Corruption in mass media. The role of mass media (mass media) in the fight against corruption - Economics - Catalog of articles - Unique texts. The main causes of corruption in Russia are

03.11.2020

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Introduction

Chapter 1. Basic concepts and definitions of the fight against corruption

Chapter 2. Public relations activities in the fight against corruption

2.1 Current forms of fighting corruption

2.2 The role of the media in the fight against corruption

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The topic of the work is currently very relevant. The level of corruption in our country remains extremely high. In 2009 alone, according to official statistics, ten and a half thousand criminal cases were initiated in this area. But this is just the tip of the iceberg. The fact is that corruption is not a side effect of our Russian society, but the foundation of the foundations for the existence of power and the management mechanism, because the main value for the ruling elite in modern Russia are money. Among the global problems of our time, on the solution of which depends further development of the world community in the new century, one of the most acute and "bleeding" is the problem of corruption. Acquired in the context of globalization a new quality, expressed, in particular, in its transnational forms, corruption is the most serious contradiction of globalization, one of the challenges to world development.

Corruption has become one of the most dangerous phenomena for society and the state in the last decade. On this issue, a huge amount of fundamental scientific research has been published in the world, a lot of non-fiction books and articles; hundreds of international and regional conferences, symposiums, seminars, round tables, parliamentary hearings were held; developed and adopted international and regional treaties, agreements, recommendations on measures to prevent and combat corruption. On the problems of corruption, candidate and doctoral dissertations were prepared and defended.

Corruption has become a direct threat to Russia's national security. In this regard, the role of the media in society is growing, the civic position of journalists, who are called upon to be not a mouthpiece of power, but a mirror of people's life, is of particular importance. Parliamentarians, like no one else, need the support of the media, as publications and reports enable legislators to see how the adopted law works, where and in what legal problems.

Thus, the purpose of this work is to study the activities of public relations in the field of combating corruption. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Consider the theoretical aspects of the issue under study;

Define the basic concept of "corruption", study the essence and typology;

Analyze socio-economic aspects;

Highlight the prerequisites for the emergence of corruption;

Investigate the activities of the media in the fight against corruption.

Therefore, the object of this work is the activity of public relations, the subject is the features of the functioning and influence of means of public relations in the field of combating corruption.

The problem of corruption in Russia and in the world is becoming increasingly threatening. It has become widespread in all sectors of society and among all branches of government. In terms of the level of corruption, Russia occupies one of the leading places.

The course work used the following methods:

A) the method of generalization, which was used to identify progressive trends in the theory and practice of combating corruption

B) the method of analysis, allowed to formulate the initial positions of the study

C) the comparison method served for a holistic consideration of the problem.

The theoretical significance of the study is as follows: the theoretical aspects of the problem of combating corruption are identified. The main concepts of "corruption" are clarified. A theoretical generalization of knowledge and skills in the field of combating corruption was carried out. The main conclusions and provisions of the work can be used in the preparation of theoretical and applied research programs aimed at studying the work of the anti-corruption system, in substantiating the use of public relations opportunities for the effective fight against corruption. The research materials can serve as a basis for building specialized training courses in the field of public relations, anti-corruption activities, etc.

The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the proposed developments in order to optimize the functioning of the anti-corruption system. The methods and recommendations proposed in the work are of a universal nature and therefore can be applied by various enterprises.

The hypothesis of the study is that with the help of openness, independence and objectivity of the media, it is possible to significantly reduce the level of corruption.

This topic is widely covered in scientific literature. But basically the causes of corruption and its negative consequences are being considered. There is a gap in the literature in the field of combating corruption, and so far many aspects of the influence of the media on the situation remain open and unexplored.

Work structure. This course work consists of introduction, main part, conclusion and bibliography. The first chapter of the work highlights the basic concepts of the fight against corruption, defines the terms used, analyzes the essence and typology of corruption, its socio-economic preconditions. In the second chapter, the activities of public relations in the fight against corruption are studied in more detail, the actual forms of the fight against corruption are highlighted, and in particular, the role of the media in the fight against corruption is determined.

Chapter 1. Basic concepts and definitions of the fight against corruption

1.1 Corruption: concept, essence, typology

Corruption has its roots in ancient times. Mention of this phenomenon is found in writings on the art of public administration, religious and legal literature of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Judea, India and China - in all centers of ancient Eastern civilizations. In the “Instruction of the King of Heracleopolis to his son Merikar” (Egypt, XXII century BC) it is indicated: “Elevate your nobles so that they act according to your laws. Impartial is he who is rich in his house, he is the lord of things ... ".

The mention of corruption in the public service system, which is reflected in the oldest monument of statehood known to mankind - the archives of Ancient Babylon, refers to the second half of the 24th century. BC e. In the era of the Sumerians and Semites, the King of Lagash ( ancient city- states in Sumer on the territory of modern Iraq) Urukagina reformed public administration in order to suppress the abuses of his officials and judges, as well as reduce the extortion of illegal rewards from temple personnel by the royal administration, reduce and streamline payments for rites.

In the ancient Indian treatise on the art of government "Arthashastra" (4th century BC), it is emphasized that the most important task facing the king is the fight against embezzlement. The treatise lists 40 ways of stealing government property and draws a sad conclusion that it is easier to guess the path of birds in the sky than the tricks of cunning officials. “Just as it is impossible to recognize whether the fish swimming in it drink water, it is impossible to determine whether the property is appropriated by officials assigned to business.” Surveillance becomes the main means of combating embezzlement. The scammer received a share of the property confiscated from a person convicted of an official crime.

The Bible condemns corruption: “Treats and gifts blind the eyes of the wise and, like a bridle in the mouth, turn away reproof.”

AT Ancient Russia the first mention of corruption in the form of a "promise", i.e., an illegal reward, dates back to the 14th century. Numerous Russian historical and literary sources testify to the widespread corruption in Russia. In the IX-X centuries. the institution of "feeding" arose - the prince sent his representatives (voivode, governors) to the province without monetary compensation. Therefore, the bribery of the boyars, officials, as well as the lack of rights of the lower classes, became a truly national disaster.

In Ancient Russia, Metropolitan Kirill condemned "bribery" along with sorcery and drunkenness. Under Ivan IV the Terrible, a clerk was executed for the first time, having received more than the prescribed roast goose. Peter I, inclined to decisive action, hanged bribe-taking governors, but there were no fewer of them.

The Soviet government continued a resolute fight against corruption. Lenin considered bribery one of the most dangerous survivals of the tsarist regime and demanded "barbaric" measures to combat it. In a letter to Kursky, a member of the collegium of the People's Committee of Justice, he demanded: “It is necessary immediately ... to introduce a bill that the punishment for a bribe (extortion, bribery, summary for a bribe, etc., etc.) should be no less than ten years in prison and, moreover, ten years forced labor." The severity of the measures in the fight against bribery is explained by the fact that the Bolsheviks considered it not only as a relic of the old society, but also as an attempt by the exploiting classes to undermine the foundations of the new system. In one of the directives of the RCP(b), it was directly noted that the enormous spread of bribery, closely connected with the general lack of culture of the bulk of the population and the economic backwardness of the country, threatens to corrupt and destroy the apparatus of the workers' state.

Nevertheless, despite the severity of legal measures against bribe-takers, bribe-takers, officials who use their official position, the “blue thieves of Alhena” have flourished and are flourishing all over the world, and not only in the world of Ilf and Petrov.

Even the superbly organized repressive apparatus of the Stalinist government could not cope with the manifestations of corruption, which became commonplace by the 1970s and 1980s.

Even today, many Russians remember well how they gave bribes for obtaining a state-owned apartment, for allocating scarce industrial and food products “by pull”, for admission to prestigious universities, for business trips abroad, and the like, and for many other things that were usually inaccessible to Soviet citizens.

And then, after the collapse Soviet Union, other times have come. Quite different. And corruption has acquired such proportions that the whole world is now talking about it.

The biggest difficulty in the fight against corruption is that its manifestations are so multifaceted that with any legislatively fixed definition of corruption, some of these manifestations will remain outside the scope of the law.

The main thing is to understand that there will be no rich state, strong power, prosperous citizens, as long as "your hand is stretched out to receive."

Having studied the origins of such a phenomenon as corruption, we will try to understand its causes, essence, and understand the typology.

The analysis should begin with a statement that, in essence, the state is a purely bureaucratic structure, which is sometimes jokingly referred to as the structure of "servants of the people." Having no resources other than administrative, the state system under certain conditions will seek to turn its only - administrative - resource (ie, the ability to use force) into specific material benefits "for itself." This is the source, the spring from which the complex disease of the state system arises, which is corruption.

First of all, there is a need to define what is meant by the term "corruption", since in society, in the scientific world and in the practical sphere there is no unambiguous understanding of this phenomenon.

Article 8 of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, which was signed on December 12, 2000 in Palermo, defines corruption as intentional criminal acts that include:

a) Promising, offering or giving to a public official, personally or through intermediaries, any undue advantage for the official himself or any other person or entity in order for that official to perform any act or omission in the performance of his official duties ;

b) soliciting or accepting by a public official, personally or through intermediaries, any undue advantage for the official himself or for another natural or legal person in order for this official to perform any act or omission in the performance of his official duties.

