I will solve the exam in social science political process. Political decision

06.08.2020

This article discusses the issues of the content line "Politics".

The content line of the "Politics" section consists of the following elements: the concept of power; the state, its functions; politic system; typology of political regimes; democracy, its main values and features; civil society and the state; political elite; political parties and movements; funds mass media in the political system; election campaign in the Russian Federation; political process; political participation; political leadership; public authorities of the Russian Federation; federal structure of Russia.

According to the "Analytical report on USE results 2010" caused difficulties for graduates with questions that test knowledge of the functions of the state, the features of the political system, signs and relationships civil society and rule of law.

The most difficult task for the examinees was the task that tested the knowledge of the topic “Media in the political system”. The results of the task on this topic were also influenced by the form of the task (a task for the analysis of two judgments). The topic “Election Campaign in the Russian Federation” has always been quite difficult for students. The topics “Political parties and movements”, “The concept of power”, “Political participation”, which gave high results at the basic and advanced levels of complexity, cause difficulties for the participants of the Unified State Examination at a high level of complexity.

Low results were obtained when performing complex tasks on the topic "Political Process". Lower results than last year were demonstrated when completing the task on the use of terms and concepts in a certain context (B6), and tasks of the B6 format, aimed at checking the topics "Political system", "State and its functions", gave an average percentage performance is less than 10%. The results of the unsuccessfully completed task B6 correlate with the performance of the task C5, which tests the same skill at a different level - to apply social science concepts in a given context.

It is concluded that the topics: "Media in the political system", "Election campaign in the Russian Federation", "Political process", "Political participation", "Political leadership" - require more careful consideration, which we will do in this article.

1. Topic: "Media in the political system"

Plan:
1. Media in the political system of society:
a) the concept of "mass media";
b) the functions of the media;
c) the role and influence of the media in various political regimes.
2. The nature of the information disseminated by the media.
3. The influence of the media on the voter:
a) ways of influencing the voter;
b) the role of political advertising;
c) methods of confronting the media.

The main provisions of the topic:
Mass media - a set of channels for disseminating information addressed to an unlimited circle of people, social groups, states, in order to promptly inform them about events and phenomena in the world, a particular country, a particular region, as well as to perform specific social functions.

Mass media functions: 1) informational; 2) selection and commenting on information, its assessment; 3) political socialization (introducing people to political values, norms, patterns of behavior); 4) criticism and control of authorities; 5) representation of various public interests, opinions, views on politics; 6) formation public opinion; 7) mobilization (inciting people to certain political actions).

The media can contribute to the development of democracy, the participation of citizens in political life, but can also be used for political manipulation.

Political manipulation is the process of influencing public opinion and political behavior, the covert management of the political consciousness and actions of people in order to direct them in the right direction for the authorities.
The purpose of manipulation is to introduce the necessary attitudes, stereotypes, goals, in order to induce the masses, contrary to their own interests, to agree to unpopular measures, to arouse their discontent.

2. Topic: "Election campaign in the Russian Federation"

Plan:
1. Electoral system:
a) the concept of "electoral system";
b) structural components of the electoral system;
c) the concept of "suffrage";
d) stages of the electoral process;
e) types of electoral systems.

2. Election campaign:
a) the concept of "election campaign";
b) stages of the election campaign.

3. Political technologies of the voter.

The main provisions of the topic:
The electoral system (in the broad sense) is the procedure for organizing and holding elections to representative institutions or an individual leading representative. The electoral system (in the narrow sense) is a way of distributing mandates among candidates depending on the results of the vote.

Suffrage is a sub-branch of constitutional law, which is an independent system of legal norms governing the right of citizens to elect and be elected to public authorities and local governments and the procedure for exercising this right.

Suffrage (in the narrow sense) is the political right of a citizen to elect (active right) and to be elected (passive right).

In Russia, citizens from the age of 18 have the right to vote; the right to be elected to a representative body - from the age of 21, the head of the administration of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation - upon reaching the age of 30, and the President of the country - from the age of 35. President of Russia and The State Duma elected for terms of 6 and 5 years respectively. Based on the Constitution of Russia, the President cannot be elected for more than two consecutive terms.

Deputies of the State Duma are elected according to party lists. In the elections of the President of the Russian Federation, the majority system of an absolute majority is used.

Russian citizens participate in the formation of electoral bodies on the principles of 1) universal, 2) equal, 3) direct suffrage with 4) secret ballot.

Electoral process - a set of activities, procedures for the preparation and conduct of elections in order to form a representative body of power, carried out by election commissions and candidates (electoral associations) in the period from the date of official publication (publication) of the decision of an authorized official, state body, local government on calling (conducting) elections until the day the election commission organizing the elections submits a report on the expenditure of funds from the relevant budget allocated for the preparation and conduct of elections.

Stages of the electoral process:
1) preparatory (setting the date of elections, registration and registration of voters);
2) nomination and registration of candidates for deputies or pre-election positions;
3) election campaigning and financing of elections;
4) voting, establishment of voting results and determination of election results, their official publication.
Election campaign (French sampagne - campaign) - a system of campaigning events held by political parties and independent candidates in order to ensure the maximum support of voters in the upcoming elections.

Types of electoral systems:
1) majoritarian;
2) proportional;
3) majority-proportional (mixed).

Majority system (from French majorite - majority) - 1) the candidate (or list of candidates) who has received the majority of votes (absolute or relative) provided by law is considered elected; 2) when it is applied, the voting takes place "for" specific candidates in single-member or multi-member constituencies.

Types of majority system:
1) absolute majority system (the candidate who wins 50% + 1 one vote is considered the winner);
2) the system of relative majority (the winner is the candidate who received more votes than any of the other candidates);
3) a qualified majority system (i.e., a predetermined majority, usually 2/3, 3/4).

A proportional electoral system is one of the varieties of electoral systems used in elections to representative bodies. When elections are held under the proportional system, deputy mandates are distributed among the lists of candidates in proportion to the votes cast for the lists of candidates, if these candidates have overcome the percentage threshold.
The proportional electoral system combined with the majoritarian electoral system forms a mixed electoral system.

3. Topic: "Political process"

Plan:
1. Political process:
a) the concept of "political process";
b) stages of the political process.

2. Typology of the political process:
a) depending on the scope;
b) depending on temporal characteristics;
c) according to the degree of openness;
d) depending on the nature of social change.

3. Features of the political process in modern Russia.

The main provisions of the topic:
The political process - 1) is a chain of political events and states that change as a result of the interaction of specific policy subjects; 2) a set of actions of political subjects aimed at the implementation of their roles and functions within the political system, at the realization of their own interests and goals; 3) the total activity of all subjects of political relations associated with the formation, change, transformation and functioning of the political system.

Structure of the political process:
1) the subjects of the process, the active principle;
2) object, purpose of the process (solution of a political problem);
3) means, methods, resources.

The political process can be divided into four stages:
1) policy initiation (representation of interests, demands to power structures);
Initiation (from lat. injicio - I throw in, cause, excite) - stimulating the beginning of something.
Articulation (from lat. articulo - I dismember) interests and requirements - the mechanisms and ways by which citizens and their organized groups express their demands to the government.
Aggregation of interests is an activity in which the political demands of individuals are combined and reflected in the party programs of those political forces that are directly fighting for power in the country.
2) policy formation (political decision making);
3) implementation of policy, political decisions;
4) policy evaluation.

Classification of political processes:
1) by scope: foreign policy and domestic policy;
2) by duration: long-term (formation of states, transition from one political system to another) and short-term;
3) according to the degree of openness: open and hidden (shadow);
4) by the nature of social change: the electoral process, revolution and counter-revolution, reform, uprisings and rebellions, political campaign, direct action.

4. Topic: "Political Participation"

Plan:
1. The concept of "political participation".
2. Forms of political participation:
a) direct participation;
b) indirect participation;
c) autonomous participation;
d) mobilization participation.
3. Motives for the participation of the voter in the elections:
a) interest in politics;
b) political competence;
c) satisfaction of needs.
4. Political absenteeism.

