Rocket Launcher Hurricane. Rszo hurricane - multiple launch rocket system: performance characteristics and radius of destruction. Child of the Cold War

The 9K57 Uragan multiple launch rocket system has a caliber of 220 mm. It is designed to destroy any group targets, the vulnerable elements of which are open and sheltered manpower, unarmoured, lightly armored and armored vehicles of motorized infantry and tank companies, artillery units, tactical missiles, anti-aircraft systems and helicopters in parking lots; command posts, communication centers and objects of the military-industrial structure. Adopted in 1976.

The combat vehicle has sixteen guides for unguided rockets. The ammunition load includes 9M27F rockets with a monobloc high-explosive warhead, 9M27K with 30 high-explosive fragmentation elements, 9M27K2 with 24 anti-tank mines, 9M27KZ with 312 anti-personnel mines and 9M59 with 9 anti-tank mines.

The complex includes: fighting machine 9P140, 9T452 transport-loading vehicle, 9F381 set of special arsenal equipment and tools, training aids, 1V126 Kapustnik-B automated fire control complex, 1T12-2M topographic survey vehicle and 1B44 radio direction finding meteorological complex.

MLRS Hurricane has high performance characteristics. Critical temperature (from -50 to +50 °С), high air humidity (98% at a temperature of 20-25°С), dust content of ground air (up to 2g/m3) are the normal operating conditions of the complex. Such indicators allow the use of Hurricane in any climatic conditions. The complex allows firing at altitudes up to 3000 meters above sea level and surface wind up to 20 m/s.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Caliber, mm 220

Firing range, km:

• Maximum 35

  Minimum 10

Number of combat vehicle guides (BM), pcs 16

Projectile weight, kg 270..280

Salvo time, s 20

Calculation of BM, people 4

Calculation of the transport-loading machine, people 3

BM loading time, min 20

BM deployment time no more, min 3

Coagulation time of the complex, no more, min 1.5

The composition of the MLRS

The composition of the MLRS "Hurricane" includes the following weapons:

Combat vehicle BM 9P140 (see diagram)

Transport and loading vehicle 9T452 (see diagram)

rocket projectiles

Automatic fire control complex (KAUO) 1V126 "Kapustnik-B"

Educational and training facilities

Vehicle for topographic survey 1T12-2M

Radio direction finding meteorological complex 1B44

Set of special arsenal equipment and tools 9F381

The 9P140 combat vehicle is made on the chassis of a four-axle cross-country vehicle ZIL-135LMP (wheel arrangement 8x8). The artillery part includes a package of sixteen tubular rails, a swivel base with guidance mechanisms and sights, a balancing mechanism, as well as electrical and hydraulic equipment. The guidance mechanisms equipped with power drives allow the guidance package to be guided in the vertical plane from 5° to a maximum elevation angle of +55°. Angle of horizontal guidance ±30° from the longitudinal axis of the machine. To increase the stability of the launcher when firing, two supports are mounted in the aft part of the chassis, equipped with manually operated jacks. Rocket projectiles can be transported directly in guides. The BM is equipped with communications equipment (radio station R-123M) and a night vision device.

MLRS Hurricane. Rear view of the installation.

Tubular guides are smooth-walled pipes with a U-shaped screw groove, along which the rocket pin slides when fired. This ensures the initial spin-up of the projectile to give it the necessary stability in flight. When moving along the trajectory, the rotation of the projectile is supported by the blades of the drop-down stabilizer installed at a certain angle to the longitudinal axis of the projectile. A volley of one BM covers an area of ​​​​more than 42 hectares. The main way of shooting is from a closed position. It is possible to fire from the cockpit. Calculation of BM 9P140 - 6 people (in peacetime - 4): BM commander, gunner (senior gunner), driver, calculation number (3 people).

The guide package is mounted on a cradle - a welded rectangular platform (see the layout diagram). The cradle is connected to the upper machine by two semi-axes, around which it rotates (swings) when pointing at the elevation angle. The combination of a package of guides, a cradle, a number of parts and assemblies of the locking mechanism, an ignition system, a sight bracket, etc., constitutes the swinging part. The rotating part of the BM serves to give the guide package the desired azimuthal angle and includes a swinging part, an upper machine, balancing, lifting and turning mechanisms, a shoulder strap, a gunner’s platform, a manual guidance drive, a locking mechanism for the swinging part, a hydraulic lock for the swinging part, a locking mechanism for the rotating part . The balancing mechanism serves to partially compensate for the moment of weight of the swinging part and consists of two torsion bars and fasteners. The lifting and turning mechanisms are used to guide the guide package along the elevation angle and in the horizontal plane. The main method of guidance is electric. In case of failure and repair, a manual drive is used. Locking mechanisms fix the moving parts of the unit during movement. The hydraulic lock of the oscillating part prevents the aiming from falling off in the elevation angle and unloads the lifting mechanism during firing.

A mechanical panoramic sight D726-45 is installed on the combat vehicle. The standard PG-1M gun panorama is used as a sighting and goniometric device in the sight.

BM 9P140 launch system provides:

safe operation of the calculation serving the BM during firing,

conducting single and salvo fire while the calculation is in the cockpit,

conducting single and salvo fire when the crew is in shelter at a distance of up to 60m from the BM,

firing in case of failure of the main blocks of firing circuits and power sources.

The launch system provides the possibility of salvo firing at a constant rate (all 16 missiles are launched at a rate of 0.5s), as well as the so-called. "Jagged" rate of fire (the first 8 missiles with a rate of 0.5s, the remaining 8 missiles with a rate of 2s). Thanks to the use of a "ragged" rate of fire, it is possible to significantly reduce the amplitude and frequency of the BM oscillations, and, consequently, improve the accuracy of fire.