The definitions of corrumpire in Roman law were understood in the most general way, as (to break), to spoil, to destroy, to damage, to falsify, to bribe, and to denote an unlawful act, for example, against a judge. This concept comes from a combination of the Latin words "correi" - several participants in one of the parties of an obligation regarding a single subject and "rumpere" - to break, damage, violate, cancel. As a result, an independent term was formed, which assumed the participation in the activities of several (at least two) persons, the purpose of which is “spoilage”, “damage” to the normal course litigation or the process of managing the affairs of the society. Yani P.S. Bribery and malfeasance: criminal liability. - M., 2002. - P.37.

In the Big Law Dictionary, corruption is understood as “a socially dangerous phenomenon in the sphere of politics or public administration, expressed in the deliberate use by government officials of their official status to illegally obtain property and non-property benefits and advantages in any form, as well as bribery of these persons.”

The UN documents on the international fight against corruption define "corruption" as the abuse of state power for personal gain, for the benefit of third parties or groups.

The phrase "abuse of state power" is somewhat misleading, as it reduces the field of activity of the phenomenon in question and obscures the true danger emanating from it. In fact, state power is a system for managing society, and the social danger from corruption is the damage done to society. Therefore, corruption is the misuse of the management of public power for personal gain, for the benefit of third parties or groups.

From this definition it is clear that corruption:

It is always associated with the public service, state power, due to this direct dependence it inevitably has a greater or lesser impact on the nature and content of power, its reputation in society. This allows us to argue that corruption acquires, in addition to criminal, a political character;

Corruption goes beyond bribery;

It includes nepotism (Nepotism, lat., filling positions preferably by relatives in violation of the common and just order) and numerous forms of misappropriation of public funds for personal, group or corporate use;

Corruption, as an abuse of power, can be carried out to obtain benefits not only for personal, but also corporate, clan interests. It is not always directly related to assignment material assets, since corporate interest sometimes pursues political goals: the creation of political conditions that provide the possibility of "legal", "legal" seizure, appropriation in the future of material and financial resources.

In most cases, corruption causes direct economic damage to the individual, society and the state.

In addition, it must be taken into account that corruption abuses management, public power for personal gain, in the interests of third parties or groups. It is necessary to constantly take into account the anti-social nature of corrupt activities.

If we translate this into a practical area, then we can state that corruption is based on an illegal bilateral transaction (corruption always involves two parties: the one who bribes, and the one who, being bribed, acts contrary to his official duty), as a result in which a person in the public service illegally “sells” to individuals and legal entities his official powers or services based on the authority of the position, power and related opportunities, and the “buyer” gets the opportunity to use the state structure for his own purposes: to enrich, legislative registration of privileges, avoidance of statutory responsibility, public control, etc.

In other words, the transformation of a civil servant's workplace into a commercial product is the essence of corruption, which poses a real threat to the normal, legitimate functioning of the system of state power and administration.

It is necessary to clearly distinguish between corruption and opportunistic economic behavior in relation to their duties to the state, since the latter is characteristic not only of civil servants, but also of the majority of the population or its significant social groups. This manifests itself, first of all, in the form of tax evasion, massive “capital flight”, etc. A clear example of the results of opportunistic economic behavior is the "shadow economy".

Corruption must be distinguished in a narrow and broad sense. Corruption in the narrow sense is a phenomenon when officials deliberately neglect their duties or act contrary to these duties for the sake of a certain material reward.

Along with corruption in the narrow sense, there are bribery and independent bureaucratic entrepreneurship. Bribery differs from corruption in that an official is bribed not for the sake of violating his duties, but for the sake of fulfilling them. Bribery is generated by the vagueness of the duties of an official, the deficit (often artificially created) of the administrative and financial capabilities of the state. The buying party in this case appears as "suffering".

Bureaucratic entrepreneurship is characterized by the fact that there is formally no bribe. The customer of the service violation here is the performer himself, deriving income (entrepreneurial or rental) from the monopoly on making or agreeing on a certain decision.

The forms of abuse of official position are very diverse, according to different criteria, they distinguish different kinds corruption.

Table 1. TYPOLOGY OF CORRUPTION RELATIONS

Criteria for the typology of corruption	Types of corruption
Who is abusing his position	State (corruption of state officials) Commercial (corruption of company managers) Political (corruption of politicians)
Who is the initiator of corruption relations	Extortion of bribes at the initiative of a leading person. Bribery initiated by the petitioner
Who is the briber	Individual bribe (by a citizen) Entrepreneurial bribe (from a legal firm) Criminal bribery (from criminal entrepreneurs - for example, drug mafia)
Form of benefit received by the bribe-taker from corruption	Cash bribes Exchange of favors (patronage, nepotism)
The goals of corruption from the point of view of the briber	Accelerating bribe (so that the recipient of the bribe does what he is supposed to do faster) Braking bribe (so that the recipient of the bribe violates his official duties) Bribe “for a good attitude” (so that the recipient of the bribe does not make far-fetched nit-picking of the bribe-giver)
Degree of centralization of corruption relations	Decentralized corruption (each briber acts on his own initiative) Centralized “bottom-up” corruption (bribes regularly collected by lower officials are divided between them and higher officials) Centralized “top-down” corruption (bribes regularly collected by senior officials are partially transferred to their subordinates)
The level of spread of corruption relations	Grassroots corruption (in the lower and middle echelons of power) Top corruption (among senior officials and politicians) International corruption (in the sphere of world economic relations)
The degree of regularity of corrupt ties	Episodic corruption Systematic (institutional) corruption Kleptocracy (corruption as an integral component of power relations)

On the basis of a conditional criterion, corruption can be divided into petty (grassroots, everyday or, to be more precise, domestic corruption, with the help of which citizens solve their daily problems: payments to traffic cops, paperwork for summer cottages, bribes in courts, medical institutions, military enlistment offices and etc.) and large (top, elite, business corruption, i.e. the one with the help of which major business problems are solved). Between them, despite the significant difference in levels, there is an organic relationship and interdependence, conditionality and commonality of a centralized, paternalistic, organizational or socio-psychological nature.

The first, grassroots, acting at the level of the daily needs of entrepreneurs and other citizens, has become almost the norm and permeates the most diverse strata of society. The bulk of corruption cases are connected with revelations at this level.

The attractiveness of grassroots corruption is that, with minimal risk for both parties, it has a specific value not only for the recipient (or extortionist) of the bribe, but also for the bribe giver. A bribe helps to solve constantly arising everyday problems; it also serves as a small price to pay for the constant possibility of minor violations of laws and regulations, for example, for speeding, driving while intoxicated, etc.

Large-scale grassroots corruption is extremely dangerous because, firstly, it creates a favorable psychological background for the existence of other forms of corruption and, secondly, it breeds vertical corruption. The latter is the source material for the formation of organized corruption structures and communities.

Grassroots corruption in Russia occurs almost everywhere where an ordinary citizen is faced with the need to turn to the state, or, conversely, the state considers it appropriate to disturb the citizen. Only the main areas are listed below.

The housing and communal sector, as sociological surveys of the Russian population show, is perceived by them as the most corrupt. It would seem that the emergence of a housing market should lead to a decrease in corruption in this area. However, its rootedness here is extremely strong. it a prime example that measures alone to eliminate the economic conditions of corruption may not be enough to combat it.

Law enforcement agencies, and especially the police, are in second place. AT recent times among those prosecuted for corruption, one quarter are employees of law enforcement agencies. As already mentioned, the most significant contribution to this high result is made by the traffic police. In addition to roads, citizens often engage in corrupt relationships with law enforcement agencies in the issuance of driver's licenses, permits to keep firearms, and in other similar cases.

The fact is that corrupt actions "at the top", as a rule, are carried out in very complex, specific and confidential types of state activities, where it is difficult for a non-professional to figure it out. Here, corruption has the highest adaptability, it is constantly changing, improving, building a whole system of self-defense, including lobbied legal acts, criminal prosecution of persons who reveal criminal activity, and physical elimination of opponents, witnesses, etc. Elite corruption, having a particularly hidden and conciliatory nature, in the conditions of the dominant harsh greed and venality of the authorities, is mutually beneficial for both those who take and those who give. “May the hand of the giver not be impoverished, may the hand of the taker not wither” - in relation to this area, this phrase has become the norm of life. And although the state, and society, and the people suffer from it, these sufferings are, as it were, virtual, invisible and mediated.

If petty corruption daily “sucks out” the material well-being of people, then elite (top) corruption absorbs huge chunks of the state and private economy.

Corruption exists in all countries, regardless of their level. economic development. The degree of corruption is a relative concept. So in developed countries it is no less than in third world countries. The difference lies in its distribution among the echelons of power and publicity. Therefore, the rating of corruption in various countries is rather a political propaganda trick. Rating methods are rather vague, but the promotion of their results is generously sponsored by government and private structures.

Any society tends to live by certain rules. These rules are implemented through existing laws and moral norms. It is important for a citizen to understand how morality and law relate to each other in his society. In a civilized state, everything that is drawn up in accordance with legal norms is considered legal. In addition, society recognizes, along with legal ones, some illegal rules that are characteristic of the "shadow" economy. The state puts forward a demand to its citizens - to receive benefits legally. However, do all laws correspond to the interests of society? Not everyone! Many laws protecting the interests of rich and powerful groups are passed to the detriment of society. By Western standards, a legal business is one for which there are legal documents, but they do not guarantee honesty. Honesty, justice - are not legal concepts.