The main provisions of the topic:
Political participation - the actions of a citizen in order to influence the adoption and implementation of government decisions, the choice of representatives in government institutions.

This concept characterizes the involvement of members of a given society in the political process. The essential basis of political participation is the inclusion of an individual in the system of power relations: directly or indirectly.

Indirect (representative) political participation is carried out through elected representatives. Direct (direct) political participation is the impact of a citizen on power without intermediaries. It has the following forms: the reaction of citizens to impulses emanating from the political system; participation of citizens in the activities of political parties, organizations, movements; direct actions of citizens (participation in rallies, pickets, etc.); appeals and letters to authorities, meetings with political figures; participation in actions related to the election of representatives, with the transfer of decision-making powers to them; activity of political leaders. The designated forms of direct political participation can be individual, group, mass.

Features of the political participation of the individual:
1) self-determination of the individual in the socio-political space with respect to diverse political structures;
2) self-assessment of one's own qualities, properties, capabilities as an active subject of politics.

The scope of possible participation is determined by political rights and freedoms.

Types of political participation:
1) random (one-time) participation - a person only periodically takes or performs actions that have political goals or have political meaning;

2) participation "part-time" - a person participates in political life more actively, but political activity is not his main activity;

3) professional participation - a person makes political activity his profession.
The political development of the individual is one of the factors affecting the intensity, content and stability of political participation.

Forms of political participation:
1) the appeal of an individual to power structures in order to satisfy personal or group needs;
2) lobbying activities to establish contacts with the political elite in order to influence its decisions in favor of a group of persons;
3) sending various projects and proposals for the adoption of regulations and laws to the authorities;
4) political activity as a member of a party, a movement focused on gaining power or influencing it;
5) elections, referenda (lat. referendum - what should be reported) - the will of all citizens of the state on an important issue for him.

The opposite form is demonstrative non-participation, political apathy and lack of interest in politics - absenteeism. Absenteeism (Latin absens - absent) is a form of apoliticality, manifested in the evasion of voters from participating in referendums and elections to government bodies.

5. Topic: "Political leadership"

Plan:
1. The essence of political leadership.
2. Functions of a political leader:
a) integrative;
b) oriented;
c) instrumental;
d) mobilization;
e) communicative;
3. Types of leadership:
a) depending on the scale of leadership;
b) depending on the style of leadership;
c) M. Weber's typology.

The main provisions of the topic:

Political leadership is the permanent, priority and legitimate influence of one or more persons in positions of power over the entire society or group. The nature of political leadership is quite complex and does not lend itself to an unambiguous interpretation.

Functions of a political leader:
1) analyzes the political situation, correctly assesses the state of society;
2) formulates goals, develops a program of action;
3) strengthens the connection between the authorities and the people, provides the authorities with mass support;
4) protects society from a split, performs the function of an arbiter in the clash of various groups;
5) conducts political discussions with opponents, communicates with parties, organizations, movements.

There are various classifications of leaders.

Leadership types:
In terms of leadership:
1) national leader;
2) the leader of a large social group;
3) the leader of a political party.

Leadership style:
1) democratic;
2) authoritarian.

The typology of leadership proposed by M. Weber is widespread. Depending on the method of legitimizing power, he identified three main types of leadership: traditional, charismatic and rational-legal. The authority of traditional leaders is based on faith in traditions and customs. The right to rule is inherited by the leader. Charismatic leadership is based on faith in the exceptional, outstanding qualities of the leader. Rational-legal leadership is characterized by faith in the legitimacy of the leader's election procedure with the help of developed procedures and formal rules. The power of the rational-legal leader is based on law.

Let's consider some of the most difficult tasks for graduates of the content line "Politics".

Tasks for systematizing the material

As mentioned above, graduates experienced difficulties in completing assignments. advanced level- analysis of two judgments. According to the specification of control measuring materials for the unified state exam in social science in 2011, this task is A17.

Examples of tasks A17

1. Are the following statements about a democratic state correct?
A. A democratic state provides a high standard of living for all citizens.
B. In a democratic state, the protection of the rights of all citizens is guaranteed.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are true;
4) both judgments are wrong.

When completing the task, you need to remember which state is called democratic. A democratic state is a state whose structure and activities correspond to the will of the people, the generally recognized rights and freedoms of man and citizen. It is not enough just to proclaim the state democratic (totalitarian states do this too), the main thing is to ensure its arrangement of ideas with appropriate legal institutions, real guarantees of democracy.

The most important features of a democratic state: a) real representative democracy; b) ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. As participants in political life, all citizens in a democratic state are equal. However, not all states can actually protect human rights and freedoms even today. One of the main reasons is the state of the country's economy. After all, the social function can be carried out in full only at a high level economic development. This is the most difficult task, since the solution of social issues requires the growth of production, the "accumulation of national wealth." This means that a high standard of living for all citizens in a democratic state is not always ensured due to economic problems, first of all.
Answer: 2.

2. Are the following statements about electoral systems correct?
A. The majoritarian electoral system is characterized by the nomination of candidates on party lists.
B. The majoritarian electoral system is characterized by the nomination of candidates in single-seat constituencies.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are true;
4) both judgments are wrong.
Answer: 2 (see theory above)

3. Are the following statements correct?
A. The concept of "political system" is broader than the concept of "political regime
B. Within the same political regime, there can be different political systems.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are true;
4) both judgments are wrong.

Recall what the terms "political regime" and "political system" mean.

The political system is defined as a set of state and non-state political institutions that express the political interests of various social groups and ensure their participation in political decision-making by the state. An integral part of the political system that ensures its functioning are legal, political norms and political traditions. The political regime is a set of means and methods by which the ruling elites exercise economic, political and ideological power in the country. One of the structural components of the institutional subsystem of the political system is the state. And the political regime is one of the elements of the form of the state. Therefore, we see that the first statement is true.

Let's deal with the second statement. There are democratic and totalitarian political systems. The political regime can be characterized as democratic, authoritarian or totalitarian. The same political system can function in different regimes depending on the intentions of the ruling elite and its leader. But within the same political regime, different political systems cannot exist. The second statement is incorrect.
Answer: 1.

Low results were also demonstrated in the performance of the task on the use of terms and concepts in a certain context (B6).

Examples of tasks B6

1. Read the text below with a number of words missing.

“A classification has become widespread in political science that distinguishes, depending on the grounds and conditions for acquiring party membership, personnel and mass _____________ (BUT). The former are distinguished by the fact that they are formed around a group of political ____________ (B), and the basis of their structure is a committee of activists. Cadre parties are usually formed "from above" on the basis of various parliamentary ________ (AT), associations of the party bureaucracy. Such parties usually intensify their activities only during ___________ (G). Other parties are centralized, well-disciplined organizations. They attach great importance to the ideological _________ (D) party members. Such parties are most often formed "from below", on the basis of trade unions and other public ____________ (E) reflecting the interests of various social groups”.

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

List of terms:

1) unity;
2) fraction;
3) elections;
4) movement;
5) leader;
6) society;
7) party;
8) group;
9) membership.

The table below lists the letters that indicate the omission of a word.
Write in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.

BUT	B	AT	G	D	E
7	5	8	3	1	4

Used materials:
1. Analytical report on the results of the USE 2010. Social science.
http://www.fipi.ru/view/sections/138/docs/522.html
3. Codifier of content elements and requirements for the level of graduate training educational institutions for the 2011 unified state exam in social science.
4. FBTZ open segment - http://www.fipi.ru
5. Social science. Grade 11: textbook for educational institutions: profile level / (L.N. Bogolyubov, A.N. Lazebnikova, N.M. Smirnova and others.); ed. L. N. Bogolyubova (and others) M .: "Enlightenment". - 4th ed. - M. : Enlightenment, 2010.

Select the correct judgments about the political process and socio-political movements and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) The political process is associated with solving the problem of limited economic resources.

2) Households and firms are subjects of the political process.

3) In the political process, the relationship between reformist and conservative principles is manifested.

4) At the implementation stage, the adopted political decisions are clothed in a legal form, their address and the circle of persons, organizations responsible for their implementation are determined

5) Taking into account various circumstances, the subjects of the political process develop alternative courses of action to achieve the desired results.

