Establishment of the State Committee for the State of Emergency. State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR (GKChP USSR). Independence: what did she give

Source - Wikipedia

The State Committee for the State of Emergency is a self-proclaimed authority in the USSR that existed from August 18 to August 21, 1991. It was formed from the first state and officials of the Soviet government, who opposed the reforms of Perestroika and transformation carried out by the President of the USSR M. S. Gorbachev Soviet Union into a new "Union of Sovereign States", which became a confederation, consisting of part of the already sovereign republics.
The forces under the leadership of the President of Russia (RSFSR) B. N. Yeltsin refused to obey the State Emergency Committee, calling their actions unconstitutional, there was an attempt to go on strike. The actions of the GKChP led to the events that became known as the "August Putsch".
From August 22 to 29, 1991, former members of the dissolved GKChP and those who actively assisted them were arrested, but from June 1992 to January 1993, they were all released on bail. In April 1993, the trial began. On February 23, 1994, the defendants in the GKChP case were amnestied State Duma Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, despite Yeltsin's objection. One of the defendants, Valentin Varennikov, refused to accept the amnesty and his trial continued. August 11, 1994 Military Collegium Supreme Court Russia acquitted Varennikov.

By the beginning of 1991, the situation in the USSR had become critical. The country has entered a period of disintegration. The leadership began to work on the issue of introducing a state of emergency.
From the "Conclusion on the materials of the investigation of the role and participation of officials of the KGB of the USSR in the events of August 19-21, 1991":

Marat Nikolaevich asked my advice on what type of helicopter to choose - Mi-8 or Mi-24. Naturally, I advised the Mi-24, since it was armored against 12.7 mm caliber bullets, and all the tanks that were in the White House area had machine guns of this caliber. But in the event of failure of one of the engines, the Mi-24 helicopter could not continue flying. Mi-8 could fly on one engine. Tishchenko agreed with me. However, less than an hour later, he called back and happily announced that, according to the information he received from the same KGB department, all the tanks and infantry fighting vehicles brought into Moscow did not have ammunition, so he was preparing the Mi-8. And after some time, a message came that the commander of the Airborne Forces, General Grachev, stopped the division in Kubinka. By evening it became clear that the GKChP had shamefully failed, and by the afternoon of August 21, all means mass media announced it loudly. The bacchanalia of victory began.

Unfortunately, it was overshadowed by the death of three people under the wheels of an infantry fighting vehicle in the tunnel between Vosstaniya Square and Smolenskaya Square. It all seemed strange to me. Why bring troops and armored vehicles into Moscow without ammunition? Why is the Moscow department of the KGB trying to save Yeltsin, and why is the chairman of the KGB Kryuchkov a member of the GKChP? It all felt like some kind of farce. Subsequently, in 1993, Yeltsin really stormed the White House, and the tanks fired direct fire and by no means blank charges. And in August 1991, it all looked like a grandiose performance or monstrous stupidity on the part of the leadership of the State Emergency Committee. However, what happened happened. I'm only expressing my opinion. Further events developed at lightning speed: the return of Gorbachev from Foros, the ban and dissolution of the CPSU, the Belovezhskaya agreement on the liquidation of the USSR, the creation of the Union of Independent States on the basis of the former republics of the USSR.

The most absurd, of course, seemed the collapse of a single Slavic core: Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. It seemed that some kind of insanity had occurred among the leaders of these republics, who demonstrated complete ignorance of the history of the creation of Russian statehood. But the most striking thing was that all this was supported by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which hastened to dissolve itself, and the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation ratified the Belovezhskaya conspiracy.

I recalled the words of Denikin and Wrangel, who, after the defeat of the white movement in the Civil War of 1918, addressing their descendants in their memoirs, noted the historical merit of the Bolsheviks in that they basically preserved Great Russia. Modern Bolsheviks, dressed in national clothes, completely destroyed the great power, completely disregarding the opinion of its peoples.

Some time later, it became clear that all these processes were headed by the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU, headed by Politburo member A.N. Yakovlev, and with the very dubious and incomprehensible role of Gorbachev. Most of the rulers in the new states belonged to a cohort of workers in the CPSU party apparatus, and most of the oligarchs and "new" Russians in the past belonged to the party or Komsomol elite. Before the eyes of the whole people, active supporters of the policy of the CPSU turned into its fierce enemies. Calls for a "witch hunt" began, however, they were soon suspended, since this clearly could affect them themselves.

The people were deceived.

Links:
1. Ogarkov and operation "Herat"
2. Akhromeev Sergey Fedorovich
3. Gorbacheva Raisa Maksimovna (ur. Titarenko)
17.

The State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR (GKChP) is a self-proclaimed authority in the USSR that existed from August 18 to August 21, 1991. It included a number of high-ranking officials of the Soviet government. The members of the GKChP opposed the perestroika policy pursued by the President of the USSR M. S. Gorbachev, as well as against the signing of a new union treaty and the transformation of the USSR into a confederal Union of Sovereign States, which planned to include only 9 of the 15 union republics. The main opponents of the GKChP were supporters of the President of the RSFSR B. N. Yeltsin, who declared the actions of the members of the Committee unconstitutional. After the defeat and self-dissolution of the GKChP, their actions were condemned by the legislative and executive authorities of the USSR, the RSFSR and a number of other union republics and qualified as a coup d'état. In historiography, the events of August 18-21, 1991 were called the "August Putsch".

From August 22 to 29, 1991, former members of the dissolved GKChP and those who actively assisted them were arrested, but from June 1992 to January 1993, they were all released on bail. In April 1993, the trial began. On February 23, 1994, the defendants in the GKChP case were amnestied by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, despite Yeltsin's objection. One of the defendants, Valentin Varennikov, refused to accept the amnesty and his trial continued, which he eventually won.

