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Political and economic development of the countries of Europe and North America at the beginning of the 20th century. Lesson summary "Development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century"
Bogatyreva Anastasia Nikolaevna
Place of work, position:
MKOU Ostyatskaya school, teacher of computer science, history
Novosibirsk region
Characteristics of the lesson (classes)
The level of education:
Basic general education
The target audience:
Teacher (teacher)
Class(es):
Item(s):
Story
Used textbooks and tutorials:
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Soroko - Tsyupa O.S.
"The Recent History of Foreign Countries.XX-21st century Grade 9 "M.: Enlightenment, 2006
Short description:
Democratization is a worldwide trend at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. A party is a voluntary socio-political organization created and operating on an ideological basis, focused on conquest or participation in power at the state level.
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Political development at the beginningXX century.
Checking homework:
1. Name the industrial and technological revolutions in the history of mankind
2. What is the essence of the second industrial and technological revolution? What are its reasons?
3. Questions and tasks No. 1,2.
4. Make up a story on the map at the blackboard on topics:
Reasons for the economic growth of the US and Germany at the beginning XX century;
Economic development of Great Britain and France;
How did the economic development of Austria-Hungary and Italy differ from other countries?
5. Define: modernization, industrialization, technological revolution,
imperialism, monopoly, financial capital, financial oligarchy.
6. Write down the definition in your notebook
Rentier- a person who lives on a percentage of a loan of capital or on income
from securities (stocks, bonds).
Plan new topic
2. Parties: definition, typology, main features.
XIX - XX centuries.
4. Socialist movement.
5. Liberals in power.
1. Democratization - a global trend at the turn XIX- XXcenturies.
|
Directions for the development of democratization |
Examples of manifestation of these trends in the political life of countries |
|
Expansion of powers of representative authorities - parliaments |
1. In the USA since 1913. the upper house of Congress, the Senate, was elected by popular vote 2. In the UK, the liberals have achieved a limitation of the rights of the House of Lords - since 1911. lords were excluded from participation in the adoption of financial laws, including the budget. |
|
Expansion of voting rights of citizens in favor of general elections |
At the turn of the century, according to the constitutions of Germany, France, Spain, according to the electoral laws of Great Britain, Belgium, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Sweden, Portugal, Italy, and others, universal suffrage was introduced (according to contemporaries). They were possessed by wealthy literate men - 30-40% of the population. 1946 - in France, women received the right to vote |
|
Removal of restrictions on the activities of various political and public organizations. |
Bans on the activities of socialist parties ceased to operate (Germany, Italy) |
2. Party - a voluntary socio-political organization created
and operating on an ideological basis, focused on conquest
or complicity in power at the state level.
The main features of the parties
The struggle for power, the desire for implementation or complicity in power;
The presence of the structure of the organization;
Availability of a program and charter;
Availability of control apparatus;
The party is the bearer of a certain ideology;
The presence of social support in society, the search for public support;
Constancy, longevity of existence in comparison with the political movement.
A multi-party system is one of the main conditions for a democratic political system. The decisive factor for the democratic process is the close connection of political parties with broad social forces, the expression by the parties of the interests of these forces and the masses of the people as a whole.
3. Dynamics of development political struggle on the edge XIX- XXcenturies.
At the end of XIX century, the political struggle took place along the line of conservative liberals,
monarchists-republicans; the former advocated the preservation of traditions and order, the latter - for freedom
and equality.
At the beginning of XX century, the political struggle was determined by the opposition of the bourgeois and
socialist parties, capitalism and socialism.
4. Socialist movement.
|
International (International Association of Workers - MTP) |
Chronological framework of existence |
Events, tasks... |
Results |
|
The first |
1864 - 1876 |
1. Rallying the forces of the international proletariat 2. Creation of workers' parties for independent political struggle for the victory of the socialist revolution. |
Marxism has become the most influential trend in the international labor movement |
|
Second |
1889 - 1914 |
2. The beginning of an international federation of workers' parties and trade unions. 3. Formation of two directions in social democracy: -moderate reformist wing (the program of 1891 of the German Social Democracy adopted in Erfurt): parliamentary forms of struggle; - left wing : denial of reforms, stake on social revolution. |
At the beginning of XX century, the socialist and workers' parties of most European countries have become massparliamentary parties. In 1914 inside II International, there was a split over the attitude of the parties to I World War. |
Nationalism- ideology and politics based on the ideas of national exclusivity,
national superiority, the interpretation of the nation as the highest form of community.
What were the distinguishing features of nationalism in Europe at the beginning XX century?
5. Liberals in power (for self-analysis)
What forces came to power in the beginning XX century in many European countries and the USA?
Why did Germany fail to carry out liberal reforms at the beginning of the century?
Answer questions 2, 3, 4, 8.
Repeat folding military blocks the day before I First World War, causes and reason for war.
Date __________ Grade 9
Lesson 3 Political Development at the BeginningXX century.
C ate and tasks:
Educational:
Introduce students to the characteristicseconomic development in the 1970s-2000s ;
Find out what ideological and political currents determinedinternal political development of Western countries ;
Determine the features of political development.
Developing:
To promote the development of skills for searching and summarizing information from the text of the textbook and documents, as well as oral speech, analyze, give comparative characteristic processes and phenomena
Educational: - to form a sense of respect for history, a tolerant attitude towards other countries and peoples.
DURING THE CLASSES Org.moment
Checking homework:
1. Name the industrial and technological revolutions in the history of mankind 2. What is the essence of the second industrial and technological revolution? What are its reasons? 3. Questions and tasks No. 1,2. 4. Make a story on the map at the blackboard on the topic - the reasons for the economic growth of the USA and Germany at the beginning of the 20th century; - economic development of Great Britain and France; - How did the economic development of Austria-Hungary and Italy differ from other countries?
5. Define: modernization, industrialization, technological revolution,
imperialism, monopoly, financial capital, financial oligarchy.
6. Write down the definition in your notebook
Rentier- a person who lives on a percentage of a loan of capital or on income
from valuable papers(shares, bonds).
Plan for a new theme
2. Parties: definition, typology, main features.
3. The dynamics of the development of the political struggle at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries.
4. Socialist movement.
5. Liberals in power.
1. Democratization - a global trend at the turnXIX - XX centuries.
2. In the UK, the liberals have achieved a limitation of the rights of the House of Lords - since 1911. the lords were excluded from participation in the adoption of financial laws, including the budget.
Expansion of voting rights of citizens in favor of general elections
At the turn of the century, according to the constitutions of Germany, France, Spain, according to the electoral laws of Great Britain, Belgium, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Sweden, Portugal, Italy, and others, universal suffrage was introduced (according to contemporaries). They were possessed by wealthy literate men - 30-40% of the population.
1946 - in France, women received the right to vote
Removal of restrictions on the activities of various political and public organizations.
Bans on the activities of socialist parties ceased to operate (Germany, Italy)
2. Party - a voluntary socio-political organization created
and operating on an ideological basis, focused on conquest
or complicity in power at the state level.
The presence of the structure of the organization;
Availability of a program and charter;
Availability of control apparatus;
The party is the bearer of a certain ideology;
The presence of social support in society, the search for public support;
Constancy, longevity of existence in comparison with the political movement.
A multi-party system is one of the main conditions for a democratic political system. The decisive factor for the democratic process is the close connection of political parties with broad social forces, the expression by the parties of the interests of these forces and the masses of the people as a whole.