Explanation.

The political process is a consistent, internally connected chain of political events and phenomena, as well as a set of consistent actions of various political subjects aimed at gaining, retaining, strengthening and using political power in society. The political process is the cumulative and consistent activity of social communities, socio-political organizations and groups, individuals pursuing certain political goals.

The political process as a whole: the course of development of political phenomena, the totality of the actions of various political forces (subjects of politics), trends seeking to achieve certain political goals; the form of functioning of a certain political system of society, evolving in space and time; one of the social processes, in contrast to the legal, economic, etc.; designation of a specific process with the final result of a certain scale (revolution, reform of society, formation of a political party, movement, strike progress, election campaign, etc.).

In relation to society as a whole, the political process reveals the interaction of social and political structures and relations, that is, it shows how society forms its statehood, and the state, in turn, “conquers society”. From the point of view of the internal content, the political process expresses a kind of technology for the exercise of power, representing a set of relatively independent, local interactions of subjects, structures and institutions connected by certain goals and interests in maintaining (or changing) the system of government.

The structure of the political process includes three main elements.

The subjects of politics are those who take an active, conscious part in political activity: individuals and their groups that implement independently developed programs of action, carry out their conscious goal and have the ability to manifest themselves as aggregate subjects. Any actions of political subjects ultimately pursue one goal: to influence the decisions made by the state authorities. The actual political process begins with the identification of a problem, the search for its solution in the interaction of all interested political forces and ends with one or another result, which is expressed in the actions of the authorities.

The object must be created or achieved as the goal of the political process.

The means, methods, resources of the process executors connect the subject and the target object. The resources of the political process can be its ideal and material foundations - science, knowledge, technical and financial means, the mood of the masses, participants in the process, ideology and other factors.

1) The political process is connected with the solution of the problem of limited economic resources - no, that's not true.

2) Households and firms are subjects of the political process - no, not true.

3) In the political process, the relationship between reformist and conservative principles is manifested - yes, that's right.

4) At the implementation stage, the adopted political decisions are clothed in a legal form, their address and the circle of persons and organizations responsible for their implementation are determined - yes, that's right.

5) Taking into account various circumstances, the subjects of the political process develop alternative courses of action to achieve the desired results - yes, that's right.

Answer: 345.

Denis Ulanov 04.06.2017 10:03

3 answer is not correct, because the reformist beginnings are a gradual change in the system, and the conservative one is not a change in the system. They cannot interact.

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

Can and interact

Select the correct judgments about the political process and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) The political process is a certain technology for the adoption and implementation of power decisions.

2) Participants in the political process are the elite strata of society.

3) In the political process, the relationship between reformist and conservative principles is manifested.

4) The political process, as a rule, is destructive.

5) In the course of the political process, as a rule, the ideas of market self-regulation and the protection of human rights and freedoms are implemented.

Explanation.

1) The political process is a certain technology for the adoption and implementation of power decisions - yes, that's right.

2) Participants in the political process are the elite strata of society - yes, that's right.

3) In the political process, the relationship between reformist and conservative principles is manifested - yes, that's right.

4) The political process, as a rule, is destructive - no, incorrectly, as a rule, constructive.

5) In the course of the political process, as a rule, the ideas of market self-regulation and the protection of human rights and freedoms are implemented - no, incorrectly, others can.

Answer: 123.

Alsu Khafizova 01.02.2017 16:35

In the reference book for preparing for the Unified State Examination by P.A. Baranov, in topic 4.11 "The political process" it is written "The political process, as a rule, consists of an infinite sum of politically significant actions of the participants included in it - the subjects of the political process (citizens, interest groups, political parties and movements, professional and creative unions, youth, women's and other organizations, mass media).

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

We just don't have a word.

Julia Melnik 07.02.2017 19:10

WHAT DO YOU HAVE NO WORDS???!!! The man is indeed right. For example, elections are one of the forms of the political process. All citizens over the age of 18 participate in them. NOT ONLY ELITE, BUT SIMPLE PEOPLE!!!

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

Words ONLY

Lily Ives 15.02.2017 14:11

Participants in the political process are the elite strata of society. - Yes, that's right.

"The political process, as a rule, consists of an infinite amount of politically significant actions of the participants included in it - the subjects of the political process (citizens, interest groups, political parties and movements, professional and creative unions, youth, women's and other organizations, the media)

The answer does not agree with what is written in all textbooks. The moderator (Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko), if it is him, when asked why this is so, behaves somehow inappropriately. Please clarify the situation or correct the answer.

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

It seems inadequate people are asking the same question. Elite strata are participants in the political process, but this is an indisputable and irrefutable fact. In judgment 2 nothing is said that this is the only subject of the political process, which means it is true. What else is unclear?

Alexandra Levshina 18.02.2017 11:04

"5) In the course of the political process, as a rule, the ideas of market self-regulation and the protection of human rights and freedoms are implemented. NO. Wrong. Others can."

It turns out that the answer here is incorrect (if you follow your (Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko) logic (similar to paragraph 3 of the same task). In judgment 5, the word "only" is missing, which means it is correct.

Please clarify the situation or correct the answer.

Muharbek Dakhkilgov 09.04.2017 19:08

Participants in the political process are the elite strata of society.

You could simply state the statement differently, namely:

"The elite strata of society are participants in the political process"

Then there will be no questions.

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

Question and answer from KImov developers

Anastasia Terenyak 18.05.2017 14:43

Dear students!

I am also taking the Unified State Examination in Social Studies and I am already emphasizing very simple rules:

-) be careful. HOW you read the task will depend on your answer. Let's say question 2. "Participants in the political process are the elite strata of society." It is correct, the word "only" is not here - which would be an obvious mistake.

-) to be grateful. The fact is that the RESHUEGE website gives everyone the opportunity to decide, to learn. Yes, everything is not always clear, not all explanations are legibly written, but what do you need Yandex or Google for? Forward. There are errors on this site, but they are extremely rare. Check the "mistakes" a hundred times before writing here and embarrassing yourself!

Write down the missing word in the table.

TYPES OF POLITICAL PROCESSES

Explanation.

Political processes associated with the adoption of key political decisions and characterized by a variety of ways of political participation of citizens are basic political processes.

Answer: basic.

Answer: basic

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

Depending on the criteria, political processes can be divided into the following types:

1. basic and peripheral.

2. domestic political and foreign policy,

3. revolutionary and evolutionary

4. engaged and non-engaged,

5. open and hidden,

6. stable and unstable.

Leyla Etieva 03.03.2017 14:37

Do the real exams take into account synonyms?

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

The Public Opinion Research Center conducted a series of sociological surveys of citizens of country Z. Respondents (survey participants) were asked to answer the question: “In your opinion, can you influence political processes in the country?” The survey results (as a percentage) are presented in the table.

Find in the list the conclusions that can be drawn on the basis of the table, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Less than a third of respondents in 2008 were skeptical about the possibility of influencing the political processes in the country.

2) According to the polls in 2008 and 2010, the majority of respondents expressed doubts about the possibility of influencing the political processes in the country.

3) The share of respondents who are firmly convinced that there are no opportunities to influence political processes in the country decreased by 6% in 2010 compared to 2008.

4) According to the surveys of 2008 and 2010, the share of respondents who are firmly confident in their ability to significantly influence the political processes in the country remains at the lowest level.

5) In general, the period under review can be characterized as a major breakthrough towards solving the problem of political participation.

Explanation.

1) Less than a third of the respondents in 2008 were skeptical about the possibility of influencing the political processes in the country - no, not true.51 plus 36, this is not less than a third, but much more than half.

2) According to the polls in 2008 and 2010, the majority of respondents expressed doubts about the possibility of influencing the political processes in the country - yes, that's right.

3) The proportion of respondents who are firmly convinced that there are no opportunities to influence the political processes in the country decreased by 6% in 2010 compared to 2008 - no, that's not true.

4) According to the polls in 2008 and 2010, the proportion of respondents who are firmly confident in their ability to significantly influence the political processes in the country remains at the lowest level - yes, that's right.