On the other hand, one must understand that morality is formed, as a rule, under the influence of authorities and internal self-control, as well as the law enshrined in laws. Law, having a normative certainty, is provided by the coercive power of the state for citizens to comply with the rules of conduct.

This indicates a close relationship between morality and law. Morality is a spiritual phenomenon, inert in time, while law in time is material and operational. The combination of progressive law and high morality gives stability in society. Their social danger is different, and as the consciousness of society grows, it will change. Bureaucratic creativity is limitless. Therefore, the fight against corruption must begin with the most obvious and socially dangerous forms.

Discrepancies are determined by the difference in positions from which this phenomenon is considered: political, economic, legal, special, everyday, etc. Therefore, there are many definitions. Most likely, approaching the definition of corruption, it is necessary to take into account different views, since each of them has a real basis and reflects one side of this complex, complex, diverse phenomenon. Based on this, corruption can be considered as a political and legal, economic and legal, social and legal or criminological phenomenon, covering a set of socially dangerous acts, both criminalized and, for various reasons, not criminalized in our country, but recognized as criminal in the world.

The situation with corruption in our country is becoming more and more dangerous. And all because the state has not yet found the strength to influence business, but business boldly influences the authorities.

The level of corruption in the state directly depends on the degree of its bureaucracy. The conditions for the flourishing of corruption are created when, on the one hand, an official is engaged in extortion, and the market participants themselves seek to enlist his support. And if so, we have no way to eradicate corruption. At the same time, there is confidence that it can be minimized. For this, there are, first of all, two possibilities: effective preventive work and the creation of asymmetric conditions, including the use of non-standard solutions in response to corruption threats.

The main sources of corruption are manifold. The first and most limitless are state financial and commodity flows. They exist between all spheres of life and activity of society and the state. Thousands of civil servants of various levels and ranks keep abreast of these flows, who, in conditions of unprecedented lack of control, use them to achieve their personal and group goals.

The second source is the pockets of citizens and entrepreneurs who have legitimate and illegal actual needs and interests, the implementation of which is possible only through certain decisions of officials.

Both of these sources are regulated by all branches of law (administrative, budgetary, banking, customs, etc.) and by most laws. Therefore, the legal problems of preventing corruption, controlling it and combating it cannot be solved by several articles in the Criminal Code and in the Fundamentals of Public Service. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that a number of laws and regulations directly or indirectly allow various corrupt technologies. In a market economy, free trade and democracy, corruption is not limited to primitive types of bribery and abuse, which are reflected in the Criminal Code. It did not find any reflection of widely practiced corrupt practices, such as:

- corrupt lobbying (“corruption deal” between an official and another person);

- corrupt favoritism (influence on the course of affairs is carried out by a corrupt favorite);

- corruption protectionism (an action or inaction of an official under patronage that does not contain signs of a crime when arranging the affairs of interested persons, providing them with all kinds of support, regardless of the motives of the patron);

- secret contributions for political purposes;

- contributions to the elections with the subsequent payment of public offices;

- behind-the-scenes privatization, corporatization, loans-for-shares auctions (secret);

- provision of tax and customs benefits;

- transition of public officials (immediately after resignation) to the positions of presidents of banks and corporations; - corruption abroad; combining public service with commercial activities, etc.

1.2 Socio-economic aspects of the emergence of corruption

The special attention paid by law enforcement agencies, including the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, to combating corruption is explained by the exceptionally high public danger of the expansion of corrupt behavior into social, economic and political relations. The intensification of corruption falls on the 90s as a consequence of a number of objective factors in the functioning of Russian society in that period and, mainly, the weakness of the state.

Today, corruption is one of the most serious threats to Russia's national security, along with such challenges to society, and to the world community as a whole, as international terrorism, organized crime, and drug trafficking. It should be emphasized that often these socially dangerous phenomena are closely intertwined.

Monitoring of the situation in the field of combating corruption shows that corrupt behavior changes the motivation for official activities of officials, as well as persons vested with managerial powers in commercial and socio-political organizations. In turn, this disrupts the normal functioning of the apparatus of the state, business and citizens in their relationship with each other and discredits the authorities. The state apparatus begins to function for those who pay for the services of individual officials, civil servants, and refuses to do so for those who, in essence, support it, i.e. pays taxes, fees and other payments established by Russian legislation.

As a result, it turns into a set of scattered elements that express not the interests of society and the state, but the interests of individuals or their associations, in other words, corporate interests.

Under such conditions, the fundamental institutions of democracy are jeopardized to a certain extent: human rights, free elections, freedom of economic activity.

Corruption reduces the investment attractiveness of markets, increases transaction costs and the price of final products and services.

It was corruption that the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin called among the main reasons for the slippage in the formation of the vertical of power and an effective management mechanism at the federal and regional levels. At the same time, the head of state warned that in the absence of proper counteraction, "corruption, irresponsibility and lack of professionalism will rapidly grow, returning us to the path of degradation of the economic and intellectual potential of the nation." Yani P.S. Bribery and malfeasance: criminal liability. - M., 2002. - P.92.

The socio-economic aspect of the danger of corruption is expressed in the distortion of the socio-economic policy of the state by the corrupt state apparatus. Including complicating or obstructing the realization of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens in strict accordance with the law, which leads, in particular, to cutting off honest citizens from entrepreneurial or commercial activities and the massive admission of criminal elements to it. In the formation of a criminal market economy, limiting "pure" investments and the loss of the possibility of integrating the country into the world economic system. In huge economic damage from lost taxes; in plundering the country by clandestine exports and imports.

Due to corruption, small and medium-sized businesses do not receive proper development. To open the simplest case, you need to get about 50 signatures of officials, who often do not just put their visas on, preferring to sell them for foreign currency. Corruption is an obstacle to foreign investment and domestic capital in the Russian economy.

Corruption - the main brake on economic growth in Russia, as a criminal phenomenon appeared and developed, primarily in connection with the economy, economic processes in general, with financial and commodity flows in particular. Economic corruption is a corrupt form of economic struggle between individual representatives of the economic elite, groups (financial, industrial), corporations or individuals for taking possession of property, finance, goods, for obtaining benefits, preferences, preferences in their economic activities, as well as establishing illegitimate relations between a civil servant and a specific citizen in order to resolve the last issue or problem facing him.

Economic corruption in a concentrated form absorbs various crimes and leads to the destruction of the economy or its one-sided development, the transformation of the state apparatus into an instrument for satisfying private economic needs. This entails the development of negative social processes. The danger of economic corruption is also determined by the fact that it is “vitally” connected with the “shadow economy”. It grows on its soil, then stimulates its development and expansion. Associated with "shadow", "dirty" capital, economic corruption is quickly and diversified woven into organized crime. And on this triad (shadow economy - organized crime - corruption, both economic and political), the greatest danger begins to develop for the individual, for society, and for the state: a criminal society and a criminal state are being formed. Representatives of classical liberalism emphasize that government intervention in the economy inevitably gives rise to government failures. Corruption can also be considered as a failure of the state, which, in particular, L. Mises pointed out: “Corruption is a real companion of interventionism (state intervention in the economy)”.

The motivational approach to economic corruption presupposes the presence of a selfish goal: taking possession of property, finances, obtaining benefits, preferences in economic activity. And here, as in the case of political motivation, the motivation for economic corruption is wider than the criminal law aspect. The reason for this is the emergence of market relations and various forms of economic, entrepreneurial, financial activities sharply ahead of its legislative consolidation and regulation. Until now, many aspects and forms of economic corruption fall out of legislative consolidation, which is a consequence of the backlog of the law, for objective and subjective reasons, as well as the result of political lobbying aimed at passing laws that are needed by "shadow" businessmen, and slowing down the development and adoption of laws that could become a serious obstacle to their unlimited enrichment.

The appraisal approach involves giving the committed act the form of an economic crime, although, as already noted, not all such acts fall under the relevant articles of the Criminal Code. In addition, corruption-ridden representatives of the "top" are mired in economic and political corruption, which is given the form of active political struggle. This allows them, when the investigating authorities try to deal with economic crimes, to reduce everything to persecution for political reasons, and they present economic moments as a pretext for settling political scores.

The variety of economic problems of corruption is determined, first of all, by the variety of economic relations and the economic, economic and financial activities of all subjects of economic relations - from an ordinary citizen to the state. Difficulty is determined by three reasons:

First, the legal unsettledness of many forms of economic activity;

Secondly, gaps in legislative regulation, gaps in the legislative framework on issues of economic, economic and financial activities;

Thirdly, lobbying by the “shadow economy” dealers and related corrupt relations of high-ranking civil servants, as a result of which, after 1991, laws appeared that legitimized illegal or semi-legal forms of economic and financial activity. In general, the economic problems of corruption are twofold. On the one hand, they reflect the entire amount of specific criminal and “legitimized” acts. On the other hand, they can be considered as the causes of corruption, factors contributing to its development and expansion.

Undoubtedly, corruption has a corrupting effect on all aspects of life. The negative consequences of corruption described below are already manifesting themselves to a greater or lesser extent in Russia.

economic consequences.

1. The shadow economy is expanding. This leads to a decrease in tax revenues and a weakening of the budget. As a result, the state loses the financial levers of managing the economy, social problems are aggravated due to non-fulfillment of budget obligations.