MLRS "Hurricane" Loading machine

The launcher is loaded using the 9T452 transport-loading vehicle, developed on the same wheeled chassis as the combat vehicle. Each TZM 9T452 carries 16 rockets and provides loading and unloading without special position preparation, incl. from any transport vehicle, from another TZM and from the ground. The reloading process is mechanized, its duration is 15 minutes. Load capacity of the crane TZM 300kg.

The TZM equipment consists of a frame, a tray with a rammer, a crane, cargo trolleys, an operator platform, a load gripping device, a docking device, a crane slewing gearbox, a rod, an alignment mechanism, electrical equipment, and spare parts. The tray with the rammer is a folding beam along which the pusher with the rocket moves. The alignment mechanism is designed to align the axis of the rocket, located in the tray, with the axis of the guide tube. Carts left and right are designed to accommodate missiles. There are three electric drives on the TZM: lifting (lowering) the missiles, turning the crane, sending the missiles into the rails.

BM loading is carried out from the upper tier in the following sequence: lift the rocket and put it in the tray, unhook the load-handling device and send the rocket into the rail (see the diagram of the relative position of the BM 9P140 and TZM 9T452 during loading and the layout of the BM battery at the firing line).

A feature of the four-axle wheeled chassis of the ZIL-135LMP is the location of the power plant behind the four-seat cockpit. This power point consists of two V-shaped eight-cylinder carburetor engines ZIL-375. Each of these engines at 3200 rpm develops a maximum power of 180 hp. With. The transmission is made according to the on-board scheme: the wheels of each side are driven by an independent engine through a separate gearbox, transfer boxes and final drives. The wheels of the first and fourth axles are steerable, have an independent torsion bar suspension with shock absorbers. The wheels of the middle axles are brought together, they do not have an elastic suspension and are rigidly attached to the frame. The machine is equipped with a centralized tire pressure control system. The machine has a very high cross-country ability and good speed characteristics. When driving on a highway with a full load, it develops a speed of up to 65 km / h, without prior preparation it overcomes fords 1.2 m deep. The fuel range is 500 km.

The artillery of Russia and the world, along with other states, has introduced the most significant innovations - the transformation of a smooth-bore gun loaded from the muzzle into a rifled one loaded from the breech (lock). The use of streamlined projectiles and various types of fuses with an adjustable setting for the response time; more powerful gunpowders, such as cordite, which appeared in Britain before the First World War; the development of rolling systems, which made it possible to increase the rate of fire and relieved the gun crew from the hard work of rolling into the firing position after each shot; connection in one assembly of the projectile, propellant charge and fuse; the use of shrapnel shells, after the explosion, scattering small steel particles in all directions.

Russian artillery, capable of firing large projectiles, sharply highlighted the problem of weapon durability. In 1854, during the Crimean War, Sir William Armstrong, a British hydraulic engineer, proposed the wrought iron gun barrel method of first twisting iron bars and then welding them together by forging. The gun barrel was additionally strengthened with wrought iron rings. Armstrong set up a business that made guns of several sizes. One of the most famous was his 12-pounder rifled gun with a 7.6 cm (3 in) bore and a screw lock mechanism.

Artillery of the Second World War (WWII), in particular Soviet Union, probably had the largest potential among European armies. At the same time, the Red Army experienced the purges of Commander-in-Chief Joseph Stalin and endured the difficult Winter War with Finland at the end of the decade. During this period, Soviet design bureaus took a conservative approach to technology.
The first modernization effort came with the improvement of the 76.2 mm M00/02 field gun in 1930, which included improved ammunition and the replacement of barrels for parts of the gun fleet, new version the guns were named M02/30. Six years later, the 76.2 mm M1936 field gun appeared, with a carriage from the 107 mm.

Heavy artilleryof all armies, and rather rare materials from the time of Hitler's blitzkrieg, whose army smoothly and without delay crossed the Polish border. The German army was the most modern and best equipped army in the world. Wehrmacht artillery operated in close cooperation with infantry and aviation, trying to quickly occupy the territory and deprive Polish army ways of communication. The world shuddered upon learning of a new armed conflict in Europe.

Artillery of the USSR in positional warfare on Western front in the last war and the horror in the trenches, the military leaders of some countries created new priorities in the tactics of using artillery. They believed that in the second global conflict of the 20th century, mobile firepower and accuracy of fire.

Materials provided by: S.V. Gurov (Tula)

Multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) "Hurricane" is designed to destroy manpower, lightly armored and armored vehicles of motorized infantry and tank units of the enemy in places of concentration and on the march, destroy command posts, communication centers and objects of military-industrial infrastructure, remote installation of anti-tank and anti-personnel minefields in the combat zone at a distance of 10 to 35 km.

Considering the adoption in 1963 of the Field jet system M-21, the Tula State Research Institute of Precision Engineering, on an initiative basis in 1963-1964, conducted a search work in order to study the possibility of creating a more powerful system in terms of the amount of explosive in a salvo, more long-range, with the help of which it would be possible to solve operational combat missions at ranges ranging from 10 to 35-40 km.

In June 1964, the "Project of the Uragan field MLRS system with a projectile range of 35 km" was sent to the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering for consideration. a short time that could be used to combat manpower, both openly located and sheltered in field-type structures, fire weapons, tanks, nuclear and chemical weapons and other targets and objects of the enemy at ranges up to 35-40 km.

On the basis of the order of the Ministry of Defense Industry (MOP), dated December 28, 1966, in 1967, the research work "Creation of a high-precision missile system salvo fire "Hurricane" (NV-121-66). The work was completed in December 1967 with confirmation of the possibility of obtaining the specified characteristics, carrying out theoretical studies, bench tests of engines, the stabilizer opening delay mechanism, the separation mechanism, aerodynamic purges and firing model projectiles and was recommended for experimental design work (R&D).