5) In general, the period under review can be characterized as a major breakthrough towards solving the problem of political participation - no, not true.

Answer: 24.

Answer: 24

2) make two sentences:

− one sentence containing information on the forms of political participation of citizens;

- one sentence revealing the main task of the subjects of the political process.

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) the meaning of the concept, for example: the political process is a set of actions of political subjects aimed at exercising their roles and functions within the political system, at realizing their own interests and goals; (Another definition that is close in meaning may be given.)

2) one sentence with information about the forms of political participation of citizens: The forms of political participation of citizens are elections and referendums, rallies and participation in political organizations, appeals to public authorities; (Another proposal may be made containing

information on the forms of political participation of citizens.)

3) one sentence, revealing, based on the knowledge of the course, the main task of the subjects of the political process, for example: The main task of the subjects of the political process is to win and use state power to implement certain interests. (Another proposal can be drawn up, revealing, based on knowledge of the course, the main task of the subjects of the political process.)

1) reveal the meaning of the concept of "political process";

2) make two sentences:

- one sentence containing information about the subjects of the political process;

- one sentence containing information about the features of a democratic political process.

Sentences should be widespread and contain correct information about the relevant aspects of the concept.

Explanation.

The political process is a process that includes the political participation of citizens in the functioning of the state.

Offers:

1) One of the subjects of the political process are citizens of the state.

2) The democratic political process is characterized by the power of the people, the equality of all before the law and the holding of democratic elections and referendums.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) The integrative function of political culture is associated with the formation of citizens' knowledge, views, and beliefs necessary for participation in the political life of the country.

2) The servile type of political culture is characterized by a passive attitude towards the political system.

3) The bearers of civil political culture tend to be active participants in the political process.

4) The normative function of political culture is associated with the formation of political qualities, the political socialization of the individual.

5) Patriarchal political culture is characterized by total absence members of the community have an interest in political institutions, global political processes.

Explanation.

1) The integrative function of political culture is associated with the formation of citizens' knowledge, views, and beliefs necessary for participation in the political life of the country. No, not true. It's about about the cognitive function.

2) The servile type of political culture is characterized by a passive attitude towards the political system. Yes, that's right.

3) The bearers of civil political culture tend to be active participants in the political process. Yes, that's right.

4) The normative function of political culture is associated with the formation of political qualities, the political socialization of the individual. No, it's not true. It is about educational function.

5) The patriarchal political culture is characterized by a complete lack of interest among community members in political institutions, global political processes. Yes, that's right.

Answer: 235

Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that allows you to essentially reveal the topic "Subjects of the political process." The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Explanation.

1. The concept of subjects of the political process, their types:

a) the state;

b) social groups;

c) political parties;

e) political elites;

e) citizens.

2. State:

a) signs of the state;

6) the form of the state;

c) internal and external functions of the state;

d) the resources of power used by the state.

3. Social, ethnic, confessional groups.

4. Political parties and social movements.

5. The role of the media in the political process.

6. Political elite:

a) recruiting and updating the political elite;

6) functions of the political elite.

7. Citizens as individuals:

a) political rights of citizens;

6) forms of political participation of citizens.

8. Citizens as a set of voters (electorate).

Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed forms.

The presence of any two of the 1-7 points of the plan in this wording or close in meaning will reveal the content of this topic in essence.

1) Active political participation of citizens is a condition for the development of civil society and the rule of law.

2) One of the forms of political participation is elections to state authorities and local self-government.

3) The active inclusion of citizens in the political process requires a certain activity of the state, political parties, socio-political movements.

4) A referendum, unlike elections, involves a secret ballot procedure.

5) One of the forms of political participation of citizens is obtaining a legal education.

Explanation.

Political participation is a kind of political activity. Political participation is the activity of citizens with the aim of influencing the adoption of political decisions and their implementation.

This definition needs some clarification. First, speaking of political participation, we mean the political activity of ordinary (ordinary) citizens, and not of persons with state power and (or) engaged in the performance of their official managerial functions. Political participation does not include the professional activities of people who are part of representative, executive, judicial, law enforcement structures; political participation of professional politicians and officials takes place only when they act as ordinary citizens, for example, participate in the voting procedure. Secondly, political participation is a voluntary activity of citizens; it is not obligatory for them, much less compulsory. For this reason, many forms of activity in Soviet society were not considered political participation by Western Sovietologists (specialists on the USSR and other socialist countries). Thirdly, the political participation of citizens is not “participation for money”: if a person campaigns for a party or participates in its events only because it is paid for, then this activity is not political participation. An alternative to political participation is absenteeism - avoidance of participation in political life due to lack of interest in politics.

Forms of political participation are diverse. The most popular are: mass demonstrations (rallies, demonstrations, strikes, pickets), voting in elections and referendums, participation in the activities of political parties and pressure groups, expressing one's opinion about certain political events or decisions through the media, letters and appeals to authorities state power, orders to deputies, contacts with civil servants, control over the activities of state and municipal authorities, etc. The most common form of political participation is participation in elections. In some countries, the share of participants in national elections reaches 90% (Australia), in most developed democracies it usually ranges from 50 to 80%. Other types of participation cover more than 25% of citizens only in very few cases.

Due to the variety of forms of political participation, it can be classified on various grounds. Political participation can be: legal (participation permitted by law) and illegal (forms of political activity prohibited by law, such as terrorism or protests not permitted by the authorities); individual and collective; permanent (it is characteristic of political activists) and episodic (usually limited to participation in elections); traditional (aimed at preserving the political system and maintaining stability) and innovative (focused on changes and reforms); at the local, regional or highest levels of the political system, etc. Forms of participation differ in their focus (on public goals or the pursuit of private interests), the amount of effort and resources required from participants, the level of conflict with the authorities and the degree to which their pressure, the volume of necessary cooperation, etc. For example, protest activity, as a rule, is very conflicting, can put strong pressure on the authorities and requires some cooperation from the participants; at the same time, contacts with officials are usually non-conflicting, exert little pressure on the authorities, and do not require cooperation.

1) Active political participation of citizens is a condition for the development of civil society and the rule of law - yes, that's right.

2) One of the forms of political participation is elections to state authorities and local self-government - yes, that's right.

3) The active inclusion of citizens in the political process requires a certain activity of the state, political parties, socio-political movements - yes, that's right.

4) A referendum, unlike elections, involves a secret ballot procedure - no, that's not true.

5) One of the forms of political participation of citizens is obtaining a legal education - no, that's not true.

Answer: 123.

Answer: 123

1) The political system of society determines the possibilities for the socio-political activities of citizens and organizations.

2) The composition of the political system of society may include public organizations.

3) The political system regulates the political process.

4) Political scientists distinguish between majoritarian and proportional political systems.

5) Social norms (legal, political, moral, etc.) refer to the institutional (organizational) subsystem of the political system.

Explanation.

The political system is a set of relations regarding participation in political power, a set of norms, institutions and organizations in the aggregate that make up the political self-organization of society. Functions of the political system: managing, mobilizing, integrative (coordination of interests), communicative. Elements of the political system: organizational (state, political parties, socio-political movements, pressure groups), normative (norms, values, customs, traditions), cultural (political culture - knowledge, value orientations, political psychology, methods of practical political activity + ideology ), communicative (communications within the political system).

1) The political system of society determines the possibilities for the socio-political activities of citizens and organizations - yes, that's right.

2) Public organizations can be part of the political system of a society - yes, that's right.

3) The political system regulates the political process - yes, that's right.

4) Political scientists distinguish between majoritarian and proportional political systems - no, it's wrong.

5) Social norms (legal, political, moral, etc.) refer to the institutional (organizational) subsystem of the political system - no, not true.

Answer: 123.

Answer: 123

1) The type of political regime is determined by the nature of socio-political processes, the structure of the ruling elite.

2) Under a democratic regime, personal freedom is recognized only to the extent that it seems appropriate to the government of the country.

3) The political regime is characterized by ways of resolving social and political conflicts.

4) Regimes differ in the political and legal status of the media, the degree of publicity in society.

5) When totalitarian regime the activity of the mass media is impossible.

