, the Scientific Research Excursion Institute. The employees of these institutions were engaged in summarizing the experience of work in the tourism sector, read various lectures and prepared conferences and congresses both on theoretical and practical issues related to tourism.

From the mid 1920s. articles began to appear on the pages of Komsomolskaya Pravda, persistently urging young people to take up tourism. In December 1926, the Moscow Committee of the Komsomol, together with Komsomolskaya Pravda and MGSPS, organized the first mass excursion, about 300 people took part in it. It was an advertising and promotional event within the framework of GOELRO. Its purpose was to familiarize young people with the construction of the Volkhov hydroelectric power station. One of the participants of the trip recalled that “a special train was allocated from ordinary reserved seats. Tourists occupied all the shelves, including those intended for luggage. The train was not heated, there was no electric lighting (stearin candles burned dimly in the lanterns above the doors), and there were no bedding either. Despite the wretchedness of the road conditions in which they were to spend four nights, the carriages were cheerful and noisy. The youth joked, cheerful revolutionary songs were heard. The journey, which was the antipode of the bourgeois “richest comfort”, nevertheless made an excellent impression on the Komsomol members. “On the way back, many participants expressed their strong determination to go on tourist trips during their holidays.”

Komsomol seeks to seize the reins of tourism in their own hands. Therefore, in hot pursuit, after a trip to Volkhovstroy, an article by G. Burnam “We need a society of proletarian tourists” appears in the printed organ of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League. Moreover, amateur tourist organizations should not be formed within the framework of trade unions or educational organizations, but “it goes without saying that they should be led by the party and the Komsomol,” the article said. In the course of the unfolding company, it was found out that "tourism is a lively and necessary business." And in mid-January, a Conference on the organization of mass tourism in the USSR is convened. The range of issues discussed at the Meeting was quite wide, which indicates an understanding among party and Komsomol functionaries of the importance and significance of tourism as one of the means of ideological influence on the masses. They touched not only on stereotyped problems, such as “the main tasks of mass proletarian tourism” and “studying the experience of working, student and peasant youth in tourism work”, but also tried to take into account the “experience of proletarian tourism abroad”, as well as figure out “what types of tourism most interesting to young people.

All of the above activities led to the creation at the end of January 1927 of the Bureau of Tourism under the Komsomol MK, and the next year the Bureau of Tourism was created under the Central Committee of the Komsomol, acquiring an all-Union status.

The main task of the activity of the newborn organization is proclaimed "the development of mass tourism among young people." The Komsomol did not start with clean slate, the work of the Bureau was based on the experience of the ROT, whose activities were resumed in the first years of the NEP. By 1929, ROT turns into the leading center of tourism in the country. There are dozens of its branches in other cities. There is a huge increase in Turkish women in factories, army units and clubs. This, of course, was facilitated by the slogan: "Each tourist must attract at least 10 comrades to the cell in a year."

But already in 1929, the ROT was renamed the Society of Proletarian Tourism of the RSFSR - OPT. N.V. Krylenko (Nikolai Vasilyevich Krylenko (1885 - 1938) was elected its chairman) was a professional revolutionary. He had an excellent education: he graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University in 1914. He was an ensign on the fronts of the First World War. An active participant in the October Revolution In the first composition of the Soviet government, he served as People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs. political processes. From 1929 to 1934 he headed the OPTE, was a member and leader of a scientific expedition to the Pamirs. Since 1929 - head of the chess and checkers section, initiator of international chess tournaments in 1925 - 1936. Since 1931 - People's Commissar of Justice. After an article by A.A. Zhdanov, which appeared in 1938, accusing Krylenko of neglecting direct state duties and of being too enthusiastic about mountain climbing, he was removed from work, convicted and shot as an enemy of the people. Posthumously rehabilitated.). The Statute of the OPT stated that the main goals of the society were "the dissemination among the working people of the ideas of organized tourism." It should also “contribute to raising the cultural level, ensure the cultural use of labor rest”, “promote lively communication between the peoples of the USSR, cultivate artistic skills and love for nature, temper health and character”, in addition, it is also necessary to “promote the defense of the USSR through militarization tourism".

The organizational measures carried out have led to the fact that the number of members of the OPT has grown 100 (!) times over the year of work and amounted to 50,000 members. The activities of the OPT spread throughout the USSR. Its branches appeared from Petrozavodsk to Vladivostok and Sakhalin. New routes are being developed, in particular, river cruises along the Amur and trips along Baikal. The publication of special literature is being adjusted. Since 1929, the magazine "On land and at sea" began to appear. In all newspapers, including the local press, there is a "corner" where tourism issues are covered. In many factory and institutional wall newspapers, a special place was also allocated for the promotion of tourism. For more effective work on agitation and promotion of tourism, the following directions and topics for magazine and newspaper articles were proposed:

“a) articles linking tourism to the current tasks of the party and the state;
b) articles exposing all sorts of perversions of our tourism;
c) articles devoted to the problems of tourism (program issues, methodology, planning, etc.);
d) articles on those scientific fields that are somehow related to tourism (on geography, geology, ethnography, economics, etc.);
e) articles describing routes and travels, including scientific expeditions;
e) articles on equipment;
g) literary and artistic works of a tourist nature (novels, novellas, short stories, poems, etc.);
h) articles and notes on foreign tourism;
i) a chronicle of the tourist movement in the USSR and the voluntary society;
j) tourist humor;
l) various reference information ".

A series of pamphlets entitled "The Library of the Proletarian Tourist" begins to appear. To support the tourism press, they do not limit themselves to the slogans “Tourist, support your press” and “There is no tourist without a tourist magazine”, but mass compulsory subscription to tourism literature is carried out. Other requirements are now being made to guidebooks, which from now on should not be "designed for a qualified bourgeois intelligentsia", but issued "for the use of the broad working masses." They should be itinerary guides, and the information they contain should state the facts and comment on the route map "in a popular, not vulgarized form." The first guidebooks that met such requirements began to appear in the mid-1920s. 20th century But in the guidebooks, in addition to the obligatory, “the most important information on the history of the national struggle, from the history of revolutions in particular, and in particular from the revolutions of 1905-1907, the February and October revolutions, the subsequent years of the Civil War and from the history of the party; information about revolutionary monuments and museums”; various kinds of local history and natural science information, due attention is also paid to the national issue. Sections on “what you need to know from everyday life so as not to offend, not hurt national feelings and not get into an awkward position at all” are also considered necessary. The prices for various modes of transport that can be used on this route were necessarily indicated in the guidebooks. The publishing plan for literature on tourism for 1930 consisted of 155 titles.

OPT began to produce tourist special equipment, which had previously been imported. The shop "Tourist" was opened, where it was possible to buy things necessary for the campaign.

There is such an agitation and propaganda form as Tourism Evenings. Not all of them were organized. Of course, such an evening traditionally began with a political report, followed by a co-report on tourism issues. Sometimes they showed transparencies or films illustrating and supplementing the main theses of the report. But more often they showed self-made diagrams, drawings, demonstrated collections collected during campaigns, read out the most interesting places from travel diaries and sang, however, not yet amateur tourist songs, but songs of revolutionary content, whose repertoire was strictly checked in advance by the relevant commission.

In order to correctly understand the place of proletarian tourism in the life of Soviet society in the pre-war period, it is necessary to understand the tasks that the participants in the campaigns set themselves.

Firstly This is propaganda and explanation of both the socialist ideology and the practice of building socialism. “In one “bear corner,” a group of tourists from the polytechnic writes to the regional branch of the OPT, “we started a long conversation with the peasants about international position, on collective farm construction, on the five-year plan, on the industrialization of the country. This is where we sat down. The speeches of the peasants, deeply understood by themselves, were full of quotations from the speeches of Stalin, Kalinin, Rykov. We had only to be surprised and open our mouths. We responded to the words of the peasants with general phrases sprinkled with "socialism", "communism", "world revolution", "construction" ... We would like to give advice to all tourists going on a trip, so that before leaving they should properly prepare themselves for conversations with peasants, read more newspapers, better studied the five-year plan and other fundamentals of our life. We warn all our tourists that the interest in these issues is huge everywhere. You will be bombarded with questions, quotes - be able to answer and explain. Be real proletarian tourists."

