Household items in ancient Russia. From the history of things: Sadnik, stag, rubel and other "extinct" items of Slavic life. Old Russian samovars

Natalya Khudyakova
Excursion to the past "Items of peasant life"

Peasant household items

The Russian farmstead, with its well-established life and agriculture, has always been furnished with a large number of items utensils and tools. Traditional kitchen utensils items for agriculture did not differ in rich decoration, but were comfortable and distinguished by laconic aesthetics.

Izba - the dwelling of a simple Russian peasant and his family. Here, in peasant house every item household utensils have a symbol of folk life, then what they lived peasants and how they worked doing household chores. Houseware imbued with the Russian spirit and convey that image of a difficult peasant life in Russia.

The samovar appeared in homes about three centuries ago along with the growing popularity of tea. Excavations show that samovars still existed in clay execution thousands of years ago in Iran. The samovar quickly won the hearts of Russian tea drinkers due to its unique functionality and beauty. The water in it remained hot for a long time, was fragrant from the combustion of dry birch chips, it was enough for a large number of guests and households.

Spinning wheel - the simplest device with a tow on a leg ending in a flat base - a spinner sat on it to give stability subject. In ancient times, knitting yarn was not sold. It was made by the needlewomen themselves with a haircut sheep wool. The earliest form of spinning was hand-twisting. Later they made a spindle, and then a spinning wheel. These inventions greatly accelerated the process of making yarn, making it uninterrupted. The spinning wheel consisted of a blade, to which a tow was tied, a thin leg and a bottom, which was placed on the bench. (A spinner sat on him) With the left hand, the spinner pulled out the strand, and with the right hand she rotated the spindle, on which the thread was wound. To facilitate the work of the spinner, they came up with a spinning wheel with a wheel. They moved the wheel with the foot pedal. The thread itself wound and twisted, and the spinner with both hands directed it from the tow to the view. So the work went faster, and the thread became thinner. The peasants firmly believed that all tools of labor must be protected from evil forces.

Comb for combing wool. The comb is similar to the comb with which girls in Russia combed their hair. However, not quite, a comb for combing wool bigger size. In general, they were chess for wool - this is not wooden base often stuffed nails big size. It was convenient to work with wool with such combs, not only to comb, but also to clean it. Flax, which was also used in weaving, could also be combed with such a comb.

The pot is one of the oldest kitchen utensils. It was Russian tradition to decorate the top of the pot with icing. In order to take the pot out of the oven, there were tongs nearby. In clay pots, as in a thermos, the food kept its original temperature for a long time, so it did not cool down or, being cooled in the cellar, did not turn sour.

Trough. Peasants stocked up for the winter. Cabbage was fermented in barrels. Cabbage at the beginning of the 20th century was chopped with choppers. The heads of cabbage were placed in wooden troughs, they were made of wood, the middle was hollowed out.

pitchers (or lids) intended for storage of dairy and other products. Pots and lids were made of clay. Cold, damp clay was crushed, pulled out in the hands. Clay warmed up, became plastic, and it was possible to make various items. And then they were burned in the oven. Some potters applied a pattern to a damp clay pot with a sharp wooden stick.

Stupa - peasant utensils for making cereals and grinding linseed and hemp seeds. The stupa was hollowed out from a thick trunk of birch, aspen, had a cylindrical or conical shape, and its inner space was rounded. A device for making cereals from unpeeled grains of wheat, barley, millet, buckwheat. Destined for this purpose, stupas were hollowed out of wood. Their height reached 80 cm, depth 50 cm, diameter 40 cm. Wooden pestle was made up to 100 cm long with a diameter of about 7 cm. When crushed in a mortar, the grain is released from the shell and partially crushed. Stupas were in each peasant house. They were used as needed, harvesting cereals for one or two weeks.