2. The competitive mechanisms of the market are violated, since often the winner is not the one who is competitive, but the one who was able to get advantages for bribes. This entails a decrease in the efficiency of the market and the discrediting of the ideas of market competition.

3. The emergence of effective private owners is slowing down, primarily due to violations in the course of privatization. The consequences are the same as in paragraph 2.

4. Inefficient use of budgetary funds, in particular - in the distribution of government orders and loans. This further exacerbates the country's budgetary problems.

5. Prices rise due to corrupt "overhead costs". As a result, the consumer suffers.

6. The confidence of market agents in the ability of the authorities to establish and observe fair rules of the market game is lost. The investment climate is deteriorating and, consequently, the problems of overcoming the decline in production and renewal of fixed assets are not being solved.

7. The scope of corruption in non-governmental organizations (firms, enterprises, public organizations) is on the rise. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of their work, which means that the efficiency of the country's economy as a whole decreases.

social consequences.

1. Colossal funds are diverted from the goals of social development. This aggravates the budget crisis, reduces the ability of the authorities to solve social problems.

2. Sharp property inequality and poverty of a large part of the population are fixed and increasing. Corruption encourages unfair and unfair redistribution of funds in favor of narrow oligarchic groups at the expense of the most vulnerable segments of the population.

3. Law is being discredited as the main instrument for regulating the life of the state and society. In the public mind, an idea is being formed about the defenselessness of citizens both in the face of crime and in the face of power.

4. Corrupt law enforcement contributes to the strengthening of organized crime. The latter, merging with corrupt groups of officials and entrepreneurs, is strengthened even more with the help of access to political power and opportunities for money laundering.

5. Social tensions are on the rise, hitting the economy and threatening political stability in the country.

1.3 Prerequisites for the emergence of corruption

How do officials make decisions, do they get on the slippery slope of corruption?

Each person, choosing the direction of his activity, proceeds from four factors. First, their abilities; secondly, the moral values and limitations laid down by his upbringing; thirdly, the restrictions imposed by the device of the external environment; fourthly, from the desire to maximize their benefits.

The elected head of state D. Medvedev believes that corruption is associated with two things - the standard of living and the traditions of society. The lower the standard of living, the greater the desire of officials to find corruption schemes, he explained. Dmitry Medvedev noted that people in Russia like to talk about corruption among civil servants, and many cases of bribery can be proved. “But if officials receive salaries at the level of, say, one-fifth of the salary corresponding to a position in business, this will continue. One of the ways to fight corruption is to improve the overall quality of life and wages,” he said. Yakovlev A.M. Sociology of economic crime - M., 2008. - P.175.

At the same time, Dmitry Medvedev believes, it is necessary to increase the responsibility of officials. Another problem he called a very low level of legal awareness. 90% of Russians, when they are stopped by a traffic police officer, reach into their pocket for money, without even thinking that offering a bribe is the same crime as receiving it, he said.

Corruption, its nature, scale and features of development is not only a consequence of the unresolved modern state-political, social and economic problems of the country. The roots of corruption go back to the history of Russia. At the same time, corruption, as world experience shows, always grows in the context of the transformation of social relations. This also applies to Russia's current transition from a totalitarian state to a democratic and legal one, from a centralized economy to a market economy, from a closed society suppressed by the state to an open, democratic society. The contradictions of this transition led to the emergence of an interconnected set of reasons for the rapid growth and large-scale spread of corruption.

The main reasons for the widespread corruption in Russia today are irresponsible and inefficient government, underdevelopment civil society, non-competitiveness, raw material orientation and the shadow nature of the economy, the imperfection of legislation.

One of the reasons for the large-scale development of corruption in the country is also the change in moral and spiritual values at the personal level, which began in the 60s of the twentieth century. It was then that the corruption mechanisms of social relations in modern Russia were born. Public morality was especially severely damaged in the 1990s - in the conditions of the lawlessness of state power, at the stage of radical market reforms. It was during this period that corruption relations penetrated into all spheres of life in Russian society.

It is fundamentally important to emphasize that since corruption is a deformation of social relations, signaling the disease of society, the eradication of this social ailment is possible only by eliminating the causes that give rise to it. Tightening the system for identifying and punishing corrupt officials is only part of the fight against corruption. It is necessary, but it will not be of great importance if the systemic causes and conditions that give rise to corruption are not eradicated. If the causes and incentives of corruption remain intact, the elimination of one flock of "black sheep" only leads to the emergence of a new "live stock" of corrupt officials and bribe givers. In this regard, it would be a mistake to believe that all problems can be solved only by the adoption of a special law on combating corruption.

The main goal of state and public anti-corruption activities should be considered a comprehensive work aimed at eliminating the main causes and incentives that give rise to corruption, and not just tightening the system for identifying and punishing corrupt officials.

Let us leave the question of the personal abilities of officials and consider the three remaining points: the influence of the external environment, moral values and the improvement of material conditions, as the most dependent on the will of society.

Environment restrictions

The less something depends on the official, the better for the state. But more and more questions are given to officials for decision. It is this development of the state that stimulates the growth of corruption. The more controlling, approving, permitting bodies - the greater the amount of bribery.

Moral values and restrictions.

In our country, neither the bribe-taker nor the bribe-giver believes that they are committing an immoral act. They are not ashamed. Moreover, it is now considered normal in society. This is part of the code of conduct.

Law and morality in the regulation of public life have their own characteristics. Legal norms and moral principles are the rules of behavior of people in society. In Russian regulations, there is such a definition: “Morality is a system of norms, rules of conduct that have developed in society on the basis of traditional spiritual and cultural values, namely, ideas of goodness, honor, dignity, duty, conscience, justice, etc. ". Moral norms, having no formal certainty of the rules of conduct, are provided both by internal self-control and by the influence of authorities.

Law, having a normative certainty, is provided by the coercive power of the state for citizens to comply with the rules of conduct. The totality of the stability of law and morality gives stability in society. When the state changes, the nature of these changes will be moral only if the relationship between goals and means to achieve them is known and accepted by society, and when public and state values about the public good coincide and are correctly understood.

In every period of the development of the history of Russian statehood, one way or another, there has always been a moral principle. Recently, however, there has been a general moral unscrupulousness of our legislation and law enforcement practice in the country. And the problem of the lack of restraining moral principles embedded in legislative acts especially relevant for the Russian legislator.

Throughout the history of the development of Russian legislation, the effect of general ideal norms on the regulation of real social relations has been traced. It is rather difficult to conclude whether this impact was positive or negative, but the absence of such a deterrent currently negatively affects the possibility of legal regulation of the fight against corruption.

Despite the discrepancy between the general ideal norms and the actually developing legal relations, the norms of law, burdened with general moral and moral prohibitions of a normative nature, really affected the level of corruption in the country. What was traced in the presence of responsibility (both legal and non-legal), and law enforcement practice of resolving issues of responsibility for committing antimoral offenses.

"MASS MEDIA IN THE SYSTEM OF ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY OF MODERN RUSSIA..."

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Today it is quite clear to us that in the current corruption situation in the Russian Federation, it is almost impossible to completely get rid of corruption. Therefore, in the modern anti-corruption struggle, it is important to counteract it and reduce corruption risks and threats in society.

Until the systematic and cohesive activity of the state, business and civil society to reduce the existing level of corruption, commensurate in scale as Russian corruption itself, the mass media will play an insignificant role. Very often, the media will be involved in minor and isolated "anti-corruption actions", which the public will quickly forget about. But if the media do not actively participate in anti-corruption activities, then they will not be an effective means of combating it.

The main tasks of the media in anti-corruption activities and the formation of the principles and culture of the fight against corruption, in the opinion of the applicant, are:

Public coverage of the corruption potential of modern Russian reality. Use comparisons and give examples of the public life of states where corruption is practically defeated. This will generally contribute to an increase in the interest of the society and the expansion of the audience;

To educate civil servants about non-corruption methods of activity;

To carry out rapprochement between society and the state, a person and an official, business and the state to form the need for anti-corruption activities and the rejection of corruption;

Describe the effective anti-corruption experience of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

Research and communicate to society the methodology for combating corruption, using the example and experience of other states in relation to Russian realities;

Conducting sociological surveys and research in order to build constructive and systemic specifics of combating corruption;

Compile an information base on corruption phenomena and specific corrupt officials;

Actively assist in the development of anti-corruption strategies and plans not only of a federal, but also of a regional nature, using information and organizational methods;

Through all their activities, actively participate in building the openness of public authorities and business communities for public control, the main element of which is free media;

Form common principles and culture of combating corruption in society.

Thus, we need to conclude that the media can be an active initiator of anti-corruption activities in society. In the fight against corruption, no special norms and requirements are imposed on the media today. Therefore, editors, journalists and bloggers themselves have the right to choose their position and attitude towards certain facts of corrupt reality.

To reduce the level of corruption, it is very important to increase the level of awareness about it and to completely revise the public perception of the corruption-related nature of the relations that have developed in society today and are of a systemic nature.

We can also see that recently a number of comprehensive measures have been taken by state administration and control bodies to reduce and combat corruption. The existing legal framework allows partly to carry out anti-corruption prosecution.