Within the framework of ideological and educational work and in accordance with the program of proletarian tourism, which spoke of the need to expose religion as a dope, a direction arises that can be called "anti-pilgrimage." In line with anti-religious propaganda, trips are being made to functioning monasteries in order to "understand the grandiose colossus of fooling the masses, to see the technique of working downtrodden peasants." In these "anti-pilgrimage" campaigns and processions, from several dozen to several hundred tourists could take part at the same time.

Secondly, these are tourism and defense issues. Camping trips were used to teach future fighters to navigate the terrain, the basics of mountaineering and ski tourism, the study of border areas, water tourism and, finally, for military-patriotic work.

In the 1930s it became clear that the world was on the verge of a new war. The USSR was threatened by a war on two fronts: against fascist Germany and its satellites in the west and against militaristic Japan in the east. A red thread through many publications relating to tourism issues, the idea begins to pass that "it is possible to fight successfully only when, among other conditions, the fighters are fairly well aware of the area of ​​operations." In the article by M. Furst “Tourism and World War 1914/15" it was directly stated that “the lack of mountain skills - a natural consequence of the absence of any kind of mountaineering in the field of preparation for war - brought the peoples of the east - Russians, Turks, etc. - the heaviest losses, and sometimes complete defeats. At the same time, tourist training in the Central Powers allowed them to successfully fight in the mountains against numerically large enemy forces.

Our state had the longest land border in the world. And tourism, “being predominantly a mass movement of worker and peasant youth, i.e. just the bulk of the future defenders of the Soviet Union, in the freest and most interesting form for young people, provides the broadest opportunities for studying the borders. Appears and the corresponding slogan: "Mass tourism to the borders!" one . Of course, "mass" tourism in the border areas was carried out, relying on rather strict laws and regulations in order to avoid intelligence activities under the guise of tourism.

Tourism began to take root in the army. “Journey of a group of commanders of the 51st division on Danube kayaks from Smolensk to Odessa, along the Dnieper and the Black Sea; boat trip of the commanders of the Smolensk garrison from Smolensk to Kyiv; cycling run of the command staff of the Kyiv garrison along the route Kyiv-Zhytomyr; mileage of the commanders of the Volga Military District along the Kazan-Sviyazhsk-Cheboksary route; 700-kilometer trip on boats of the command staff of the North Caucasian Military District along the river. Don, etc.” These facts testify to the understanding of the importance of tourism by the army command in the development of such qualities necessary for a soldier as the ability to navigate the terrain, tempering character, the development of such qualities as courage, endurance, and mutual assistance.

From the beginning of the 1930s there was such a type of tourism as military extras. On the twentieth anniversary of the Kronstadt uprising, 800 workers crossed the ice under the leadership of the participants of those days to the Kronstadt fortress. Longer routes were also compiled, for example, “On the heels of Yudenich”, designed for a two-week trip.

In 1939, a voluntary mountaineering organization of a military-sports orientation was created. During the Great Patriotic War, special detachments were formed from the members of this organization.

Thirdly, great attention paid practical assistance from tourists to the development of the national economy. Tourists often helped the peasants in the sowing and harvesting campaigns. There are cases when, during the era of mass collectivization, tourists even held constituent meetings of collective farms.

And finally fourth, this is a research work. Special routes were developed, where the participants of the campaigns carried out the accounting of forests. One of the most significant mass events was the All-Union research trip of tourists, held under the auspices of the USSR Academy of Sciences. With the active support of Academician A.E. Fersman, a special memo was compiled on the methods of exploration of raw materials. The success exceeded all expectations. Tourists explored deposits of phosphorites and rock crystal, obtained information about massifs of cedar forests and deposits of iron ore and calcareous spar, and much more.

Tourism brought tangible help to the country. Of course, he was not only self-supporting. With all the benefits and discounts on tickets, about 1 million people visited museums, which meant significant subsidies from the state.

In addition to the OPT, in 1928 there was an excursion state joint-stock company "Soviet Tourist", its founder was the People's Commissariat of Education. Each member of this society was a shareholder. Each share cost 1 ruble. This price was available to any citizen who wanted to tour, as they said at the time. But only those who owned at least 100 shares had the right to vote in deciding any issue.

The "Soviet tourist" developed about 30 routes that covered virtually the entire territory of the Soviet Union. Pamir routes were even developed. Considering that the average duration of vacation for the majority of workers and employees was about two weeks, respectively, the vast majority of tours were of the same duration.

The difference in the activities of the OPT and Sovtour was that the OPT was engaged in organizing amateur hikes, and the Sovtour served groups of vacationers along predetermined routes, which were mainly of a general educational and local history nature.

Sovtur, being a commercial organization, focused on the wealthy segments of the population. He built comfortable hotels and recreation centers. But the trade unions obliged him to serve OPT groups at their bases at reduced rates. Non-competitive conditions were created for Sovtur. And in the already totalitarian state that had developed by that time in the USSR, a single organization for tourism arose. This happened in March 1930.

According to the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars, Sovtur and OPT were merged into a single organization - the All-Union Voluntary Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE). The former chairman of the OPT, N. V. Krylenko, was placed at its head. In the Charter of the newly created organization, it was emphasized that "proletarian tourism for us, first of all, is one of the methods of socialist construction."

And although for several more years the campaign to criticize the relaxation moment in tourism, which was one of the main components in the activities of Sovtour, could not subside due to inertia, the problems of scientifically based recreation were put on the agenda.

In the early 1930s A meeting was convened with the participation of the People's Commissariat of Health, Osoaviakhim, the All-Union Council for Physical Culture and Sports, where three categories of tourist routes were developed depending on the age of the tourist and his state of health. These standards were used until the end of the 1970s.

Since the mid 1930s. tourism is already taking on a nationwide scope, and specific social changes can be traced in it.

Source:

In 1932, a tourist-excursion technical school was opened in Moscow, where planned training of personnel for the tourism industry began.

In 1936, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions became a monopoly in the field of domestic tourism. Order of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR All-Union Society proletarian tourism and excursions (OPTE) is liquidated, its entire material and technical base is transferred to the trade unions. A new management structure is being created in the AUCCTU system - the Tourist and Excursion Administration (TEU). In five years, by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, its material and technical base had doubled, and the provision of tourist services had tripled. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, 165 tourist houses, 50 tourist centers, 12 tourist hotels, 24 stationary tourist camps, hundreds of tent camps and other enterprises functioned in the USSR. And the resort industry in the USSR as a whole had in 1939-1940. 1270 rest houses and 1828 sanatoriums.

Territorial TEUs were created on a self-supporting principle, whose functions included not only promotion of tourism, development of routes, economic and cultural services for tourists, but also the construction of tourist centers, tourist houses, camps, as well as the production of tourist equipment. Independent tourism was to be supervised by the All-Union Council physical education under the CEC, mountaineering was separated from tourism.

The unfortunate fact of liquidation of OPTE is not surprising. Under the conditions of a totalitarian state, there was no place for amateur voluntary societies. They were, as it were, beyond the control of the party-state structures. It was difficult to intervene directly in their activities. Already at the July Plenum of the Central Committee

The All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks declared that “the development of socialist forms of economy on the basis of the NEP leads not to a weakening, but to an increase in resistance on the part of the capitalist elements”, the same thesis about the growth of the class struggle in the conditions of the development of socialism becomes dominant after the February-March Plenum of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (b) in 1937 in determining the internal repressive policy. In the USSR, almost all amateur organizations were disbanded: ODN (Society Down with Illiteracy), Avtodor, Friend of Children, and others. The activities of voluntary organizations began to be seen as potentially dangerous. It was here that "enemies of the people" could conduct their work.

The above is not contrived. Most of the members of the Presidium of the OPTE Central Council were arrested, many of them later died in camps and exile.

In 1940, the Regulations on the badge "Tourist of the USSR" were introduced. It stated that “the complex of the “USSR Tourist” badge aims to promote the development of amateur tourism among the working people of the Soviet Union as one of the best forms of active recreation, combining, along with the physical development of the working people, raising their cultural level, learning about the socialist Motherland and acquiring defense skills, necessary for every defender of our country." The introduction of this provision served as an impetus for the development of sports tourism. By March 1941, 5,000 people in the USSR fulfilled the standards for obtaining this qualification badge.