Cast iron - a large vessel, a pot made of cast iron, later also made of aluminum alloy, rounded, for stewing and cooking in a Russian oven. The peculiarity of cast iron is its shape, repeating the shape of a traditional clay oven pot: tapered towards the bottom, widening towards the top and tapering again towards the throat. This shape allows cast iron to be placed in the furnace and removed from the furnace using a special gripping tool. The volume is different from 1.5 to 9 liters. Cast iron of small capacity is called cast iron. Despite the seeming antiquity of this type of cookware, metal cast irons appeared and became widespread only at the very end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. At that time, industrial cast-iron kitchen stoves spread in Russia, in which, instead of a brick vault, above the furnace firebox there was a panel with removable burners, into the holes of which cast iron was also placed with a narrow bottom.

grip fixture, representing a long wooden stick with a metal slingshot at the end. With a grip they seized and placed cast-iron pots in the Russian stove. For each size of the cast-iron there was a grip. Another name for the stag grip. The grip could also be used as a weapon

Rubel - household item, which in the old days Russian women used to iron clothes after washing. Rubel represented a plate of hardwood with a handle at one end. On one side of the plate, transverse rounded scars were cut, the second remained smooth, and sometimes was decorated with intricate carvings. In different regions of our country, rubles could differ either in shape features or in a peculiar decor.

The gardener is a bread shovel. One of the most important items national economy in Russia was considered a gardener. It looked like a flat wide shovel on a long handle and intended to send bread or cake to the oven. Russian craftsmen made subject from a solid piece of wood, mainly aspen, linden or alder. Having found a tree of the right size and suitable quality, it was split into two parts, carving one long board from each. After that, they were smoothly planed and the outline of the future gardener was drawn, trying to remove all kinds of knots and notches. Having cut out the desired subject, it was thoroughly cleaned.

With the advent of the oven, these items have become indispensable in household. Usually they were kept in the ward space and were always at hand with the hostess. Several types of tongs were considered a standard set of oven equipment (large, medium and small, a teapot and two pokers. In order not to get confused in subjects, identification marks were carved on their handles. Often such utensils were made to order from a village blacksmith, but there were craftsmen who could easily make a poker at home.

Cast iron iron. The rubel was replaced in Russia by a cast-iron iron. This event is marked by the 16th century. It is worth noting that not everyone had it, since it was very expensive. In addition, cast iron was heavy and harder to iron than the old way. There were several types of irons, depending on the heating method: burning coals were poured into some, while others were heated on the stove. Such a unit weighed from 5 to 12 kilograms. Later, the coals were replaced with cast-iron blanks.

Flail - a hand-held threshing tool (branches) grain from ears. Usually consists of two movable, connected sticks. One is longer - the handle, the other is shorter - directly the working part, hitting the cereals.

Bast shoes - wicker shoes made of bast or birch bark; to ser. 19th century - main view peasant shoes in Russia. `

Antique items of rural life: the memory of the distant past

One of the popular trends among collectors and lovers of antiquity is rural life. . In this antique group, you can find antique items for various purposes - for agricultural work and housekeeping, interior decor and cooking, holidays and everyday life.

Store "Lavka antiquity": we invite connoisseurs to cooperate

Our catalog contains antique items of rural life in a wide range and in excellent condition. Each of them is original, original and authentic, because its shape, size, material and decor reflect not only the functional purpose, but also the traditions, beliefs and habits of rural residents of the past centuries.

In the XVIII - XIX centuries copper and tin were relatively expensive materials, so rural utensils were made, as a rule, from iron. So, for example, if you want to buy an old barn lock for your collection, it will definitely be made of iron - other metals were not used for the production of such products in the 18-19 centuries. Nevertheless, some exclusive copper or brass products have survived to this day, which at that time were a sign of prosperity and prosperity.

For example, a brass Tula samovar with a unique brand of the master, confirming its authenticity and solid age, can be purchased in our shop. A lot of such antiques have survived today, and they are quite working - you can buy a Russian samovar that functions on coals or wood, and on the same day arrange an exquisite tea party with the taste of antiquity in the circle of people close to you.

Our catalog contains antique rural items not only from metal, but also from wood, textiles and other materials. Here you will find well-preserved bast shoes, hand spinning wheels, cart wheels, irons heated in the oven heat, unusual devices for collecting honey, pails, ladles and much more.

For owners of antiques: we buy valuables safely and profitably

In the far corner of the attic or closet, an old tong was discovered, a long-forgotten great-grandmother's iron or a samovar inherited from distant ancestors? Do not rush to classify them as useless trash that needs to be disposed of! Our antique shop of samovars, rural utensils and other antiques will professionally inspect your find and determine its historical value. We are ready to buy bast shoes, a cast-iron grip, a stove door and any other rural utensils, if it is really of interest to collectors and connoisseurs of antiquity, at a high price, profitable for you, with instant payment.

Contact us in any way convenient for you, discuss the preliminary cost of your item with an experienced appraiser and bring any items of ancient rural life to our shop!