"Topics"

"Faces"

National Flag Day is celebrated in Rossish

the date
holiday is timed to coincide with the events of the August putsch - an attempt
coup d'etat, undertaken by the State Committee for
state of emergency (GKChP). The main goal of the GKChP was to forcibly
prevent the reorganization of the Soviet Union proposed by the President
USSR by Mikhail Gorbachev (he planned to create a "soft",
decentralized federation).
link: http://bsanna-news.ukrinform.ua/newsitem.php?id=20150&lang=ru

Vladimir Kara-Murza Jr.: Non-round date. Forgotten lessons of August-91

Another anniversary of the victory of democratic forces over organized
the top of the CPSU and the KGB by a coup d'état in August 1991
makes you think about the missed chances of the 90s. Eight years after
August, the heirs of the State Emergency Committee came to power in Russia. About the reasons for failure
leaders of the democratic revolution and the importance historical lessons for
of today's Russian opposition is reflected by the publicist and historian Vladimir
Kara-Murza (Jr.)
link: http://www.rusolidarnost.ru

in parties and movements. Remembering the Soviet Union

rally,
announced and organized by the Labor Voronezh movement with the support of
Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Leninist Komsomol, other left-wing patriotic parties and
social movements, was held in Voronezh on the day of the 21st anniversary
formation of the State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP).
link: http://www.communa.ru/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=63174

Independence: what did it give?

rebellion
State Committee for the State of Emergency, which began on 19
August 1991 and subsequently called "August
putsch", was aimed at removing from power the first and last president
USSR of Mikhail Gorbachev, as well as the return to the "bosom" of the Union of Republics -
Armenia, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova and Ukraine, which are already
adopted declarations of state sovereignty.
link: http://www.nm.md/daily/article/2012/08/24/0900.html

State Committee for the State of Emergency

More
decades distances us from the desperate attempt of the inner circle
Gorbachev to stop the offensive of the nationalists and Yeltsin personally
collapse of the USSR. August 19, 1991 in the morning the media
put the nation on the ears with a message about the introduction of a state of emergency and about
creation of the State Committee for the State of Emergency, headed by
Vice President Yanaev. The whole country is frozen in anticipation of development
events. Only a small part of the population immediately became active.
link: http://www.cprf.info/nikitin/5010.shtml

GKChP member Vasily Starodubtsev: My assessment of the August events of 1991 remains the same

"To me
nothing to add about the State Committee for the State of Emergency and
my participation in it to what I said earlier,” said the deputy
of the State Duma Vasily Starodubtsev to the correspondent of news agency vRossii.ru in
response to a request for comment on the August 1991 events.
link: http://www.og.com.ua/gkchp.php

Moscow celebrates 21st anniversary of August coup

19
August 1991, a group of members of the top leadership of the USSR formed
The State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP) and tried to
take power by isolating Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.
link: http://www.baltinfo.ru

Yesterday's coup and tomorrow's coup

Twenty years ago, in
August 1991, through the efforts of the most conservative part of the highest
of the Soviet bureaucracy, a convulsive and aggressive movement was undertaken
to keep unchanged political system USSR.
The State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP) undertook
capture attempt state power the day before (the day before)
planned for August 20, the signing of the Novo-Ogaryovsk Union
agreements that were supposed to radically transform the Union
Soviet Socialist Republics. Essentially, these agreements were
the only chance to modernize the Soviet empire in a democratic
direction peacefully.

Power political decision undermined the system
finally and predictably accelerated the process of disintegration of the USSR. Essentially,
it was the GKChP putsch that closed the last opportunity for soft reform
The USSR made its rapid disintegration inevitable. The paradox of history
lies in the fact that twenty years later in the state system
Russia, formed on the ruins of the USSR, is precisely the ideology of the putschists of 1991
year is dominant. This poses extremely high risks
territorial and political disintegration of Russia.
link: http://gubernia.pskovregion.org/number_553/03.php

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR

However,
on the night of August 19, 1991, the President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev was
forcibly removed from power. A group of senior officials
which included Vice President G. Yanaev, KGB Chairman V. Kryuchkov,
Defense Minister D. Yazov, Prime Minister V. Pavlov formed
self-proclaimed, unconstitutional State Committee for Emergency
situation in the USSR (GKChP).
link: http://www.bibliotekar.ru/mihail-gorbachev/71.htm

In 1991, there was an attempted coup in the USSR

19
August 1991 in the USSR there was an attempted coup d'état:
The State Committee for the State of Emergency was created in Moscow
(GKChP), which lasted until August 21, 1991.
link: http://inmsk.ru/thisday_0819/19910819/340635300.html

GKChP - patriots or junta? A sober look after 20 years on the events of August 19, 1991

I specifically raised the appeal of the USSR GKChP (State Committee
by state of emergency). Today everything is already seen soberly and
pragmatically, and I highlighted all the theses that are present in the appeal
in red is the brightest reflection of the state of society, and why
country came.
link: http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/3622599/post185021214/

1991: tragedy or victory?

19
August marks 20 years since the beginning of the events that most
Russians are now considered tragic. It was on this day that the State
State of Emergency Committee (GKChP), consisting of conservative
minded politicians, tried to remove the president of the USSR from power
Mikhail Gorbachev and replace political course to prevent collapse
Soviet Union. Without a doubt, at that moment the whole country was on
facets civil war. But, fortunately, it never happened.
link: http://www.newsinfo.ru/articles/2011-08-18/putch/759999/

The documents of the GKChP were prepared by the KGB

accusatory
conclusion on the GKChP case, fragments of which we bring to your attention
reader, - not just a unique and at the same time quite official
evidence of turning points national history,
but also a documentary detective that does not let go from the first to
last minute of reading. The logic and logistics of the conspiracy becomes clear
no doubt about the legitimacy or moral justification
the actions of the conspirators do not remain at all: yes, they certainly
conspirators, yes, their actions cannot be justified by higher interests
countries. Strictly speaking, they did not save the country, the collapse of which only
accelerated by the creation of the State Committee for the State of Emergency
(GKChP), and their high positions in the establishment. There was no romance here
for a penny: in front of us are restless, frightened people, not completely sure
in their rightness, morally wounded by their betrayal, weak and
doubters, muffling their doubts with hefty doses of alcohol.
link:

On August 19, 1991, representatives of the top leadership of the USSR, who opposed the actual liquidation of the Soviet Union as a federal state and its replacement by a confederate "Union of Sovereign States", attempted to interfere with this process by introducing a state of emergency in the country.

Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, who actively promoted the SSG project, was isolated at the state dacha in the Crimean Foros (according to other sources, having taken a neutral position, Gorbachev withdrew from the events, waiting for their outcome).

The State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP) assumed full responsibility for the fate of the country. By the decision of the State Emergency Committee, from 4 am on August 19, 1991, a state of emergency was introduced throughout the USSR for a period of six months.