Corruption hinders the effective functioning of state and social mechanisms, hinders modernization, innovative development and causes serious prerequisites in the economy and creates distrust in public authorities and forms a threat to the state security of the Russian Federation.

We believe that in order to combat corruption, along with state authorities and civil society institutions, the media, the Internet community and the blogosphere should be involved, which should carry out their activities in close cooperation.

The situation of modern Russian reality is not ideal.

It is necessary to constantly improve and develop anti-corruption countermeasures, because the current structure of the world order and relations require an increase in the effectiveness in the field of combating corruption. Openness, both in the activities of public authorities and administration, and in business, should become the main counteraction.

Information transparency is a decisive factor in combating corruption. The importance of the media is key, because they can change the existing deformation consciousness and society's attitude towards corruption at the level of negative perception of this negative phenomenon in all respects.

We can see an increase in the activity of the media in the field of anti-corruption activities. There is an increase in the discussion of the impact of corruption on Russian reality, public examinations of the study of regulatory legal acts and state programs and anti-corruption strategies are being carried out. There is a formation of public anti-corruption consciousness.

The mass media should provide society with information of a reliable nature, explain its negative consequences of influencing the state and public relations.

Therefore, it is very important to discuss the enforcement practice of anti-corruption legislation and the consequences of corruption through the media.

The formation of the principles and culture of the fight against corruption is an important prerogative of the media, which today can influence the change in moral and psychological attitudes and norms of behavior in society from the concept of highly moral principles of universal values.

The moral and psychological impact of the media is able to form the correct legal culture of society and increase the level of trust in public authorities and administration.

The main thing is that all the activities of the media should be built within the legal framework.

Therefore, we believe that in order to increase the effectiveness of the media in anti-corruption activities and the formation of the principles and culture of combating corruption, the following conditions must be met:

Develop constructive measures and legally consolidate the provision of openness and transparency in the activities of public authorities and administration;

Legislatively fix the algorithm of relations between the media and public authorities in matters of anti-corruption interaction;

Define the scope of the media's powers in anti-corruption expertise and investigations, as well as the rules for their relationship with law enforcement agencies and access to information about corruption;

Determine the procedure for participation in the anti-corruption expertise of regulatory and legal legislation;

Regulatory determination of the media's ability to conduct independent journalistic investigations;

Implement a promotion system professional level Mass media in anti-corruption counteraction;

Take measures to get rid of corruption in the media themselves;

Actively include the blogosphere and activists in anti-corruption activities;

Introduce a system of grants for the media in the field of anti-corruption counteraction;

Increase and ensure the level of security of media representatives;

Develop principles of behavior in the anti-corruption activities of the media themselves.

Thus, the study of the problems of the anti-corruption impact of the media in modern Russian conditions will increase, but we believe that the main focus will shift from television and printed publications towards the Internet community and the blogosphere.

CONCLUSION

Corruption is developed and exists throughout the world community, undermining the foundations of freedom and democracy, the economy, the moral values of society, undermining the confidence of citizens in state power and governance. Penetrating all layers and spheres of public life, it entered the system of social values and priorities, deforming public perception and moral norms.

According to the World Bank for Reconstruction and Development, economic losses caused by various manifestations of corruption amount to over 8% of the world's gross domestic product1.

The problem of corruption is today global. Today, along with the globalization manifestations of world life and positive parameters, it can be stated that international organized crime has given rise to international corruption, which in its nature has the appearance contemporary issues globalization.

Solving the problems of combating corruption requires a long-term and continuous anti-corruption policy and reforming the state system, since corruption tends to quickly assimilate in the reformed system of public administration.

The Russian Federation belongs to the state of transformational transition, a distinctive feature of which is a very high level of corruption and the development of corrupt relations. Corruption finds a special place in such systems as budgetary, law enforcement and investment.

Russia's recent attempts to reduce corruption have been achieved mainly through public administration reforms, 1

Fight against global corruption [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: URL:

http://www.com-cor.ru/ru/word_without_corruption.html. (date of access: 16.02.2013).

increasing economic openness and involving the state in international community and trade. But the variety of forms and manifestations of corruption continue to pose a threat to statehood and society in the country.

The main causes of corruption in Russia are:

Patrimonial nature of state power and administration;

Inseparability of property from public authorities and administration;

institutional corruption;

The low level of ethical standards in Russian society;

High level of immorality of corruption;

Positive attitude towards corruption of the population.

The main sign of negative indicators of corruption in Russia is the weak regulatory and legal component of anti-corruption legislation, which is characterized by the absence of mechanisms for the implementation of anti-corruption countermeasures.

We need to highlight a number of key features of modern corruption in the Russian Federation:

A high degree of orientation towards maximum enrichment using all imaginable and unimaginable possibilities;

Close connection of corruption with the shadow economy and criminality;

Transformation of modern corrupt relations and connections that take on a transnational character;

High latency of corruption crimes, most of which are committed at the expense of official position;

Impunity for corruption and corrupt officials;

Penetration of corruption into all spheres of society and the state;

Widespread introduction of corruption in the highest bodies of power and administration and its spread “by subordination”.

Corruption in modern Russia leads to huge economic losses and the export of capital abroad.

The main role in the fight against corruption is played by the public, the media, the Internet community and activists.

The main goal in the fight against corruption is the ability of the media to open to society all those hidden mechanisms of corruption, depriving it of a favorable ground for development and spread in modern Russian society. An important role in this is played by journalistic investigations of corruption and making materials and facts public, showing the society and corrupt officials the principles of the inevitability of punishment for these anti-social acts.

In order to carry out a full and effective fight against corruption, the media must have and receive full independence from all branches of state power and become an independent and freedom-oriented "fourth power".

We believe that the main priorities in the work of the modern Russian journalistic community and publishers (founders) of the media should be the interests of society and freedom and the right of citizens to receive complete and objectively reliable information.

The media should not pursue a policy in their activities that aims to limit freedom of speech and independence of opinion, all media decisions should be made without external and especially state influence. In turn, the media should be fully responsible for the accuracy of published materials and data.

The state must ensure the freedom of the press and the publication of socially significant information, which has no right to be directly dependent on anyone's interests. The Russian Federation needs practical guarantees for the independence of the media.

Today we can also see that the media are a significant tool of political, economic struggle and strategy, which, accordingly, gives rise to corruption in the media themselves.

The effectiveness of the media makes it necessary to become free and economically independent.

Thus, we can conclude that only professionally independent and economically transparent media will allow them to become a truly working tool of society in the fight against corruption, in fact, wresting today's media from the influence of corrupt officials and government authorities.

We need to highlight those threats that hinder the independence of the media at the present stage of social development.

The main threat to media freedom is the threat of monopolization and concentration. Important is the need for legal regulation of economic relations in the field of mass media and the establishment of transparency in the relations of ownership and owners of the media, and most importantly, the sources and amounts spent on the acquisition of the media.

Antimonopoly regulation of the media sphere is also necessary in order to build competition in this area.

Today, the Russian media are developing a mythological consciousness of general venality, corruption, crime, political apathy, and so on. But the main task of the media is not to state the facts of the "harsh Russian reality", but the formation and development of the rational consciousness of a citizen and bringing reliable - objective information and facts.

In the competition for a sensation, there was a loss of traditions, and most importantly, the public's trust in the media. Instead of worthy journalistic material, the broadcast was occupied by frank rudeness, vulgarity, dubious versions, irresponsible forecasts, ordered publications and broadcasts, of a discriminatory nature, contrary to the norms of law, morality and journalistic ethics.

Today we can also state the fact that the majority of the media not only do not fight corruption and corrupt relations, but also actively participate in them, contributing to their development. So it is no secret to anyone that the state-owned press that dominates in Russia is financed with the help of direct subsidies, in the form of competitions, tenders and price quotations developed for each specific publication, there is an enrichment of both state authorities and management officials responsible for the media, and and direct management of media agencies subordinate to the state.

An important step towards overcoming corruption in the media themselves would be the publication of their income and expenses, and most importantly, the ways of their receipt, so not many citizens of our country liked the fact that a large amount of budget funds goes to the dubious financing of a number of major channels, radio stations, print and media portals, as well as sites on the Internet that are not of direct public importance and benefit to society, which are a kind of conductor of state interests and distorted information about modern Russian reality.

Today it is necessary to openly and professionally discuss, in the media, both at the federal and regional levels, modern problems and victimological aspects of corruption.

All of these measures would greatly contribute to increasing the level of openness and thematic diversity in corruption investigations conducted by the media.

In this regard, the statement of the researcher of corruption and the head of the Center for the Study of Organized Crime and Corruption (TRACCC) at the American University, Washington, L. Shaily, is relevant, who argues that in order to reduce the level of corruption in Russia, it is necessary to establish a high level of transparency in all Russian society, and active support by all institutions of society for freedom of the media in the conduct of anti-corruption fight and investigations1.

An important obstacle to freedom in the media was that most of the media was owned by oligarchic business elites who used the fight against corruption for their own political or financial purposes, rather than to increase the level of openness and transparency in modern Russian society.

The focus of the fight against corruption today is shifting to a new area and area called the "Internet", a large number of independent investigations in the field of corruption and corruption relations are conducted online on a number of special anti-corruption resources and sites. An important role in the fight against corruption is played by the resources of Russian WikiLeaks (Russian WikiLeaks), RosPil, Business against Corruption, the anti-corruption portal, corrupcia.net and many other network portals and resources dealing with the problems of fighting corruption2. This type of mass media remains the only one independent of external interference and provides the public with sufficiently objective information on corruption and corruption investigations in modern Russian society.