Village household items. It is impossible to imagine a Russian hut or Russian life without a variety of utensils. Rustic utensils were made of wood, this was primarily due to the cheapness, availability and plasticity of the material. One of the most ancient accessories is a spoon. Most of it was made of wood. Items of national life, everyday used in the peasant economy, are always a combination of beauty and practicality. Using natural materials, Russian man has created a wide variety of practical items necessary for peasant life.

Ancient chests

They were intended for storing various clothes, dowry, jewelry and valuable tableware. The wealth of the family was judged by the number of chests.

The table is one of the main parts of the hut. “God's palm” - they called him, and therefore it was impossible to beat him, climb on him for children, sit down. This is a family meal place. “When the family is together, and the soul is in place,” our ancestors said.

The whole life of a Russian woman was somehow connected with the spinning wheel. Usually, spinning was taught at the age of 5. The girls were given a small children's spinning wheel. The first spun thread was kept as a talisman.

Antique hand spinning wheel and other antique utensils

Vintage spinning wheels were a structure consisting of a blade on a leg and a horizontally laid bottom. The tow was fixed on the blade. Spinning was done with the help of a spindle. With her left hand, the spinner pulled the tow, with her right she set the spindle in rotation, thereby twisting the fiber into a thread. Distaffs were often decorated with carvings and paintings, and in different provinces of Russia there were different styles and decoration techniques. In a peasant family, girls of five to seven years old were put behind a spinning wheel and taught to spin. At the same time, there was a custom to burn the first stranded thread. The ashes were given to the little needlewoman to drink with water: so that the skill would not be lost. At thirteen or fourteen, a girl should have been able to sew and embroider, and at seventeen, she should have set up a loom on her own. And, looking at the smartly dressed young woman, the neighboring guys understood: such a beauty is not just a dandy - she is a hard worker and a craftswoman, which means she will be a good housewife in the house!

Distaff, consisting of a vertical part, where the tow is tied to a horizontal bottom, where the spinner sits. The vertical part consisted of a paddle (blade) and a neck (leg). The spinning wheel, especially the paddle, was often decorated and painted. There are two types of spinning wheels by design: solid (made from the root and trunk of a birch or spruce) and composite (consisted of two parts, horizontal and vertical).

Spindle (or spindle)- a weight in the form of a disk or a low cylinder with a through hole along the longitudinal axis, used to weight the hand spindle and fasten the yarn on it. Spindles were usually made of stone. Due to their small size and strength, spindle whorls are well preserved, and they are often found during archaeological excavations.

A stove was placed in the middle of the hut. They said about her: "The furnace is the head of everything." The head means the most important. The Russian stove, like a mother, will feed and warm, dry and cure.

Grip or horn- a device, which is a long wooden stick with a metal slingshot at the end. With a grip they seized and placed cast-iron pots in the Russian stove. For each size of the cast-iron there was a grip. Another name for the grip is the stag.

Poker- tools made of iron or other fire-resistant material. It is used for shoveling coals, moving firewood in a burning fireplace or stove. Usually it is a thick iron rod, bent at the end at a right angle.

Sickle(other Russian srpb) - a hand-held agricultural tool, a reaping knife. It is usually used for harvesting grain crops (harvesting grain) and cutting grasses (when harvesting forage for livestock). Consists of a tapering, rounded blade and a short wooden handle.

Irons used to be very different. In Russia, there was a method of ironing with rubel and roll. Dried linen was wound on an evenly planed stick and rolled it over the countertop using a corrugated board.

Old Russian samovars

Samovars used in everyday life, at festive events. The heat of the samovar was used not only to make delicious drinks, but also warmed the room. The discovery of the principle of electroforming leads in the 80s - 90s of the 19th century to the widespread use of nickel plating, which reduced the cost of the production of samovars and their cost. Since that time, samovars have become extremely numerous: they appear in taverns, and in shops, and in hotels, and in inns, and in monasteries. Their shape and finish is becoming more interesting and original. Samovar - a metal vessel for boiling water with a tap and an internal firebox in the form of a tall tube filled with coals, was invented at the turn of the 18th century. Russian masters.