From the appeal of the State Emergency Committee to the Soviet people:

“… The policy of reforms initiated by M. S. Gorbachev, conceived as a means of ensuring the country’s dynamic development and democratization public life, due to a number of reasons, has reached an impasse. The initial enthusiasm and hopes were replaced by disbelief, apathy and despair. The authorities at all levels have lost the trust of the population. Politicism has ousted concern for the fate of the Fatherland and the citizen from public life. An evil mockery is being imposed on all the institutions of the state. The country has essentially become ungovernable…”

The loud statements of the State Emergency Committee, however, did not lead to equally decisive actions. The introduction of troops into Moscow was not followed by attempts to disperse rallies of political opponents and stop the actions of the leadership of the RSFSR, headed by Boris Yeltsin, who declared the actions of the State Emergency Committee an attempted coup d'état.

On the evening of August 21, the GKChP was dissolved, and its members were arrested within a few days. The government, which announced its intention to save the country, did not take any real action.

The inhabitants of the USSR remember the events of August 19-21, 1991 most of all by the broadcast on television of the ballet "Swan Lake". The ballet, which was repeated several times, was replaced by other programs that, for political reasons, could not be aired.

The detained members of the State Emergency Committee were in the Matrosskaya Tishina pre-trial detention center, and from June 1992 to January 1993 they were released on bail. On February 23, 1994, the defendants in the “GKChP case” were amnestied by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

The State Committee for the State of Emergency included 8 people:

- Vice-President of the USSR, Acting President of the USSR;
• - First Deputy Chairman of the USSR Defense Council;
• - Chairman of the KGB of the USSR;
• - Prime Minister of the USSR;
• - Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR;
• - Chairman of the Peasants' Union of the USSR;
• - President of the Association of State Enterprises and Objects of Industry, Construction, Transport and Communications of the USSR;
• - Minister of Defense of the USSR.

The vice-president of the USSR, who became the formal head of the GKChP, was poorly suited to the role of leader. The trembling of the hands of Yanaev, who was very worried at the press conference of the State Committee for the State of Emergency, for his political opponents was evidence of the uncertainty of the "junta leader" in his actions. On August 21, Yanaev meekly signed documents on the dissolution of the State Emergency Committee and the cancellation of all its decisions.

Gennady Yanaev. Photo: RIA Novosti

Journalist Mikhail Leontiev cited Yanaev’s phrase from his conversation during the days of the “putsch” with the head of the KGB Vladimir Kryuchkov: “Understand my character, if at least one dies, I won’t be able to live.”

Arrested on August 22, Yanaev gave candid interview journalist Andrey Karaulov, in which he said that the documents of the State Emergency Committee were developed with the knowledge of the President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev, who back in April 1991 ordered the security forces to begin preparing measures in case a state of emergency was introduced in the country. The interview with Yanaev did not come out on the personal orders of the then head of the All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company Oleg Poptsov.

In January 1993, Yanaev was released from custody on bail, and in February 1994, the ex-head of the State Emergency Committee was amnestied.

In the future, Gennady Yanaev did not take an active part in political life, working as a consultant to the committee of veterans and disabled people of the state service, and also heading the Fund for Helping Disabled Children since childhood.

AT last years Yanaev served as head of the department of national history and international relations Russian International Academy of Tourism.

Gennady Yanaev died on September 24, 2010 from oncological disease. He was buried at the Troekurovsky cemetery of the capital.

Baklanov, who represented the military-industrial complex in the State Emergency Committee, did not play an active role in the events of August 1991, however, he was arrested along with the rest of the "members of the junta." Like most other members of the State Emergency Committee, until January 1993 he was in the Matrosskaya Tishina pre-trial detention center, after which he was released on bail. In February 1994, Baklanov was amnestied. His arrest affected the career of his son - Baklanov Jr., who worked in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, was forced to resign.

Oleg Baklanov. Photo: RIA Novosti

After the amnesty, Baklanov returned to work related to the enterprises of the military-industrial complex. AT recent times Baklanov served as Chairman of the Board of Directors of OAO Rosobshchemash.

The head of the KGB of the USSR was one of the "ideological inspirers" and informal leaders of the State Emergency Committee. However, Kryuchkov never ordered the KGB units to take active steps against Boris Yeltsin and other political opponents. In particular, on August 19, the Alpha unit had the possibility of arresting Yeltsin before he arrived in Moscow, but Kryuchkov did not go for it, fearing "unpredictable consequences." Arrested on August 22, Kryuchkov remained in custody until January 1993, after which he was released, and in February 1994 he was amnestied.

Vladimir Kryuchkov. Photo: RIA Novosti

In subsequent years, Kryuchkov served as the Board of Directors of Region JSC, and was also an adviser head of the FSB of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin. The ex-head of the KGB was a member of the organizing committee of the Movement in Support of the Army, participated in the work of the council of veterans of state security workers, and wrote several memoirs.

He died on November 23, 2007 from a heart attack, was buried with military honors at the Troekurovsky cemetery of the capital.

The Prime Minister of the USSR was an active supporter of the creation of the State Emergency Committee, but in the August days of 1991 he became one of its most passive participants. Unlike his colleagues, he did not fly to Foros for negotiations with Gorbachev, but was removed from his post and arrested while in the hospital.

Valentin Pavlov. Photo: RIA Novosti

After an amnesty in 1994, Pavlov returned to financial activities, heading Chasprombank. Later, the ex-premier of the Soviet Union worked as an adviser at Promstroybank, was an employee of a number of economic institutions, and deputy chairman of the Free Economic Society.

As one of the most active members of the State Emergency Committee, Interior Minister Boris Karlovich Pugo was planned to be arrested first. On August 22, an extremely motley group of comrades, consisting of the chairman of the KGB of the RSFSR, left for Pugo's apartment, ahead of the capture group. Viktor Ivanenko, 1st Deputy Interior Minister and future active participant in the execution of the White House Victor Erin, Deputy Prosecutor General of the RSFSR Evgeny Lisina and deputy Grigory Yavlinsky.

Boris Pugo. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org / Eugene M

What happened at the apartment of the head of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs is still unclear. According to Yavlinsky, Pugo and his wife were still alive, but were near death. According to the main version, the Pugo couple tried to commit suicide, and the minister first shot his wife, and then himself. Pugo died a few minutes later, and his wife died in the hospital a day later, without regaining consciousness.