3. The dynamics of the development of the political struggle at the turnXIX - XX centuries.
At the end of the 19th century, the political struggle took place along the lines of conservative liberals,
monarchists-republicans; the former advocated the preservation of traditions and order, the latter - for freedom
and equality.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the political struggle was determined by the confrontation between bourgeois and
socialist parties, capitalism and socialism.
4. Socialist movement.
(International Association of Workers - MTP)
Chronological framework of existence
Events, tasks...
1. Rallying the forces of the international proletariat
2. Creation of workers' parties for independent political struggle for the victory of the socialist revolution.
Marxism has become the most influential trend in the international labor movement
2. The beginning of an international federation of workers' parties and trade unions.
3. Formation of two directions in social democracy:
-moderate reformist wing
(the program of 1891 of the German Social Democracy adopted in Erfurt): parliamentary forms of struggle;
- left wing: denial of reforms, stake on social revolution.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the socialist and workers' parties of most European countries became mass parliamentary parties.
In 1914 within the Second International there was a split over the attitude of the parties to World War I.
Nationalism- ideology and politics, which are based on the ideas of national exclusivity, national superiority, the interpretation of the nation as the highest form of community.
What were the distinguishing features of nationalism in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century?
5. Liberals in power (for self-analysis)
What forces came to power at the beginning of the 20th century in many European countries and the USA?
Why did Germany fail to carry out liberal reforms at the beginning of the century?
Prepare a message on the folding of military blocs on the eve of World War I, the causes and pretext for war.
Lesson 3 "The New Imperialism". OriginI world war
Checking homework
1. Answer questions 2, 3, 4, 8.
2. Stories of the formation of military blocs on the eve of the First World War I.
3. Name the reasons and reason for the war.
4. Define the concept of imperialism.
Plan for a new theme.
1. The main features of imperialism
2. Typical wars for the redivision of the world at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.
3. The main and common causes of the First World War. Protectionism.
4. The origin of the First World War: the formation of military alliances, the Balkan Wars.
6. The failure of the Schliefen plan.
7. Combat operations on the fronts in 1914-1917.
New topic.
1. The main features of imperialism.
The fusion of industrial and banking capital and the formation of finance capital and
financial oligarchy;
The predominance of the export of capital over the export of goods;
Economic division of the world into spheres of influence;
Territorial division of the world;
Establishing a close relationship between the financial oligarchy and the government.
financial oligarchy- a group of major capitalists who own industrial
and banking monopolies.
2. Typical wars for the redivision of the world at the turnXIX - XX centuries.
Map of colonial possessions and dependent territories.
Spanish-American (1898.); - Anglo-Boer (1899-1902); -Russian-Japanese (1904-1905).
Map of colonial possessions and dependent territories: Africa, Asia, Central America,
Dominions- self-governing territories of the British Empire with their own governments
and parliaments: Canada (1867), Australia (1900), New Zealand (1907), South Africa (1910).
3. The main and common causes of the First World War. Protectionism.
The desire of countries to strengthen their positions in the global balance of power;
Seize the sources of raw materials and food;
Achieve markets for industrial goods;
The formation of a system of debt dependence of many countries on a small circle of developed countries (credits for the purchase of goods, for the construction of infrastructure).
Conducting a policy of protectionism: pros and cons.
The result of industrial development was the favorable development of the social sphere and
the desire for expansion - the capture of new territories, without which further development is impossible
economic development.
4. The origin of the First World War: the formation of military alliances,
Balkan wars.
1912-1913 - Balkan wars.
5. The July Crisis of 1914 Goals and plans of participants in the war. June 28, 1914 - July crisis: In Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina), the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was killed by the assassin Gavrilo Princip, a member of the nationalist organization "Mlada Bosna", a Serb.
Complete the table in your notebook.
Anglo-German rivalry:
in the world market for goods;
On maritime communications;
In the colonies (in Asia and Africa).
Fronts of the First World War: in Europe, Transcaucasia, the Middle East,
in the Pacific, in Africa.
6. The failure of the Schliefen plan.
Moltke H.I. - Chief of the General Staff of Germany.
Shlifen A. - the developer of the lightning war plan.
Schliefen plan
1. The inevitability of a war on two fronts - against Russia and France.
2. Get rid of one of the fronts and prevent a protracted war that threatened Germany with defeat, since Germany was inferior to its opponents in the provision of raw materials, food and human resources.
Invade France via Belgium; England will not give France serious support;
Defeat France before autumn, i.e. until Russia is ready for hostilities;
Then crush Russia.
7. Combat operations on the fronts in 1914-1917.
Fill in the table of the main battles of the war in your notebook.
political events.
2. Prepare an analysis of the data tables for questions and tasks on page 36.
3. Questions and tasks on page 52.
4. Fill in the tables in your notebook.
Lesson 4. Peaceful settlement. Versailles-Washington system.
Check yourself!
1. Name the concepts of the given definitions. Use the reference words in brackets.
The policy of introducing high customs tariffs, restricting the import of foreign goods;
People who lived solely on income from securities;
Monopoly capitalism;
The struggle of the US government with trusts;
Self-governing territory of the British Empire;
Expansion of the sphere of influence of states, carried out by violent or
by any other means;
Ideology and politics based on the ideas of national exclusivity,
national superiority.
(stock exchange, monopoly, modernization, nationalism, expansion, dominion,
rentier, imperialism, protectionism, antitrust policy)
2. Name the countries using the reference words in brackets .
Dominion countries of the British Empire;
Entente countries;
Triple Alliance countries;
Which states were headed by: V. Wilson, L. George, J. Clemenceau, J. Giolitti;
For which countries was World War I a just war?
(Serbia, France, Japan, Italy, UK, Canada, USA, Australia, Russia,
New Zealand, Germany, Austria-Hungary, South Africa, Belgium).
3. Arrange the events by year.
2. Prepare an analysis of the data tables for questions and tasks on page 36.
3. Questions and tasks on page 52.
Plan for a new theme.
4. The fragility of the Versailles system.
1. Results of the First World War.
The bloc of the most aggressive states was defeated Central Europe;
The Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires collapsed;
Revolutions took place in a number of countries, new political forces entered the political arena;
Huge casualties (10 million people died) and destruction;
Use of the arsenal of the latest weapons and means of mass destruction;
The war showed disdain for human life,
humiliation of human dignity.
2. Paris Peace Conference: participants, main issues, results of the conference.
The Versailles-Washington system determined the terms of the post-war peace settlement
in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Pacific, paved the way for temporary stabilization in international relations.
January-June 1919 - Paris (Versailles) peace conference.
The main participants of the conference (“Big Four”) are the USA (V. Wilson),
Great Britain (D.L.George)
France (J. Clemenceau)
Italy (V. Orlando).
Russia is not invited to the conference, but the Russian issue was discussed
(the need for intervention in Russia).
"14 Points" - the program of V. Wilson (USA) on the post-war peace settlement.
Main decisions of the Paris Peace Conference:
Why was the League of Nations created?How was the League of Nations supposed to prevent
new wars?
What governing bodies were created
League of Nations?
Write in your notebook the definition of what reparations are?
After the Versailles Conference, treaties were signed with Germany's allies:
with Austria (1919), Hungary (1920), Bulgaria (1919), Turkey (1920).
3.Washington conference: reasons for convening the conference, member countries, treaties.
Reasons for convening the conference: The Treaty of Versailles was not approved by the US Senate, because.
did not take into account the interests of American business and
US ruling circles. America took the initiative
revise the terms of the Versailles system.
1921 - 1922 - A conference of colonial countries was convened in Washington (England, France,
Italy, Japan, Belgium, Portugal, Holland) and China.