1.Spinning wheel 2.Frying pan 3 Pancake pan

4.Copper ladle 5.Large ladle 6.Small ladle

7.Copper measure 8.Copper jug ​​9.Copper teapot

10. Wooden ladle 11. Comb 12. Rubel

13. Makogon pusher 14. Rocker 15. Oak barrel for wine

16. Paw 17. Trap 18. Scales. 1910

19. Wooden scoop 22. Scissors 23. Chisel

21. Axes of three different types

20. Sickle 24. Cooper's tool 25. Box 26. Bast shoes

27. Charcoal irons 28. Iron iron

29. Electric iron, early twentieth century 31. Stupa 33. Trough

30. Ax blade 32. Horse plow 34. Millstone

35. Grip or stag 36. Poker 37. Rake

38. Gardener 39. Wooden shovel 40. Hook

41. Flail 42. Pan 43. Barrel

44. Erzya par: three types with different decorative carvings.

1. Distaff. This is a tool of labor, popular in previous centuries, and an object of peasant life. With the help of this device, threads were spun. We recall Pushkin: "Three girls were spinning under the window late in the evening."
2. Pan. An ancient deep copper frying pan resembles, rather, a modern basin for jam. It prepared food for the whole large family.
3. pancake pan. On the contrary, a small, shallow frying pan whose finest hour stepped on the carnival. It differs from modern analogues, first of all, by the material from which it is made.
4. Copper bucket. With a ladle, you can scoop up water or other liquid from a bucket, a barrel, you can boil an egg in a ladle. These days, buckets are usually not made of copper, but aluminum or enameled.
5. Big bucket.
6. Small bucket.
7. copper measure. The object that looked like a large mug was actually a measuring container, which included exactly a quarter of a bucket.
8. Copper jug. In jugs, water was usually carried from a well or spring to the house.
9. copper teapot. Like a modern kettle, it served to heat water.
10. Wooden bucket. It was hollowed out from a single piece of wood. From antiquity to the 19th century, such ladles were poured with mash, kvass, honey.
11. Chesalka. exotic for modern man a tool with a “hedgehog” of long sharp wooden needles was used for carding wool and flax.
12. Rubel. A distant ancestor of the iron, with which women ironed linen. Hand-wrung linen was wound on a rolling pin or roller and rolled out with a rubel.
13. Pusher, he's makogon. It was practically a pestle for a mortar. They crushed flax seeds, rubbed poppy seeds, cottage cheese, butter. Large pushers crushed the feed for the pigs.
14. rocker. A device popular in the economy of past centuries, which made it possible to evenly distribute the weight of the carried load. Most often, with the help of a yoke, they carried water from a well. The yoke was laid on the shoulders, and buckets of water, and sometimes other loads, were hung on hooks along its edges. Remember the Russian riddle: “A painted rocker hung over the river” (the answer is a rainbow)
15. Oak barrel for wine. Wine in previous centuries was stored, carried and transported in oak barrels, in which the heady drink was preserved no worse than in earthenware jugs. At the same time, the wooden barrel was incomparably stronger, and did not break from blows. The filler hole on the sidewall was plugged with a plug, and at the end there was a drain cock. Like other barrels and tubs, the wine barrel was held together by steel hoops.
16. Paw. Today, this ancient device seems very unusual, with the help of which shoemakers repaired shoes.
17. Trap. A popular trap for hunting large animals. The paw of the beast that stepped into the trap was pinched. In the twentieth century, the trap became famous in the movie "Beware of the Car", where the character Dima Semitsvetov installed it on the pedal of the Volga to pinch the hijacker's leg.
18. Scales. The weighing device presented at the Museum is 100 years old - it was made in 1910. Cast iron mechanism, copper plates.
19. Wooden scoop. With this help, flour, buckwheat and other cereals were collected from bags or other containers.
20. Sickle. A tool for cutting cereals and herbs with a rounded, tapering steel blade and a short wooden handle. Widely used in harvesting. In the old days, a thin lunar crescent was compared with a sickle. In the 20th century, the sickle crossed with a hammer became one of the main symbols of communism, personifying peasant labor, one with a hammer, denoting the labor of workers.
21. Axes of three types. For many centuries, the ax has consisted of a sharp steel blade and a wooden handle. Lumberjacks fell trees with axes and cut down branches. Carpenters use axes to shape wood products. Butchers cut carcasses with axes. For warriors of past centuries, axes served as cold weapons - they can beat opponents, they can also be thrown. Axes and today faithfully serve summer residents, tourists, rural residents.
22. Scissors. Here are steel straight cutting scissors for cutting metal.
23. Bit. Manual woodworking tool. They can cut a wooden blank, make holes, nests, grooves, etc.
24. Cooper's tool. For pulling wooden rings on barrels.
25. Box Antique bag made of oak, birch bark, wood chips. In the boxes, the peasants carried bread, salt, and other products with them for reaping and haymaking. The box could also serve to pack and store something. Remember the song: "Oh, the box is full, full ..."
26. Bast shoes. Characteristic wicker low shoes, very popular in Russian villages from antiquity until the 20s of the twentieth century. They were worn by both men and women. Bast shoes were woven from bast (weak underbark of a tree), birch bark or hemp. For strength, the sole was woven with a bast, vine, rope or hemmed with leather. The bast shoes were tied to the leg with laces twisted from the same bast from which the bast shoes themselves were woven.
27. Charcoal iron. It has been used on the farm since the middle of the 18th century. The principle of operation is very simple - hot coals were placed in the body and closed with a lid. For better traction, a pipe was made in the lid. To allow oxygen to enter, holes are cut in the sides and back panel. When ironing with such an iron, it was necessary to swing it in order to improve the draft of the coal.
28. In Russia, an iron iron was first mentioned in 1636, although it appeared much earlier. The iron was made of cast iron or bronze and weighed up to 10 kg. Simple irons were the most common in different countries and among different classes until the twentieth century. They could have various design and sizes. Such irons were heated on a stove, stove or fire.