Boris and Valentina Pugo are buried at the Troekurovsky cemetery in Moscow.

In the August days of 1991, Starodubtsev, who was in charge of the agrarian complex, was preparing a draft Decree "On saving the harvest." Arrested on August 22, Starodubtsev was the first of the members of the State Emergency Committee to be free - he was released from the pre-trial detention center for health reasons in June 1992.

Starodubtsev returned to work in the Agrarian Union, and in 1993 became a member of the Federation Council.

Vasily Starodubtsev. Photo: RIA Novosti

After the amnesty in 1994, the business executive Starodubtsev made the most successful political career among his colleagues in the State Emergency Committee in new Russia, from 1997 to 2005, holding the post of governor of the Tula region.

In 2007 and 2011, Starodubtsev was elected to the State Duma of Russia on the lists of the Communist Party. He died on December 30, 2011 from a heart attack. He was buried in the rural cemetery of the village of Spasskoye, Novomoskovsk district, Tula region, next to the graves of his wife and son.

The industrialist Alexander Tizyakov was not an accidental member of the State Emergency Committee. In July 1991, he signed the Word to the People, published in the newspaper Sovetskaya Rossiya, in which politicians and cultural figures spoke out against the actions of Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin and for the preservation of the Soviet Union.

However, Tizyakov did not have time to switch to active work to save Soviet industry in the three days of the existence of the State Emergency Committee.

Alexander Tizyakov. Photo: RIA Novosti

Like other members of the GKChP, Tizyakov left the pre-trial detention center in January 1993 and was granted amnesty in February 1994.

Subsequently, Tizyakov was a co-founder of AOZT Antal (engineering) and the insurance company Severnaya Kazna, the founder of Vidikon LLC (production of chipboard) and the company Fidelity (production of consumer goods), headed the board of directors of the investment trust company New Technologies ". In addition, Tizyakov was the president of the Russian-Kyrgyz enterprise Tekhnologiya, as well as the scientific director of Nauka-93 LLC.

The Minister of Defense of the USSR was an extremely unpopular figure among supporters of democratic reforms and paid them in the same coin. It was Yazov who gave the order to send army units to Moscow. Nevertheless, the Minister of Defense did not give a command to use force against the opponents of the State Emergency Committee.

After his arrest on August 22, Yazov recorded a repentant video message addressed to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. Yazov himself claimed that the initiator of "tele-repentance" was journalist Vladimir Molchanov, and the ex-minister himself, depressed by the events and not sleeping at night, succumbed to the pressure.

Dmitry Yazov. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org / Barvenkovsky

While under investigation, Yazov continued to be registered with military service, from which he was fired on February 2, 1994, three weeks before his amnesty.

Dmitry Yazov was the last military man to be awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union. He is currently the only living Marshal of the USSR.

After the amnesty, Dmitry Yazov served as chief military adviser to the Main Directorate of International Military Cooperation of the Russian Ministry of Defense, chief adviser-consultant to the head of the Academy of the General Staff.

Currently, the 89-year-old retired Marshal of the USSR is the leading analyst (general inspector) of the service of general inspectors of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

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DECREE
Vice President of the USSR

Due to the impossibility for health reasons of Gorbachev's performance of his duties as the President of the USSR, on the basis of Article 1277 of the Constitution of the USSR, he assumed the duties of the President of the USSR from August 19, 1991.

Vice President of the USSR
G. I. Yanaev

Appeal
to the Soviet people
August 18, 1991

Compatriots!
Citizens of the Soviet Union!

In a difficult, critical hour for the fate of the Fatherland and our peoples, we turn to you!

Mortal danger hangs over our great Motherland! The policy of reforms initiated by MS Gorbachev, conceived as a means of ensuring the country's dynamic development and democratization of public life, has reached a dead end for a number of reasons. The initial enthusiasm and hopes were replaced by disbelief, apathy and despair. The authorities at all levels have lost the trust of the population. Politicism has ousted concern for the fate of the Fatherland and the citizen from public life. An evil mockery is being imposed on all the institutions of the state. The country essentially became ungovernable.

Taking advantage of the freedoms granted, trampling on the newly emerging sprouts of democracy, extremist forces arose, heading for the liquidation of the Soviet Union, the collapse of the state, and the seizure of power at any cost. The results of the nationwide referendum on the unity of the Fatherland have been trampled on. Cynical speculation on national feelings is just a front to satisfy ambitions. Neither today's misfortunes of their peoples, nor their tomorrow disturb political adventurers. Creating an atmosphere of moral and political terror and trying to hide behind a shield of popular confidence, they forget that the ties they condemn and break were established on the basis of much broader popular support, which, moreover, has passed the centuries-old test of history. Today, those who are essentially leading the cause to overthrow the constitutional order, Must answer to their mothers and fathers for the deaths of many hundreds of victims of interethnic conflicts. The crippled fates of more than half a million refugees are on their conscience. Because of them, tens of millions of Soviet people lost their peace and joy of life, who only yesterday lived in a single family, and today find themselves outcasts in their own home. What to be social order, the people must decide, and they are trying to deprive them of this right.

Instead of taking care of the safety and well-being of every citizen and the whole society, often people who have power in their hands use it in interests alien to the people, as a means of unprincipled self-assertion. Streams of words, mountains of statements and promises only emphasize the poverty and wretchedness of practical deeds. Inflation of power, worse than any other, destroys our state, society. Every citizen feels a growing uncertainty about the future, deep anxiety for the future of their children.

The crisis of power had a catastrophic effect on the economy. A chaotic, spontaneous slip to the market caused an explosion of egoism - regional, departmental, group and personal. The war of laws and the encouragement of centrifugal tendencies resulted in the destruction of a single national economic mechanism that had been taking shape over decades. The result was a sharp drop in the standard of living of the vast majority of Soviet people, the flourishing of speculation and the shadow economy. It is high time to tell people the truth: if urgent measures are not taken to stabilize the economy, then in the very near future, famine and a new round of impoverishment are inevitable, from which one step to mass manifestations of spontaneous discontent with devastating consequences.
Only irresponsible people can hope for some help from abroad. No handouts will solve our problems, salvation is in our own hands. The time has come to measure the authority of each person or organization by a real contribution to the restoration and development of the national economy.