Explanation.

Political regime - a way of organizing the political system, which reflects the relationship of power and society, the level of political freedom and the nature of political life in the country. The democratic regime (from the Greek demokratia - democracy) is based on the recognition of the people as the main source of power, on the principles of equality and freedom. The features of democracy are:

Electiveness - there is an election of citizens to public authorities through universal, equal and direct elections.

Separation of powers - power is divided into legislative, executive and judicial branches, independent of each other.

Civil society - citizens can influence the authorities with the help of a developed network of voluntary public organizations.

Equality - everyone has equal civil and political rights and freedoms, as well as guarantees for their protection.

Pluralism - respect for other people's opinions and ideologies, including oppositional ones, prevails, full transparency and freedom of the press from censorship are ensured.

Consent - political and other social relations are aimed at finding a compromise, and not at a violent solution to the problem; All conflicts are resolved by legal means.

Democracy is direct and representative. In a direct democracy, decisions are made directly by all citizens who have the right to vote. Direct democracy was, for example, in Athens, in the Novgorod Republic, where people, gathering in the square, made a common decision on every problem. Now direct democracy is implemented, as a rule, in the form of a referendum - a popular vote on draft laws and important issues of national importance. For example, the current constitution Russian Federation was adopted by referendum on December 12, 1993.

In a large area, direct democracy is too difficult to implement. Therefore, government decisions are made by special elected institutions. Such a democracy is called representative, since the elected body (for example, the State Duma) is represented by the people who elected it.

An authoritarian regime (from the Greek autocritas - power) arises when power is concentrated in the hands of an individual or a group of people. Usually authoritarianism is combined with dictatorship. Political opposition is impossible under authoritarianism, but in non-political spheres, for example, in the economy, culture or private life, individual autonomy and relative freedom are preserved.

A totalitarian regime (from lat. totalis - whole, whole) arises when all spheres of society are controlled by the authorities. Power under a totalitarian regime is monopolized (by a party, leader, dictator), a single ideology is obligatory for all citizens. The absence of any dissent is ensured by a powerful apparatus of supervision and control, police repressions, and acts of intimidation. The totalitarian regime forms a non-initiative personality prone to submission.

1) The type of political regime is determined by the nature of socio-political processes, the structure of the ruling elite - yes, that's right.

2) Under a democratic regime, personal freedom is recognized only to the extent that it seems appropriate to the government of the country - no, it is not true.

3) The political regime is characterized by ways of resolving social and political conflicts - yes, that's right.

4) Regimes differ in the political and legal status of the media, the degree of publicity in society - yes, that's right.

5) Under a totalitarian regime, the activities of the media are impossible - no, that's not true.

Answer: 134.

Select the correct judgments about the structure of the political system of society and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) The state is an element of the institutional subsystem of the political system of society.

2) Various political ideologies belong to the communicative subsystem of politics.

3) Regulation of the political process on the basis of various social norms is an important function implemented by the components of the political system that belong to the cultural subsystem.

4) The elements of the institutional subsystem of the political system of society include public organizations.

5) Organization of political dialogue is one of the functions of the communicative subsystem.

Explanation.

The state in a broad sense is identical to the country and the politically organized people living in the given territory. The state in the narrow sense is an organization of supreme power standing above society. Political ideologies, public organizations - an institutional subsystem. Political dialogue is a communicative subsystem.

1) The state is an element of the institutional subsystem of the political system of society - yes, that's right.

2) Various political ideologies belong to the communicative subsystem of politics - no, that's not true.

3) Regulation of the political process on the basis of various social norms is an important function implemented by the components of the political system related to the cultural subsystem - no, it is not true.

4) The elements of the institutional subsystem of the political system of society include public organizations - yes, that's right.

5) The organization of political dialogue is one of the functions of the communicative subsystem - yes, that's right.

Answer: 145.

Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, refer to the concept of “subjects of political activity”. Find one term that "falls out" of the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

Explanation.

The political process is defined as a dynamic characteristic of the entire political system as a whole, a consistent change in its states, stages of development.

Answer: 3.

Answer: 3

Subject area: Politics. Political participation

Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that allows you to reveal the essence of the topic "The role of elections in the political process." The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Explanation.

When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account:

- the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their compliance

given topic;

− completeness of reflection of the main content in the plan;

- compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.

One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:

1) Democratic mechanism for making political decisions

2) Electoral rights of citizens:

a) active suffrage;

b) passive suffrage.

3) Principles of democratic suffrage:

a) generality;

b) equality;

c) secrecy of elections;

4) Electoral systems:

a) majoritarian;

b) proportional

5) The role of elections in the political process:

b) public control over the activities of state power;

c) social representation, etc.

6) Representative authorities

7) Elections in non-democratic societies

Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and

sub-items of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed forms.

The presence of any two of the 2, 3, 4, 5 points of the plan in this or similar wording will reveal the content of this topic on the merits

Explanation.

One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:

1) The concept of political elections, their role in the political process:

a) the formation of representative bodies of power;

Social science. Full course of preparation for the Unified State Examination Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna

4.11. Political process

Political process: 1) dynamic characteristics of the entire political system as a whole, consecutive shift its states, stages of development; 2) the activities of people in various groups regarding the struggle for power and its use to achieve their individual and group interests; 3) a consistent, internally connected chain of political events and phenomena, as well as a set of consistent actions of various political subjects aimed at gaining, retaining, strengthening and using political power in society.

Typology of political processes

* within the framework of comparative political science ( L. Pye): relates fundamental differences political development Western and non-Western countries with a cultural "code" that determines the practical orientations and behavior of the population in them;

* the cultural heterogeneity of Western societies creates the basis for the existence of two versions of the political process:

- distinguish two "ideal types" of the political process ( M. Weber), which correspond to two types of political culture: non-statist (democratic) and statist (technocratic, elitist);

- two political and cultural orientations determine two interpretations of political processes:

a) horizontally organized political process - is built on the organization of formal equality and relative autonomy of its main participants and is represented by political power, government and pressure groups;

b) vertically organized the political process is characterized by a spontaneous manifestation of the interests, needs, way of thinking of the masses, which is opposed by state power, an organized system of values and political science; the ability of managers to coordinate the interests of various groups of society, to guarantee a certain degree of freedom of society;

* according to the ways of achieving the dynamic balance of the political system in the course of its transformations:

– technocratic. Among the factors of political change, preference is given to political technologies and procedures: norms, traditions, procedures for making political decisions, methods of legitimate empowerment. This type has developed in countries with a relatively high homogeneity of the cultural environment - in the Anglo-Saxon countries. The adherence of the majority of the population to traditions ensures the stability of the political system, the preservation of the high efficiency of its political institutions, since the leaders act as the bearer of the interests of those institutions that they directly represent.

– ideocratic the political process is typical for traditional societies, where there is no autonomous personality, developed differentiation of political roles and functions that are on initial stage modernization. It is possible to integrate a society heterogeneous in ethno-cultural and socio-economic relations on the basis of a national idea.

– charismatic the political process is characteristic of the eastern cultural tradition, within which the role and status of a political leader are absolutized, and often they are simply deified. The charismatic type of political change is effective if it is complemented by technocratic and ideocratic political processes.

Main types of political processes

- the formation of the organs of the political system: in the course of it, previously non-existing political institutions are created and relations between them regulated by special norms are established;

- reproduction of the components and features of the political system in the process of its functioning: political life consists not only of continuous renewal, the emergence of previously non-existing political relations and institutions, but also of actions to maintain these relations in a stable state through the use of mechanisms such as traditions, procedures , legal and ideological prescriptions;

- adoption and implementation of political decisions that determine the tasks and methods of their solutions, which select the means to achieve political goals, the direction of political actions.

The interrelation of these processes gives rise to a complex combination of actions aimed at ensuring the constancy, inviolability of political relations and their change, at giving them dynamics and renewal.