Treaty of Fivepowers
Participating countries
England, France, Italy, Japan, Belgium, Portugal, Holland, China, USA
England, France, Japan, USA
England, France, Italy, Japan, USA
Terms of an agreement
1. Respect for the sovereignty of China and the inviolability of its borders;
2. proclaiming the policy of "open doors" and equal opportunities in trade.
Guaranteed immunity
island possessions
powers in the Pacific.
2. Installed
the ratio between the navy of England, the USA, France, Japan, Italy in the proportion of 5: 5: 3: 1.75: 1.75
The Washington Conference and the documents adopted at it were a great success for US diplomacy.
4. The fragility of the Versailles system. (Write out in a notebook point by point)
Homework.
2. Answer the questions on page 57.
3. Analyze the questions to the documents on pages 58-59.
Lesson 5. The consequences of war: revolutions and the collapse of empires.
Checking homework.
1. Answer the questions on page 57.
2. Analyze the questions to the documents on pages 58-59.
3. Define what reparations are?
Plan for a new theme.
2. The split in the workers' and socialist movement.
3. The collapse of empires and the formation of new states: revolutionary events in Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Russia.
1. Consequences of the First World War.
The consequences of the war were painful for both the winners and the vanquished:
The ruin of countries;
Exacerbation of social problems;
Destruction of economic and political systems;
The formation of a significant part of the declassed strata of the population(marginal and lumpen);
The collapse of empires led to the formation of new states, the redistribution of the heritage of the Ottoman
empires;
Revolutions in Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Russia;
Involvement in the political struggle and cultural life of the vast masses of the population ("The Revolt of the Masses")
Who are marginals and lumpen?
Susceptible to social demagogy;follow the supporters of extreme parties;
a breeding ground for extremism, ideas of equalization, nationalism, chauvinism.
Write out the definition of chauvinism from page 286.
2. Split in the labor and socialist movement .
During the First World War, the socialist parties supported their governments and failed to recognize the aggressive nature of the war waged by their countries. This caused the collapse
Second International.
SecondInternational
1889 - 1914
2. The beginning of an international federation of workers' parties and trade unions.
3. Formation of two directions in social democracy:
-moderate reformist wing
(the program of 1891 of the German Social Democracy adopted in Erfurt): parliamentary forms of struggle;
- left wing : denial of reforms, stake on social revolution.
At the beginning XXcentury, the socialist and workers' parties of most European countries became mass parliamentary parties.
In 1914 inside IIInternational, there was a split over the attitude of the parties toI World War.
The radical left parties took shape in the communist.
1919 – created Communist International(Comintern) under the leadership of Russia and
with her financial support.
Comintern - a single disciplined international political organization,
uniting national parties (sections) on the basis of the common goals of the world
socialist revolution and the achievement of social justice.
At the same time, a right-wing extremist movement, calledfascism
(from lat. fashi - cell, union).
Write down the definition of fascism in your notebook from page 285.
3. The collapse of empires and the formation of new states:
revolutionary events in Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia.
Fill in the table in your notebook (formulate answers point by point)
Homework.
2. Questions on pages 64-65.
3. Questions and tasks on page 65.
Lesson 6
Checking homework
1. Questions on pages 64-65.
2. Questions and tasks on page 65.
3. Define what is chauvinism, fascism?
Plan for a new theme .
1. The impact of war on the economies of countries.
4. Dawes plan.
6. International relationships.
1. The impact of the First World War on the economies of countries.
Strengthening state regulation and control over production, consumption and, in general, over
by society in order to mobilize material and human resources for waging war;
Political rights and freedoms were either limited or canceled on the basis of the laws of military
time;
Deterioration of the socio-economic situation, the lives of workers, the growth of profits
military corporations;
Introduction of a food distribution card system (Germany, Austria-Hungary, England);
The fall of the patriotic spirit in the environment civilian population and armies.
These are the reasons for the collapse of empires and revolutions in Europe .
2. The absence of a European economic program in the post-war peace settlement
restoration is one of the reasons for the fragility of the Versailles system.
3. Features of economic recovery.
Political instability and economic ruin in European countries;
It required the adoption of coordinated measures to regulate the main parameters of world relations;
The inability to make agreed decisions is associated with the split of Europe into a capitalist
and the socialist part (USSR).
4. Dawes Plan .
Causes of the Dawes Plan (Amer. banker).
The US wanted to repay its loans given to European countries during the war;
The United States sought to save the European system from collapse as a result of revolutions.
Plan: 1. Providing loans to Germany;
2. Germany pays reparations under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles;
3. Having received reparations from Germany, former allies The United States is returning debts to Americans.
5. Economic recovery.
Questions for self-analysis:
the reasons for the uneven development of the USA, England, France in the 20s;
The economic development rates of the USA and Europe in the 20s.
Characteristic features of economic development :
Structural restructuring of the economy: the decline of old industries was replenished by the growth of new ones;
Introduction of conveyor-production lines, standardization and intensification of labor operations.
6. International relations: features
Until 1929-1933 a period of relative stability in international relations;
The split of Europe into two political systems: capitalist and socialist;
Termination of intervention against Soviet Russia.
Complete the table in your notebook.
What events in international politics took place in
1931 - …..
1933 - …..
Write out the definition of pacifism in your notebook from page 284.
Homework.
2. Question 6 on page 70.
Lesson 7
Checking homework
1. Question 6 on page 70.
2. What is pacifism?
Plan a new topic for self-analysis.
1. Orally write a story about the development of the United States in the 20s using the following words,
phrases, names:
international lender, mass production, dehumanization of labor, "prosperity", mass
culture, conservatism, Ku Klux Klan, "monkey trial", Sacco and Vanzetti, corruption, mafia,
Prohibition, gangsters, Al Capone, economic crisis.
Write down the meaning of these words, phrases, names in a notebook.
2. Orally write a story about the development of Germany in the 20s, answering the following questions:
What is the period 1919-1933 called in German history? ?
What was the cause of the split in German society? What political forces represented
each side?
What are the main problems of German society;
What is a putsch? What were the reasons for the putschs?
Why did fascism arise in Germany?
3. UK:
Write in a notebook the definitions of freethread, mondism;
Orally tell:
How and why has UK trade policy changed?
what are the features political process In Great Britain?
What is a coalition government?
4. France:
Orally:
What are the causes of political instability in France in the 1920s?
What did France do to ensure its security?
Lesson 8 Ways out.
Checking homework for lesson 7.
Plan for a new theme.
3. Ways out of the crisis.
1. Features of the global economic crisis.
1929 - a massive drop in stock prices on the New York stock exchange- the beginning of the crisis.
undermined" circulatory system» capitalism – financial market and banking system;
The crisis has become global, because ½ of world industrial production is concentrated in the USA;
The crisis was long (almost 5 years), the crisis lasted until World War II;
The crisis occurred in the United States, where there were the highest rates of economic growth;
The crisis was structural and systemic in nature, that is, it was a crisis of a certain stage in the development of the capitalist system - a turning point in the development of capitalism.
1929-1933 - the years of the global economic crisis, the "Great Depression"
2. Causes of the economic crisis.
A. B. The global market for agricultural products is overcrowded
Unable to repay loans to banksB. The market and competition as regulators of the economic system have ceased to work.
(monopolies dictate prices)
3. Ways out of the crisis.
Question: in what proportion should the market be in a modern capitalist state?
and government regulation?
John M. Keynes (English economist): the economy has lost the possibility of automatic exit
out of the crisis through the old market mechanisms.