For many years, from all sides, we have been hearing spells about commitment to the interests of the individual, concern for her rights, and social security. In fact, the person turned out to be humiliated, infringed on real rights and opportunities, driven to despair. Before our eyes, all democratic institutions created by the people's will are losing weight and authority. This is the result of the purposeful actions of those who grossly violate the Basic Law of the USSR, in fact commit an unconstitutional coup and reach for unbridled personal dictatorship. Prefectures, mayor's offices and other illegal structures are more and more implicitly replacing the Soviets elected by the people.

There is an attack on workers' rights. The rights to work, education, health care, housing, recreation are called into question.

Even the basic personal safety of people is increasingly being threatened. Crime is growing rapidly, organized and politicized. The country is plunging into an abyss of violence and lawlessness. Never in the history of the country have the propaganda of sex and violence, which endangered the life and health of future generations, received such a scale. Millions of people are demanding action against the octopus of crime and flagrant immorality.

The deepening destabilization of the political and economic situation in the Soviet Union is undermining our position in the world. In some places, revanchist notes have been heard, demands are being put forward to revise the borders. There are even voices about the dismemberment of the Soviet Union and about the possibility of establishing international guardianship over individual objects and regions of the country. This is the bitter reality. Just yesterday, a Soviet person who found himself abroad felt like a citizen of an influential and respected state. Now he is often a second-class foreigner, treated with contempt or sympathy.

The pride and honor of the Soviet people must be restored in full.

The State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR is fully aware of the depth of the crisis that has struck the country, it assumes responsibility for the fate of the Motherland and is determined to take the most serious measures to bring the state and society out of the crisis as soon as possible.

We promise to hold a broad nationwide discussion of the draft of the new Union Treaty. Everyone will have the right and opportunity in a calm atmosphere to comprehend this most important act and decide on it, because the fate of the numerous peoples of our great Motherland will depend on what the Union will become.

We intend to immediately restore law and order, put an end to the bloodshed, declare a merciless war on the criminal world, and eradicate shameful phenomena that discredit our society and humiliate Soviet citizens.
We will clear the streets of our cities of criminal elements, we will put an end to the arbitrariness of the plunderers of the people's property.

We stand for truly democratic processes, for a consistent policy of reforms leading to the renewal of our Motherland, to its economic and social prosperity, which will allow it to take its rightful place in the world community of nations.
The development of the country should not be based on a decline in the living standards of the population. In a healthy society, the constant improvement of the well-being of all citizens will become the norm.

Without weakening our concern for strengthening and protecting the rights of the individual, we will focus on protecting the interests of the broadest sections of the population, those who have been hit hardest by inflation, disorganization of production, corruption and crime.

Developing the multifaceted nature of the national economy, we will also support private enterprise, providing it with the necessary opportunities for the development of production and the service sector.

Our primary concern will be the solution of food and housing problems. All available forces will be mobilized to meet these most urgent needs of the people.

We call on the workers, peasants, working intelligentsia, and all Soviet people to restore labor discipline and order as soon as possible, to raise the level of production, in order then to move decisively forward. Our life and the future of our children and grandchildren, the fate of the Fatherland depends on this.

We are a peace-loving country and will strictly comply with all our obligations. We have no claims on anyone. We want to live with everyone in peace and friendship, but we firmly declare that no one will ever be allowed to encroach on our sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. Any attempts to speak with our country in the language of diktat, no matter who they come from, will be resolutely suppressed.

Our multinational people have lived for centuries filled with pride for their Motherland, we were not ashamed of our patriotic feelings and consider it natural and legitimate to raise the current and future generations of citizens of our great power in this spirit.

To be inactive at this critical hour for the fate of the Fatherland means to take on a heavy responsibility for the tragic, truly unpredictable consequences. Everyone who cherishes our Motherland, who wants to live and work in an atmosphere of calm and confidence, who does not accept the continuation of bloody interethnic conflicts, who sees his Fatherland in the future independent and prosperous, must make the only right choice. We call all true patriots, people good will put an end to the current troubled times.

We call on all citizens of the Soviet Union to realize their duty to the Motherland and to provide all possible support to the State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR, to efforts to bring the country out of the crisis.

Constructive proposals of socio-political organizations, labor collectives and citizens will be gratefully accepted as a manifestation of their patriotic readiness to actively participate in the restoration of centuries-old friendship in a single family of fraternal peoples and the revival of the Fatherland.

Decree No. 1
State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR

In order to protect the vital interests of peoples and citizens USSR, the independence and territorial integrity of the country, the restoration of law and order, the stabilization of the situation, the overcoming of the most difficult crisis, the prevention of chaos, anarchy and fratricidal civil war The State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR decides:

1. To ensure strict observance of the state of emergency in accordance with the Law of the USSR "On legal regime emergency regulations and decrees of the State Emergency Committee of the USSR. In cases of failure to ensure the implementation of this regime, the powers of the relevant authorities and administration are suspended, and the implementation of their functions is assigned to persons specially authorized by the USSR State Emergency Committee.
2. Immediately disband the structures of power and control, paramilitary formations acting contrary to the Constitution of the USSR and the laws of the USSR.
3. From now on, to consider invalid laws and decisions of authorities and administrations that contradict the Constitution of the USSR and the laws of the USSR.
4. Suspend the activities of political parties, public organizations and mass movements that impede the normalization of the situation.
5. Due to the fact that the State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR is temporarily assuming the functions of the USSR Security Council, the activity of the latter is suspended.
6. Citizens, institutions and organizations to immediately surrender all types of firearms, ammunition, explosives that are illegally v them, military equipment and equipment. The Ministry of Internal Affairs, the KGB and the Ministry of Defense of the USSR shall ensure the strict implementation of this requirement. In cases of refusal - to seize them forcibly with the involvement of violators to strict criminal and administrative responsibility.
7. The Prosecutor's Office, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the KGB and the Ministry of Defense of the USSR to organize effective interaction law enforcement and the Armed Forces to ensure the protection of public order and the security of the state, society and citizens in accordance with the USSR Law "On the Legal Regime of the State of Emergency" and the decisions of the USSR State Emergency Committee.
Rallies, street marches, demonstrations, as well as strikes are not allowed,
In necessary cases, impose a curfew, patrol the territory, carry out inspections, and take measures to strengthen the border and customs regime.
Take control and, if necessary, protect the most important state and economic facilities, as well as life support systems.
Resolutely suppress the spread of inflammatory rumors, actions that provoke violations of law and order and incite ethnic hatred, disobedience to officials who ensure compliance with the state of emergency.
8. Establish control over the mass media, entrusting its implementation to a specially created body under the State Emergency Committee of the USSR.
9. Authorities and authorities, heads of institutions and enterprises to take measures to improve organization, restore order and discipline in all spheres of society. To ensure the normal functioning of enterprises in all branches of the national economy, the strict implementation of measures to preserve and restore vertical and horizontal ties between economic entities throughout the USSR for the period of stabilization, failure to meet the established volumes of production, supplies of raw materials, materials and components.
Establish and maintain a regime of austerity in material, technical and foreign exchange resources, develop and implement specific measures to combat mismanagement and squandering of the people's property.
Resolutely fight against the shadow economy, inevitably apply measures of criminal and administrative responsibility for corruption, theft, speculation, concealment of goods from sale, mismanagement and other offenses in the economic sphere.
Create favorable conditions to increase the real contribution of all kinds entrepreneurial activity carried out in accordance with the laws of the USSR in the economic potential of the country and ensure the urgent needs of the population.
10. Consider incompatible work on a permanent basis in the structures of power and management with entrepreneurial activity.
11. The Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR, within a week's time, carry out an inventory of all available resources of food and industrial goods of prime necessity, report to the people what the country has, and take their safety and distribution under the strictest control.
To cancel any restrictions that prevent the movement of food and consumer goods, as well as material resources for their production, through the territory of the USSR, to strictly control the observance of this order.
Special attention give priority to the supply of preschool childcare facilities, orphanages, schools, secondary special and higher educational institutions, hospitals, as well as pensioners and the disabled.
Within a week, submit proposals on streamlining, freezing and reducing prices for certain types of industrial and food products, primarily for children, services to the population and public catering, as well as increasing wages, pensions, allowances and compensation payments to various categories of citizens.
Within a two-week period, develop measures to streamline the wages of managers at all levels of state, public, cooperative and other institutions, organizations and enterprises.
12. Considering the critical situation with harvesting and the threat of famine, take urgent measures to organize the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products. To provide rural workers with the maximum possible assistance with equipment, spare parts, fuels and lubricants, etc. Immediately organize the dispatch of workers and employees of enterprises and organizations, students and military personnel to the village in the quantities necessary to save the harvest.
13. The Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR within a week to develop a resolution providing for the provision in 1991-1992 of all desiring urban residents with land plots for horticultural work in the amount of up to 0.15 hectares.
14. The Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR within two weeks to complete the planning of urgent measures to bring the country's fuel and energy complex out of the crisis and prepare for winter.
15. Within a month, prepare and report to the people real measures for 1992 to radically improve housing construction and provide the population with housing.
Within six months, develop a specific program for the accelerated development of state, cooperative and individual housing construction for a five-year period.
16. Oblige the authorities and administrations in the center and in the field to give priority to social needs population. Find ways to substantially improve free medical care and public education.

DECREE
Acting President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

On the introduction of a state of emergency in the city of Moscow

In connection with the aggravation of the situation in Moscow, the capital of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, caused by the failure to comply with the decision of the State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR No. 1 of August 19, 1991, attempts to organize rallies, street processions and demonstrations, facts of incitement to unrest, s interests protection and security of citizens, in accordance with Article 1273 of the Constitution of the USSR, I decree:

2. To appoint the commander of the troops of the Moscow Military District, Colonel-General Kalinin N.V., as the commandant of the city of Moscow, who is vested with the right to issue binding orders regulating the maintenance of the state of emergency.

Acting
President of the USSR
G. YANAEV.
Moscow Kremlin.
August 19, 1991

RESOLUTION No. 2
State Committee

On the issue of central, Moscow city and regional gas t

In connection with the introduction of a state of emergency in Moscow and in some other territories of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on August 19, 1991 and in accordance with paragraph l4 of Article 4 of the USSR Law "On the Legal Regime of the State of Emergency", the State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR decides:
1. Temporarily limit the list of issued central, Moscow city and regional socio-political
publications by the following newspapers: Trud, Rabochaya Tribuna, Izvestiya, Pravda, Krasnaya Zvezda, Sovetskaya Rossiya, Moskovskaya Pravda, Leninskoe Znamya, Rural Life.
2. The resumption of publication of other central, Moscow city and regional newspapers and socio-political publications will be decided by a specially created body of the State Emergency Committee of the USSR.

Statement
State Committee
on the state of emergency in the USSR

Already the first day of the state of emergency in certain areas of the USSR showed that people breathed a sigh of relief.

No serious incidents were noted anywhere. The State Emergency Committee of the USSR receives numerous appeals from citizens in support of the measures taken to bring the country out of the gravest crisis. The first reaction from abroad to the events in our country is also characterized by a certain understanding, because the worst conceivable development scenario, which worries foreign states the most, is chaos and anarchy in our nuclear country. Of course, distrust and fears are expressed both within our society and abroad in connection with the introduction of a state of emergency. Well, they have a basis: after all, in recent years, unfortunately, very often the real things in our state have nothing to do with the proclaimed goals. The hopes of the people were repeatedly deceived. This time we will do our best to keep the activities of the Soviet leadership; has earned trust.

Most of the Union and Autonomous Republics of our Motherland support the measures taken due to the exceptionally acute situation. The peoples understand that the USSR State Committee for the State of Emergency in no way intends to encroach on their constitutional sovereign rights.

Dissonance at this critical moment, when a national consensus is required, sounded the appeal signed on the morning of August 19 this year by the leaders of the RSFSR B. Yeltsin, I. Silaev and R. Khasbulatov. It is sustained in a confrontational spirit. There is also a direct incitement to illegal actions in this appeal, which is incompatible with the state of emergency established by law.

The State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR, showing patience and striving for constructive cooperation, considers it possible this time to confine itself to warning against irresponsible, unreasonable steps. Once again, ambition has prevailed in the Russian leadership, and yet the people are waiting for the introduction of such adjustments in policy that would meet the fundamental interests of the Russians.