Extreme types of political process are distinguished by social composition, degree of intensity, duration, possible success, level of organization, spiritual and psychological impulses that inspire participants:

a) insurrection: any uprising is inherent in a certain level of organization, leaders who put forward certain goals play a big role here. These goals are justified in a simple program, slogans.

b) riot: mass action, which has a very high degree of intensity, activity of its participants, but is even more limited by the time of the course, as well as by the problem, the reason that caused it; almost always a response to any extraordinary actions of representatives of the dominant political groups, government agencies without outgrowing the limited tasks of resisting individual government actions.

in) rebellion: in terms of intensity, emotional tension, it is close to a riot, but unlike it, it has a more limited number of participants. The rebellion arises as a result of a thoughtful, purposeful preparation of a certain group of people, is of an armed nature, the emphasis is on military force, and the main core of the rebels is usually the army. A person is subject to emotions, and his actions are increasingly losing touch with the real conditions and possibilities of society.

G) putsch It is expressed in armed actions that do not rely on either broad support, or taking into account the situation, or a well-thought-out program.

* Local-regional and global processes (mutual transitions).

* Stable and crisis processes.

* Legal and "shadow" processes.

The main components of the political process: functioning state institutions(government and police, parliament and special services, activities of parties and pressure groups, individual activity of citizens); the relationship of conscious and spontaneous activity, that is, state-regulated actions and spontaneous actions of groups of citizens and individuals.

Political decision - this is a process carried out in a collective or individual form of determining the objectives of political action, stages, ways to achieve them, connection with the exercise of power.

Political decision functions: 1) coordination- coordination of the efforts of a diverse mass of people acting in constantly changing circumstances; 2) correlation- making changes to the tactics of movement, especially when new circumstances, conditions of activity appear that make it difficult or easier to implement the task; 3) programming- implementation of the choice of an effective way to combine goals and means, which in the political process is to find the most rational option for activity.

Planning the political process:

Coordination of goals and stages of activity of political institutions and movements involved in this political process;

Bringing to the greatest possible number of its participants the program of action;

Estimates of the environment in which it will unfold political action in order to identify its main dominants, the nodes of interaction of contradictions and interests, the impact on which depends on the success of the planned political action;

Taking measures to create an appropriate psychological mood of the participants in the political process, which would contribute to, stimulate their actions towards the implementation of the chosen goal.

Causes of political conflicts: differences of interests, rivalry and struggle of socio-professional, ethno-confessional, elite and other groups, layers, communities and individuals in the process of acquiring, redistributing and exercising political and state power, mastering and using leading positions in the institutions and structures of this power. Political conflicts are associated with consciously formulated goals aimed at the redistribution of power.

Types of conflicts: between executive and legislative power at different levels; intra-parliamentary; between various links of the administrative apparatus, between the goals of managerial activity and structural limitations of managerial capabilities; between groups (parties) adhering to different ideological or political attitudes.

political order - this is a set of measures that create favorable conditions for the effective and expedient functioning and development of the political system of society, this is the state of regulation of political processes. The political order characterizes the state of the political system, its ability to political mobilization and the implementation of planned actions.

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Search

"
Total: 241 1-20 | 21-40 | 41-60 | 61-80 | 81-100 …

Explanation.

The political process is defined as a dynamic characteristic of the entire political system as a whole, a consistent change in its states, stages of development.

Answer: 3.

Answer: 3

Subject area: Politics. Political participation

Socio-economic changes in Russia at the end of the XX - early XXI in. are accompanied by a significant transformation of civic consciousness and the democratization of political relations. The most important aspect of these changes is the formation of civil society institutions. By civil society, we mean a system of non-state

organizations, institutions, associations, foundations, professional and public associations that perform the function of civil self-organization and self-government, influencing public management and the private sector, correcting public policy and the process of decision-making by entrepreneurs in the direction of increasing their social efficiency. At the same time, civil society can influence socio-political processes in general - as a system social communications; and in particular - with the help of specific institutions directly related to the protection of human rights in various spheres of society. One such institution is the trade unions. With the spread of industrial relations throughout the world, trade unions have become the main form of institutionalization of the social interests of wage workers, the only civil force protecting human rights in the sphere of social and labor relations.

The experience of countries with a developed socially oriented market economy clearly demonstrates that in order to conduct a successful social policy aimed at effective system social protection of workers, a system capable of protecting the rights of citizens in the field of labor relations, it is necessary to have cooperation between employers, employees and government agencies.

The most important condition for this is, first of all, the presence of equal representatives of the interests of employees, employers and the state, capable and interested in solving social and labor issues both at the level of enterprises, firms, corporations, government agencies and organizations, and at the level national economy and international social and labor relations. But if the state and employers have broad political, legal and economic opportunities to effectively defend their interests at all levels of social and labor relations, then employees still have to defend their interests, their inalienable socio-economic rights on their own, often one on one with powerful public and private structures. That is why the only institution that is able to provide effective support to the working people in the struggle for their socio-economic rights remains the trade unions.

(according to A. V. Petrov))

Explanation.

The correct answer should include the following items:

1) the reason is indicated:

the state and employers have wide political, legal and economic opportunities to effectively defend their interests at all levels of social and labor relations, and employees defend their interests on their own;

2) the process is indicated:

spread of industrial relations.

Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

(V.N. Suvorov)

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1. The connection between the multi-party system and the political behavior of the masses is indicated.

A multi-party system promotes the involvement of wider sections of the population in political life;

2. Examples of the relationship are given, for example:

Each party has its own press, speaks on TV channels, comments on the political situation, forming public opinion;

Other examples may be given.

Subject area: Politics. Democracy, its main values and features, Politics. Political participation

Explanation.

When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account:

- the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their compliance

given topic;

− completeness of reflection of the main content in the plan;

- compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.

One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:

1) Democratic mechanism for making political decisions

2) Electoral rights of citizens:

3) Principles of democratic suffrage:

a) generality;

b) equality;

c) secrecy of elections;

4) Electoral systems:

a) majoritarian;

b) proportional

5) The role of elections in the political process:

b) public control over the activities of state power;

c) social representation, etc.

6) Representative authorities

7) Elections in non-democratic societies

Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and

sub-items of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed forms.

The presence of any two of the 2, 3, 4, 5 points of the plan in this or similar wording will reveal the content of this topic on the merits

Explanation.

One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:

1) The concept of political elections, their role in the political process:

a) the formation of representative bodies of power;

b) social representation;

c) public control, etc.

2) Electoral rights of citizens:

a) active suffrage;

b) passive suffrage.

3) Democratic election procedure, features:

a) equal;

b) universal;

c) secret;

d) alternative, etc.

4) Electoral systems:

a) majoritarian;

b) proportional;

c) mixed.

5) Representative authorities.

Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed forms.

The presence of any two of the 1-4 points of the plan in this or similar wording will reveal the content of this topic on the merits

What trend of political participation does the author call the most relevant? What impact, from the point of view of the author, does this trend have on the political sphere? public life? What condition high level participation of citizens of a democratic state in political life he calls?

(K.I. Arinina)

Explanation.

1. trend: refusal of citizens to participate in the political life of society;

2. influence: the trend negatively affects the formation of civil society structures, the effectiveness of elected authorities;

3. condition: the predominance of collectivist sentiments in society.

Response elements can be presented both in the form of a quotation and in the form of a concise reproduction of the main ideas of the relevant text fragments.

Based on the knowledge of the social science course, explain the meaning of the concept of “political participation”. What are the three points of view on the causes of the crisis of political participation that the author gives (state the essence of the points of view)? In what regimes and for what reason is the turnout at the polling stations, as the author writes, almost one hundred percent?

In a state built on democratic principles, citizens are given the opportunity to participate in the political process. However, today the tendency of citizens to refuse to participate in the political life of society is becoming more and more relevant, which negatively affects the formation of civil society structures, the effectiveness of elected authorities, and therefore there is an increasing interest in the problem of absenteeism.

Conscious voter avoidance of participation in elections is a common phenomenon in the world electoral practice; absolute participation in elections is not typical for democratic states. 100% turnout is typical of non-democratic regimes, which use various methods of coercion to vote.