Along with domestic tourism in the USSR, foreign tourism also begins to develop very early. Just as with the development of domestic tourism, propaganda issues were a priority here. Speaking at the VIII Congress of Soviets in December 1920, V. I. Lenin said: “Why are they still afraid to send delegations to us, and not we to them? Until now, we have always split off at least a small part of the delegations that they sent to us, despite the fact that the delegations consisted mainly of the Menshevik element, and these were people who came to us for a while. Representatives of trade and business circles arrived in the Soviet state to discuss problems related to concessions, as well as writers and journalists who tried to reveal to the Western layman the appearance new Russia. A significant part of the foreign tourists were working delegations, and "among them, few sympathize with us, but we are sure that upon returning home they will be the best agitators in our favor."

Until the establishment of a one-party system in the USSR, the Mensheviks, Bundists and Socialist-Revolutionaries competed for influence on foreign workers' delegations with the Bolsheviks. This determined the general nature of the competitive struggle between the Social Democrats and radical Cominternists on the world stage for influence on the working class. In one of the speeches of congratulations on behalf of the Mensheviks and Bundists to the members of the British workers' delegation, it was said: “We warmly welcome your decision to try with your own efforts to solve the riddle of the Sphinx - the Russian Revolution, to examine with your own eyes that outlandish country about which Western Europe writes and tells so much fantastic and untrue, which some immensely condemn and douse with streams of lies, while others also immensely exalt and praise. .

A certain "flirting" of these parties with members of foreign workers' delegations manifested itself in by no means a single episode. In one of the speeches of N. I. Bukharin, who actually headed the Comintern at that time, the quite sensible idea was voiced that some representatives of the trade unions would deliberately collect information discrediting the Soviet system. The Mensheviks issue the following statement: “On behalf of all the conscious elements of the Russian proletariat, we ask you, comrades, to apologize for this paradoxical manifestation of the specific national hospitality to which you have been subjected in our country ... We would like the people’s commissar to follow this model of culture Bolshevik Party, you did not draw erroneous conclusions about the level of culture of the people that our glorious revolution has achieved. .

Propaganda pressure on these delegations was great. V.I. Lenin in one of his letters noted that, “despite all the hostility of many (members of foreign workers’ delegations. - M.S.) to the Soviet system and to the dictatorship of the proletariat, despite their enormous captivity by bourgeois prejudices", acquaintance with Soviet Russia "will inevitably hasten the collapse of capitalism throughout the world".

Initially, servicing foreign tourists was entrusted to Sovtorgflot. But since the basis of his activity was the replenishment of foreign currency, which he received by transporting pilgrims from the countries of the Middle East to Palestine on his ships, it is not necessary to say that the organization of foreign tourism was properly organized in our country.

In 1929, to serve the increased flow of foreign tourists, the All-Union Joint-Stock Company (VAO) Intourist was created, which eventually becomes a monopoly in the field of organizing foreign tourism in the USSR. "Intourist" creates its representative offices both abroad and in a number of cities of the Union, concludes contracts with foreign railway and shipping companies. Foreign tourists were offered about a dozen routes for traveling around the USSR, which included, in addition to Moscow, large administrative centers of the European part of the country. The scope of Intourist's activities is evidenced by the fact that during the period from 1929 to 1938 more than 100,000 foreign tourists visited the USSR. Almost a third of all tourists were US citizens. The highest intensity of visiting our country by foreigners in the interwar period falls on 1934-1937, when their number reached 70,000 people.

A natural recession begins in 1938, which was both a consequence of the global economic crisis and the fact that the immediate proximity of the impending war began to be felt everywhere. In 1938, only 5,000 foreign tourists arrived in the USSR. In foreign tourism, in connection with the outbreak of the Second World War, and then the Cold War, there is a long break. It ends only in the mid-1950s, when a new stage in the development of foreign tourism in the Soviet Union begins.

Did fellow citizens go abroad in the pre-war period? Or was emigration the only opportunity to get acquainted with other countries, relax there and improve your health?

The main form of travel abroad was, of course, business trips abroad. A kind of "report" about one of them was "One-storied America" ​​by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. S. Yesenin and V. Mayakovsky, M. Gorky and V. Kataev, M. Tsvetaeva and many others visited abroad. V. Kataev's feuilletons "To Western Europe" and "Ours Abroad" tell about tourist trips. The writer at the same time shows the extraordinary nature of this event. “The state of mind of an inhabitant who goes abroad for the first time is usually difficult to describe. He eats little, sleeps little, annoys his acquaintances with phone calls. At the end of the 1920s, and the feuilleton was written in 1928, the living standards in the USSR and the countries of Western Europe were already quite different, which is why such an ugly phenomenon arises when Soviet citizens exported abroad some products that were scarce in the West, which sold there. The hero of the feuilleton asks: “Listen, do you know how much our pressed caviar costs in Western Europe? Expensive? This is good. Mercy. What about cigarettes? They say that our Russian cigarettes are considered the most luxurious. What do you think, is it worth capturing a thousand and a half "mosaics"? ..». But if a person did not want to become "not allowed to travel abroad", he had to observe the simple "rules of the game", which consisted in "reinforced concrete" devotion to the cause of socialism, in showing the advantages of socialist construction over the "decaying West".

V. Kataev writes an essay “Paris-Vienna-Berlin”, which says the following: “I went to Vienna for a few days. The impression is horrendous. It is hard to imagine what the ... crisis did (the time of writing the essay - 1931 - M.S.) with this classic city of chic and fun. The city is a shadow. The city is a corpse. The city is an abstraction... Germany is dying. Austria is dead. Cars - the cat cried ... The shops are empty ... People in Vienna are dressed terribly. I can't believe it's almost in the center of Europe. Shoes uncleaned, patched, patched ... Hats! Elegant felt Viennese hats - faded, faded, with red ribbons dangling at the edges. It can be seen that people are wearing the last, and what's next is unknown. Darkness. And most importantly, there is no way out.” . Interestingly, after reading such an essay, would anyone want to visit Vienna? And next to such material, a report was given with graphs and diagrams about the construction of our industrial giants, about new institutes and hospitals, and so on.

Organized, or, as it eventually became known, planned foreign tourism, originated in the USSR in 1930, when the first group of 257 production leaders from different cities of the Union went on a sea cruise with a call to Hamburg, Naples and Istanbul. During the cruise, lectures were given to tourists on the international situation, political information was given, which was an obligatory part of the trip. But they were also given rich regional studies material on all those states near whose coasts they sailed. Literary and artistic evenings were organized for them, and discussions about tourism were held.

The Great Patriotic War and the recovery period pushed the tourist problems into the background. Domestic tourism began to revive only in the late 1940s. In the post-war years, both planned and amateur, sports, children's and family tourism became widespread.

Tourism was also restored in the Armed Forces of the USSR. According to the order of the Minister of Defense, the head of this direction in tourism was entrusted to the head of the Logistics of the Armed Forces, and direct leadership was entrusted to the Department of Tourism and Excursions of the Ministry of Defense. The All-Army Council for Tourism was specially created to attract wide sections of the army and navy public to this work. Tourism, both planned and amateur, soon becomes one of the most popular and popular types of recreation.

By the mid 1980s. there were 24 camp sites that were subordinate to the military departments and the Ministry of Defense. From 1980 to 1985 alone, about 1.2 million military personnel and members of their families rested on them. The most popular in Soviet times was the camp site "Terskol", which received tourists all year round. In summer, hikes and excursions around the Elb-Rus were made from here, and skiers came in winter. Its uniqueness, however, lay elsewhere. Only here were developed routes of various categories: from the simplest, giving the right to the badge "Tourist of the USSR", to the I category of complexity.

Dozens of bus routes across the USSR were developed. River trips along the Volga and the Volga-Balt were also popular, and in July a 15-day tour along the Yenisei from Krasnoyarsk to the polar Dikson was held annually.

Care was also shown for the families of young officers. It tripled in the mid-1980s. the number of camp sites where it was possible to relax with children from the age of five.

Amateur tourism was also not ignored. Since the 1970s annual all-army competitions for the best tourist trip began to be held, and since 1976 - all-army gatherings of tourists. These were great events. They were carried out in several stages. For example, during the third rally, which took place in 1982, 99,000 campaigns were carried out, which were held in places of military and labor glory, revolutionary battles, or were associated with the life and work of V.I. Lenin. During these trips, military tourists read 44,000 reports and lectures on military-patriotic topics and gave 11,000 amateur art concerts. During this raid, 74,000 people became "badgemen", and 17,000 received a sports category.