Objectivity, unlimited opportunities in the dissemination of information and free access of citizens to resources and communication between users contributes to the formation of civil society, 1 Shelley, L The Unholy Trinity: Transnational Crime, Corruption, and Terrorism. Washington, D.C. Winter-spring, 2005.

2 www.ruleaks.net, www.rospil.ru, www.nocorruption.ru, www.bezzakoniu.net.ru, www.corrupcia.net.

anti-corruption legal awareness and general moral and ethical standards of the modern Russian1.

Thus, the activities of the media take place in conditions of almost complete lack of freedom, both economic and state-administrative in nature. The lack of independence of Russian journalism, the mass appearance of “custom-made articles”, “hidden advertising”, “compromising evidence wars” disorients public opinion. The media become predictably dependent on the interests of external forces for their control and influence, and most importantly, uncontrolled and non-transparent for their main consumer, the Russian society.

Modern mass media are a cast of social relations taking place in modern Russian society and therefore are subject to many vices of modern reality, and especially corruption.

Corruption in the media poses a huge public danger, because by receiving money for “custom-made articles, programs and actions,” a journalist deforms public consciousness in the right direction for the customer, often slandering an innocent person.

Often the banal causes of corruption in the media are the low income of journalists, especially at the regional level, poor working and working conditions and insufficient motivation in work form the corrupt consciousness of media workers.

It is necessary to change the attitude of the authorities towards the media, and for this it is necessary to take the following measures:

To carry out an increase in funding for the media sector, not only state-owned, but also public and independent, by introducing systems of grants and bonuses;

1 Dangerous draw. About how the Russian authorities are seeking even greater powers in restricting the freedom of the Internet [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: URL:

http://www.gazeta.ru/comments/2012/12/29_a_4911073.shtml. (date of access: 02/27/2013).

Determine the status of the media in state development programs of the state;

Organize and provide full support to the mass media education system and the journalistic community;

Provide support to the media through preferential taxation.

Today, the media should be the main means of organizing the fight against corruption and corrupt relations in modern Russian society. But today in Russia, free access to information is largely limited by the "artificial veil" of prohibitions and pseudo-secrecy, both regulatory and general. Today, the implementation of the rules and recommendations of a permissive nature, developed on the basis of the experience of international organizations, into the existing Russian legislation is clearly overdue.

We believe that in order to increase the level of the fight against corruption for the media, it is necessary to carry out by the state authorities and administration:

Organized media interaction with stakeholders in the fight against corruption;

Actively encouraging independent investigative journalism;

An active and free platform in the media and the Internet for statements by public groups and individuals about the facts of corruption and illegal activities, where the state must respond to this and fight, investigate and check specific officials, and not the organizers of platforms and resources and conscious citizens;

Regulatory - legal consolidation of immunity and protection of anti-corruption activists during their anti-corruption activities and investigation;

The state should pay close attention to media owners and encourage their anti-corruption work and activities;

It is necessary to adopt a really working regulatory legal act on free access to information that will allow the media to actively use it for anti-corruption activities

It is necessary to introduce state accreditation of journalists and bloggers for representation in most government bodies, which will lead to openness and accessibility of government bodies and reduce corruption risks and dangers that officials in closed bodies and institutions are exposed to.

We believe that in order to review the role of the media in the anti-corruption impact on modern reality, it is necessary to fulfill the following principles and conditions, bearing and pretending in reality the right to free access and receipt of information, forming the principles of openness and transparency in the activities of public authorities and administration and contributing to the development and enhancing the role of civil society in

Russia:

1. Regulatory and legal norms relating to freedom of access to information should be guided by conditions of practically maximum openness, with the exception of a limited number of phenomena and situations that are of particular importance and secrecy in the context of state and public safety. All state and public structures should be required by law to disclose information to all persons in Russian society.

2. It is important to clearly define and structure the level of accessibility of information and its elements, regardless of their form (files, documents, records and films) and the source of their appearance and publication.

Moreover, the context of access to information should not be determined by a formal approach, but based on a working mechanism that ensures the typology and complexity of the services provided.

3. It is necessary to carry out a set of measures aimed at protecting the integrity and availability of knowledge, and the creation of artificial obstacles to the receipt or deliberate destruction of information should be a criminal offense.

4. The direct responsibility of public structures should be the mandatory promulgation and publication through the media of public and state importance. Free access to information is not only the duty of public authorities and administration to respond to official requests from public organizations and citizens, but also the publication and widespread dissemination of information related to the field of public interest.

Openness of work on information of appeals and complaints of citizens in relation to public structures and public authorities and administration;

Concise guidance on any process by which citizens would contribute to the decision-making of public authorities and administration;

Definition of types and forms of information stored by organizations and institutions.

5. Active promotion of open forms of government, both by state and public structures. The organization of education of modern Russian society on the development of openness in the activities of state authorities and administration is the most important factor in the development of civil society in the field of freedom of access to information. International practice and experience show that the unmanageability of public structures can undermine state structure any dynamically developing state. In this activity to increase the level of openness, the Internet resource plays an important role today, contributing to the efficiency and public accessibility of transparency in the state.

6. Minimization and clarity in determining the lists of limited and closed activities of public authorities and administration. Thus, individual requests of citizens may not be satisfied only if the information falls into a limited group of exceptions, representing narrowly targeted secret information, the publication and disclosure of which may harm state interests.

Moreover, undisclosed information must be clearly justified in each specific case.

7. Responsiveness to requests for information, which must be processed impartially and quickly, and the process of considering requests must be decided at three levels: within the boundaries and within the institution or organization, by an independent administrative body and through the courts.

8. The price for obtaining information should be affordable for every citizen of the Russian Federation.

9. The activities and work of public structures should be open to the public. The adequacy of closeness should not be ensured by the boundlessness of secrecy and state importance. It is necessary to clearly distinguish between issues of inviolability of private, commercial and state activities.

10. Normative legal acts that do not comply with the principles of maximum openness should be revised or supplemented, and if it is impossible to supplement, canceled.

11. Bodies and persons carrying out public disclosure of information about corruption and corruption offenses must be protected from any impact of physical, administrative, labor, regulatory and legal, etc. At the same time, public interests should determine the situation when the benefit to society from the publication of information outweighs the threat to the interests of corporate or national security, and a direct danger and threat of concealment of a corruption offense is created, and persons who disclose these facts are threatened with retribution and danger to life and health.

Thus, we can conclude that the implementation of the above provisions will make it possible to coordinate the anti-corruption impact of civil society and reduce the level of corruption in Russia.

The main goal of the media to reduce the level of corruption should be to improve the level of awareness about it and change public attitudes towards corruption as a negative phenomenon of our time.

Therefore, in order to solve the problems of corruption, it is necessary to formulate a number of attitudes that make it possible to resist the conditions that stimulate it, these include:

To give a role, increase the functions and importance of public control over the final results of the activities of state authorities and administration, as well as specific officials;

Restrict the right and possibility of arbitrary and independent interpretation by subjects of law enforcement practice of normative legal acts;

Reduce the number of permissive functions and carry out work towards their direction to a notification nature, citizens should not ask permission for actions, but notify about significant actions;

A fundamental shift is needed in the norms of morality and ethics, as well as in the legal consciousness not only of society, but also of such target groups as state and municipal employees;

Increasing the role of civil society itself in the field of improving comprehensive public control and monitoring, constantly identifying and suppressing negative trends in the implementation of anti-corruption policies and measures related to it;

Increasing the responsiveness of public authorities and administration, especially the law enforcement system, on issues, facts and signals related to corruption and corruption offenses, which should be of an operational and systematic nature of accounting and investigation.

To increase the effectiveness of the anti-corruption policy in the activities of the media, the following conditions must be met:

Continuous provision of information transparency of the activities of public authorities and administration and free access to them for citizens and institutions of public control;

Giving a real role, and not a nominal character, to public councils under state authorities and administration, through their complete independence from them and the obligatory consideration of their amendments and recommendations in the activities and adoption of state decisions;

Increasing the level of awareness of society and citizens about ongoing anti-corruption activities;

Increasing the role and participation of the media in anti-corruption activities;

Increasing the role of civil society in the implementation of public control over the reliability of information indicated in public reporting by public authorities and administrations that directly spend budget funds;

Carrying out systematic investigations with the punishment of those responsible for corruption and embezzlement of budget funds, with the obligatory publication in the media of the results of these investigations.

The main conditions for combating corruption and corrupt relations by the media are:

Conducting and assisting in organizing public discussions on acute issues and problems of modern Russian reality and promoting the search for ways of life without corruption;

Contribute to the improvement and increase in the level of openness of public administration and business to society and public control;

Find, describe and highlight the effective experience of fighting corruption in the regions of our state and international practice in combating and reducing the level of corruption;

Provide informational and organizational assistance throughout the country in conducting anti-corruption research and developing anti-corruption strategies;

Order, conduct and cover objective research on the problems and phenomena of corruption;

Actively participate in and conduct anti-corruption investigations.