The growing number of people who, for one reason or another, refuse to participate in the elections of government bodies, raises the problem of the legitimacy of the chosen government. Therefore, some states apply various measures to ensure attendance: from the introduction minimum threshold appearances before fines. Establishing a legal obligation to vote is used in countries such as Austria, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, etc. However, this can hardly be considered a solution to the problem of absenteeism, since the reasons for refusing to exercise one's suffrage are various and often political in nature. .

A high level of citizens' participation in politics, in particular in elections, is more likely to be possible with the predominance of collectivist sentiments in society.

As individualistic sentiments grow, priority areas of activity for each person related to his personal goals appear, while politics as a public sphere and the solution of political problems fade into the background.

According to Z. Bauman, the crisis of political participation is associated with a decrease in interest in joint common affairs, the erosion of political convictions. E. Giddens explains the growing number of absenteeists by the withering away of old forms of legitimation of power, which become ineffective as globalization grows. R. Inglehart believes that simple shapes political participation, such as voting, elections, are losing their effectiveness, and they must be replaced by a much more complex system that ensures political participation. The level of absenteeism in the state characterizes the state of the political system, the attitude of citizens towards it.

(K.I. Arinina)

Explanation.

1. Explanation: Political participation is the activity of citizens for the purpose of influencing the adoption of political decisions and their implementation;

2. three points of view: the crisis of political participation is associated with a decrease in interest in joint common affairs; it is caused by the withering away of old forms of legitimization of power, which become ineffective as globalization grows; the crisis is caused by the fact that simple forms of political participation are losing their effectiveness;

3. regime and reason for high turnout: high turnout is observed in non-democratic regimes due to coercive measures by the state.

Another wording of the definition can be given.

The author writes that the level of absenteeism in the state characterizes the state of the political system, the attitude of citizens towards it. What two groups of citizens can be distinguished on such a basis as their attitude to the political system? Give two objective and two subjective factors that influence a citizen's decision to vote.

The growing number of people who, for one reason or another, refuse to participate in the elections of government bodies, raises the problem of the legitimacy of the chosen government. Therefore, some states apply various measures to ensure turnout, from the introduction of a minimum turnout threshold to fines. Establishing a legal obligation to vote is used in countries such as Austria, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, etc. However, this can hardly be considered a solution to the problem of absenteeism, since the reasons for refusing to exercise one's suffrage are various and often political in nature. .

A high level of citizens' participation in politics, in particular in elections, is more likely to be possible with the predominance of collectivist sentiments in society.

According to Z. Bauman, the crisis of political participation is associated with a decrease in interest in joint common affairs, the erosion of political convictions. E. Giddens explains the growing number of absenteeists by the withering away of old forms of legitimation of power, which become ineffective as globalization grows. R. Inglehart believes that simple forms of political participation, such as voting, elections, are losing their effectiveness, and they should be replaced by a much more complex system that ensures political participation. The level of absenteeism in the state characterizes the state of the political system, the attitude of citizens towards it.

(K.I. Arinina)

Explanation.

1. two groups: 1) a group of citizens whose decision not to vote is not an expression of their political position and demonstrates conforming behavior; 2) a group of citizens expressing their protest in this way;

2. Factors:

- objective: the level of elections, the activity of informing citizens about the elections and their significance;

- subjective: the level of political culture of the voter, his personal psychological qualities.

Other groups can be distinguished and other factors given

The author claims that “A state is considered democratic and legal if it is political organization civil society". Based on the knowledge of the social science course, other academic disciplines and social experience, give three arguments supporting this point of view.

Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

A state is considered democratic and legal if it is a political organization of civil society. Democracy is carried out on the basis of the principles of ideological and political pluralism.

Ideological pluralism means that ideological diversity is recognized in the Russian Federation, no ideology can be established as a state or mandatory one (parts 1, 2 of article 13 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

The Russian Federation is proclaimed a secular state (Part 1, Article 14 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). This means that no religion can be established as a state or obligatory one. The secular nature of the state is also manifested in the fact that religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law (Part 2, Article 14 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

Political pluralism presupposes the existence of various socio-political structures functioning in society, the existence of political diversity, a multi-party system (Part 3, Article 13 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). The activities of various associations of citizens in society have an impact on the political process (the formation of state authorities, the adoption of state decisions, etc.). A multi-party system presupposes the legality of political opposition, and promotes the involvement of wider sections of the population in political life. Only the creation and activities of such public associations are prohibited, the goals or actions of which are aimed at forcibly changing the foundations of the constitutional order and violating the integrity of the Russian Federation, undermining the security of the state, creating armed formations, inciting social, racial, national and religious hatred (part 5 of article 13 Constitution of the Russian Federation) ...

Political pluralism is based on a variety of forms economic activity. This diversity is ensured by the fact that the basis of the Russian economy is a social market economy, which ensures freedom of economic activity, encouragement of competition, diversity and equality of forms of ownership, their legal protection ... Land and others Natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis for the life and activities of the peoples living in the respective territory. Land and other natural resources may be in private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership (Article 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

The state also guarantees the unity of the economic space, the free movement of goods, services and financial resources.

(V.N. Suvorov)

Explanation.

The following arguments can be given, for example:

The rule of law in all spheres of society is possible only with a high legal culture of the population, its desire to participate in political life, to defend their rights.

All-Russian public organizations participate in the election of members of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation, which carries out interaction between citizens and state authorities, finding a compromise, protecting the rights and freedoms of a citizen;

Forming initiative groups, citizens can demand local referendums, hold pickets, collect signatures, apply to the court or the prosecutor's office on violations of environmental rights;

Any other examples may be given.

Subject area: Politics. Civil society and the state

An opinion is often expressed about the special significance for the development of society of value-oriented socio-political involvement of people. Using social science knowledge, give three arguments in support of this opinion.

For socio-political psychology, two types of personal and group choice are of greatest interest. First, a person's choice of the level and forms of his involvement in social and political life. The extreme points of such levels and forms, on the one hand, are active participation in this life, understanding it as the main sphere of human activity, on the other hand, complete alienation from it, accepting the role of a passive object of social and political processes ... The second choice determines a specific social political position or orientation of a person based on one of the systems of ideological and political values that exist in society. Both of these choices are interrelated. The level of psychological and practical involvement of people in the life of society affects the certainty and consistency of their ideological and political choice: what less people interested in politics, the more amorphous, unsystematic, unstable his Political Views. At the same time, alienation from the conventional value systems and forms of political life prevailing in society may mean a psychological readiness for an active alternative, extra- or anti-systemic social activities(these were the psychological prerequisites for the so-called informal movements in a number of countries)...

The level of people's involvement in social and political life is determined by a rather complex system of factors. It usually increases during periods of rapid renewal of social relations... During periods of stabilization of the system, as well as in difficult times of crisis, there is usually a decline in mass political activity...

In countries with a developed civil society, involvement that can be called value-oriented is becoming widespread. For it is directed primarily by those values that are developed by various social groups in the process of realizing their interests and preferences. Independent activity of such social subjects independent of the institutions of power distinguishing feature civil society. And although it most often unfolds around specific problems - national or local and group - and does not pretend to participate in "big politics", even opposes itself to it, it somehow influences the activities of parties and government bodies. This form of social activity evolves relatively independently of the level of political activity and is one of the most important mechanisms for self-regulation of society, relations between citizens and authorities.

(G. Diligensky)

Explanation.

The following arguments can be given:

1) value-oriented involvement involves the conscious activity of people;

2) value-oriented involvement leads to a purposeful change in social life;

3) value-oriented involvement makes it possible to organize a meaningful dialogue between various social forces and achieve social consensus.

Other arguments may be given

Read the text below, in which a number of words (phrases) are missing. Choose from the proposed list of words (phrases) that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

“The purpose of any ___________ (A) is power - influence on it or participation in it. However, the content of power is not contained in itself. Power is the interaction of those who exercise it with what in the aggregate is ___________ (B), in which it is exercised. As a result of their interaction, there is an exchange of activities, ___________ (B), values, information. Therefore, power can be understood through connection with that which is not power. At the same time, not only the power affects the social environment, but the environment also affects the power. Mutual influence can be in the nature of direct interaction between the authorities and the environment on the basis of the implementation of ___________ (D). For example, the state, as the bearer and subject of power, manages the affairs of society, ensures law and order, and citizens recognize ___________ (D) decisions made by the authorities and carry them out. Consequently, the interaction of power and society determines ___________ (E) of the social system, its stability and dynamism.