The results of the work carried out were approved by subsection No. 1 of section 1 of the IOM STC and the topic was recommended for R&D after the identified shortcomings were eliminated.

There are other data, according to which, in 1967, the implementation of the research topic was completed and a draft design of the complex was developed, confirmed by bench tests of the projectile and launcher assemblies, as well as firing tests with model projectiles. As a result of the work carried out, a conclusion was made about the possibility and expediency of creating the Uragan complex with the following characteristics:

Complex "Hurricane" with the above characteristics was superior to the regular system "Grad" and significantly superior to the known domestic samples, therefore, it was recommended for development work.

Based on the order of the Minister of Mechanical Engineering and the Minister of Defense Industry dated February 27, 1968 No. 18/94 on the basic requirements of the military unit. 64176 (ref. No. a / 774378 dated March 30, 1968) in the III quarter of 1968. was completed by the development of the preliminary design of the Uragan complex.

The Uragan complex was designed to suppress and destroy enemy manpower and equipment in places of concentration at ranges up to 35 km.

The complex was developed as part of:

• unguided rocket;
• combat vehicle;
• command vehicle;
• transport-loading machine.

As a result of the work carried out, the following characteristics of the complex were obtained:

For the Uragan complex, the possibility and expediency of creating a high-explosive fragmentation warhead, a warhead in a special filling, as well as fragmentation cluster warheads were shown. These warheads were recommended for development work.
For combat units for remote mining with anti-personnel and anti-tank mines and firing units, it was necessary to carry out research work with the manufacture and testing of prototypes.
As a result of the implementation of the auto project, the possibility of using radio technical sighting in order to increase the accuracy of shooting was shown. In the case of using radio technical sighting, the accuracy of firing by the Uragan complex could be obtained no worse than ± 1000 m.
The radio technical sighting machine could be created both as an independent command vehicle and as a modification of a combat vehicle. In the latter version, the number of guides had to be reduced to accommodate radio technical adjustment equipment.
The question of the advisability of creating a radio-technical attachment in the Uragan complex required further study.
The preliminary design of the Uragan complex was approved by the 2nd Main Directorate (conclusion ref. No. I-6226 of 27.II.68) and by the decision of subsection No. 2 of section No. I of the NTS of Minmash (out. I-6224 of 4.I2.68) and recommended for development work.

There is also data according to which, in order to eliminate these shortcomings discovered during the research, on the basis of order MM and MOP No. 18/94 in 1968, the Preliminary design of the Uragan multiple launch rocket system was developed and in September 1968 the work was recommended for carrying out R&D (from the document TULGOSNIITOCHMASH (Tula) of the early 70s).

In 1969 - early 1970, work was carried out to compile and adjust the tactical and technical requirements for development work: “Army multiple launch rocket system” “Grad-3” (according to changes in the beginning of 1970 “Hurricane”). This is probably TTT No. 0010 of military unit 64176. It should have included a combat vehicle, a transport vehicle, a command vehicle, and arsenal equipment. The following types of warheads were proposed: high-explosive (with a given crushing of the hull), cassette fragmentation, cassette for remote mining of the area. The decision to develop warheads of other types (cumulative, incendiary, propaganda and special content) was to be taken by the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering based on the results of the preliminary project in the II quarter of 1970. In the design of the projectiles, a solid-fuel jet engine with an unregulated nozzle (nozzles) was to be used for all types of warheads over the entire operating temperature range. Replacement nozzles are not allowed. The ZIL-135LM chassis was proposed as a base. At the stage of preliminary design, variants of combat and transport vehicles on the chassis of the MT-S tracked transporter-tractor were to be worked out (see the option for the Grad-3 MLRS (Hurricane) and to finalize the command vehicle for the Grad-3 system ("Hurricane"). The number of guides was set equal to 20 when using the ZIL-135LM chassis and 24 when using the MT-S chassis. However, their exact number had to be clarified based on the results of consideration of the draft design. As the base of the transport vehicle, a variant on a wheeled truck chassis Kraz-253.

From a letter to A.N. Ganichev (TULGOSNIITOCHMASH) in military unit 64176 Elagin (GRAU) it became known that the Minmash and the Ministry of Defense Industry approved the following implementing organizations for the Grad-3 system:

• Research Institute of Chemical Technology (Lyubertsy, Moscow region, post box A-7210) for the development of a powder charge with an ignition system;
• Plant "Krasnoarmeets" with the State Design Bureau ... of instrumentation (Leningrad, post box V-8475) for ignition means;
• Kazan Scientific Research Institute of the Chemical Industry (Kazan, PO Box V-2281) for expelling charge for cluster warheads;
• Plant them. Maslennikov (Kuibyshev, P/O Box R-6833) for a contact fuse for a high-explosive warhead and a mechanical-type remote tube for cluster warheads;
• Institute "Geodesy" (Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow region, post box R-6766) for testing and evaluating the effectiveness of combat units;
• Research Institute "Poisk" (Leningrad, post box B-8921) on a contact fuse for a submunition of cluster warheads;
• Krasnoarmeysk Research Institute of Mechanization (Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow region, post box A-7690) for equipping a high-explosive warhead and an explosive charge for a submunition of cluster warheads);
• Orsk Mechanical Plant (Orsk, Orenburg Region, P/O Box R-6286) for the manufacture of engine cases and combat units.