The systemic complexity of overcoming corruption in the Russian Federation is determined by the low level of the moral and ethical state of society and the state. The emphasis of the shift is towards virtual media. Resources and electronic platforms for combating corruption in Russian reality are conditioned by the fact that Russia is a state with an informationally closed system and is simply a hotbed of corruption, bribery and embezzlement of budget funds. Therefore, in the current situation of Russian reality state of the art information technology, the Internet and the blogosphere is key in creating and shaping the principles and culture of fighting corruption.

The main measure to combat corruption and the main condition for the effectiveness of the work of the media is the real interaction and cooperation of public authorities and administration with society. And civilian control is a key condition for the effective work of the media. In the absence and non-fulfillment of these conditions, all the activities of the media, civil society will be nominally ineffective, aimed at strengthening the confrontation of society and corrupt authorities.

Therefore, the approaches outlined in this dissertation to overcome corruption with the help and active participation of the media are promising and are of a sharply debatable nature, require further development and scientific research of this problem.

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Politics, Feb 16, 13:56

The authorities of the Kostroma region explained the governor's words about corruption ... measures Governor of the Kostroma Region Sergey Sitnikov, who said that it was worse corruption maybe a fight against it, spoke about the shortcomings of some anti-corruption ... they provided it for free, after which the correspondent asked if it could be considered corruption. As noted by the Kostroma authorities, the journalist, most likely, considered this a violation ... of the conditions for renting the premises, the governor said that the fight against corruption in a country worse than itself corruption, because "we, the Russian people, what we undertake ...

Politics, 16 Feb, 08:36

Kostroma governor called a thing worse than corruption ... Kostroma" in the social network "Vkontakte". “And what is more terrible than corruption, you know - no? Fighting corruption", the governor said. “Unfortunately, we, Russian people, are like that ... suddenly give, - but does this not apply to corruption? he gave an example. subject corruption touched upon by the correspondent of the publication "7x7" Alexei Ukhankov. In the course ... the main problem of combating corruption- This is the attitude of citizens to this phenomenon. “We talk a lot about corruption- it's bad that corruption ...

Politics, 15 Feb, 15:25

Zelensky refused to consider Ukraine a corrupt country ... It's time to stop considering Ukraine corrupt, all reports of corruption it is “not true,” said President Volodymyr Zelensky, speaking at... -Minister of Ukraine said about “scoundrels and scum” among officials corruption in the country - one of the main demands of the West to Ukraine. So ... the IMF mission announced the absence of visible results in the fight against corruption in the country, although there is progress in creating ...

Politics, Feb 14, 12:44 pm

Putin approved the new composition of the Anti-Corruption Council ... Vladimir Putin signed a decree on the new composition of the Council to counter corruption. The corresponding document is posted on the official portal of legal information. Your seats... man. The body, among other things, prepares proposals for combating corruption, coordinates the work of executive authorities in this area, as well as ... , declared in the National Plan for Counteracting corruption. According to the head of the Accounts Chamber Alexei Kudrin, the damage from corruption in Russia can be measured in trillions of rubles ...

Society, 05 Feb, 14:42

Acting head of Kaluga explained his proposal to cut off the hands of officials The words of the acting head of Kaluga, Dmitry Denisov, that officials should cut off their hands for bribery, were taken out of context. He told RBC about this. According to Denisov, at a meeting with journalists, he discussed the reform of control and supervisory activities and effective methods impact on negligent developers. During the conversation, the acting mayor joked, remembering ...

Business, 01 Feb, 00:39

Airbus to pay €3.6 billion in bribery case in Russia and other countries ... , France and the United States, whose law enforcement agencies accused the aircraft manufacturer of corruption, and agreed to pay a fine of € 3.59 billion, it says on ... will be valid until January 31, 2023. Britain is suspicious corruption in transactions in the sale of Airbus aircraft The investigation against Airbus ... the company gave from 2011 to 2015. According to SFO, corruption the employees of the Airbus division, which manufactures equipment for the military and ... The crime rate in the Nizhny Novgorod region increased by 3.3% over the year The crime rate in the Nizhny Novgorod region in 2019 increased by 3.3%, as reported in the report of the regional prosecutor Vadim Antipov. According to the regional prosecutor's office, the number of murders compared to 2018 decreased by 16%, rape - by 30%, robberies - by 18%, robberies - by 13%, cases of causing serious bodily harm resulting in... Poland and Lithuania changed positions in the corruption rating ... to combat corruption Transparency International. The analysis is based on surveys conducted among experts and businessmen. They rate the degree corruption in the public sector... 43 points out of 100 possible. countries with the most high level corruption Syria, South Sudan, Somalia became. Russia became 137th with 28 points. According to the authors of the study, the indicator of perception corruption in 2019 demonstrates that in many countries the fight against... Persistent corruption: why GRECO monitoring does little to help Russia ... it is possible, including following recommendations for countering corruption Groups of States to Combat corruption(GRECO), formed by the Council of Europe in 1999 ... recommendations. For example, after the implementation of the recommendations on the formation of the Council to counteract corruption all independent members of the public were expelled from its presidium. And efficient... The richest woman in Africa, born in the USSR, was accused of embezzlement The daughter of the former president of Angola, the richest woman in Africa and a Russian by birth, Isabel dos Santos, was accused of embezzling funds from the state oil company. She herself believes that the charges are political in Angola Attorney General Helder Pitta Gros said that the daughter of the former president of the country, Isabel dos Santos, was charged with embezzlement ... Russia and Kenya share 137th place in Corruption Perceptions Index ..., Paraguay and Uganda. The maximum score means the minimum level of perception corruption and vice versa, the minimum score indicates the maximum level. The average rate... measures to combat corruption, for example, introduce the possibility of receiving compensation from the state for a person who has suffered damage from corruption. The anti-corruption measures of the Russian authorities... have not yet seen a decrease in the level corruption corruption until it goes down," Kudrin said... Zelensky called the condition for resignation ... the question is, what would Zelensky do if he was accused of corruption, citing as an example the struggle of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu with similar accusations. "If I were accused of some genuine corruption- not in some political thing, but in something ... - Israeli Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was accused of three counts of fraud and corruption. According to investigators, he accepted various gifts from businessmen in... The White House allowed the revision of the ban on bribes to foreigners Trump's adviser Larry Kudlow acknowledged that the Donald Trump administration is considering changing a rule that has been in place since 1977 The Donald Trump administration is considering changing a 1977 law that prohibits companies from paying bribes to foreign officials ... Regional Investigative Committee arrested the property of corruption suspects for ₽101 million The Regional Investigative Committee last year arrested the property of those accused in cases of corruption crimes for 101 million rubles. This was reported by the press service of the law enforcement agency. “In total, 96 cases for corruption crimes were initiated in 2019. At the preliminary investigation stage, the property of the accused was seized for a total amount... Kudrin estimated the volume of corruption in Russia at trillions of rubles ...until it sees a drop in level corruption in the country. “I focus on general research: they show that corruption until it decreases,” Kudrin said... his department is developing new methods that will prove or disprove corruption and provide law enforcement with more detailed material. Formerly Head of Accounts... The prosecutor's office of the region revealed 222 violations of the legislation on corruption ... connected with the non-settlement of conflicts of interest. Cases of violation of the legislation on counteraction corruption, no persons holding public office were identified in 2019... Russia was recommended to actively seize the illegal wealth of officials. Most criminal proceeds come from theft from the budget, tax evasion and corruption ... all criminal proceeds come from theft from the budget, tax evasion, corruption, fraud in the financial sector and drug trafficking. Damage from investigated cases...draft regulations are being developed in accordance with the National Countermeasures Plan corruption. The list of assets that can be seized is already quite long... . However, no global bill has yet been observed, and the problem corruption has not been resolved at the legislative level, even if there are quite severe ... In Perm, the head of the colony and the director of the company are accused of corruption The prosecutor's office of the Perm Territory approved the indictment in a criminal case against the head of the Center for Labor Adaptation of Convicts of the FKU "Correctional Colony No. 29 of the GUFSIN of Russia in the Perm Territory" and the director of Promoil TK LLC. According to the regional prosecutor's office, according to the investigation, in 2016 and 2017, the defendants, acting as part of a group of persons... The former head of the Tverskoy police department became a defendant in the case of the loss of ₽9 million from the safe The former head of the Moscow police department "Tverskoy" became a defendant in the case of the disappearance of money seized from the capital businessman from the office safe. Police Colonel Yevgeny Soynov is suspected of negligence On December 10, the Investigative Committee opened a criminal case against the former head of the police department for the Tverskoy district of Moscow, Yevgeny Soynov. Colonel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs ... Kazan officials ordered to hand over precious gifts to Gokhran The mayor of Kazan, Ilsur Metshin, made an addition to the decree on valuable gifts regarding products made from precious metals and precious stones. Presents not redeemed by officials must be handed over to Gokhran A resolution aimed at improving anti-corruption activities was published today in a collection of municipal documents. It is dated November 5th. ... The Investigative Committee called the employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs leaders among corrupt officials ... in 2019, more than 6 thousand accused of corruption. Among them, 752 employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 27 employees of the Investigative Committee and ... said that the department "promptly and harshly responds to every fact corruption, especially when it comes to the purity of their ranks. Criminal... In Kazan, the school held a corporate party in the UAE with the money of the students' parents ... the Kazan Kremlin hosted a meeting of the commission for coordinating work to counteract corruption in RT. It was held by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov. "Leaders of the... Since the beginning of the year, 134 criminal cases on bribery have been initiated in Prikamye ... to the data of the head of the department for supervision of the implementation of legislation on countering corruption Sergei Putin, in the first nine months of this year, the region initiated... Bastrykin named the amount recovered from corrupt officials in 2019 ... December, head of the department for supervision of the implementation of legislation on countering corruption Prosecutor General's Office Alexander Rusetsky said that the main corruption violation of Russian officials... The court arrested the accounts and property of the former deputy head of the FIU The Basmanny Court of Moscow imposed a security arrest on the accounts of the former deputy head of the Russian Pension Fund, Alexei Ivanov, RBC was told in the press service of the court. TASS source in law enforcement agencies reported that the total value of the assets under arrest is about 70 million rubles. According to the interlocutor of the agency, the arrest was imposed, in particular, on three... The Prosecutor General's Office called the main corruption violation of officials ... for the enforcement of anti-corruption legislation corruption Prosecutor General's Office Alexander Rusetsky, RIA Novosti reports. On the eve of the Day of Combat corruption(celebrated on December 9) Rusetsky... ministries. According to him, they do not pay due attention to prevention. corruption. Starting this year, prosecutors can conduct checks on dismissed... The police announced the average size of a bribe in Tatarstan The average amount of a bribe in Tatarstan in 2019 was 102,000 rubles. The largest number of corruption crimes, according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Tatarstan, was revealed in the field of healthcare and social security Today, a press conference dedicated to the prevention of corruption offenses was held at Tatar-Inform Information Agency. Head of Crime Squad... Former Brazilian president sentenced to 17 years in prison ... President Luiz Inacio Lulu da Silva in the case of corruption and money laundering and extended his prison sentence to... . In 2016, he was sentenced to 12 years in prison for corruption in the so-called Petrobras case. However, using the right to appeal... The officer from the Drymanov case got a job in the UK after allegations of corruption ... The prosecutor's office received reports of corruption investigator Aleksey Kramarenko since 2003, the Deputy Prosecutor General objected to his ... the central office of the Investigative Committee because of his possible involvement in corruption. This became known in the Moscow City Court, where the case on... Shakro Molodoy, during interrogation in court, spoke about his attitude to the Drymanov case ... Young refused to testify in court in the case of those accused of corruption employees of the UK, saying that he was not familiar with them. Previously on... detention. According to the FSB, which was in charge of the case corruption, for the release of the Italian, the officers of the Investigative Committee received two bribes in different ways ...