Words (phrases) in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once.

Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

The table below lists the letters that indicate the omission of a word. Write in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.

A	B	AT	G	D	E

Explanation.

A) political activity.

B) - social environment.

B) resources.

D) - political roles.

D) legitimacy.

E) - the nature of the changes.

Answer: 529736.

Answer: 529736

Subject area: Politics. The concept of power

Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, are a characteristic of the political process. Find two terms that “fall out” of the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in response.

Explanation.

The media, the state are political institutions, not processes.

Answer: 5, 7.

Answer: 57|75

Subject area: Politics. Political process, electoral process

Petr Dmitrievich Sadovsky

Modernization is a multi-valued concept. In general, this is an update, a change in accordance with the new requirements and norms of both technical objects and production processes, and the social system. social modernization- a set of economic, demographic, psychological and political changes undergone by a traditional society in the process of its transformation into a modern society. As we can see, the political sphere of society is also affected by modernization.

Stanislav Valentinovich Pchelintsev 14.02.2016 22:12

Good afternoon! According to Baranov's textbook, the media are one of the subjects of the political process.

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

Read the assignment carefully. It is necessary to choose the characteristics, not the subjects of the political process.

Cat M 08.01.2019 17:47

why 3 and 6 fit?

Ivan George

They are political processes, that is, a set of actions of political subjects aimed at exercising their roles and functions within the political system, at realizing their interests and goals. When corruption, nepotism and other negative phenomena begin to grow among officials, this reflects the dysfunction of the institutions of executive power, that is, a process that is negative for society, but still a process.

Purpose of the policy modern state in the development of political processes and institutions -

1) strengthening representative democracy, expanding the participation of the people in the preparation and adoption of laws.

2) protection of the poorest, most vulnerable segments of the population, targeted support for young people, the elderly.

3) implementation of the protection of the domestic producer from the competition of foreign producers.

4) easing the tax burden on small and medium-sized businesses, preferential taxation of small businesses.

Explanation.

Politics in modern society performs a number of the most significant functions:

1) the function of ensuring the integrity and stability of society. Politics performs this function in line with its purpose: to formulate common goals, determine social guidelines, seek the necessary resources for their implementation;

2) the function of mobilization and provision of general activities;

3) managerial and regulatory function (politics manages social processes, regulates them);

4) the function of political socialization (politics includes the individual in social relations);

5) humanitarian function (the function is expressed in the creation of guarantees of the rights and freedoms of the individual, ensuring public order, civil peace and organization).

What spheres of public life (social processes, phenomena), in your opinion, should be most protected from political influence? Indicate three areas (processes, phenomena) and in each case briefly explain your opinion.

The answer to the question about the prevalence of politics in society directly depends on its interpretation, as well as on specific types of social and political systems. From a broad understanding of politics as any activity and behavior associated with power, authority, organization and management, it logically follows that it penetrates into all areas of public life: the economy, culture, religion, science, sports, etc. As the well-known American political scientist Robert Dahl writes, political associations include not only such organizations as the state and parties, but also trade unions, private clubs, business enterprises, religious organizations, groups of citizens, wild tribes, clans and even individual families ...

At the same time, a broad interpretation of politics is fraught with the danger of obscuring its features, dissolving among phenomena close to politics in nature - power, social organization, management, the study of which is the subject of special sciences, respectively: sociology of power, sociology of organization, management theory.

More specifically, the criteria and boundaries of policy are determined by M. Weber. He writes: "An association can be called political if the execution of its orders is constantly carried out in a certain territory under threat or with the use of coercion by an administrative body."

Thus, Weber limits the criteria of political constancy of power, its distribution to a certain territory, the presence of special coercive bodies. It is easy to see that Weber associates politics with the national (macro) level of its functioning...

Almost any public problem can become political if, in the opinion of political leaders, it affects the interests of the whole society and requires decisions that are binding on all citizens. Politics is an instrument of conscious self-regulation of society. Therefore, it can apply to a wide variety of social phenomena, both those that require constant government regulation (for example, protecting the safety of citizens, public order, developing international relations, etc.), and those that temporarily acquire political significance ( for example, government assistance to the population in case of natural disasters).

Covering many economic, cultural, religious and other phenomena, politics does not replace them, but gives them a special aspect - makes them the object of influence of public authorities...

The versatility of various public associations is ultimately explained by the diversity of qualities and social roles person.

(V. P. Pugachev, A. I. Solovyov)

Explanation.

The correct answer should indicate the spheres (processes, phenomena) and give brief explanations, for example:

1) the religious sphere (questions of religious faith - the sphere of free self-determination of a person, political coercion cannot lead a person to sincere faith or atheism);

2) processes associated with cultural creativity (in cultural creativity, freedom and diversity are valuable artistic ideas, techniques, and not the promotion of certain political ideas);

3) economic processes (the market should remain predominantly a self-regulating system, following the political situation can lead to an economic crisis, disruption of economic ties).

Other areas (processes, phenomena) can be indicated, other explanations are given

What three subjects of the historical process are named in the text? How does the subject, according to the author, differ from the participant?

Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

The historical process itself is very complex and represents the interaction of many objective and subjective factors. The objective factors include the natural conditions of the life of society, the objective needs of people to provide the necessary conditions for their life, as well as the state of material production, the existing social structure of society, its political system, etc., which each new generation finds already established and which in that or otherwise determine the life of people. The subjective factors of the historical process are various kinds of people's ability to make changes in certain aspects of social life by their actions.

All people are directly or indirectly included in the historical process, since they are included in the process of social production, as well as in the political and spiritual life of society. In this respect, they are all participants in the historical process. But they become its subjects only to the extent that they act consciously: they are aware of their place in society, the social significance of their activities and the direction of the historical process. Consciously participating, say, in the improvement of economic and social relations, the political system of society, in the development of its spiritual life, this or that person or social group acts as a subject of the historical process.

Recently, science and politics are increasingly talking about humanity as an independent subject of the historical process. There are good reasons for this. In modern conditions, humanity is increasingly acting as a single whole due to the expansion and strengthening of economic, political and cultural ties between the peoples of all countries, the strengthening of their interdependence. It is within the framework of mankind as a single whole that the problems of ensuring universal peace, preserving and developing the natural environment, as well as creating conditions for the development of cooperation and mutual assistance of all peoples and states of our planet should now be solved.

And mankind, to one degree or another, solves these problems, first of all, by establishing comprehensive cooperation between peoples and states. This is the focus of many international organizations. It is extremely important that in the presence of many contradictions and conflicts between individual social groups, nations, peoples and states, humanity as an independent entity continues to exist and contributes to the peaceful resolution of these contradictions and conflicts - local, regional and international.

(V. Lavrinenko)

Explanation.

The correct answer must include:

Subjects of the historical process:

1 person;

2) social group;

3) humanity as a whole.

The difference must be stated:

They become its subjects only to the extent that they act consciously: they are aware of their place in society, the social significance of their activities and the direction of the historical process.

Select the correct judgments about the political process and socio-political movements and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) The political process is associated with solving the problem of limited economic resources.

2) Households and firms are subjects of the political process.

3) In the political process, the relationship between reformist and conservative principles is manifested.

4) At the implementation stage, the adopted political decisions are clothed in a legal form, their address and the circle of persons, organizations responsible for their implementation are determined

5) Taking into account various circumstances, the subjects of the political process develop alternative courses of action to achieve the desired results.

Explanation.

The structure of the political process includes three main elements.

The object must be created or achieved as the goal of the political process.

1) The political process is connected with the solution of the problem of limited economic resources - no, that's not true.

2) Households and firms are subjects of the political process - no, not true.

3) In the political process, the relationship between reformist and conservative principles is manifested - yes, that's right.

5) Taking into account various circumstances, the subjects of the political process develop alternative courses of action to achieve the desired results - yes, that's right.