MINOBOROMPROM:

• Perm Machine-Building Plant im. IN AND. Lenin (Perm, p / box R-6760) for combat and transport vehicles;
• All-Union Scientific Research Institute "Signal" (Kovrov, Vladimir region, post box A-1658) to finalize the command vehicle.

Work on the creation of the "Hurricane" system was carried out on the basis of the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 21, 1970 No. 71-26 (Order of the Minister of Mechanical Engineering of January 28, 1970 No. 33).

In January-February 1971, in order to test measures related to work to increase the firing range, firing of 30 rounds of the Uragan system from a ballistic mount on an ML-20 carriage was to be planned. Projectiles with three types of plumage were to be delivered:

• knife type, with a feather thickness of 7 mm, and opening of the feathers at an angle of 90 ° to the longitudinal axis of the projectile (probably meant up to an angle of 90 °);
• according to the scheme of the projectile "Grad";
• combined (combining the plumage of the "Grad" projectile and the knife type).

When blowing in TsAGI variants of projectiles with three types of plumage, positive results were obtained. The stability margin was ~12%.

A letter dated April 26, 1972 mentions work on fiberglass pipes for guide packages of 9P140 and 9P139 combat vehicles.

In 1972, TulgosNIItochmash carried out work on the topic HB2-154-72 "Single-channel angular stabilization system for Grad and" type shells (work began - 1st quarter of 1972, completion - 2nd quarter of 1973).

In 1972, the search for the design of a single-channel angular stabilization system was carried out in two directions:

• based on an angular velocity sensor using gas-dynamic actuators;
• based on a contact angle sensor with powder impulse actuators.

According to the report of TulgosNIITochmash on work in 1972, in 1972 theoretical calculations were carried out, modeling on analog electronic machines, experimental laboratory studies of a single-channel angular stabilization system and its elements for unguided rockets of the Grad and Uragan types: The basic requirements for system and its elements.

The single-channel angular stabilization system included an angular displacement sensor, an electronic conversion unit, gas-dynamic (or pulsed) type actuators.

It was determined that the use of a single-channel system of angular stabilization in shells of the "Grad" and "Uragan" types improves their characteristics in terms of accuracy of fire by 1.5-2 times.

Drawings were developed for the elements of the angular stabilization system, prototypes were made and tested in laboratory conditions. At the time of writing or submission of the report, a batch of units of a single-channel angle stabilization system was being produced for flight testing.

In 1972, on the basis of the order of the head of the 2nd Main Directorate of the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering dated December 20, 1970 No. 17, TulgosNIITochmash carried out research work on the topic "Research on ways to create long-range projectiles for systems such as" Grad "and" Hurricane "(topic HB2-110 -71g).

In accordance with the target task of the topic, theoretical and experimental work was carried out, which demonstrated the possibility of increasing the firing range of the Grad and Uragan projectiles through the use of durable materials for the hull and high-impulse propellants.

In 1972, the factory testing was completed, and the system was submitted for field-military tests in the following composition:

• unguided rockets with high-explosive (100-105 kg) and cluster fragmentation (80-85 kg) warheads;
• combat vehicle 9P140 on the ZIL-135LM chassis;
• transport-loading vehicle 9T452 on the ZIL-135LM chassis;
• arsenal equipment.

At the stage of factory testing, the characteristics of the system were obtained that meet the main tactical and technical requirements:

• the maximum firing range of shells with a high-explosive warhead is 34 km, with a cluster warhead - 35 km;
• shooting accuracy:
  • a projectile with a high-explosive warhead: in range Vd/X = 1/197, in direction Vb/X = 1/174.
  • a projectile with a cluster warhead: in range Vd/X = 1/261, in direction Wb/X = 1/152.
• The reduced area of ​​destruction by a cluster warhead, subject to the approach of the combat elements to the target 85-90 °:
  • openly located manpower (Eud. \u003d 10kgm / cm 2) - 22090m 2
  • military equipment (Eud. \u003d 135kgm / cm 2) - 19270m 2
• The reduced area of ​​destruction by a high-explosive warhead: military equipment (Eud \u003d 240kgm / cm 2) - 1804m 2;
• Funnel size: diameter 8m, depth 4.8m.

The number of guides of the combat vehicle - 18; volley time - 9s, transportable ammunition load of shells on a transport-loading vehicle - 1 set.

Chief designer of the combat vehicle Yuri Nikolaevich Kalachnikov.

According to data dated 1986, the Uragan MLRS (BM-27 combat vehicles in the source) were in service not only in units Soviet army, but also in the Syrian army, and according to some sources in the Libyan army.

Currently, the system is in service with the armies of Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine, Yemen and Syria.

MLRS "Hurricane" was widely used in combat operations in Afghanistan, during which it was used to destroy area targets, especially for surprise strikes from behind various natural shelters, as well as for fire support during tactical helicopter raids and operations to destroy ground targets. goals. In the early 80s, it was deployed and used by the Syrian military at the initial stage of the war with Israel. The system was used in Transcaucasia (according to 1991 data), by Russian federal troops in the Chechen Republic and during the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict of 2008 by Russian troops. In 2014-2015, the system was used by the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) against militias.

In Ukraine, work was carried out on the installation of an artillery unit on a KrAZ-6322 truck chassis modified for its installation. The time of the work has not been set.