29. Electric iron. The first electric irons did not yet have an incandescent spiral, as in modern irons, and their role was played by two carbon electrodes at both ends of the sole. When turned on, an electric arc appeared between them, which heated the sole. Electric irons proved to be the most convenient, their design developed rapidly, and they replaced all previous types of irons.
30. Ax blade. The ax is an ancient melee weapon in the form of an ax with a long handle.
31. Mortar. A wooden container in which they crush - grind grain or any products. Stupas come in various sizes - from large ones, about half the height of a person, to very small, table-top ones. For example, in large mortars, cereals were made from unpeeled grains of wheat, barley, millet, and buckwheat. The grain, when it is pounded in a mortar, is released from the shell and is partially crushed. The stupa was present in every peasant household.
32. Horse plow. A typical picture of plowing in past centuries: a horse harnessed to a plow slowly walks across the field, and behind it, leaning on the plow handles, a farmer walks. The peasant horse plow had one blade, which plowed a furrow, preparing the soil. Also, the plow destroyed the rhizomes of weed plants.
33. Trough. In earlier centuries, a trough was usually made of wood, using a half of a split log in which a container was hollowed out. Depending on the type of wood used, the troughs were called oak, linden, aspen, willow, etc. A wooden trough was used in the household not only for washing or bathing. They harvested apples, prepared pickles, and cooled beer. The inverted trough served as a lid. Also, there were fodder troughs into which feed was poured for livestock and poultry.
34. Millstone. To grind wheat, rye or other grains into flour, two stone circles were used. They revolved, grain fell between them and they ground the grain into flour. The material from which the millstones were made was not accidental. Usually the circles were made either from fine-grained porous sandstone containing flint, or from silicified limestone containing fossils.
35. Grab or horn. Home oven tool. A device that was used to put in and take out of the oven cast-iron irons in which food was cooked. The grip was a long wooden stick with a semicircular metal horn at the end, for which it was sometimes called a stag. For each size of the cast-iron, a different grip was used - larger or smaller.
36. Poker. The irreplaceable assistant for a fire chamber of furnaces. Usually it is a long stick or a metal rod with the end bent at a right angle. Such a tool allows you to shift, mix firewood in a stove or fireplace, rake out coals.
37. Rake. An indispensable tool in the garden, garden, nursery, which has many purposes. They loosen the soil with a rake, break up clods of already loosened earth, clear the earth of dug out weed roots, and slightly loosen the soil between plants. They also collect cut grass with a rake, turn it over, and remove cultivated plants. In the old days, wooden rakes prevailed, and in our time - metal ones.
38. Sadnik. A wide flat shovel, usually entirely wooden, on a long handle, with the help of which baked bread is taken out of the oven.
39. Wooden shovel. Unlike metal, it was used not for earthworks, but during the drying of harvested grain.
40. Hook. Agricultural device for pulling hay out of a haystack.
41. Chain. Agricultural tool for milking. It consists of two sticks connected by a leather strap or rope. One, the one that is more authentic, served as a handle, the other, which is shorter, but heavier, served as a striking part. This, second, striking part was made of hard wood, for example, oak, and often with a thickening at the end so that the blow was stronger.
42. Frying pan. Home oven tool. If the cast irons were placed in the oven and lifted with a stag grip, then the pans were lifted with a special hook on a long handle.
43. Barrel.
44. Erzya guy. This container, resembling a barrel in size and cylindrical shape, was not actually intended for any liquids, but served as a chest for things, and not simple ones. Par is a wedding hollowed-out chest - a tub-chest. It was made from a single linden trunk - the middle was hollowed out from a piece of log, leaving round walls and a bottom. In the middle part of the body of the tub, a forged iron ring is attached, on the other side there is an iron plate that served to secure the lid. Such a cylindrical linden chest - par in the Mordovian family was considered an obligatory item of utensils. The bets were of various sizes, on average, their height reached 80-90 cm, massive cast-iron staples for locks were hung on them. These chests contained canvas, towels, the most valuable clothes and jewelry. The boy was preparing his father-in-law as a gift to his daughter-in-law. Usually it was ordered to the masters. The customer paid off with grain or worked on the master's farm for as many days as he did par. They were covered with rich carvings on the theme of family life or some kind of labor processes, sometimes women's jewelry was depicted on it. These drawings carried a certain sacred meaning and were supposed to contribute to the happiness and well-being of a young family. The ceremony of laying the chest was an important moment of the Mordovian wedding. He was not only an acquaintance with the material well-being of the bride, but also had to "ensure" her a happy family life. Therefore, at first, the par was cleansed of “evil spirits” (they circled it with a lit candle, an icon, poured a pinch of salt), then they put money, bread, flat cakes, sometimes dishes on its bottom, so that “the chest would not be empty all his life, so that the young would live richly.” At the end of the ceremony, the bride gave gifts to those relatives who brought her cakes. And for the deceased relatives, she hung a towel on the icon, with which her parents blessed her before the crown. At a time when hollowed-out chests began to be replaced by wooden ones, this rite continued to be preserved. Chests were also ordered to the master, who put part of the money he earned inside him, "so that life would not be empty." Many elderly women in Mordovia still have bets and chests in which they store clothes and valuables.