Traditionally, school tourism has been an important area of ​​tourist and excursion work. Even before the start of the Great Patriotic War in 1941, the beginning of the All-Russian tourist expedition "My Motherland - the USSR" was announced. The idea of ​​resuming this expedition was returned only in the mid-1950s. In 1956, Pionerskaya Pravda and the Central Children's Excursion and Tourist Station published the main provisions of this Expedition. The work unfolded in seven areas: “Lenin is still more alive than all the living”, “To the secrets of nature”, “Art belongs to the people”, “In the everyday life of great construction projects”, etc.

Since 1957, the history of Soviet maritime tourism begins. Intourist rented two ships - "Victory" and "Georgia", on which sea voyages around Europe from Odessa to Leningrad were carried out. The ship "Peter the First" conducted Black Sea cruises for tourists from the socialist countries. And in 1960, the notorious ship "Admiral Nakhimov" began to run along the Crimean-Caucasian coast. In the early 1960s sea ​​tourism began to develop in the Baltic, and the ship "Grigory Ordzhonikidze" arranged 20-day tours along the Far East coast.

It took ten post-war years to create requirements that meet European standards for receiving foreign tourists. It was necessary to build a network of hotels and restaurants, gain experience in transporting a large number of foreigners by air and rail, deploy advertising and, finally, set up the production of souvenirs.

Intourist faced problems related to the specifics of the Soviet Union as a tourist country. The USSR was far from the tourist markets of Europe, and in order to arrive from England or France to our country, one had to travel a long way. And if we take into account the fact that the distances between individual tourist sites in the USSR were thousands of kilometers, it turned out that transport costs accounted for a large part of the cost of the tour. The length of some routes developed by Intourist was up to 6000 km.

After the launch in 1957 of the world's first artificial Earth satellite, interest in our state increased sharply. This has led to an increase in tourist flows. But under conditions cold war not only did the US government specially select anti-Soviet-minded American citizens to travel to our country, it did not issue entry visas to those persons who had marks in their passports about visiting the Soviet Union. So did some Latin American countries. This began to slow down the development of our foreign tourism.

In 1964, under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Department for Foreign Tourism and the Council for Foreign Tourism were created, which included representatives of 17 ministries, committees and departments. The Directorate and the Council were to coordinate the work of various organizations to further development foreign tourism in our country. In the mid 1960s. a special system of training personnel for hotels and restaurants, as well as accompanying groups and guide-interpreters, is also being created. Since 1966, the Administration has acted as the official tourist organization of the Soviet Union, being a full member of the International Union of Official Tourist Organizations and the International Federation of Travel Agencies. Intourist was the only one commercial organization in the system of the Administration of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for foreign tourism 2 . Branches of Intourist were opened in almost 80 points of the USSR. They functioned in all the capitals of the Union republics, as well as in large tourist centers - Leningrad, Sochi, Yalta, Irkutsk, etc.

Intourist organized not only group tours, but also individual sea and river cruises, trips of foreigners to the resorts of the USSR, and Soviet citizens to foreign resorts. Exclusive tours were arranged, for example, for hunting.

Since 1964, Intourist began to receive tourists for treatment at the most famous resorts in the country. These included sanatoriums famous for their mineral springs, for example, Matsesta in Sochi, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk, Tskhaltubo therapeutic mud, etc.

In order to advertise tourist trips to the Soviet Union, Intourist published and distributed both in the USSR and abroad tourist brochures, booklets, posters, promotional tourist films, advertised on radio and television, as well as through the Soviet and foreign press. Intourist print advertisements were sent to foreign travel agencies, shipping companies, were distributed on Aeroflot aircraft and at airports in the Soviet Union, and were distributed on ships plying international lines. Intourist tried to take into account the wishes of foreign tourists in relation to reference books, atlases, guides and other tourist information publications.

And although in the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions “On measures for the further development of tourism and excursions in the country”, back in 1969, many shortcomings were indicated, among which were the lack of “attention to improving the culture and service of tourists and sightseers”, “ a small number of tourist and excursion establishments in certain regions of the country”, incomplete “use of the possibility of organizing travel by trains, buses, river and sea vessels”, “deficiencies in the selection and training of qualified tourist and excursion personnel”, our country remained a very attractive tourist site.

From 1956 to 1985 more than 70 million foreigners from 162 countries visited the USSR, although not all came as tourists. Dynamics of foreign tourism:

Source:

In 1983, the Main Directorate for Foreign Tourism under the Council of Ministers of the USSR was transformed into the USSR State Committee for Foreign Tourism. Its chairman was a member of the Council of Ministers, which indicates the high importance of this area in the economy of the former USSR. The material and technical base for servicing foreign tourists was constantly growing, and by the end of the 11th five-year plan, there were more than 100 hotels, motels and campsites for 55,000 places at their service. More than 60% of foreign tourists were representatives of the socialist countries. Of the capitalist countries, Finland was in the lead, its tourists accounted for more than half of all tourists from these states. foreigners in the late 1980s. more than 500 routes across the Soviet Union were proposed. 150 cities were "open" for their visit.

The trip on the Trans-Siberian Express from Moscow to Vladivostok, through the entire USSR, aroused invariably great interest. The exotic boat cruise along the Karakum Canal, introduced in 1985, quickly gained popularity. Prepared tourists could also be offered a 30-kilometer hiking trip through the Baikal taiga.

According to tacit polls among foreign tourists, it was revealed that they are most attracted to tours around the USSR by the cognitive orientation. The history and culture of our country aroused the greatest interest among 60-70% of those who came to the Union. But business trips traditionally occupied an “honorable” last place, which was quite understandable from the point of view of the command and administrative system that existed in the USSR with its total economic planning and complete monopoly of ministries and departments.

Foreign tourists were served by representatives of more than two hundred professions. Special attention was drawn to the need to improve the qualifications and general cultural level of guide-interpreters, since very often, due to the language barrier, they were the only Soviet people with whom direct contact of foreigners was possible. Speaking about the entertainment industry in the USSR, it can be noted that in the early 1990s. There were 747 professional theatres, 2471 museums, 140,000 cinema installations and 134,600 clubs in the country.

At the same time as attracting foreign tourists to the USSR, Intourist also organized trips of Soviet citizens abroad. He had an agreement with the Central Council for Tourism of the Soviet Trade Unions, which sold vouchers through local tourist offices to those who wanted to go on tour abroad. Intourist provided services to Soviet tourists abroad on a commission basis, on the basis of agreements with foreign travel companies that took over the service of our tourists during their trips abroad.

After the creation of the socialist camp, the opportunity arose for the formation of a new form of tourism based on non-currency exchange. In addition to Intourist, the business of tourist exchange was handled by the Central Council for Tourism of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Bureau of International Tourism under the Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR Sputnik, and others.

Sputnik, founded in 1958, was entrusted with the task of organizing the exchange of youth tourist groups with foreign youth tourist organizations on a reciprocal basis, on preferential terms and without foreign exchange costs. In Soviet times, Sputnik collaborated with hundreds of foreign youth and student organizations in many countries of the world. They offered more than 100 routes for foreign youth who decided to travel around the Soviet Union. In the Caucasus, in the Crimea and other places, international youth camps functioned, in which Soviet youth and representatives from abroad vacationed together.

In addition to the above organizations, foreigners who visited the USSR as tourists were received by the Soviet Committee for the Protection of Peace, the Committee Soviet women, the Union of Soviet Friendship Societies and cultural connection with foreign countries (SSOD), etc. But in every creative Union - composers, journalists, writers, etc. - there were commissions to promote the development of foreign tourism.

The Academy of Sciences, as a rule, on the basis of long-term agreements with the Academy of Sciences of Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, the DPRK, Romania, Poland and Czechoslovakia, received a large number of foreign scientists who came to the USSR on tourist passports and visas. But scientific tourism did not develop on a one-sided basis. Soviet scientists also had the opportunity to visit the countries of the socialist camp and as tourists.

There were tourist departments in large sports societies, such as Dynamo, Spartak, etc. In most cases, many participants in various international festivals, competitions, congresses and conferences.

In the 1960s In the USSR, there were five areas of tourism that existed largely in parallel to each other:

Professional tourism (Central Council for Tourism and Excursions - TsSTiE at the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions);
- foreign tourism (State Committee for Foreign Tourism under the Council of Ministers of the USSR);
- Youth tourism ("Sputnik" under the Central Committee of the Komsomol);
- military tourism (Department for Tourism and Excursions of the USSR Ministry of Defense);
- school tourism (TsDTES of the Ministry of Education of the USSR).