Compound

The composition of the MLRS "Hurricane" includes the following weapons:

• Combat vehicle BM 9P140 (see diagram)
• Transport-loading vehicle 9T452 (see diagram)
• rocket projectiles
• Automatic fire control complex (KAUO) 1V126 "Kapustnik-B"
• Educational and training facilities
• Vehicle for topographic survey 1T12-2M
• Radio direction finding meteorological complex 1B44
• Set of special arsenal equipment and tools 9F381

The 9P140 combat vehicle is made on the chassis of a four-axle cross-country vehicle ZIL-135LMP (wheel arrangement 8x8). The artillery part includes a package of sixteen tubular rails, a swivel base with guidance mechanisms and sights, a balancing mechanism, as well as electrical and hydraulic equipment. The guidance mechanisms equipped with power drives allow the guidance package to be guided in the vertical plane from 5° to a maximum elevation angle of +55°. Angle of horizontal guidance ±30° from the longitudinal axis of the machine. To increase the stability of the launcher when firing, two supports are mounted in the aft part of the chassis, equipped with manually operated jacks. Rocket projectiles can be transported directly in guides. The BM is equipped with communications equipment (radio station R-123M) and a night vision device.

Tubular guides are smooth-walled pipes with a U-shaped screw groove, along which the rocket pin slides when fired. This ensures the initial spin-up of the projectile to give it the necessary stability in flight. When moving along the trajectory, the rotation of the projectile is supported by the blades of the drop-down stabilizer installed at a certain angle to the longitudinal axis of the projectile. A volley of one BM covers an area of ​​​​more than 42 hectares. The main way of shooting is from a closed position. It is possible to fire from the cockpit. Calculation of BM 9P140 - 6 people (in peacetime - 4): BM commander, gunner (senior gunner), driver, calculation number (3 people).

The guide package is mounted on a cradle - a welded rectangular platform (see layout diagram). The cradle is connected to the upper machine by two semi-axes, around which it rotates (swings) when pointing at the elevation angle. The combination of a package of guides, a cradle, a number of parts and assemblies of the locking mechanism, an ignition system, a sight bracket, etc., constitutes the swinging part. The rotating part of the BM serves to give the guide package the desired azimuthal angle and includes a swinging part, an upper machine, balancing, lifting and turning mechanisms, a shoulder strap, a gunner’s platform, a manual guidance drive, a locking mechanism for the swinging part, a hydraulic lock for the swinging part, a locking mechanism for the rotating part . The balancing mechanism serves to partially compensate for the moment of weight of the swinging part and consists of two torsion bars and fasteners. The lifting and turning mechanisms are used to guide the guide package along the elevation angle and in the horizontal plane. The main method of guidance is electric. In case of failure and repair, a manual drive is used. Locking mechanisms fix the moving parts of the unit during movement. The hydraulic lock of the oscillating part prevents the aiming from falling off in the elevation angle and unloads the lifting mechanism during firing.

A mechanical panoramic sight D726-45 is installed on the combat vehicle. The standard PG-1M gun panorama is used as a sighting and goniometric device in the sight.

BM 9P140 launch system provides:

• safe operation of the calculation serving the BM during firing,
• conducting single and salvo fire while the calculation is in the cockpit,
• conducting single and salvo fire when the crew is in shelter at a distance of up to 60m from the BM,
• firing in case of failure of the main blocks of firing circuits and power sources.

The launch system provides the possibility of salvo firing at a constant rate (all 16 missiles are launched at a rate of 0.5s), as well as the so-called. "ragged" rate of fire (the first 8 missiles with a rate of 0.5s, the remaining 8 missiles with a rate of 2s). Thanks to the use of a "torn" rate of fire, it is possible to significantly reduce the amplitude and frequency of BM oscillations, and, consequently, improve the accuracy of fire.

The launcher is loaded using the 9T452 transport-loading vehicle, developed on the same wheeled chassis as the combat vehicle. Each TZM 9T452 carries 16 rockets and provides loading and unloading without special position preparation, incl. from any transport vehicle, from another TZM and from the ground. The reloading process is mechanized, its duration is 15 minutes. Load capacity of the crane TZM 300kg.

The TZM equipment consists of a frame, a tray with a rammer, a crane, cargo trolleys, an operator platform, a load gripping device, a docking device, a crane slewing gearbox, a rod, an alignment mechanism, electrical equipment, and spare parts. The tray with the rammer is a folding beam along which the pusher with the rocket moves. The alignment mechanism is designed to align the axis of the rocket, located in the tray, with the axis of the guide tube. Carts left and right are designed to accommodate missiles. There are three electric drives on the TZM: lifting (lowering) the missiles, turning the crane, sending the missiles into the rails.

BM loading is carried out from the upper tier in the following sequence: lift the rocket and put it in the tray, unhook the load-handling device and send the rocket into the rail (see the diagram of the relative position of the BM 9P140 and TZM 9T452 during loading and the layout of the BM battery at the firing line).

A feature of the four-axle wheeled chassis of the ZIL-135LMP is the location of the power plant behind the four-seater cockpit. This power plant consists of two V-shaped eight-cylinder ZIL-375 carburetor engines. Each of these engines at 3200 rpm develops a maximum power of 180 hp. With. The transmission is made according to the on-board scheme: the wheels of each side are driven by an independent engine through a separate gearbox, transfer boxes and final drives. The wheels of the first and fourth axles are steerable, have an independent torsion bar suspension with shock absorbers. The wheels of the middle axles are brought together, they do not have an elastic suspension and are rigidly attached to the frame. The machine is equipped with a centralized tire pressure control system. The machine has a very high cross-country ability and good speed characteristics. When driving on a highway with a full load, it develops a speed of up to 65 km / h, without prior preparation it overcomes fords 1.2 m deep. The fuel range is 500 km.

The maximum firing range is 35 km, for firing at shorter distances, rings are put on the rocket to slow it down in flight. With a small ring, the flight range of cluster projectiles is from 11 to 22 km, NURS 9M27F - from 8 to 21 km. When using a large brake ring, the flight range of cluster shells is from 9 to 15 km, 9M27F - from 8 to 16 km.