A person all his life - from birth to death - is surrounded by household items. What is included in this concept? Furniture, dishes, clothes and more. A huge number of proverbs and sayings are associated with household items. About them in question in fairy tales, they write poems about them and come up with riddles.

What items of folk life in Russia do we know? Have they always been called that? Are there things that have disappeared from our lives? What kind Interesting Facts associated with household items? Let's start with the most important.

Russian hut

It is impossible to imagine the items of Russian folk life without the most important thing - their homes. In Russia, huts were built on the banks of rivers or lakes, because fishing has been one of the most important industries since ancient times. The place for the construction was chosen very carefully. The new hut was never built on the site of the old one. An interesting fact is that pets served as a guide for selection. The place that they chose to rest was considered the most favorable for building a house.

The dwelling was made of wood, most often of larch or birch. It is more correct to say not "build a hut", but "cut down a house". This was done with an ax, and later with a saw. Huts were most often made square or rectangular. Inside the dwelling there was nothing superfluous, only the most necessary for life. The walls and ceilings in the Russian hut were not painted. For wealthy peasants, the house consisted of several rooms: the main dwelling, a canopy, a veranda, a closet, a yard and buildings: a flock or a corral for animals, a hayloft and others.

In the hut there were wooden household items - a table, benches, a cradle or cradle for babies, shelves for dishes. Colored rugs or paths could lie on the floor. The table occupied a central place in the house, the corner where it stood was called "red", that is, the most important, honorable. It was covered with a tablecloth, and the whole family gathered behind it. Everyone at the table had his own place, the most convenient, the central one was occupied by the head of the family - the owner. There was space for icons.

Good speech, if there is a stove in the hut

Without this subject, it is impossible to imagine the life of our distant ancestors. The stove was both a nurse and a savior. In extreme cold, only thanks to her, many people managed to keep warm. The Russian stove was a place where food was cooked, and they also slept on it. Her warmth saved from many diseases. Due to the fact that there were various niches and shelves in it, various dishes were stored here.

Food cooked in a Russian oven is unusually tasty and fragrant. Here you can cook: delicious and rich soup, crumbly porridge, all kinds of pastries and much more.

But the most important thing is that the stove was the place in the house around which people were constantly. It is no coincidence that in Russian fairy tales, the main characters either ride it (Emelya), or sleep (Ilya Muromets).