Keynesianism is an economic doctrine about a specific mechanism for overcoming a crisis .
4. Liberal-democratic, totalitarian, authoritarian regimes.
Totalitarian(Command-administrative system)
Countries
UK, France, USA, Canada, Nordic countries, Mexico
Germany, Italy, USSR
Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Poland, etc.
Country Profile
Strong democratic traditions; the path of social and economic reforms, political compromises in dealing with the consequences of the economic crisis
State property, state planned regulation of all aspects of society, complete eradication of private property, egalitarian distribution, slogans of internationalism, mass repressions
Definition from p.85.
Write out the definition of totalitarianism from page 285.
World War II can be seen as a battle between totalitarianism and democracy.
Homework
2. Know the content of the abstract
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 9
Plan for self-analysis of the topic - compiling a summary
1. Features of the economic crisis in the USA.
2. Government measures to overcome the crisis in industry and agriculture.
3. Give a description of the mass social movements (in the form of a table).
Make your own comparison questions.
4. Social reforms of the "new course".
5. Give a general conclusion about US foreign policy in the mid-30s.
Homework .
Preparation for the test in paragraphs 1-11.
1 option
1. What are the most important features of an industrial society.
2. What political systems exist in states in terms of quantity
parties operating in the country?
3. Name at least 5 signs of parties.
4. What was the name of the Balkan Peninsula on the eve of the First World War? Explain answer .
5. Sort the events by year.
Battle of the Marne, Verdun Meat Grinder, Battle of the Somme, Battle of Jutland,
Brest peace, Brusilov breakthrough, Nivel massacre, US entry into the war.
6. What are the results of the First World War (at least 5 results)
7. Fill in the table
Second InternationalEvents, tasks...
Results
8. What are the reasons for convening the Washington Conference?
9. Name characteristics development of the world economy in the 20s
10. Washington Conference: Treaty 5
12. What was the economic theory of D. M. Keynes?
13. Define : - imperialism;
Nationalism;
Echelon of modernization;
The League of nations;
Comintern;
Chauvinism;
Traditional society;
social reformism;
- "14 points" by W. Wilson;
Ku Klux Klan;
Putsch;
Freethread;
- "The Great Depression"
Test in history
Option 2.
1. What are the main directions of democratization at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries
2. Give examples of imperialist wars at the beginning of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.
3. List the dominion countries of the British Empire.
4. What are the main and general causes of the First World War (name at least 3 reasons).
5. Between which countries was the main rivalry in the First World War?
Name the directions of their rivalry.
6. Arrange the events by year.
Battle of the Marne, Verdun Meat Grinder, Battle of the Somme, Battle of Jutland,
Brest peace, Brusilov breakthrough, Nivel massacre, US entry into the war.
7. Fill in the table
The firstInternational
Chronological framework of existence
Events, tasks...
Results
8. What are the reasons for the creation of the League of Nations.
9. What are the features of international relations in the 20s?
10. Washington Conference: Treaty 9
11. Fill in the table on international relations in the 20s.
12. What are the features of the World economic crisis of 1929-1933?
(name at least 3 features)
13. Define:- the consignment;
financial oligarchy;
International;
Versailles-Washington system;
Revolution;
Modernization;
Monopoly;
Dominion;
Keynesianism;
Mafia;
Mondism;
Pacifism;
Totalitarianism
Lesson 10 totalitarian regimes in the 30s.
Spain: revolution, civil war, Francoism.
1. Spain is a poor agricultural country, a monarchy
1929-1932 - the situation worsened.
1931- the Republicans won municipal elections. This was the start of a revolution.
According to the constitution, Spain is a democratic republic, but liberalism has not decided
socio-economic problems.
The Intransigence of the Left
Right camp .
From right to conservatives and fascist organizations in 1934 united inSpanish phalanx .
The Falangists lost the elections of 1933 and 1936.
1936 .-Socialists, Communists and Republicans concluded a "People's Front Pact".
1936 - victory of the Popular Front in the elections.
1936 - rebellion in Morocco against the Republicans, the beginning of the civil war.
1936-1939 - civil war in Spain. The idea of the Popular Front in fact turned out to be a struggle
Communist Party for leadership.
France Great Britain Italy Germany USSR
1936- the establishment of the military-authoritarian dictatorship of Franco.
Mode features:
1) there is no mass social base of fascism;
2) the regime was imposed from outside with the help of Germany and Italy;
3) terror is the main means of maintaining the regime.
France in the 30s: political instability .
1 . Economic crisis began later than in other countries, in 1930, continued until 1935.
2. Political instability : frequent change of governments, criticism of the economic course.
(since 1931, reparations stopped coming)
3. Anti-parliamentarism (establishment of dictatorship) as a feature of fascism in France.
1934 - the storming of the Bourbon Palace by the Nazis.
Pact on Unity of Action between Communists and Socialists. Refusal of mutual criticism.
Joining the pact of the radicals meant the creation of the Popular Front
1936 - 2/3 of the seats in the National Assembly for deputies from the Popular Front.
The government was headed by the socialist Leon Blum, on his initiative signed
Mantignon Agreement (French New Deal) between the General Confederation of Labor and
General Confederation of Entrepreneurs.
Other laws for workers have also been passed.
However, the high costs of implementing the program of the Popular Front led to the devaluation of the franc,
and then to the collapse of the Popular Front and the change in the composition of the government, radicals came out of it.
But the main goal of the Popular Front - to block the path of fascism - was achieved.
Homework.
Preparation for the test in paragraphs 8-14
Option 1.
BUT) Civil War in Spain -
B) International conference in Rapallo -
B) the Great Depression
D) the United States recognized the USSR -
D) Japan captured Manchuria -
G) The existence of the Weimar Republic in Germany -
H) The "Berlin-Rome-Tokyo" axis has been formalized -
Extremist
Dominion
British Relations with the Dominions Act
Reparations
Uniting the Right in Spain from Conservatives to Fascists
The League of nations
An ideology based on the ideas of national exclusivity
Totalitarianism
Economic doctrine of overcoming the crisis
Expansion
b) the leader of the NSDAP party;
c) the creator of the economic doctrine of a way out of the crisis;
d) who headed the gangster syndicate in the USA in the 20-30s?
e) President of the Democratic Party, which won the elections in 1932.
Independent work on the topic "Between the two world wars".
Option 2.
1. Name the years of the following events:
A) The establishment of a fascist dictatorship in Italy -
B) Japan and Germany left the League of Nations -
B) Rhine Guarantee Pact -
D) The fall in the value of shares on the stock exchange in New York -
D) Anschluss of Austria -
G) The Neutrality Act in the USA -
C) the beginning of the Second World War -
2. Fill in existing blanks
An anti-fascist movement that brought together a wide range of parties
Pacifism
A political regime in which political power is exercised by a political leader, party, or social group with minimal popular participation.
Comintern
Ideology and politics of extreme militant nationalism
Fascism
Racist organization in the USA
Militarization
Organized crime
Aryanization
3. Name famous people recent history 20-30s.
a) the American banker whose name is given to the economic recovery plan
and normalization of economic and financial ties;
b) the leader of the Italian fascists;
c) socialist, chairman of the government of the Popular Front in France;
d) a major English capitalist who proposed a worker-entrepreneurial
cooperation in joint committees to resolve conflicts;
e) at the plant of which well-known capitalist, conveyor-production lines were first used?
Lesson 11
Plan for a new theme.