Operation of the complex is possible under conditions of use by the enemy of nuclear, chemical, bacteriological weapons at any time of the year and day, in various climatic conditions at an ambient temperature of -40°C to +50°C.

MLRS "Uragan" can be transported by rail, water, air.

In order to organize mass production of body parts for MLRS "Uragan" and "Smerch", enterprises of the industry purchased specialized mills of models PPT-200, PPT-200S, PPT-350 and others, which, according to 2005 data, were successfully used at a number of enterprises for the production of hull details.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Testing and operation

According to data dated July 2018, the Soviet side sold rockets and other components of the Uragan system (it should be understood as the Uragan MLRS) to the Syrian side. Some of these rockets were handed over to Hezbollah in the early 2000s.

In 2002 Alyazhedinov Vadim Rashitovich, Skyrda Viktor Andreevich was awarded the prize named after S.I. Mosin for work

Due to the ongoing fighting in different countries around the world, television screens are constantly broadcasting news reports from one hot spot or another. And very often there are alarming reports of hostilities, during which various multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS) are actively involved. It is difficult for a person who is in no way connected with the army or the military to navigate in a wide variety of all kinds of military equipment, so in this article we will tell a simple layman in detail about such death machines as:

• Tank-based heavy flamethrower system (TOS) - Buratino multiple launch rocket system (rarely used, but very effective weapon).
• Multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) "Grad" - widely used
• The modernized and improved "sister" of the MLRS "Grad" - jet (which the media and the townsfolk often call "Typhoon" because of the chassis used in the combat vehicle from the "Typhoon" truck).
• Multiple rocket launcher system - powerful weapon with a long range, used to defeat almost any target.
• Having no analogues in the whole world, unique, causing reverent horror and used for total annihilation, the Smerch multiple rocket launcher system (MLRS).

"Pinocchio" from an unkind fairy tale

In the relatively distant 1971, in the USSR, engineers from the Design Bureau of Transport Engineering, located in Omsk, presented another masterpiece military power. It was a heavy flamethrower system of volley fire "Pinocchio" (TOSZO). The creation and subsequent improvement of this flamethrower complex was kept under the heading "top secret". The development lasted 9 years, and in 1980 the combat complex, which is a kind of tandem of the T-72 tank and a launcher with 24 guides, was finally approved and delivered to the Armed Forces of the Soviet Army.

"Pinocchio": application

TOSZO "Pinocchio" is used for arson and significant damage:

• enemy equipment (with the exception of armored);
• multi-storey buildings and other construction projects;
• various protective structures;
• living force.

MLRS (TOS) "Pinocchio": description

As multiple launch rocket systems "Grad" and "Uragan", TOSZO "Pinocchio" was first used in the Afghan and in the second Chechen wars. According to 2014 data, the military forces of Russia, Iraq, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have such combat vehicles.

The Buratino salvo fire system has the following characteristics:

• The weight of the TOC with a full set for combat is about 46 tons.
• The length of Pinocchio is 6.86 meters, width - 3.46 meters, height - 2.6 meters.
• The caliber of the projectiles is 220 millimeters (22 cm).
• For firing, uncontrolled rockets are used, which cannot be controlled after they are fired.
• The greatest shooting distance is 13.6 kilometers.
• The maximum area of ​​destruction after the production of one volley is 4 hectares.
• The number of charges and guides - 24 pieces.
• The aiming of the volley is carried out directly from the cockpit using a special fire control system, which consists of a sight, a roll sensor and a ballistic computer.
• Shells for completing ROSZO after volleys are carried out by means of a transport-loading (TZM) machine model 9T234-2, with a crane and a charger.
• Manage "Pinocchio" 3 people.

As can be seen from the characteristics, just one volley of "Pinocchio" is capable of turning 4 hectares into a flaming hell. Impressive power, right?

Precipitation in the form of "Grad"

In 1960, the USSR monopoly on the production of multiple launch rocket systems and other weapons mass destruction NPO "Splav" launched another secret project and began to develop a completely new at that time MLRS called "Grad". The introduction of adjustments lasted 3 years, and the MLRS entered the ranks of the Soviet Army in 1963, but its improvement did not stop there, it continued until 1988.

"Grad": application

Like the Uragan MLRS, the Grad multiple launch rocket system showed in battle so nice results, which, despite its "advanced age", continues to be widely used to this day. "Grad" is used to deliver a very impressive blow to:

• artillery batteries;
• any military equipment, including armored;
• manpower;
• command posts;
• military-industrial facilities;
• anti-aircraft complexes.

In addition to the sun Russian Federation, the Grad multiple launch rocket system is in service with almost all countries of the world, including almost all continents the globe. The largest number of combat vehicles of this type is located in the USA, Hungary, Sudan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Vietnam, Bulgaria, Germany, Egypt, India, Kazakhstan, Iran, Cuba, Yemen. Ukraine's multiple launch rocket systems also contain 90 Grad units.

MLRS "Grad": description

The multiple launch rocket system "Grad" has the following characteristics:

• The total weight of the Grad MLRS, ready for battle and equipped with all shells, is 13.7 tons.
• The length of the MLRS is 7.35 meters, the width is 2.4 meters, the height is 3.09 meters.
• The caliber of the shells is 122 millimeters (a little over 12 cm).
• For firing, base rockets with a caliber of 122 mm are used, as well as fragmentation high-explosive explosive shells, chemical, incendiary and smoke warheads.
• from 4 to 42 kilometers.
• The maximum area of ​​destruction after the production of one volley is 14.5 hectares.
• One volley is carried out in just 20 seconds.
• A full reload of the MLRS "Grad" lasts about 7 minutes.
• The reactive system is brought into combat position in no more than 3.5 minutes.
• Reloading of the MLRS is possible only with the use of a transport-loading vehicle.
• The sight is implemented using the gun panorama.
• Manage "Castle" 3 people.