In the 1960s tourist and excursion organizations of trade unions have developed over 13,000 routes - linear, ring, radial. In order to ensure the development and production of various types of advertising, organization in the press, radio, television and cinema of propaganda and advertising of events held by tourist and excursion organizations, it was decided to create an advertising and information bureau "Tourist". It was opened in 1971 and operated on self-supporting terms.

The main tourist regions were Central, which, in addition to Moscow, included Tula, Ryazan, Kaluga, Kalinin, Smolensk, Yaroslavl and Vladimir regions; and the Northwestern, which included the Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions. Only the Moscow Tour Bureau in the 1960s. sold 4 million tourist vouchers. During this period, the following routes became tourist "meks": "Across Pushkin's Places", "Along the Old Russian Cities and Leningrad", etc. Although the number of routes in the Central and North-Western regions was less than, say, in Transcaucasia or Crimea, but a much larger number of tourists took part in them due to the development of infrastructure. In addition, large tourist complexes were concentrated here, which were able to serve a large number of travelers. Many routes in the Central and Northwestern regions were all-Union in nature, which also influenced the mass character, although this does not mean that local routes did not exist here.

More than half of all planned all-Union routes were laid in such resort areas as the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Crimea, the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia. This region was the leader in the “concentration” of campsites, tourist bases and hotels, which accounted for more than 50% of their total number in the country.

Routes with active modes of transportation included 55 all-Union routes. These were horse, bicycle, water (boat, kayak and inflatable rafts), pedestrian. A tourist who took part in one of them had the right to receive a certificate and badge "Tourist of the USSR". Nine routes classified as the first category of difficulty, among which are such as "Across the mountainous Crimea", "Along the Dniester Canyon on rafts", "Along Lake Teletskoye and the Altai taiga", etc. - could bring the tourist the assignment of the third category in tourism , however, if he already had the "title" "Tourist of the USSR".

Tourism in the 1960s became so popular that almost all universities of the USSR created tourist sections, and some universities even organized tourist clubs.

Before the Great Patriotic War, universities did not train specialists in tourism. Since the mid 1950s. teaching tourism is introduced as a compulsory discipline for all students of pedagogical universities who studied in the specialty "Physical Education". (In the late 1970s, orienteering was added to tourism.) In the early 1960s. the discipline "Tourism" also began to be introduced at the institutes of physical education. Students got acquainted with the basics of tourism theory and had to take part in a mandatory 5-day hike. In the Azerbaijan SSR, for the first time, the discipline "Tourism" had to be studied by all students of physical education universities.

The first graduation of specialists with a higher tourism education took place in 1978. Since that time, by joint agreement between the USSR Ministry of Higher Education and the USSR Sports Committee, the specialty “Mass sports and health work and tourism” has been introduced in all sports universities.

Excursion business was paid attention mainly at universities. In 1968, at the Faculty of Geology and Geography of the Rostov State University, the first admission was made for the correspondence department in the specialty "Local History and Methods of Organizing Tourist and Excursion Work". This experience was later adopted by the universities of Kyiv, Simferopol, Tbilisi, Tashkent, etc.

The resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions “On the work of trade union and tourist-excursion organizations” proposed “tourist councils and trade union councils to develop and implement practical measures to radically improve the selection, placement and education of leading tourist personnel, instructors, guides, service personnel of tourist-excursion farms , increasing their qualifications and responsibility ... The Central Council for Tourism - to resolve the issue of opening the Central Tourism Courses in Moscow to improve the skills of management personnel with bringing the number of students to them up to 1000 people a year; regularly hold zonal seminars (gatherings) to improve the skills of teachers and instructors involved in the field in the training of tourism workers and activists.

Republican, regional and regional tourism councils to create training centers for advanced training of tourism instructors, guides, attendants of tourist and excursion farms based on the training of each employee at least once every two years; provide organizational and methodological assistance to the councils of voluntary sports societies ... enterprises, educational institutions, collective farms and state farms in the mass training of tourist organizers, public tourism instructors, on-the-job travel managers, covering up to 300 thousand people a year. For all the grandiose tourist work, it was proposed to allocate from the state budget annually by 1975 up to 1.4 billion rubles. .

graduate School of the professional movement (VShPD) under the Central Committee of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions began to train economists for tourist and excursion work at the faculty of sanatorium-resort and tourist-excursion institutions. The first 23 graduates received diplomas there in 1977. Subsequently, on the basis of the Institute for Advanced Training of Workers of Tourist and Excursion Organizations of Trade Unions, established in 1980, the Russian International Academy of Tourism (RIAT) will emerge - one of the leading universities in this field.

"Tour guide" as a second specialty could be obtained in many universities of the country at the turn of the 1970s - 1980s.

In Abkhazia, in 1964, a Scientific Research Institute for Tourism was created. Its Academic Council included 47 specialists from various branches of the national economy, science and culture. These are speleologists and climbers, art critics and historians, architects and economists and many others.

Since 1995, the Institute of Tourism and Hospitality of the Moscow State University of Service has been successfully conducting educational and research work in Moscow. Students receive diplomas in such specialties as socio-cultural service and tourism, tourism management, accounting and auditing, guide-interpreter, etc.

Since the 1960s Tourist and sightseeing holidays on weekends and holidays are becoming widespread, and rail travel has also begun to be organized.

Tourism in the USSR, including foreign tourism, assumes enormous proportions. In 1967 alone, more than 1,500 million foreigners visited our country. This became possible due to the changed internal political conditions in the USSR. After the death of I.V. Stalin, N.S. Khrushchev slightly “dismantled” the iron curtain. At the 20th Congress of the CPSU, for the first time, such an ugly phenomenon as the cult of personality was mentioned, and the rehabilitation process began for some of the political prisoners. This was an integral part of such a political phenomenon, which, with the light hand of I. Ehrenburg (who named his novel that way), began to be called the “thaw”. The Soviet totalitarian system passed into the bureaucratic stage of its development, which in general did not interfere with the development of not only domestic, but also foreign tourism, although in the 1960s and 1970s. only about 0.4% of our citizens went abroad. Limitation of external (outbound) tourism is one of the features of Soviet tourism. But, despite this depressing circumstance, the dynamics in the departure of Soviet people abroad is obvious:

The beginning of tourism cannot be dated not only by a year, but also by a century: its origins date back to antiquity, when the separation of man from the animal world was just beginning, laying the foundations of civilization in the hardest struggle.

Having considered the history of tourism in Russia according to publications, it should be noted that international tourism, like history Russia, is directly related to the development of Russia, has its origins in ancient times. This is evidenced by the following table.

Table 1

Development of tourism in the USSR

There are several stages in the development of tourism in the USSR.

First stage: 1917 - 1936. This stage is characterized by the creation of socio-economic conditions, the emergence of the excursion and tourist movement. The first institutions of proletarian tourism are being created. In the field of international tourism, the following tasks are set: to provide friends of the USSR with the opportunity to get acquainted with the progress of socialist construction in the USSR, to expand the volume of trips of Soviet citizens abroad.

Since 1920, departments and institutions began to conduct excursions and some trips. Interest in tourism began to grow. So in 1921, more than 400 group excursions were conducted by the excursion section of the Gubpolitprosveta. Approximately the same number of people served the Moscow mountains. advice. In 1921, an excursion conference was held in Petrograd with the participation of trade unions. She recommended expanding tourism and excursion networks. Various institutions began to organize tourism. Certain measures for the development of tourism were taken by the state. They were aimed at creating a material and technical base and training of professional personnel in tourism. In 1923, 2,500 group teachers of tourist groups were trained. By the beginning of the 1920s, the geography of tourism was taking shape. If in 1918-1920. Since hikes and trips were carried out within the country, then from 1921 dressage outside the country began.

By the end of the 1920s, within the framework of the general tasks of cultural work, it became necessary to streamline the management of tourism and excursions, to create a target organization capable of providing the population with meaningful and cheap travel.

Trade unions became organizers of excursion and tourist work. A lot of work on tourism is carried out by the Komsomol.

In 1927, a central bureau of mass tourism appeared, a temporary reference and instruction center and an organizing commission were created.

The second stage in the development of tourism in the USSR (1936-1969) is characterized by the introduction of new organizational forms of tourism management. Tourist-organizational departments are being created in the center and in the territories. The management of independent tourism was entrusted to the All-Union Council of Physical Culture under the Central Executive Committee. In the mid-1930s, almost all mass voluntary tourism societies were liquidated. An administrative-command system is taking shape in the country, which did not need amateur societies, they were replaced by officials. The last step was the repressions of 1937-1939.