Poker, grip, pomelo

These household items were directly related to Kocherga, who was the first assistant at work. When firewood burned out in the stove, the coals were shifted with this object and they looked so that there were no unburned logs. The Russian people have composed many proverbs and sayings about the poker, here are just a few of them:

• In the bath, a broom, gentleman, in the oven, a poker.
• No candle to God, no poker to hell.
• Black conscience and the poker seem like a gallows.

The grip is the second assistant when working with the stove. Usually there were several of them, of different sizes. With the help of this item, cast-iron pots or pans with food were put into and removed from the oven. The grips were taken care of and tried to handle them very carefully.

Pomelo is a special broom with which they swept excess garbage from the stove, and it was not used for other purposes. The Russian people came up with a characteristic riddle about this subject: “Under the floor, under the middle, it sits. Usually, the pomelo was used before they were going to bake pies.

A poker, a fork, a broom - they certainly had to be at hand when food was cooked in a Russian oven.

Chest - for storing the most valuable things

In every house there had to be a place where the dowry, clothes, towels, tablecloths were put. Chest - items of folk life They could be both large and small. Most importantly, they had to meet several requirements: spaciousness, strength, decoration. If a girl was born in the family, then the mother began to collect her dowry, which was put into a chest. A girl getting married would take him with her to her husband's house.

There were a large number of curious traditions associated with the chest. Here is some of them:

• The girls were not allowed to give their chest to someone, otherwise they could remain an old maid.
• During Maslenitsa, it was impossible to open the chest. It was believed that in this way one could unleash one's wealth and good luck.
• Before marriage, the bride's relatives sat on the chest and demanded a ransom for the dowry.

Interesting names of household items

Many of us do not even imagine that the usual things that surround us in everyday life were once called in a completely different way. If for a few minutes we imagine that we are in the distant past, then some items of folk life would remain unrecognized by us. We bring to your attention the names of some of the things familiar to us:

Broom - naked.

A closet or small closed room was called a cage.

The place where large domestic animals lived is a flock.

Towel - rukoternik or utirka.

The place where they washed their hands is a washstand.

The box where the clothes were stored is a chest.

Place to sleep - bed.

A wooden bar with a short handle, designed for ironing linen in the old days - a rubel.

A large cup for pouring drinks - valley.

Folk household items in Russia: interesting facts

• The city of Tula is considered the birthplace of the samovar. This item was one of the favorites among the Russians, it was difficult to find a hut in which it was not. The samovar was a source of pride, it was protected and passed on by inheritance.
• The first electric iron appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Until that time, there were cast-iron irons in which coals were put or heated. long time over the flame of the furnace. It was very inconvenient to hold them, they could weigh more than ten kilograms.
• One of the most prestigious household items was the gramophone. In the villages, you could exchange a cow for him.
• A large number are associated with the table folk traditions and rites. Before the wedding, the bride and groom had to walk around the table, the newborn was carried around the table. These customs, according to popular beliefs, symbolized a long and happy life.
• Distaffs appeared in Ancient Russia. They were made of wood: birch, linden, aspen. This item was given by the father to his daughter for the wedding. It was customary to decorate and paint spinning wheels, so none of them looked like another.
• Folk household items for children - home-made rag dolls, bast and wool balls, rattles, clay whistles.

home decoration

The decor of folk household items included woodcarving and artistic painting. Many things in the house were decorated with the hands of the owners: chests, spinning wheels, dishes and much more. The design and decoration of household items concerned, first of all, the hut itself. This was done not only for beauty, but also as a talisman against evil spirits and various troubles.

Handmade dolls were used to decorate the house. Each of them had its own purpose. One drove away evil spirits, the other brought peace and prosperity, the third did not allow squabbles and scandals in the house.

Items that have disappeared from everyday life

• Chest for storing clothes.
• Rubel for ironing linen.
• A bench is an object on which they sat.
• Samovar.
• Spinning wheel and spindle.
• Gramophone.
• Cast iron iron.

A few words in conclusion

Studying the objects of folk life, we get acquainted with the life and customs of our distant ancestors. Russian stove, spinning wheel, samovar - without these things it is impossible to imagine a Russian hut. They united families, next to them grief was easier to endure, and any work was argued. Nowadays, household items are given Special attention. Buying a house or country cottage area, many owners tend to purchase them with a stove.