"Grad" is a multiple launch rocket system, the characteristics of which in our time receive the highest score from the military. Throughout its existence, it has been used in Afghan war, in the clashes between Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh, in both Chechen wars, during the period of hostilities in Libya, South Ossetia and Syria, as well as in civil war in Donbass (Ukraine), which broke out in 2014.

Attention! The tornado is coming

"Tornado-G" (as mentioned above, this MLRS is sometimes mistakenly called "Typhoon", therefore, for convenience, both names are given here) - a multiple launch rocket system, which is a modernized version of the MLRS "Grad". The design engineers of the Splav plant worked on the creation of this powerful hybrid. Development began in 1990 and lasted 8 years. For the first time, the capabilities and power of the jet system were demonstrated in 1998 at a training ground near Orenburg, after which it was decided to further improve this MLRS To get the final result, the developers over the next 5 years improved the "Tornado-G" ("Typhoon").The volley fire system was put into service with the Russian Federation in 2013. this moment time, this combat vehicle is only in service with the Russian Federation. "Tornado-G" ("Typhoon") is a volley fire system, which has no analogues anywhere.

"Tornado": application

MLRS is used in combat to crush targets such as:

• artillery;
• all types of enemy equipment;
• military and industrial facilities;
• anti-aircraft complexes.

MLRS "Tornado-G" ("Typhoon"): description

"Tornado-G" ("Typhoon") is a multiple launch rocket system, which, due to the increased power of ammunition, greater range and built-in satellite guidance system, surpassed its so-called "big sister" - MLRS "Grad" - 3 times.

Characteristics:

• The weight of the fully equipped MLRS is 15.1 tons.
• Length "Tornado-G" - 7.35 meters, width - 2.4 meters, height - 3 meters.
• The caliber of the shells is 122 millimeters (12.2 cm).
• MLRS "Tornado-G" is universal in that, in addition to the basic shells from the MLRS "Grad", it is possible to use new generation ammunition with detachable cumulative warheads filled with cluster explosive elements, as well as
• The firing range under favorable landscape conditions reaches 100 kilometers.
• The maximum area subject to destruction after the production of one volley is 14.5 hectares.
• The number of charges and guides - 40 pieces.
• The sight is carried out using several hydraulic drives.
• One volley is carried out in 20 seconds.
• The deadly machine is ready to go within 6 minutes.
• Shooting is carried out using a remote installation (RC) and entirely automated system fire control located in the cockpit.
• Crew - 2 people.

Fierce "Hurricane"

As happened with most MLRS, the history of the Hurricane began back in the USSR, or rather, in 1957. The "fathers" of the MLRS "Hurricane" were Ganichev Alexander Nikitovich and Kalachnikov Yuri Nikolaevich. Moreover, the first designed the system itself, and the second developed a combat vehicle.

"Hurricane": application

MLRS "Hurricane" is designed to break targets such as:

• artillery batteries;
• any enemy equipment, including armored;
• living force;
• all kinds of building objects;
• anti-aircraft missile systems;
• tactical missiles.

MLRS "Hurricane": description

The first time "Hurricane" was used in the Afghan war. They say that the Mujahideen were afraid of this MLRS to the point of fainting and even gave it a formidable nickname - "shaitan-pipe".

In addition, the Uragan multiple launch rocket system, whose characteristics command respect among soldiers, has been in clashes in South Africa. This is what prompted the military of the African continent to produce developments in the field of MLRS.

At the moment, this MLRS is in service with such countries as: Russia, Ukraine, Afghanistan, Czech Republic, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Belarus, Poland, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Yemen, Kyrgyzstan, Guinea, Syria, Tajikistan, Eritrea, Slovakia.

The "Hurricane" salvo fire system has the following characteristics:

• The weight of the MLRS fully equipped and in combat readiness is 20 tons.
• The Hurricane is 9.63 meters long, 2.8 meters wide and 3.225 meters high.
• The caliber of the projectiles is 220 millimeters (22 cm). It is possible to use shells with a monolithic high-explosive warhead, with high-explosive fragmentation elements, with anti-tank and anti-personnel mines.
• The firing range is 8-35 kilometers.
• The maximum area of ​​destruction after the production of one volley is 29 hectares.
• The number of charges and guides - 16 pieces, the guides themselves are able to rotate 240 degrees.
• One volley is carried out in 30 seconds.
• A full reload of the Uragan MLRS lasts about 15 minutes.
• The combat vehicle goes into combat position in just 3 minutes.
• Reloading the MLRS is possible only when interacting with the TK-machine.
• Shooting is carried out either using a portable control panel, or directly from the cockpit.
• The crew is 6 people.

Like the Smerch multiple launch rocket system, Uragan works in any military conditions, as well as in the case when the enemy uses nuclear, bacteriological or In addition, the complex is able to function at any time of the day, regardless of the season and temperature fluctuations. "Hurricane" is able to regularly participate in hostilities both in the cold (-40°C) and in sweltering heat (+50°C). The Uragan MLRS can be delivered to its destination by water, air or rail.

Deadly "Smerch"

The Smerch multiple launch rocket system, whose characteristics surpass all existing MLRS in the world, was created in 1986 and put into service with the USSR military forces in 1989. This mighty death machine to this day has no analogues in any of the countries of the world.

"Smerch": application

This MLRS is rarely used, mainly for total annihilation:

• artillery batteries of all types;
• absolutely any military equipment;
• manpower;
• communication centers and command posts;
• construction sites, including military and industrial;
• anti-aircraft complexes.