MEDIA AS A MEANS OF COUNTERACTION TO CORRUPTION

A.E. RUSSETKIY

On the results of the work of the Department for Supervision of the Implementation of Anti-Corruption Legislation in monitoring media reports containing information about corruption-related offenses.

The Department for Supervision of the Enforcement of Anti-Corruption Legislation constantly monitors media reports containing information about corruption-related offenses.

In 2015, as a result of this work, the department identified 71 publications containing information on possible violations of anti-corruption legislation (in 2014 - 13).

Basically, these articles dealt with the issues of alleged facts of corruption on the part of persons holding positions in state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments; violation by them of prohibitions and restrictions established by law; manifestations of corruption in the organization and conduct of procurement of goods, works, services to meet state and municipal needs, etc.

These publications were sent for consideration to the prosecutor's offices of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office, as well as to other divisions of the central apparatus of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation.

According to the results of the audits, the overwhelming majority of the arguments set forth in the articles were not confirmed. However, there are well-founded publications, based on the results of the consideration of which the prosecutor's office took measures of the prosecutor's response.

For example, on the portal of regional news regnews.ru, an article "The authorities of Yakutia are ready to spend almost 7 million rubles on a gold watch" was revealed. This publication was sent for consideration to the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), which conducted an audit of the implementation of anti-corruption legislation.

It was established that in August 2015, following the results of an open electronic auction, a state contract was concluded for the manufacture and supply of men's and women's gold watches with a strap in a case for a total amount of over 5 million rubles. This watch was an appendix to the Diploma of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Gratitude of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

In terms of the efficiency of spending budgetary funds, no violations of the law were found.

However, during the audit conducted by the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) with the involvement of specialists from the Department of Budgetary and Financial Control of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic, violations of Art. 112 of the Federal Law of April 5, 2013 N 44-FZ "On the contract system in the field of procurement of goods, works, services to meet state and municipal needs" in terms of violation of the deadline for the customer to place the procurement schedule for 2015.

On this fact, proceedings were initiated against an official of the Department of Affairs of the Head and Government of the Republic in the case of an administrative offense under Part 1.1 of Art. 7.30 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation (violation of the procedure for the procurement of goods, works, services to meet state and municipal needs), an administrative fine of 15 thousand rubles was imposed on the guilty person.

In addition, according to the results of the anti-corruption expertise of the Regulations on the Diploma of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), a number of corruption factors have been identified.

Thus, paragraph 1 of section 2 of the Regulations establishes a list of documents that must be submitted when making proposals for awarding citizens with a Diploma of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

At the same time, the Regulations do not define persons who are entitled to submit a petition for awarding citizens with a Diploma of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), do not establish the procedure for accepting petitions and documents attached to it, do not determine the deadlines for submitting petitions, the address and structural unit (official) of the Government of the Republic , which accepts documents on the basis of which the Government decides on the award or rejection of the application.

Paragraph 2 of section 2 of the Regulations provides that issues of awarding the Diploma are submitted to the Government of the Republic by the head of the department for state awards and heraldry of the Administration of the Head of the Republic and the Government of the Republic. At the same time, the right of the Chairman of the Government of the Republic to issue instructions on the urgent execution of the Diploma of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) was established.

Also, in paragraph 2 of section 2 of the Regulations, it is determined that late or incomplete submission of these documents is the basis for leaving applications for awarding the Diploma without satisfaction or for returning documents for revision.

The Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) addressed the Chairman of the Government of the Republic with a demand to exclude corruption factors from the Regulations on the Diploma of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), approved by Decree of the Government of the Republic of March 5, 2011 N 92 (as amended on April 25, 2015).

The requirement was considered and satisfied, the Regulations on the Diploma of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) were amended and supplemented accordingly.

Also, based on the results of mass media monitoring, the publication "Medical secrecy. Officials of the regional ministries of health are showing miracles of ingenuity to hide the facts of non-compliance with anti-corruption legislation by departments" was revealed.

The article was published based on the materials of the All-Russian public movement "People's Front "For Russia" and dealt with violations of the law in terms of publishing information on income, property and property obligations of heads of healthcare institutions in a number of Russian regions on the Internet.

This publication was sent to the prosecutor's offices of the Smolensk, Tula, Orel, Penza, Rostov, Voronezh, Kirov, Bryansk, Moscow, Novgorod, Omsk, Sakhalin, Tyumen, Yaroslavl regions, the Republic of Karelia, the Republic of Komi, the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts for consideration and possible implementation of oversight activities.

Based on the results of the inspections, response measures were taken by the prosecutor's offices of the Rostov, Penza, Tyumen and Smolensk regions, and no violations of federal law were found in other constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Thus, the prosecutor's office of the Rostov region established that information on income, property and property obligations submitted by the heads of regional state healthcare institutions in relation to themselves and family members was indeed not posted on the Internet.

The analysis of the regional legislation showed that, contrary to the requirements of the Federal Law "On Combating Corruption", issues related to the term, volume, procedure and form of posting such information on the Internet are not fixed, and responsible and authorized officials (bodies, divisions and etc.).

In this regard, an information letter was sent to the Governor of the region with a proposal to consider the need for legislative regulation of issues related to the procedure for publishing information about income. Currently, in order to fulfill the requirements of the prosecutor's office, a draft of the relevant regulatory legal act is being developed.

In violation of the Federal Law "On Combating Corruption", certain heads of healthcare institutions in the Penza region provided false information about income, property and property obligations for 2014, which were posted on the Internet.

According to these facts, a submission was submitted to the Ministry of Health of the Penza Region to eliminate violations of anti-corruption legislation, as a result of which four chief doctors who committed these violations were brought to disciplinary liability.

In violation of federal law, at the time of the audit, the official Internet portal did not contain information on income, property and liabilities of a property nature, provided by the heads of healthcare institutions in the Tyumen region for 2012 and 2013.

This information was previously posted on the site, but as a result of misinterpretation by the employees of the Department of Health, areas of legal requirements were removed from the portal at the same time as the information for the next year was posted. The prosecutor of the Tyumen region submitted a proposal to the director of the regional health department to eliminate violations of anti-corruption legislation.

Currently, information on the income of the heads of public health institutions of the region for 2012 and 2013 has been restored.

Prosecutor's Office Smolensk region it was established that, contrary to the requirements of federal legislation, at the regional level, issues regarding the procedure for posting information on income, property and property obligations submitted by the heads of regional state institutions on the Internet are not regulated.

In this regard, the administration of the Smolensk region submitted a proposal to eliminate violations of anti-corruption legislation, as a result of which the requirements of the prosecutor were satisfied. A draft of the relevant regulatory legal act is currently being developed.

Issues related to the course and results of verification activities carried out on such materials are under constant control.

Work in this direction continues.

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