2. Failure of the League of Nations
3. Military-political bloc "Berlin-Rome-Tokyo"
4. Czechoslovak crisis. Munich agreement 1938.
5. Failure of an idea collective security.
1. The collapse of the Versailles-Washington system.
Until 1929-1933, relative stability was maintained in international relations.
1929-1933 - instability, destruction of the Versailles-Washington system.
Way out of the economic crisisUS and UK
Japan, Italy, Germany
Search for internal reserves to overcome the crisis
Path of external expansion
The United States pursued a policy of isolationism.
2-3. Failure of the League of Nations. Military-political bloc "Berlin-Rome-Tokyo"
Japan
1931 - using the civil war, the Japanese captured Manchuria, which violated the agreement of the 9th Washington Conference.
1937 invasion of Central China.
Germany
1933-1935 - complete revision of the Versailles-Washington system, the abolition of military restrictions. Restoration of "equality" and elimination of "injustice". Germany aroused sympathy, because. fought the communist threat.
1936 - Germany supported the fascist rebellion in Spain
1938 - German troops entered Austria.
Italy
1935-1936 - Italian aggression against Ethiopia
1936 - the union "Berlin-Rome" was formed
1936 - Anti-Cominter Pact of Germany and Japan
1937 - the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo axis took shape
4. Czechoslovak crisis. Munich agreement 1938. The policy of appeasing the aggressor.
Anschluss of Austria - the beginning of Hitler's plans to reunite with Germany the territories where they live
ethnic Germans.
In the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, the majority of the population is German, Germany claims this territory.
September 29-30, 1938 – Munich agreement, participants – Chamberlain (Great Britain), Daladier (France),
Hitler (Germany), Mussolini (Italy).
March 1939 Germany took over the rest of Czechoslovakia.
5. The failure of the idea of collective security (for independent consideration)
Write in your notebook:
1. What is collective security? Which country (or countries) came up with the idea
collective security in Europe?
1934 - ...
Why did the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression pact with Germany?
Homework:
Task 5 of the new topic.
Lesson 12I halfXX century.
Checking homework
Task 5 of lesson 11.
Questions and tasks on page 141.
Plan for a new theme.
1. Features of social development
2. Ways of development of the continent
3. Ways and methods of struggle.
4. Revolutions
1. Features of social development:
The formation of nations from heterogeneous racial and ethnic groups within state borders
(indigenous Indian population, European colonists, Africans, mestizos);
A special temperament, a tendency to bright, emotional aspects of life.
A violent manifestation of these traits.
Legacy from the colonial period of patriarchal-paternalistic relations (preservation of clan ties between the “patron” (owner), leader, “leader” (caudillo) and clientele (from the word “client”).
These ties dominate class and social;
Significant influence of the Catholic Church;
Played an important role in the creation of plantation farms, the construction of railways, and bank loans.
foreign capital;
The connection of the land oligarchy (Latifundists) with foreign capital and foreign markets;
Bourgeois-liberal layers Latin America opposed the conservative-oligarchic forces;
Frequent change of regimes with the active participation of the army, a large role of violence in the political struggle.
2. Ways of development of the continent
The central problem for Latin America ismodernization problem
3. Ways and methods of struggle.
Evolution (reform) or revolution - the choice of the path of modernization was made by each country in its own way.
4. Revolutions
1910 - 1917 - Revolution in Mexico, but then there were authoritarian regimes.
1934 - 1940 - Presidency of L. Cardenas in Mexico. The policy of national reformism or
economic nationalism.
Reforms: agrarian, social transformations, the creation of a public sector in oil production.
1933 - 1934 - The Cuban Revolution. The government of Antonio Guiteras came to power.
Reforms: restoration of democratic freedoms, restriction of privileges of foreign
monopolies, the establishment of state control over a number of enterprises.
However, the communists did not support the government.
1935 – 1959 gg. - the establishment of the dictatorship of the army commander R.F. Batista
1959 – new revolution brought F. Castro to power.
1979 - 1990 - Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua.
Lesson 13 XX in.
1. Traditions and modernization.
The countries of the East - Asia, Africa - non-European civilizations.
Reasons for the backlog of the East:
Resistance of traditional societies to external influences;
Difficulty in finding a synthesis (connection) of local tradition and European experience;
Politics of the colonial powers: suppression and oppression.
General tasks of the countries of the East:
Break out of dependence, overcome backwardness, embark on the path of accelerated socio-economic and political development
Revolutions in Turkey
1906 - 1908 - Young Turk Revolution.
1918 - 1923 – Kemalist revolution: the creation of a secular state, getting rid of
Caliphate and Sharia, entering the path of capitalist development.
Iraq in 1932 and Egypt in 1936. gained independence, but the presence of British troops remained.
Write out the definition of historical modernization - ...
Fill the table
Homework.
2. Fill in the table.
Lesson 14
Checking homework.
Filling in the table on the modernization of the countries of the East.
New topic.
1937 - 1945 - Sino-Japanese War.
1941 - 1945 – Great Patriotic War.
November–March 1940 - soviet - Finnish war.
1. Theaters of war.
Western FrontEastern front(Soviet-German)
September 1, 1939 G .- German attack on Poland. Entry into the war of England and France.
September 30, 1939 . - disembarkation of the English expeditionary force in France.
April 1940 . Denmark and Norway captured.
Until May 1940 . - "sitting" or "strange" war in Europe.
May 1940 - occupied Belgium, the Netherlands,
Luxembourg, France.
July 14, 1940 . The Germans entered Paris. Creation of a puppet government in Vichy (southwestern France).
The defeat of the Anglo-French troops in the Dunkirk region (northern France)
Autumn 1940 - air war over England, the beginning of the plan"Sea Lion" - plan landings on the British Isles.
Summer 1943 .- landing of Anglo-American troops in Sicily, the arrest of Mussolini.
September 1943 . Italy declared war on Germany.
June 22, 1941 . - the attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union,started implementation
"plan Barbarossa"
December 1941–January 1942 - counteroffensive Soviet troops near Moscow, the defeat of the strategyblitzkrieg plan for lightning war.
Summer 1942 - the Germans occupied the Donbass, broke through to the Volga and North Caucasus, the general offensive of the Germans in the south of the USSR.
November 19, 1942 . - counteroffensive of the Soviet troops near Stalingrad.
Summer 1943 . - The Battle of Kursk.
The battles of Stalingrad and Kursk are called a radical turning point in the course of the war.
A radical turning point - the transfer of the strategic initiative to the Soviet side
September 1943 - Forcing the Dnieper.
War in the Pacific and Asiamilitary action in North Africa
Military operations in the Balkans.
July 1941 -…
May 1942 -…
June 1942 -…
1943 -…
1940 -…
1941 - 1942
1943 - ...
October 1940 - ...
Autumn 1940 - ...
2. Anti-Hitler coalition.
September 1941 - ...
June 6, 1944 - opening of the Second Front in Normandy (Operation Overlord)
3. Conferences of the anti-Hitler coalition.
Tehran
Crimean (Yalta)
Berlin (Potsdam)
Dates
Member countries and their leaders
Key Conference Solutions
4. End of the war.
August 1945 - war on Far East with militaristic Japan.
September 2, 1945 - the surrender of Japan, the end of World War II.
5. The main results of the Second World War (write out point by point)
Homework 1. Run written assignments under paragraph 21.
2. Orally complete the tasks on pages 157 - 158.
1 option.
1. Japanese - Chinese war - ...
2. Munich agreement - ...
3. Soviet - Finnish war - ...
4. Anschluss of Austria - ...
5. Exact date the start of World War II...
Blitzkrieg, Holocaust, Lend-Lease, Sea Lion Plan, Operation Overlord, Maginot Line.