MLRS "Smerch": description

MLRS "Smerch" is available in armed forces Russia, Ukraine, UAE, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Algeria, Venezuela, Peru, China, Georgia, Kuwait.

The Smerch salvo fire system has the following characteristics:

• The weight of the MLRS in full configuration and in combat position is 43.7 tons.
• The length of the "Smerch" is 12.1 meters, the width is 3.05 meters, the height is 3.59 meters.
• The caliber of shells is impressive - 300 millimeters.
• For firing, cluster rockets are used with a built-in control system unit and an additional engine that corrects the direction of the charge on the way to the target. The purpose of shells can be different: from fragmentation to thermobaric.
• The firing range of the Smerch MLRS is from 20 to 120 kilometers.
• The maximum area of ​​destruction after the production of one volley is 67.2 hectares.
• The number of charges and guides - 12 pieces.
• One volley is carried out in 38 seconds.
• A complete re-equipment of the Smerch MLRS with shells takes about 20 minutes.
• The Smerch is ready for combat exploits in a maximum of 3 minutes.
• Reloading of the MLRS is carried out only when interacting with a TK-machine equipped with a crane and a charger.
• The crew is 3 people.

MLRS "Smerch" is an ideal weapon of mass destruction, capable of operating in almost any temperature conditions, day and night. In addition, the shells fired by the Smerch MLRS fall strictly vertically, thereby easily destroying the roofs of houses and armored vehicles. It is almost impossible to hide from the "Smerch", the MLRS burns out and destroys everything within its radius of action. Of course, this is not the power of a nuclear bomb, but still, the one who owns the Tornado owns the world.

The idea of ​​"world peace" is a dream. And as long as there are MLRS, unattainable ...

In the early 60s, research work was underway at the Tula GNII to create a system with an increased amount of explosive in the projectile and a firing range. It also provided for a high speed of movement in the region of 70 km / h, sufficient cross-country ability and a short time for readiness to fire.

In 1967, research work was completed to create a new MLRS, after which they began research and development work.

The development was carried out in the Tula "Splav" under the leadership of Ganichev. The characteristics of the future multiple launch rocket system were noticeably superior to the BM-21 Grad.

Since 1972, the designers have begun testing new items at the test site and its refinement. In 1975, the MLRS 9K57 "Hurricane" entered service with the Soviet army.

Design

The artillery mount is located on the 9P140 combat vehicle. This chassis is based on the ZIL-135LM. The chassis provides sufficient cross-country ability due to all-wheel drive on all 8 wheels and a propulsion system consisting of 2 V8 ZIL-375 engines with a power of 180 hp each. each.

In addition to the combat vehicle, the complex includes:

• transport-loading vehicle 9T452;
• fire control complex 1V126 "Kapustnik-B";
• meteorological complex 1B44;
• machine for topographic survey 1T12-2M;
• rocket projectiles;
• educational equipment.

The transport-loading vehicle was created on a similar combat base ZIL-135LM, carries 16 shells and is capable of loading / unloading without additional training.

The mechanized loader allows you to load shells not only from the car, but also from the ground in 15 minutes.

Armament

When developing the Hurricane, the task was to increase the efficiency, range and covered salvo area.

The artillery mount is assembled from 16 tubular guides, mounted on a cradle in the form of a rectangular platform. Guidance is carried out using an electric drive. It is duplicated by a manual drive.

To increase the accuracy and efficiency of firing, rockets spin around their axis when launched thanks to a U-shaped groove in the guides.

There are several firing modes, providing for single shots, the "ragged volley" mode and a volley.

When firing with a "torn volley", the Hurricane fires 8 shells with pauses of half a second, another 8 - with pauses of 2 seconds.

In salvo mode, the entire ammunition load is fired in 8.8 seconds at a distance of 10 to 35 kilometers. You can fire both from the cockpit and remotely.

Compared with the "Grad", not only the range has increased, but also the area covered up to 42 hectares, along with the accuracy, which exceeded the accuracy of its predecessor by one and a half times.

When creating a car, engineers were ahead of the whole world by creating a cassette warhead for multiple launch rocket systems. 9K57 "Hurricane" received various ammunition, namely:

• 9M27F with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead;
• 9M27K with a cluster warhead containing fragmentation submunitions;
• 9M27S with an incendiary warhead;
• 9M59, 9M27K2, 9M27K3 with cluster warheads containing anti-tank mines;
• 9M51 with a volumetric detonating warhead.

Modifications

9K512 Uragan-1m

It features a new chassis and a bicaliber artillery unit.

The base of the Astrolog combat and loading vehicles is identical to that used by the Iskander. Launcher, thanks to its bicaliber nature, it is capable of using native 220 mm caliber rockets and 300 mm caliber shells used in the Smerch system.

Bastion-03

The machine, created in Ukraine, is distinguished by the use of the KrAZ-6322 base, which was done to unify the Ukrainian rocket artillery.

Combat use

The army made extensive use of Hurricanes. The machine first appeared in Afghanistan, where projectiles with volumetric detonating warheads demonstrated their effectiveness.

Later, the MLRS passed two Chechen wars, took part in the 2008 conflict in South Ossetia, was noted during the hostilities in Ukraine that began in 2014 and in Syria, for example, was seen during the liberation of Palmyra.

Export

More than 10 countries have Hurricanes in their arsenal. These include countries such as Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Syria, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.

Epilogue

Traditionally, for the MLRS, developed in the USSR under the leadership of Ganichev, 9K57 "Hurricane" turned out to be an effective weapon in demand among the military.

Created back in 1972 and put into service in 1975, the system is still in service with the Russian and other armies and remains a reliable, effective and deadly weapon.