Distribution of sunlight and heat on the earth's surface. Distribution of sunlight and heat on the earth Distribution of solar heat on the earth's surface

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Distribution of light and heat on Earth

Match: Climate Weather a) average annual precipitation b) average daily temperature c) wind direction and speed d) wind rose e) type of precipitation f) cloudiness g) long-term average temperature h) temperature of the warmest and coldest month

Why does the seasons change on Earth?

Solstice (summer solstice and winter solstice) Moments when the height of the sun above the horizon at noon is greatest (summer solstice, June 22) or least (winter solstice, December 22). In some years, the solstice shifts to the 21st, as the length of the calendar year changes (365 or 366 days).

Summer Solstice On the day of the summer solstice, the longest day in the Northern Hemisphere, the entire area beyond the Arctic Circle is illuminated, the Sun does not set. In the Southern Hemisphere at this time the shortest day, the entire area beyond the Arctic Circle in the shade, the Sun does not rise.

Winter Solstice On the day of the winter solstice, the picture is reversed: the shortest day in the Northern Hemisphere, the longest in the Southern. On days close to the solstice, the length of the day and the midday height of the Sun change little, hence the term "solstice".

Equinox (spring equinox and autumn equinox) Moments when the sun's rays touch both poles and the earth's axis is perpendicular to the rays. The spring equinox occurs on March 21, the autumn equinox on September 23; in some years, the equinox shifts to the 22nd. The northern and southern hemispheres are equally illuminated, at all latitudes day is equal to night, the sun rises at one pole and sets at the other.

Tropics Tropics - the Northern Tropic and the Southern Tropic - parallels respectively with northern and southern latitudes of about 23.5 °. On the day of the summer solstice (June 22), the Sun at noon is at its zenith over the Tropic of the North, or Tropic of Cancer; On the day of the winter solstice (December 22) - over the Southern Tropic, or Tropic of Capricorn. At any latitude between the tropics, the Sun is at its zenith twice a year; North of the Tropic of the North and south of the Tropic of the South, the sun is never at its zenith.

The Arctic Circles The Arctic Circles (the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle) are parallels respectively with north and south latitudes of about 66.5°. North of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, polar day (summer) and polar night (winter) are observed. The area from the Arctic Circle to the Pole in both hemispheres is called the Arctic.

Obelisk to the Arctic Circle Residents of Salekhard can be proud of the unique geographic location of your city. The fact is that Salekhard is located on the line of the Arctic Circle and is divided by it into two parts. In the center of the city, on a symbolic dividing line, there is the world's only obelisk to the Arctic Circle.

Polar day Polar day is the period when the Sun at high latitudes does not fall below the horizon around the clock. The duration of the polar day is longer, the farther to the pole from the Arctic Circle. In the polar circles, the Sun does not set only on the day of the solstice, at 68 ° latitude the polar day lasts about 40 days, at the North Pole 189 days, at the South Pole somewhat less, due to the unequal speed of the Earth's orbit in the winter and summer half-years. Latitude Duration of the polar day Duration of the polar night 66.5° 1 1 70° 64 60 80° 133 126 90° 186 179 Duration of the polar day and polar night at different latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (days).

Polar night Polar night - the period when the Sun does not rise above the horizon at high latitudes around the clock - a phenomenon opposite to the polar day, is observed simultaneously with it at the corresponding latitudes of the other hemisphere. Latitude Duration of the polar day Duration of the polar night 66.5° 1 1 70° 64 60 80° 133 126 90° 186 179 Duration of the polar day and polar night at different latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (days).

Belts of illumination Belts of illumination are parts of the Earth's surface bounded by the tropics and the polar circles and differing in illumination conditions. Between the tropics is the tropical belt; here twice a year (and in the tropics - once a year) you can observe the noon Sun at its zenith. From the Arctic Circle to the Pole, polar belts lie in each hemisphere; there are polar day and polar night. In the temperate zones located in the Northern and Southern hemispheres between the tropic and the Arctic Circle, the Sun does not exist at its zenith, the polar day and polar night are not observed.

Illumination belts Name of the belt Characteristics of the belt Boundaries between the belts North polar Polar night and polar day observed 66.5°N. - Arctic Circle 23.5°N - Northern Tropic 23.5° S - Southern Tropic 66.5° S - Antarctic Circle Northern temperate There is neither a polar day nor a polar night, the Sun is never at its zenith Tropical Sun is at its zenith twice a year at any latitude and once at the latitude of the tropics Southern temperate The sun is never at its zenith, never there is neither a polar day nor a polar night South polar There is a polar night and a polar day

Fill in the table Date Northern hemisphere Southern hemisphere June 22 Day ... nights At the parallel 23.5°N. -… At parallel 66.5°N-… Daytime…Night At parallel 23.5°S -… At the 66.5°S parallel -… September 23 1. Day…night 2. At the equator… 1. Day…night 2. At the equator… December 22 Day…night At the 23.5°N parallel . -… At parallel 66.5°N-… Daytime…Night At parallel 23.5°S -… At the 66.5°S parallel -… March 21 1. Day… nights 2. At the equator… 1. Day… nights 2. At the equator…