3. Which country did not participate in the Munich Agreement?
1. Italy; 2. France; 3. Germany; 4. Spain.
4. For what reason was the USSR expelled from the League of Nations?
1. The signing of the Soviet - German non-aggression pact.
2. Participation in the war with Finland.
3. Help the Spanish Communists in the Spanish Civil War.
5. What event is related to the fundamental change?
1. Moscow battle. 2. "Strange war" in Europe. 3. Battle of Kursk.
7. Match the names and positions of famous figures of the Second World War .
A. Accepted surrender armed forcesNazi Germany
2. Winston Churchill
B. Commander of the Allied Forces in the South -
western pacific
3. Douglas MacArthur
B. Head of the puppet government of France
4. G.K. Zhukov
D. Prime Minister of Great Britain
Independent work on the topic "Second World War»
Option 2.
1. Specify the dates of the following events.
1. The Spanish Civil War - ...
2. Making the axis "Berlin - Rome - Tokyo" - ...
3. Soviet - German non-aggression pact - ...
4. Great Patriotic War - ...
5. The exact date of the surrender of Japan is ...
2. Define the following terms:
radical change, genocide, satellites, the Barbarossa plan, the Atlantic Charter, the Mannerheim line.
3. Which countries initiated the idea of collective security in Europe?
1. Czechoslovakia and France; 2. France and Poland;
3. USSR and France; 4. USSR and the Baltic countries.
4. What event is related to the fundamental change?
1. Battle of Stalingrad; 2. Battle of Dunkirk; 3. Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
5. In what year was the USSR admitted to the League of Nations?
1. 1933 2. 1934 3. 1929 1935
6. Align dates and events
1. The founding conference of the United Nations inSan Francisco
2. United Nations Declaration Signed
V. Summer 1943
3. Opening a second front
4. Atomic bombing of Nagasaki
5. The Germans entered Paris
6. Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
7. Battle of Kursk
7. Match the names and positions of famous figures of the Second World War.
B. Led the landing of allied troops inNormandy
3. I.V. Stalin
B. President of the United States
4. E. Deladier
G. Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army
Lesson 15
Plan for a new theme
3. Peaceful settlement.
4. Formation of the UN.
5. Nuremberg trials of war criminals
1. Consequences of the Second World War.
What are the consequences of World War II?
2. The collapse of the anti-Hitler coalition.
What are the reasons for the collapse of the anti-Hitler coalition?
3. Peaceful settlement .
The issues of the relations of the victorious countries with Germany and its allies - Italy, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Finland were discussed at the Yalta and Berlin conferences of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition.
To resolve these issues, a council of foreign ministers (CMFA) of the main powers has been created.
A long-term occupation of Germany was envisaged.
Goals of the occupation of Germany: - democratization
Demilitarization
Denazification
Decartelization
Peace treaties with Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Finland came into force in 1947,
in 1955 an agreement was concluded with Austria.
Treaty problem with Austria: The USSR sought to ensure that Austria remained neutral and did not join
into military-political blocs, the inadmissibility of the Anschluss - these requirements
at the insistence of the USSR entered into the treaty.
To prepare an agreement with Japan the Far Eastern Commission (11 states) and the Union Council were created
(representatives of the USSR, China, USA, Great Britain).
1951 - Conference on the conclusion of a peace treaty with Japan in San Francisco.
The USSR amendments were not taken into account in the treaty, so the USSR, Poland and Czechoslovakia did not sign
peace treaty with Japan. The question of a treaty between Japan and Russia is still open.
4. Education of the UN (written in a notebook)
What are the goals of the UN? What was the main principle that distinguished it from the pre-war League of Nations?
Diagram the structure of the United Nations.
Name the important financial institutions created under the UN. Why were they created?
5. Nuremberg trials of war criminals (1945 - 1946)
In which countries were war criminals tried?
Collaborators...
Why did the Nuremberg trials of major war criminals formulate a new legal term, "crimes against humanity"?
Lesson 16 Cold War. Military-political blocs
Plan for a new theme
2. Arms race.
3. Creation of military-political blocs
4. Marshall Plan.
1. Why did the “ cold war»?
Answer this question using the following concepts and phrases: a bipolar world,
McCarthyism, W. Churchill's speech in Fulton, "Iron Curtain", border along the Oder and Neisse,
the doctrine of "containment and repulsion" of communism.
Write in your notebook:
McCarthyism is...
"Cold War" - ...
"Iron Curtain" - ...
The doctrine of "containment and repulsion" of communism - ...
Fill the table
5 . Ideological confrontation, strugglewith dissent within countries
4. Marshall Plan.
Explain what goals were pursued by the Truman and Eisenhower doctrines and the Marshall Plan?
Marshall Plan - ...
Question 5 p.167 (oral)
LESSON 17. Completion of the era of industrial society. 1945 - 1970
New theme plan.
2. New international conditions
3. Liberalization of world trade
4. Economic integration
8. Welfare State
1. Features of economic recovery.
1945 - 1970 - economic growth in industrialized countries
Production growth rates
1913 -1950 – 1.9%
1950 - 1973 – 4.9%
1973 - 1993 – 3%
2. Name the new international conditions that led to rapid economic growth.
3. Liberalization of world trade. Fill in the table in your notebook
What does trade liberalization mean?
4. Economic integration. Fill in the table in your notebook
5. The era of cheap energy and raw materials
What role did cheap oil play in the predominantly extensive economic growth of the early post-war decades? (orally)
6. State regulation and mixed economy
Mixed economy - ... (write in notebook)
What is special about the new Keynesianism? (orally)
7. Mass production and mass consumption
Why should mass production be matched by mass consumption? (orally)
8. Welfare state - a state that guarantees its citizens a certain level of social security and welfare. Fill the table
Homework.
2. Questions 5 - 7 on page 173. Orally, questions and assignments on pages 173 - 174.
Lesson 18 The formation of the information society.
Checking homework
Questions 5 - 7 on page 173. Orally, questions and assignments on pages 173 - 174.
Plan for a new theme.
1. Economic crises of the 70s - 80s. NTR.
2. Post-industrial (information) society
New topic.
1. Economic crises of the 70s - 80s: 1974 - 1975 and 1980 - 1982
Manifestations of the crisis:
Oversaturation of the market with durable goods
In 1972, the US abolished the gold content of the dollar
1973 energy crisis - Arab oil-producing countries raised oil prices in response
on anti-Arab policies and rising prices for manufactured goods. Rising inflation.
A special type of crisis - the form of extensive (costly) type of production has become obsolete.
We need a restructuring of the economy, new technologies.
NTR (scientific and technological revolution)
Fast and qualitative changes; - covers the field of science and technology.
Scientific and technological revolution is a leap in the development of the productive forces of society, their transition to a qualitatively new
state based on fundamental shifts in the system of scientific knowledge.
Revolutionary changes in technology
60s - 70s XX in.Automation of production processes:
another link has appeared that controls the operation of the machine (robots, machine tools with program control, etc.)
Con. 70s XX in.
Computer (microprocessor or information) revolution
Revolutionary changes in technology (in ways of influencing raw materials and materials)
Information-intensive technologies began to play a decisive role
New technologies.Diffusion welding
High-quality connections of ceramics with magnetic alloy, silver with stainless steel
etc. - the technological process is carried out at the molecular, atomic and subatomic levels.
Biotechnology
Use of biological processes for production purposes (production of feed protein, medicines)
Genetic Engineering
The transplantation of foreign genes into a cell makes it possible to breed new types of animal and plant organisms with desired qualities.