We would like to emphasize once again that the principle of the supremacy of the Constitution of the USSR and the laws of the USSR has been restored from now on throughout the entire territory of the USSR. We assure you that our practice, in contrast to the empty promises that have set the teeth on edge, will certainly be supported by the implementation of the decisions taken.

The GKChP is an abbreviation for the State Committee for the State of Emergency, created by several top functionaries of the Communist Party of the USSR on August 19, 1991 to save the collapsing Soviet Union. The formal head of the committee was the vice-president of the USSR, member of the Politburo, Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Gennady Ivanovich Yanaev

background

Economic restructuring

In 1982, the long-term head of the Soviet Union, the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, L. I. Brezhnev, died. With his death, the period of relatively calm, stable, more or less prosperous life of the USSR ended, which began for the first time since the formation of the Land of Soviets. In 1985, MS Gorbachev took the post of General Secretary and, consequently, the absolute master of the fate of 250 million Soviet citizens. Aware of the complexities of the Soviet economy, its growing lag behind Western countries, Gorbachev made an attempt to cheer up the socialist economic system by introducing elements of the market into it.
Alas, having said “A”, you should definitely continue, that is, one concession to the ideological enemy was followed by another, a third, and so on until complete surrender

• 1985, April 23 - at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Gorbachev proclaimed a course towards acceleration - improving the existing economic system
• 1985, May - Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On measures to overcome drunkenness and alcoholism"
• 1986, February 25-March 6 - XXVII Congress of the CPSU. It defined the task of "improving socialism"
• 1986, November 19 - The Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Law "On individual labor activity"
• 1987, January - at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the task of a radical restructuring of economic management was put forward
• January 13, 1987 - Decree of the Council of Ministers allowing the creation of joint ventures
• 1987, February 5 - Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the creation of cooperatives for the production of consumer goods"
• 1987, June 11 - the law "On the transfer of enterprises and organizations of sectors of the national economy to full self-support and self-financing"
• 1987, June 25 - The Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU considered the issue "On the tasks of the party for a radical restructuring of economic management."
• 1987, June 30 - the law "On the state enterprise (association)" was adopted, redistributing powers between ministries and enterprises in favor of the latter
• 1988, May 26 - Law "On Cooperation in the USSR"
• 1988, August 24 - in Chimkent (Kazakh SSR) the first cooperative bank in the USSR ("Soyuz-bank") was registered

The measures taken did not bring results. In 1986, the budget deficit doubled compared to 1985
The resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On measures to overcome drunkenness and alcoholism" led to more than 20 billion losses in budget revenues, the transition to the category of scarce products that were previously freely available (juices, cereals, caramel, etc.), a sharp increase in home brewing and an increase in mortality due to poisoning with counterfeit alcohol and surrogates. Due to low world prices for energy carriers, the inflow of foreign currency to the budget has decreased. Large-scale accidents and catastrophes became more frequent (1986, May - Chernobyl). Sugar stamps were introduced in the fall of 1989.

“In a Murmansk store near the bazaar, for the first time after the war, I saw food cards - coupons for sausage and butter (V. Konetsky “No one will take away the path we have traveled”, 1987)

• 1990, June - Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the concept of transition to a market economy"
• 1990, October - resolution "Main directions for the stabilization of the national economy and the transition to a market economy"
• 1990, December - the government of the USSR, headed by N. Ryzhkov, was dismissed. The Council of Ministers of the USSR was transformed into the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR, headed by Prime Minister V. Pavlov
• 1991, January 23-25 ​​- exchange of 50- and 100-ruble banknotes for new banknotes
• 1991, April 2 - double price increase for all products

Nevertheless, in 1991 there was an 11% decline in production, a 20-30% budget deficit, and a huge external debt of $103.9 billion. Products, soap, matches, sugar, detergents were distributed by cards, cards were often not stocked. Republican and regional customs appeared

Ideological restructuring

The introduction of elements of capitalism into the Soviet economic mechanism forced the authorities to change their policy in the field of ideology. After all, it was necessary to somehow explain to the people why the capitalist system, which had been criticized for 70 years, suddenly turned out to be in demand in their country, the most advanced and rich. The new policy was called glasnost

• 1986, February-March - at the 27th Congress of the CPSU, Gorbachev said:

  “The issue of expanding publicity is of fundamental importance for us. This is a political issue. Without glasnost, there is not and cannot be democracy, the political creativity of the masses, their participation in governance.

• 1986, May - at the V Congress of the Union of Cinematographers of the USSR, his entire board was unexpectedly re-elected
• 1986, September 4 - the order of Glavlit (the censorship committee of the USSR) to focus the attention of censors only on issues related to the protection of state and military secrets in the press
• 1986, September 25 - Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU on the termination of the jamming of the broadcasts of the Voice of America and the BBC
• 1986, December - Academician Sakharov returned from exile in Gorky
• 1987, January 27 - Gorbachev at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU:

  “We should not have areas that are closed to criticism. The people need the whole truth... More than ever, we need more light now, so that the Party and the people know everything, so that we don’t have dark corners where mold would start again.”

• 1987, January - the anti-Stalinist film "Repentance" by T. Abuladze was released on the screens of the country
• 1987, January - featured documentary"Is it easy to be young?" directed by Juris Podnieks
• February 1987 - 140 dissidents released from prison
• 1987 - unlimited subscription to newspapers and magazines is allowed
• 1987, October 2 - the release of the independent television program "Vzglyad" on television
• 1988, May 8 - an organization of dissidents and human rights activists, the Democratic Union, is founded, positioning itself as an opposition party to the CPSU
• 1988, June 28-July 1 - at the XIX All-Union Party Conference of the CPSU, a decision was made on alternative elections of deputies to the Soviets of all levels
• November 30, 1988 - Jamming of all foreign radio stations is completely prohibited in the USSR
• 1987-1988 - publication of literary works banned in the USSR, articles about the past of the USSR were published in magazines and newspapers, refuting established myths (" New world”, “Moscow News”, “Arguments and Facts”, “Spark”)
• 1989, March 26 - the first free elections to the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR
• 1989, May 25 - The First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR opened in Moscow, at which for the first time the problems of the country were openly discussed, some actions of the authorities were criticized, proposals and alternatives were put forward. The meetings of the congress were broadcast live and listened to throughout the country.
• 1989, December 12-24 - at the II Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, Boris Yeltsin, who led a group of democrats, demanded the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR, which stated that "the CPSU is the leading and guiding force" in the state

Perestroika, acceleration, glasnost - the slogans of the policy pursued by M. S. Gorbachev

The collapse of the USSR

The Soviet Union was based on violence and fear, or discipline and respect for authority, as one likes. As soon as the people discovered a certain lethargy and helplessness in the actions of the state, some freedom, actions of disobedience began. Somewhere there were strikes (in the spring of 1989 in the mines), somewhere there were anti-communist rallies (in August-September 1988 in Moscow). However, inter-ethnic conflicts and the activities of national republics caused the biggest problems for Moscow, the leaders of which, sensing the weakness of the Center, decided to take all power in the territory under their control.