Checking the Date Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere June 22 Summer Solstice Day longer than the night At the parallel 23.5°N The sun is at its zenith On the parallel of 66.5° N - polar day Day of the winter solstice The day is shorter than the night On the parallel of 66.5° S. - polar night September 23 Day equals night At the equator - Sun at its zenith Day equals night At the equator - Sun at its zenith December 22 Day shorter than night At 66.5°N. – polar night Days are longer than nights At 23.5°S Sun at zenith At 66.5°S – polar day March 21 Day equals night At the equator Sun at zenith Day equals night At the equator Sun at zenith

Read also: BG: What do you think, after all that Kerrigan has done and endured, with such a burden on her shoulders, does she even have a tiny chance of a normal human life? I'm just trying to help you" (JPPV). And foreigners enviously say, and we are worse than two together more than ten apart And what does it mean - good seedlings? The best seedling is when the plant grows without transplantation, without interference, in an open sunny place, with plenty of heat, nutrition and moisture. BUT. Reducing everything to abstraction and quantity Alan ran into his sister with hugs, only half a day passed since they did not see each other, but he already missed her wildly. Alain Badiou. Distribution of sunlight and heat 19 responses to many more objections

1 polar belts

2 temperate zones

3 geographic zone

tropical belt

136 The lithosphere is the upper shell of the Earth and the upper part mantle.

The earth's crust beneath the continents is made up of

Sedimentary rocks

2 igneous

3 volcanic

4 metamorphic

granite

Basalt

The earth's crust is thicker

continents

2 oceans

3 lakes

4 plains

139The inner shells of the Earth include:

Nucleus

2 lithosphere

3 platform

Mantle

5 earth's crust

Establish the sequence of arrangement of the Earth's shells in the order of their distance from the center.

3: asthenosphere

4: the earth's crust

141 Exogenous processes include:

Erosion

2 vulcanism

Aeolian processes

4 magmatism

5 earthquake

142 Endogenous processes include:

Tectonic movements

Volcanism

3 weathering

Metamorphism

5 accumulation

6 aeolian processes

143Establish a correspondence between the sources of external and internal forces of the Earth.

1: external forces

2: inner strength

A) the sun

B) the decay of radioactive elements of rocks

B) the earth's crust

D) weathering

144By origin, mountains are:

Tectonic

2 pleated

Volcanic

Erosive

6 young

145 Plains are:

lowlands

uplands

4 depressions

Plateau

146Plains of mainland Eurasia:

West Siberian

2 La Platskaya

Caspian

4Amazonian

5 Central North American

Specify the method for determining the absolute height of a place on the map

1 depth scale

Height scale

3 scale

4 degree grid

The composition of the hydrosphere includes:

Waters of the World Ocean

Land waters

The groundwater

4water in living organisms

5water in the bowels of the Earth

6atmospheric water

Sequence the oceans in descending order of their maximum depth.

2: Atlantic

3: Indian

4: Arctic

150. The property of water, which ensures its circulation in nature:

1 fluidity

2 solvent

3 heat capacity

Free transition from one physical state to another

151 The inland sea is:

1 Beringovo

2 Karskoe

Black

4 Barents

152 Continental shoal or shelf is a shallow part that borders the mainland with depth:

0 to 200 m

2 0 to 2500 m

3 0 to 1000 m

4 0 to 6000 m

153 The temperature of surface waters in the ocean decreases from:

Equator to the poles

2poles to equator

3 prime meridian west

4Greenland to the equator

154 Stock fresh water on earth is:

Read in the same book: Geographic longitude is measured from ...

| Any point on mainland Australia has … | Spirals | Geysers | The main property of the biosphere | Oakwood | Selects the forms and methods of development and education of schoolchildren by means of natural science | mybiblioteka.su - 2015-2018.

angles of incidence of the sun

The height of the sun significantly affects the flow of solar radiation. When the angle of incidence of the sun's rays is small, the rays must pass through the thickness of the atmosphere.

Solar radiation is partially absorbed, part of the rays are reflected from particles suspended in the air and reach earth's surface in the form of scattered radiation.

The height of the sun changes continuously as it passes from winter to summer, as it does with the change of day.

The angle of incidence of the sun's rays reaches its greatest value at 12:00 (solar time). It is customary to say that at this moment in time the sun is at its zenith. At noon, the radiation intensity also reaches its maximum value. The minimum values ​​of the radiation intensity are reached in the morning and in the evening, when the sun is low above the horizon, also in winter. True, in winter a little more direct sunlight falls on the earth.

This is due to the fact that the absolute humidity of winter air is lower and therefore it absorbs less solar radiation.

On fig. 37 shows how high the radiation intensity reaches on a perpendicular surface oriented towards the sun, despite the fact that the acute angle of incidence of the sun's rays varies.

The initial part of this curve quite accurately reflects the position on a clear March day. The sun rises at 6:00 in the east and slightly illuminates the eastern facade wall (only in the form of radiation reflected by the atmosphere).