Membrane, laser, plasma, etc.
Qualitative change in the objects of labor -
materials that are processed during the production process
Causes of changes in the objects of labor
1. achievements of physics and chemistry 2. deficiency of mineral raw materials
3. the needs of modern technology in need of
magnetic, ceramic, optical materials
Changing the position of a person (subject of labor) in the production system : he goes beyond the immediate process of creating the finished product, stands next to it and acts as a controller, adjuster, adjuster.
Modern scientific and technological revolution is a global phenomenon that introduces fundamental changes in the development of modern civilization. This revolution is caused by the sharply increased needs of man, society, production in scientific knowledge. It has been prepared by the entire development of world science.
Scientific development centers: USA, Western Europe, Japan, Russia.
2. Post-industrial (information) society: main features
1. the transition of the labor force to the service sector (with a reduction in employment in agriculture)
2. services become a sphere of production that supplies a special product - information
3. information is an important factor of production along with land, labor and capital, unlike other factors of production, information does not decrease when used, but is updated and improved.
3. high rate of changes in the scientific and technical base modern society
4. changing the nature of the international division of labor - the emergence of a new criterion:
the ability to create new knowledge and quickly apply it through information process and telecommunications in various spheres of human activity and over a vast area.
5. individualization of production, consumption, labor (disaggregation of production, small-scale
goods production)
6. the formation of new values and motives for work: the desire to work for young people and women,
work at home, creativity in activities
7. efficiency, economy, environmental friendliness - the main standardspost-industrial (information) society.
3. Economic policy of the 70s - 90s.
1. Give the types of socio-economic policy of the second halfXX century
2. Name the essence of the conservative transition, its causes and obstacles to its implementation
3. What new world crises have appeared since the late 80s.XX in.?
Homework
2. Answer the questions for the paragraph
3. Run item number 3 of the topic.
Lesson 19
Plan for independent study of the topic.
1. Name the main party-political currents in Western European countries after the war
and describe them.
2. What was the evolution of the international communist and socialist movement?
3. What is fundamentally new was fixed in constitutions and legal acts on human rights?
4. What groups of states can be distinguished at the endXX in.?
Define the following terms:
Movement Resistance
Eurocommunism
Right extremism
Nationalism
Non-Aligned Movement
Civil society. social movements.
Civil society - human community at a certain stage of development, including voluntarily formed non-state structures in the life of society; the sphere of self-manifestation of free individuals and voluntarily formed organizations, associations, protected by law from direct interference in their activities by the state authorities.
Features of new social movements
Called to life by the problems of the development of civil society
Reflect the desire for mutual assistance, protection of interests
- cover all areas public life, represent a form of self-expression of personality
- reject the class orientation.
Fill in the table in your notebook, the content of the answers in the table should also reflect
the following questions, what are the features of the anti-war movement in Germany, France,
Great Britain, USA, what reasons gave rise to the leftist youth movements, what are the goals of the movement of civil initiatives?
XX century"
1 option
1. What are the main features of the Cold War
2. Decipher the abbreviations: ATS, NAFTA, GATT, NTR, IMF.
3. What are the reasons for the transition from an industrial civilization to a post-industrial one?
("limits to growth").
4. Align
L. Brezhnev,F. Castro,
R. Reagan,
W. Brandt,
M.L. King
2. The American president who declared the USSR an "evil empire"
3. Leader of Revolutionary Cuba
4. Fighter against racial discrimination in the USA
Control work on the topic "Second halfXX century"
Option 2
1. Name the new international conditions for the development of the world economy after World War II
2. Decipher the abbreviations: NATO, ECSC, WTO, NTP, OSCE.
3. What are the signs of a post-industrial (information) society
4. Align
D. KennadyG. Koll
G. Truman
C. de Gaulle
K. Adenauer
2. Leader of the organization "Free France", President of France in 1958 - 1969.
3. 35th President of the United States, resolved the Cuban Missile Crisis
4. The President of the United States, who declared the "global responsibility" of the United States
5. Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, under whom the unification of Germany took place
6. Align dates and events
Gaullism, civil society, cold war, segregation.
5. Complete the table on social movements after World War II
6. Align dates and events
7. Define the following terms:
impeachment, eurocommunism, "shock therapy", "iron curtain"
1. Highlight the main directions of the democratization of political and public life at the beginning of the 20th century. Give examples.
Democratization developed along three main lines: expanding the powers of representative bodies of power - parliaments, expanding the electoral rights of citizens in favor of general elections, and lifting restrictions on the activities of various political and public organizations.
2. Which countries were republics and which were parliamentary monarchies?
Republics: France and USA.
Parliamentary monarchies: Japan, Germany, Great Britain.
3. What did the ruling circles fear as a result of the granting of universal suffrage?
The desire to limit the circle of voters reflected the fear of involving the broad masses of the people in politics. Fears caused the growth of the influence of the socialists.
4. How do modern political parties differ from those of the 19th century?
In the 19th century parties were more like debating clubs or temporary organizations to support individuals in elections.
At the turn of the century and at the beginning of the 20th century. parties become mass, centralized, with a network of committees or sections in the localities. A party apparatus is being formed - a layer of functionaries paid from the party fund. In the press, in parliament, in the government, the same faces constantly flash, politics becomes a profession. The role of the party in public life also changed at the beginning of the 20th century. The parties begin to publish mass circulation newspapers and magazines, actively promote their views, form public opinion.
5. Name the main ideological directions within which the political struggle developed at the beginning of the 20th century. What are their distinguishing features?
Conservatism, liberalism, socialism, Marxism, religion and nationalism.
6. Select the main vector of the political struggle at the beginning of the 20th century.
With the expansion of the influence of socialist organizations and the spread of the ideas of socialism and Marxism, the main vector of the political struggle began to change, which had previously passed along the line of conservatives - liberals, monarchists - republicans. The conservatives, relying on the landed aristocracy and the peasantry, acted under the slogan of preserving traditions and order, while the liberals, reflecting the interests of the bourgeoisie of the cities, defended the ideas of freedom and equality (equality as democracy and removal of restrictions, but not as equalization). At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. the political struggle between conservatives and liberals gradually fades into the background as the liberal program is implemented and parliamentary democracy develops.
7. Name two main directions in the development of social democracy.
Moderate, reformist wing and radical left wing.
8. From the guardianship of what political forces were the trade unions freed at the beginning of the 20th century?
The trade unions were freed from the tutelage of the liberals.
9. What forces came to power at the beginning of the 20th century. in many European countries and in the USA?
Liberals.
10. Why did Germany fail to carry out liberal reforms at the beginning of the century?
In Germany, the conservatives remained the main political force. Government coalitions were formed on the basis of an alliance of conservatives with liberals or the Catholic party. In Germany, the liberals were divided and feared the growing influence of the Social Democrats, which pushed them to unite with the conservatives. The liberals failed in the pre-war period to expand their influence and carry out consistent liberal reforms.
11. What were the distinctive features of nationalism in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century?
Nationalism became militant, bordering on national hostility and hatred. In Germany, there were the Pan-German Union and a number of other organizations that promoted the ideology of Pan-Germanism - the superiority of the German nation and the need to establish domination by the Germans over other peoples, primarily the Slavs. In France, nationalist organizations advocated the restoration of the monarchy. On the eve of the war, nationalism flourished in all countries ready to enter into confrontation.