Nevertheless, tourism, subordinated to the administrative-command system, continues to develop. Sports tourism is developing significantly. In 1937 - 1940. a comprehensive reorganization of the structure of tourism was carried out, which was based on strict state-party planning of capital investments, personnel and the geography of reactionary activity.

The implementation of planned tourism was entrusted to 25 tourist and excursion departments of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, 16 excursion bureaus, 165 tourist houses, 50 tourist centers, 12 tourist hotels, 24 station camps, 19 tourist and mountaineering shelters, hundreds of temporary tent camps and campsites.

During the Great Patriotic War, tourist and excursion activities were completely stopped.

Together with the restoration of the destroyed national economy, the system of tourist and excursion institutions was restored and adjusted. However, this process was very slow and contradictory. The reason is that the residual principle of financing the social sphere dominated.

In 1962, a system of tourism councils was created, the management is carried out by the Central Council for Tourism of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. The tourism activity has started to intensify. In all the Union republics, Tourism Councils were organized, which developed and mastered tour routes. All-Union and local routes covered the whole country. More than 50% of all-Union planned tour routes were laid in five regions of the Soviet Union: the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Crimea, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

In 1986, there were 17 equestrian routes in the Soviet Union in Altai, the South Urals, the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia and other regions. Bicycle routes have appeared in a number of places. Transport trips were also among the local planned routes: motor ships, railways, and air travel. Sea excursions were also organized along the Black Sea, along the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, along the White, Barents, and Red Seas. In the 80s, air tour routes acquired a mass character. More than 160 bureaus used aviation services, which allowed 2 million people to have a rest every year.

To address the issues of youth international exchange in June 1958, the Bureau of Youth International Tourism "Sputnik" was established.

The restructuring of the second half of the 80s eventually led to the collapse of the USSR and the collapse of the unified tourist and excursion system of the Soviet Union. The process of creating independent states, as well as national tourist and excursion organizations, began.

Europe has become the cradle of international tourism. Russia took experience foreign countries, and each era is characterized by its development in tourism. In principle, the activities of Russia in tourism are not much different from the forms of other countries. The growth of advancement also demanded development from Russia: economy, trade, transport, industry, and the market. The rapid development required travel abroad, the development of new types of transportation.

table 2

After the October Revolution, tourism became the property of millions of working people.

The victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution gave the working people of our country access to the wealth of material and spiritual culture, contributed to the development of interest in the study national history, native nature, monuments of multinational culture.

V. I. Lenin considered nature not only a pantry material assets but also a source of health, relaxation and aesthetic pleasure, a means of educating Soviet people. After the October Revolution, the entire territory of our country was opened for the wide development of tourism.

One of the first steps in the activities of the People's Commissariat of Education was the organization of mass work with children in the summer. In the circular order of the People's Commissariat for Education, it was emphasized that summer work directly follows from the "Regulations on a unified labor school", it was indicated that classes with children should be organized in the summer under open sky, summer labor colonies, summer playgrounds, excursions.

In 1919, the Central Bureau of School Tours was established in Moscow to help students coming to the capital, which in the 1930s was transformed into the Central Children's Tourist Station of the RSFSR. The desire of the guys to visit Petrograd and Moscow during this period was exceptionally great. Overcoming hunger, many obstacles, devastation in transport, the students went to the capital of the revolution. In the People's Commissariat of Education they were given the necessary products, provided places at the excursion base. Rural children with their teachers from morning to evening walked the streets of Moscow, visited museums, examined cultural monuments, went to factories. The schoolchildren were introduced to the sights of Moscow by professors I. M. Korf, I. A. Geinike and other experts in the excursion business.

In the 1920s, foreign tourism began to develop in the USSR. Working delegations from different countries world, progressive writers and cultural figures, representatives of industry and trade. This helps to dispel the lies spread abroad about our country.

The Moscow Komsomol begins the struggle for the mass development of tourism. In 1928, Komsomolskaya Pravda and the Moscow City Committee of the Komsomol organized the first mass departure to Volkhovstroy and the first trip to places of military glory.

During these years, changes are taking place in children's tourism. On September 23, 1927, the People's Commissariat of Education issued a decree "On the strengthening of excursion work among children and adolescents", containing a deep assessment of the positive value of excursion work. In 1930, the All-Union Conference on tourist and excursion work with schoolchildren was held.

In order to develop and strengthen the tourist movement in 1930, the All-Union Voluntary Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE) was created.

April 3, 1932 in Moscow, in the Hall of Columns, the first All-Union Congress of the OPTE opened. 290 delegates arrived at the congress. The congress worked for four days. He defined the tasks of his organization, the tasks of Soviet tourism - its connection with socialist construction. Tourism grew and developed on the basis of raising the cultural and political level of the working people and improving material and living conditions. Tourism in the USSR visually acquainted the broad working masses with the progress of socialist construction, nature, history and culture of our country, contributed to the formation of applied military skills, the organization of healthy, reasonable recreation, combined with mass social and political work.

One of the tasks put forward by the All-Union Tourism Organization was the search for raw materials for the needs of the five-year plan. Thousands of young enthusiasts went around the country. Tourists were looking for apatite in the icy expanses of the North, sulfur in the Karakum desert, copper in Kazakhstan, mother-of-pearl in Karelia and the Arkhangelsk region, oil on Sakhalin.

A tourist expedition led by a young scientist Vadim Bakhievich discovered in Central Asia a valuable raw material for the rubber industry - coke. Tourists of the Botkinsky plant discovered deposits of copper ore on the Kama.

Much attention was paid to the training of the soldiers of the Red Army. At the Second All-Army Agitation and Promotion Meeting in July 1930, it was said that tourism is a powerful tool for improving the combat general political and cultural training of the Red Army and the command staff of the Red Army. During campaigns, warrior tourists received physical hardening, mastered the skills of orienteering in the terrain, and camping life. The campaign program included military field games and competitions. During this period, trips to places of military glory are also organized. civil war: on the places of the defeat of Yudenich and the heroic transition of the Taman division.

In the 1930s, much attention was paid to mountaineering. Soviet climbers climb the Pamirs - they storm Khan-Tengri and Communism Peak. In March 1933, seven people crossed for the first time in winter through the Mestia and Becho passes. A well-known tourist and climber Alexander Maleinov was a participant in this transition. Since 1936, the direct management of work in the field of mass tourism and mountaineering was carried out by the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, which organized tourist and excursion departments with their own tourist and excursion bases, property and construction.

In November 1938, the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR noted the unsatisfactory development of amateur tourism and proposed the creation of tourism sections under the committees and the DSO. The All-Union Tourism Section was created. The section developed standards for the "USSR Tourist" badge.

In the autumn of 1939, more than a thousand people gathered on Borovskoye Kurgan, at the confluence of the Pakhra with the Moskva River, on foot, by kayaks, bicycles, and motorcycles for a rally dedicated to the decade of Soviet tourism. The most deserving tourists here received their first honorary award - the badge of the traveler "Tourist of the USSR". Among them were well-known today in the tourist world: A. N. Kiseleva, N. N. Adelung, O. A. Arkhangelskaya, N. M. Gubanov and others, thirty people in total. Before the war, the “USSR Tourist” badge was numbered and was awarded together with a diploma of the All-Union Committee of Physical Culture and Sports. It was not easy to get such a badge. It was necessary to make two difficult trips, actively participate in social work and pass exams in tourism techniques (the basic knowledge of topography, botany, geology and geography). In 1940 instructor ranks were introduced in tourism.

In 1940, a mass campaign was announced, and at the beginning of 1941, an All-Russian expedition of pioneers and schoolchildren along the routes of military glory of the civil war.

The organizational and promotional activities carried out to improve the management of planned and amateur tourism contributed to the massive development of all forms of tourist and excursion work.

The war interrupted the peaceful labor of the Soviet people, the peaceful life of the Soviet people. Hundreds of thousands of tourists stood up to defend their homeland. The acquired skills and abilities, physical and strong-willed hardening helped in a combat situation.

The mining town of Tyrnyauz, located in the Baksan Gorge in the Caucasus, was cut off by the Nazis from the country. 1.5 thousand women, old people and children remained in the city not evacuated. Experienced tourists and climbers came to the aid of the population. Through the only free path - the Becho Pass, located at an altitude of 3375 m, through the Yusengi glacier, past the ice cracks, they led the Soviet people along the “lamb foreheads”, sometimes using electric wires instead of climbing ropes, and instead of ice axes and hooks - mining tools. The entire crossing was completed without a single accident.