• 1986, December 17-18 - anti-communist protests of Kazakh youth in Alma-Ata
• 1988, November-December - aggravation of relations between Azerbaijan and Armenia because of Nagorno-Karabakh
• 1989, June - pogrom of the Meskhetian Turks in the Ferghana Valley
• 1989, July 15-16 - bloody clashes between Georgians and Abkhazians in Sukhumi (16 dead).
• 1989, April 6 - anti-Soviet rally in Tbilisi, suppressed by the army
• 1990, January - unrest in Baku, suppressed by the Army
• 1990, June - conflict between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks in the city of Osh
• 1990, March 11 - Declaration of Independence of Lithuania
• 1990, May 4 - Declaration of Independence of Latvia
• 1990, May 8 - Declaration of Independence of Estonia
• 1990, June 12 - declaration of independence of the RSFSR
• 1990, September 2 - the proclamation of the Transnistrian Republic
• 1991, January 8-9 - bloody clashes between the army and demonstrators in Vilnius
• 1991, March 31 - a referendum on the independence of Georgia
• 1991, April 19 - conflict between Ingush and Ossetians, one dead

On August 20, 1991, the signing by the former republics of the USSR of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and in the fall - Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine and Turkmenistan, a new treaty that terminates the union of 1922 and creates a new public education confederation instead of federation

GKChP. Briefly

For the sake of preventing the creation of a new state and saving the old - the Soviet Union, part of the party elite formed the State Committee for the State of Emergency. Gorbachev, who was resting in the Crimea at that moment, was isolated from the ongoing events.

Composition of the State Committee for the State of Emergency

*** Achalov - Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, Colonel General
*** Baklanov - First Deputy Chairman of the USSR Defense Council
*** Boldin - Chief of Staff of the President of the USSR
*** Varennikov - Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces
*** Generalov - head of security of the residence of the President of the USSR in Foros
*** Kryuchkov - Chairman of the KGB of the USSR
*** Lukyanov - Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
*** Pavlov - Prime Minister of the USSR
*** Plekhanov - Head of the Security Service of the KGB of the USSR
*** Pugo - Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR
*** Starodubtsev - Chairman of the Peasants' Union of the USSR
*** Tizyakov - President of the Association of State Enterprises of the USSR
*** Shenin - member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU
*** Yazov - Minister of Defense of the USSR
*** Yanaev - Vice President of the USSR

• 1991, August 15 - the text of the new Union Treaty was published
• 1991, August 17 - Kryuchkov, Pavlov, Yazov, Baklanov, Shenin, Boldin at a meeting decide to introduce a state of emergency from August 19, require Gorbachev to sign the relevant decrees or resign and transfer powers to Vice President Yanaev
• 1991, August 17 - the conspirators decided to send a delegation to Gorbachev demanding the introduction of a state of emergency and non-signing of the Treaty
• 1991, August 18 - Yanaev in the Kremlin met with members of the delegation who returned from the Crimea after a meeting with Gorbachev
• 1991, August 18 - Yazov ordered to prepare the entry of troops into Moscow
• 1991, August 19 - Yanaev signed a decree on the formation of the State Committee for the State of Emergency

GKChP Resolution No. 1 introduced a ban
- rallies
- demonstrations
- strikes
- activities of political parties, public organizations, mass movements
- issues of some central, Moscow city and regional socio-political publications
- the allocation of 15 acres of land to all interested residents of cities for gardening and gardening

• 1991, August 19 - units of the Taman motorized rifle division, the Kantemirovskaya tank division, the 106th (Tula) airborne division entered Moscow
• 1991, August 19 - people opposing the GKChP began to gather near the building of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, on Manezhnaya Square, in the evening B. Yeltsin spoke to them, reading out the Decree "On the illegality of the actions of the GKChP"
• 1991, August 20 - the confrontation between Muscovites, led by Yeltsin and the State Emergency Committee, continued. There were rumors about the preparation of a forceful dispersal of the protesters, the storming of the White House, on TV they suddenly showed a true story about what was happening near the White House
• 1991, August 21 - at 5 o'clock in the morning Yazov ordered the withdrawal of troops from Moscow
• 1991, August 21 - at 17:00, a delegation of the State Emergency Committee arrived in Crimea. Gorbachev refused to accept it and demanded to restore contact with the outside world
• 1991, August 21 - At 9 o'clock in the evening, Vice-President Yanaev signed a decree in which the State Emergency Committee was declared dissolved, and all its decisions were invalid
• 1991, August 21 - at 10 p.m., the Prosecutor General of the RSFSR Stepankov issued a decree on the arrest of members of the State Emergency Committee ( more details about the August Putsch are written on Wikipedia)

Outcome of the GKChP

• 1991, August 24 - Ukraine declared state independence
• 1991, August 25 - Belarus
• 1991, August 27 - Moldova
• 1991, August 31 - Uzbekistan
• 1991, October 27 - Turkmenistan
• 1991, August 31 - Kyrgyzstan
• 1991, September 9 - Tajikistan
• 1991, September 21 - Armenia
• 1991, October 18 - Azerbaijan
• 1991, December 8 - in Viskuli near Brest (Belarus), President of the RSFSR B. Yeltsin, President of Ukraine L. Kravchuk and Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus S. Shushkevich signed an Agreement on the disintegration of the USSR and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

Perestroika, acceleration, glasnost, the State Emergency Committee - all these attempts to fix, restore the Soviet state machine were in vain, because it was inseparable and could only exist in the form in which it was