By the beginning of the twentieth century in developed countries ah world began to win imperialism, as the highest stage of capitalist development, based on an industrial base. At this time, almost all sales markets, colonies, and spheres of influence were divided between the leading powers. In the era of intensive industrialization, the size of the working class - the proletariat - increased, which began to demand more and more material and other benefits. The antagonism between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie began to deepen more and more. By the beginning of the new twentieth century, two opposing military-political camps had almost completely formed in the world, relations between which were becoming more and more tense every year, which ultimately led to the First World War. This lesson is devoted to the events of the early twentieth century.
Topic:Man among people
Lesson:Political and economic development of Europe and North America in the early twentieth century
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. the most developed countries of human civilization were the countries of Europe and in the first place - Great Britain, France, Germany, in North America - the USA; Russia stood apart, in which the pace of economic development increased every year and approached the pace of developed countries.
Rice. 1. The bourgeoisie is in power. Caricature ()
In all these countries, one could observe surprisingly similar specific processes, adjusted for the national character, namely: the increasing growth of industrial and other bourgeois and the bourgeoisie in general and workers who left the countryside for the cities and became the proletariat- hired workers at certain enterprises of the bourgeoisie, often having almost no rights and having a rather small salary (see Fig. 1). As a result of this contradiction ( antagonism) between these categories (or classes) of the population increased every year. To defend their rights, the workers began to create trade unions (trade unions), who began to fight with the "owner" of the enterprise and the system as a whole. Due to the contradictions that have arisen in the developed countries of the world, ideas have begun to gain more and more popularity. social democracy, marxism and social revolution with which the authorities fought in every possible way. Gained momentum such a concept as population migration. Hundreds and thousands of families Western Europe and Russia (mainly the Jewish population from the Pale of Settlement) began to move to new countries - most in the USA, for the so-called. " american dream» (see Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Emigration to the USA ()
At the same time, the increase in the growth of the proletariat led to the emergence of new industrial facilities, and, consequently, to an even greater enrichment of the bourgeoisie. Capital has become supranational. Created multinational companies and corporations, which gradually "entangled" the countries of the world with their financial networks. The whole world has become a market. In conditions of fierce competition, individual companies appeared that became monopolists in their field. Thus, oil and oil products were associated with the family Rockefeller, sewing machines - with the company " Singer" etc. (see Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Production of Coca-Cola. Early 20th century ()
The turn of the century was the time for the emergence and implementation of new discoveries. Electricity illuminated hundreds of cities in the developed world. Telephone, telegraph and radio connected countries and continents with each other. aviation, airship, new types of steamboats brought countries closer to each other. Appeared cinematograph(movie). Art was dominated by style modern. At the same time, new means of mutual destruction also appeared - a machine gun, a tank, a submarine, an airplane with bombs, poison gases, etc.
Capital not only went beyond the borders of its countries, it needed more and more markets. Colonies and spheres of influence developed countries were no longer saved. Almost all countries have reached their highest limit of territorial development. To obtain new sales markets, a new redistribution of the world was required, threatening a new, already world war.
By 1914, by the beginning of the First World War, two opposing military-political camps had taken shape in the world. On the one hand, these were Great Britain, France and Russia, the union of which was called " Entente", which in translation means "cordial consent" and Triple Alliance, consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. The essence of the confrontation was reduced to a new redistribution of the world and the acquisition of new lands and territories (on the part of Germany and the allies) and to prevent such a redistribution (on the part of the Entente).
In 1900-1914. In Europe and the world, there were local, local conflicts (the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa, clashes in Iran (Persia), the Russo-Japanese War, the two Balkan Wars (see Fig. 4), etc.), in which either otherwise (mostly behind the scenes) the “bloc” countries took part, as if probing each other on a third territory.
Rice. 4. First Balkan War. 1912 ()
Thus, by 1914 the world finally entered a new era, the logical outcome of which was the First World War.
1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - beginning of the XXI century. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2011.
2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M.: Russian word, 2009.
2. Russian Party of Communists ().
1. Read Chapter 1 of the textbook by Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - beginning of the XXI century and give answers to questions 1 - 3 on p. 9.
2. Read Chapter 2 of the textbook by Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - beginning of the XXI century and give answers to questions 1 - 4 on p. 17.
3. Read Chapter 3 of the textbook by Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - beginning of the XXI century and give answers to questions 2 - 6 on p. 32.
Political development at the beginning XX century.
General history
Lesson plan
- Features of democratization
- Directions of democratization
Democratization - the process of introducing democratic principles in political system, culture, lifestyle, etc. In Russian journalism, the term was first used at the end of the 19th century by Konstantin Leontiev
Features of democratization
Political system of countries:
- Republican monarchies
- Parliamentary monarchy
The pace of democratization was different, as it depended on:
- historical traditions
- Political forces dominating in a particular country
Directions for the development of democratization
Expansion of powers of representative authorities - parliaments
Examples of manifestation of these trends in the political life of countries
1 . in the USA since 1913. the upper house of Congress, the Senate, was elected by popular vote
2. In the UK, the liberals have achieved a limitation of the rights of the House of Lords - since 1911. the lords were excluded from participation in the adoption of financial laws, including the budget.
Expansion of voting rights of citizens in favor of general elections
Removal of restrictions on the activities of various political and public organizations.
At the turn of the century, according to the constitutions of Germany, France, according to the electoral laws of Great Britain, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, universal suffrage was introduced. They were possessed by wealthy literate men - 30-40%
Bans on the activities of socialist parties ceased to operate (Germany, Italy)
Political Party is a continuously operating organization, existing both at the national and local levels, aimed at obtaining and exercising power and striving for this purpose to broad mass support.
Political movements at the turn of the century
- Parties become massive
- Centralized, with a party apparatus
- An ideology arises, both of the course of the parties, and of the party-political struggle
- Initially, the vector of political struggle was as follows: liberal conservatives; monarchists are republicans.
- At the beginning of the 20th century: bourgeois parties - socialist (capitalism against socialism)
Ideological directions
Conservatism - an ideological and political trend based on the idea of preserving traditional values and the old order in the life of society.
Liberalism - philosophical, political and economic theory, as well as an ideology that proceeds from the position that individual human freedoms are legal basis society and economic order.
Ideological directions
Liberalism - a philosophical, political and economic theory, as well as an ideology that proceeds from the position that individual human freedoms are the legal basis of society and the economic order.
Socialism - economic, socio-political system. Character traits: the process of distribution and production is under the control of society; public ownership of the means of production completely or partially replaces private ownership.
Political movements at the turn of the century
Labor movement.
- Unions
- strike movements
- Requirements: promotion wages, improvement of working conditions.
The results were positive, as the unions influenced the government to bring about the necessary changes.
Political movements at the turn of the century
Read the paragraph on page 24-25, answer the questions:
- List the main ideas of the socialist movement?
- What currents stand out in the movement at the beginning of the 20th century, name their main ideas.
- Tell us about the differences within the socialist movement.
Political movements at the turn of the century
Read the paragraph on page 25-26, answer the questions:
- List the main ideas of liberals
- What changes have taken place in the views on power?
- What kind of policies did the liberals pursue in power, in the countries of the world?
Nationalism - ideology and policy direction, the fundamental principle of which is the thesis about the value of the nation as the highest form of social unity, its primacy in the state-forming process. As a political movement, nationalism seeks to defend the interests of a certain national community in relations with state power.
Pan-Germanism - a cultural and political movement based on the idea of the political unity of the German nation based on ethnic, cultural and linguistic identity. Formed at the beginning of the 19th century .
Homework:
- Paragraph 3
- Answer questions 2, 3, 4, 8.
- Fill in the table (link)