The Great Patriotic War ended. The Soviet people began to restore the national economy. Already in April 1945, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions decided to restore the activities of tourist and excursion departments. During 1945, thermal power plants were created in Moscow, Leningrad, Crimea, the North Caucasus, in Krasnodar Territory, in Georgia. The tourism industry began to recover, the All-Union Tourism Section resumed its work, which began the development of sports standards for tourism. In 1949, these standards were approved by the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports and included in the Unified All-Union Sports Classification. With this decision, amateur tourism was recognized as a sport.

The first tourists appeared - masters of sports: cyclist A. Vlasov, kayaker E. Romashov, M. Nemytsky, A. Kost, G. Ilyicheva. To fulfill the standards for the title of master of sports in tourism according to the Unified All-Union Sports Classification at that time, it was necessary to make twelve long-distance trips with a total length of about 3000 km through four geographical regions; while the tourist had to own at least three types of tourism.

In the first post-war years, international tourism is booming. In 1947, a international union Official Tourist Organizations (IIOTO), which brings together governmental or government-recognized tourism organizations in most countries of the world. Currently, the union includes tourism organizations from more than 100 countries of the world. The USSR has been a member of IUOTO since 1956.

Children's tourism has been widely developed in the postwar years. The teacher, who has not yet taken off his military overcoat, leads his students to the battlefields of the Great Patriotic War, introduces pupils to the glory and feat of the people. Helping collective farms and state farms in harvesting, schoolchildren make excursions and hikes around their native land in their free time. In the early post-war years, tourist school camps arose.

In the mid-1950s, All-Union tourist and local history expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren became traditional. In 1955, the All-Union Conference on Children's Tourism was held in Moscow.

In 1957, in connection with the VI International Youth Festival, the I International Gathering of Tourists took place on Lake Seliger. There were envoys from 24 countries of the world.

In June 1958, the bureau of international tourism of the USSR "Sputnik" was created. It organizes the exchange of youth, student and school tourist groups with foreign youth tourist organizations on preferential mutual terms. On July 20, 1962, the Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, by its resolution “On the Further Development of Tourism,” transformed the TEU into tourism councils.

An outstanding event in the tourist movement of the 60s was the beginning of the All-Union campaign along the path of the glory of the fathers, organized by the Central Committee of the Komsomol.

The first All-Union rally of participants in the campaign, Komsomol members and youth in places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people opened on September 19, 1965 in the hero-fortress Brest. Young men and women gathered for the rally, many of whom did not hear the shots of the war. At the sacred ruins of the Brest citadel, from the lips of its defenders, they learned about the defense of the fortress and touched with their hearts the exploits of the people.

About three million people took part in the All-Union campaign. Young patriots erected monuments to fallen heroes, put in order burial places, established the names of those who were buried in mass graves, recreated the annals of the military affairs of military units, biographies of war heroes, and helped in the search for the missing.

Tourist detachments brought rich material about the feats of arms of the Soviet people to the rally. Schoolchildren of Lipetsk erected a monument on a mass grave with the money they earned Soviet soldiers. Komsomol members of Chelyabinsk made a 1700-kilometer expedition along the combat route of the Chelyabinsk tank brigade.

The second All-Union rally of participants in the campaign to the places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people was held in 1966. Its finale took place in the hero city of Moscow. In the future, it became a tradition to dedicate All-Union campaigns to places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people historical events, big anniversaries.

In 1967, the All-Union meeting was dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Great October Revolution. The solemn finale of this campaign was held in Leningrad.

The final stage of the IV stage of the All-Union Campaign of Komsomol members and youth, dear fathers, took place in Kyiv in 1968. This stage was dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Komsomol.

The 5th stage of the All-Union campaign (1969-1970) was held in honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin) Its final took place in Ulyanovsk.

The 50th anniversary of the formation of the USSR was marked by VI 3Tari of the All-Union campaign of Komsomol members and youth; its final was held in Moscow in 1973. Here are a few final figures of the VI stage, clearly illustrating the scope of this patriotic movement: over three years, with the active participation of Komsomol members and youth, pioneers and schoolchildren, more than sixty thousand museums and corners of the revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people; installed about seventeen thousand monuments, obelisks and other memorial signs; thanks to the persistent search of the red rangers, the names of forty-four thousand dead soldiers.

The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU L. I. Brezhnev, noting the great educational value of this patriotic movement of Soviet youth, said: “It is very good that the Soviet youth of our days, on the initiative of the Komsomol, created such new traditions as trips to places of revolutionary, military and labor glory ... We, older people, have the opportunity to compare the past and the present from our own experience. Young people are deprived of this opportunity. She knows about the contrasts between the past and the present only from books and films, she hardly imagines the poverty and poverty that we witnessed. Therefore, it is important to educate our youth in such a way that they deeply understand and feel everything that we, the elders, had a chance to see and experience - the hard life of working people under tsarism, the difficult but enthusiastic years of the first five-year plans, the disasters and selfless heroism of the war years. Young people should know about all this from veterans, from labor heroes and war heroes.

Of decisive importance in the development of tourism and excursions in our country in last years the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions of May 30, 1969 "On measures for the further development of tourism and excursions in the country" played. The resolution says: “The Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions note that tourism and excursions have been widely developed in the country in recent years. They are becoming not only a form of recreation, but also an important means of raising the cultural level and ideological and political education of the population.” In June 1970, the Central Children's Excursion and Tourist Station of the USSR Ministry of Education was created, which plays an important role in the development of school tourism.

On January 11, 1971, the Regulations on the All-Union campaign of Komsomol members and youth to places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people were published, adopted as a joint resolution of the Secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, the Collegium of the USSR Ministry of Culture, the Presidium of the Central Committee of the DOSAAF of the USSR, the Presidium of the Soviet Committee of Veterans war. The regulation states that the All-Union campaign of Komsomol members and youth to places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people is a mass patriotic movement aimed at instilling in boys and girls ideological conviction, devotion to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, increasing their social and labor activity, readiness to the defense of the Motherland and the gains of socialism.

The forms of conducting the All-Union campaign can be not only hiking and traveling, but also local history work that is not associated with active forms of tourism, as well as patriotic socially useful activities (patronage of war invalids, veterans of the revolution and labor, families of fallen soldiers; construction of monuments and memorial signs and patronage over the places of burial of soldiers, environmental protection, etc.).

In the 70s, the tradition of holding all-Union tourist and local history expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren continued. In 1972, the Pionerskaya Pravda newspaper and the Central Children's Excursion and Tourist Station of the USSR Ministry of Education announced the regulation on the All-Union Tourist and Local History Expedition of Pioneers and Schoolchildren "My Motherland - the USSR", dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the formation of the USSR and the 50th anniversary of the assignment to the Komsomol and Pioneers named after V. I. Lenin.

The expedition was an integral part of the All-Union campaign of Komsomol members and youth dear to the glory of their fathers. Pioneers and schoolchildren from IV to X (XI) class participated in the expedition. The finish of the first stage of the expedition took place in December 1974. The most important events of this expedition were the All-Union tourist competitions for pioneers and schoolchildren, a meeting of geologists, a review of school museums, an annual correspondence competition for the best tourist trip, etc.

The first All-Union rally-competition of pioneers and schoolchildren, dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the formation of the USSR, was held from 1972 to 1973 in five stages from hikes and rallies general education schools, district, city, regional, regional and republican rallies-competitions to the final - the All-Union rally held near the city of Skole, Lviv region, Ukrainian SSR. 36 teams of the Union republics, cities of Moscow and Leningrad, teams of the Ministry of Railways - more than 500 students took part in the final of the rally-competition. The team of the Ukrainian SSR became the winner of these competitions.

In August 1976, in Belarus, near the city of Polotsk, the final of the All-Union tourist competitions of pioneers and schoolchildren was held. The team of the Byelorussian SSR became the winner of these competitions.

The rapid development of amateur tourism in our country, the quantitative growth of technically complex trips oblige to increase the organizational level, summarize the best tourist experience and set it out in a number of documents regulating the procedure for issuing route documentation, checking tourist groups before going on the route, etc.

On March 1, 1972, the Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR introduced a new All-Union Complex “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR”. The new TRP complex, which includes, among other standards, tourism and orienteering, is the program basis of physical education. It is called upon to play an important role in the training of comprehensively developed, physically strong, active builders of communist society, staunch defenders of the motherland. The introduction of standards for tourism and orienteering into the All-Union TRP complex is a recognition of their great opportunities in the improvement and physical development of a person.

Socially useful activities have become an integral part of any tourist activities of Soviet tourists. Even purely sports tourist trips include local history tasks, the tasks of compiling a technical report on a given route for subsequent tourist groups. Great socially useful work is carried out by all the tourist detachments going to the places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people. In recent years, the participation of tourists in nature protection has significantly increased, and it has taken the most active form - the reproduction of natural resources. By tradition, many tourist clubs and sections are successfully developing such forms of socially useful activities as organizing scientific research on the instructions of state and public organizations.

In order to further develop amateur tourism, improve skills and identify the strongest: tourist groups, physical education teams and clubs. On June 29, 1971, the Presidium of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions approved the Regulations on All-Union Competitions for the Best Tourist Travel. Magazine "Tourist" c. in accordance with the Regulations, established a challenge prize "Pioneers of the Year". In January 1977, by order of the Minister of Education of the USSR, the regulation on republican, regional, regional and district stations for young tourists was approved. In the spring of 1977, the USSR Tourism Federation was established.

Thus, in recent decades, tourism in; our country has become truly popular.

* Brezhnev L. I. In a single ranks - to new victories. - Brezhnev L. I. On the communist education of workers. Speeches and articles. M., 1974, p. 502-503.

3.2. Tourism in the USSR

In the early 1920s, interest in tourism began to grow. Thousands of working people were involved in excursions, trips and travels. Structural expansion of the network of tourism and excursions has begun. Departments of near and far excursions were created under the People's Commissariat of Education, which were supervised by N.K. Krupskaya. Various institutions began to organize tourism and excursions.

The main measures for the development of tourism were taken by the state. A material and technical base was created, professional personnel were trained.

A significant role in the promotion of tourism belonged to the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda. At the editorial office of the newspaper, a headquarters was created, which was one of the initiators of the development of mass tourism.

In 1924-1928. Trade unions, the Komsomol and the People's Commissariat for Education became leaders of tourist and excursion work in the country.

Combining the efforts of trade unions and the Komsomol on tourism issues made it possible to introduce a preferential rail fare along routes, rent premises for tourist camps, and accumulate equipment.

In 1927, the pre-revolutionary Russian Society of Tourists resumed its activities in Moscow, which was renamed the Society of Proletarian Tourism (OPT) during an extraordinary conference. And in July 1928, it began practical tourist and excursion work. Since 1929, children's tourist-excursion stations have been organized under the OPT.

In 1930, the joint-stock company "Soviet Tourist" merged with the OPT and the All-Union Voluntary Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE) was created.

The work of the newly created society was put on a state basis.

In the mid-1930s, the material and technical basis of tourism became so strong that its financial contributions to the state budget amounted to significant amounts.

In May 1929, the All-Union JSC "Intourist" was created. In addition to receiving and serving foreign delegations and tourist groups, it organizes the departure of its own tourists abroad. In 1930-1931. For the first time, mass cruise trips of labor shock workers of the first five-year plan were carried out on board the motor ships "Abkhazia" and "Ukraine" around Europe. Tourists visited Germany, Italy and Turkey (England and France did not allow stops).

At the turn of the first and second five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR, OPTE alone provided tourism services to about one and a half million people. To a large extent, this success was ensured by the reduction in the cost of public services.

In April 1936, the Presidium of the USSR considered it inappropriate to further develop tourism within the framework of a voluntary society and decided to liquidate the OPTE.

All the property of the OPTE was transferred to the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, where a tourist and excursion department was created - TEU of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, which was entrusted with the management of tourist routes, as well as all activities in the field of tourism and excursions.

By this time, an administrative-command system had already developed in the country, which did not need amateur public organizations bringing together thousands of people. Many of the most prominent organizers of the tourist movement became victims of repression.

During the Second World War, tourist and excursion activities were completely stopped. The material and technical base of tourism was plundered and destroyed.

Only in the early 50s in the USSR there was an intensification of tourism activities. Tourist travel has become one of the most popular forms of recreation for Soviet citizens.

The development of planned trips was handled by the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions.

In the 1960s, tourist and excursion organizations of trade unions developed over 13 thousand routes. In the 80s, routes for parents with children were developed. Special routes for autotourists were organized.

Among the local tourist routes, a significant number were travels with an active mode of transportation: on foot, skiing, rowing boats.

Non-traditional types of travel actively developed. So in Ukraine, the country's first speleological route "Along the caves and rivers of the Ternopil region" was created, which included a six-day hike with a visit to the caves.

In 1985, 17 horse routes operated in the USSR in Altai, the South Urals, the North Caucasus and other regions. Bicycle tourism developed. Tours on lakes, rivers and seas were popular.

From the beginning of the 60s to the end of the 80s, there was a huge number of tourist routes using rail transport. For this purpose, special tourist-excursion trains were formed. In 1986 there were 2600 of them.

Program railway routes was compiled in such a way that transfers between excursion centers were carried out at night.

To address issues of international youth exchange in June 1958. The Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik" was created, which was engaged not only in the reception of groups of foreign youth and the organization of Soviet tourism abroad, but also in intra-union youth travel.

In the 80s, aviation tours - routes - became widespread.

The collapse of the USSR led to the collapse of the unified tourist and excursion system of the USSR. The process of creating national tourism organizations.

After the collapse of the USSR and the formation of the CIS, the lowest level of the number of tourists in the region since the beginning of perestroika was recorded in 1992 - about 3 million. human. But gradually the number of tourists began to grow, and in 1995 Russia was already visited by 10.3 million foreign guests. Most of all in 1995, Russia came from Finland - a total of 1276.3 thousand people, which is 12.4% of all arrivals in the country. The second place was occupied by Poland, which in the Soviet period was ahead of Finland - 666 thousand people, most of whom came for the purpose of tourism - 532 thousand people. In 1989, the Poles left 3.9% of all those who arrived in the USSR, in total - 3034.7 thousand people, and there were only 792.5 thousand tourists among them. These statistics must be treated critically, since the USSR did not use the categories and standards adopted by the WTO.

Guests from non-socialist countries in the late 80s accounted for 1/3 of all visitors. Bureaucratic restrictions related to visa processing played a significant role in this. First in the USSR, and then in Russia, the dynamics of the number of citizens who traveled abroad shows that during the perestroika period, their number began to grow rapidly with a short break in 1992. In 1995, it amounted to 21.3 million people against 2, 8 million people in 1985. If you look at the trend of those who left for far abroad countries, then the largest number was on the eve of the collapse of the USSR, that is, in 1989-1991. - from 8 to 10.8 million people, but even these figures were less than 1% of the total world tourist flow. After 1992, a large proportion of the number of those who left Russia were tourists to neighboring countries. So, in 1995, only 5.3 million people left for the far abroad, on average, according to experts, each Russian tourist spends more than $ 1.5 during his trip abroad, which is 2 times more than the average world level of expenses.

If at the end of the 80s the leading countries in receiving Soviet guests were Poland, the GDR, Bulgaria, Finland, then in the mid-90s Turkey took the lead, where in 1995 764 thousand people left, of which 538 thousand purpose of tourism. Next come Finland, Poland, Germany and China - respectively 640.9, 478.7, 442.8 and 342.9 thousand people.

Russian tourists are popular with such countries as Italy, Spain, Greece, Cyprus, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, which offer our tourists both educational products and beach tourism.

Especially large flows of Russians to Turkey, Greece, China, the UAE are associated with the so-called shop tourism, which will naturally undergo changes in the future stabilization of the consumer goods market in Russia.

test questions

1. When did tourism supposedly originate in the Russian Empire?
2. What tourist organizations of pre-revolutionary Russia do you know?
3. Name the most popular tourist regions and routes of the second half of the 19th century.
4. Tell us about the first round-the-world trips made by Russians.
5. What are the main measures for the development of tourism taken by the state after the revolution?
6. When did the All-Union JSC "Intourist" appear, what are its main functions?
7. Describe Soviet tourism in the post-war period.
8. Tell us about the non-traditional types of tourism that existed in the USSR in the 80s.
9. How did the collapse of the USSR affect the development of tourism?
10. What countries are most popular among Russians lately?