Topic: Distribution of sunlight heat on earth

With an increase in the angle of incidence of sunlight, the intensity of solar radiation falling on the surface of the facade wall rapidly increases.

At about 8 a.m., the intensity of solar radiation is already about 500 W/m2, and it reaches its maximum value of about 700 W/m2 on the southern front wall of the building a little earlier than noon.

Enlarge image

When the earth rotates around its axis in one day, i.e.

That is, with the apparent movement of the sun around the globe, the angle of incidence of the sun's rays changes not only in the vertical, but also in the horizontal direction. This angle in the horizontal plane is called the azimuth angle. It shows how many degrees the angle of incidence of the sun's rays deviates from the north direction, if a full circle is 360 °.

The vertical and horizontal angles are interconnected so that when the seasons change, always twice a year, the angle of the height of the sun in the sky turns out to be the same for the same values ​​of the azimuth angle.

On fig. 39 shows the trajectories of the sun during its apparent movement around the globe in winter and summer on the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes.

By projecting these trajectories onto a horizontal plane, a planar image is obtained, with which it is possible to accurately describe the position of the sun on the globe. Such a map of the solar trajectory is called a solar diagram or simply a solar map. Since the trajectory of the sun changes when moving from the south (from the equator) to the north, each latitude has its own characteristic solar map.

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DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT AND LIGHT ON THE EARTH

The sun is a star solar system, which is a source of enormous amounts of heat and blinding light for planet Earth. Despite the fact that the Sun is at a considerable distance from us and only a small part of its radiation reaches us, this is quite enough for the development of life on Earth. Our planet revolves around the sun in an orbit.

If the Earth is observed from a spacecraft during the year, then one can notice that the Sun always illuminates only one half of the Earth, therefore, there will be day there, and at that time there will be night on the opposite half. The earth's surface receives heat only during the day.

Our Earth is heating unevenly.

Distribution of sunlight and heat on Earth, thermal zones, seasons

The uneven heating of the Earth is explained by its spherical shape, so the angle of incidence of the sun's ray in different areas is different, which means that different parts of the Earth receive different amounts of heat.

At the equator, the sun's rays fall vertically, and they strongly heat the Earth. The farther from the equator, the angle of incidence of the beam becomes smaller, and consequently, these territories receive less heat. The same power beam of solar radiation heats a much smaller area near the equator, since it falls vertically. In addition, rays falling at a smaller angle than at the equator - penetrating the atmosphere, travel a longer path in it, as a result of which part of the sun's rays are scattered in the troposphere and do not reach the earth's surface.

All this indicates that as you move away from the equator to the north or south, the air temperature decreases, as the angle of incidence of the sun's beam decreases.

23 4 Next >Back to the end >>

How many different lighting? 5 Pillar Dog Belt…

how many different lighting?

• 5 pol
• Belts Belts of lighting illumination are the surfaces of parts of the Earth bounded by the tropics, polar circles and various lighting conditions.

  It is located between the tropics in the tropics, where twice a year (and once a year in the tropics) you can see the midday sun at its zenith. From the Arctic Circle to the Pole in each hemisphere there is a polar belt, here there is a polar day and a polar night.

  Distribution of sunlight and heat on Earth

  In temperate regions located in the northern and southern hemispheres during the tropical and polar circles, the sun does not meet at its zenith, the polar day and polar night are not observed.

  Tj emit lighting zone 5: -north and south polarity, receiving only a little light and heat. Tropical zone with hot climates - irregular and southern temperate zones, which receive light and more heat than the polar, but less tropical.

Attention, only TODAY!

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§ 30. Distribution of sunlight and heat on Earth (textbook)

§ 30. Distribution of sunlight and heat on Earth

1. Remember why on Earth there is a change of day and night and seasons.

2. What is called the Earth's orbit?

The change in the height of the sun above the horizon during the year. To understand why throughout the year the Sun at noon is at different heights above the horizon, remember from the lessons of natural history the features of the movement of the Earth around the Sun.

The globe shows that the earth's axis is tilted.

During the motion of the Earth around the Sun, the angle of inclination does not change. Due to this, the Earth returns to the Sun with more than the Northern, then the Southern hemisphere. This changes the angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the earth's surface. And, accordingly, one or the other hemisphere is more illuminated and heated.

If the Earth's axis were not tilted, perpendicular to the plane of the Earth's orbit, then the number solar heat on each parallel during the year, would not change.

Then in your observations of the height of the midday Sun, you whole year would write down the same length of the shadow of the gnomon. This would indicate that during the year the length of the day is always equal to the night.

Then the earth's surface was heated during the year in the same way and the weather would not exist.

Illumination and heating of the Earth's surface during the year. On the surface of the spherical Earth, solar heat and light are distributed unevenly.

This is due to the fact that the angle of incidence of rays at different latitudes is different.

You already know that the earth's axis is inclined to the plane of the orbit at an angle. With its northern end, it is directed towards the North Star. The sun always illuminates half of the Earth.

At the same time, the Northern Hemisphere is more illuminated (and the day there lasts longer than in the other hemisphere), then, on the contrary, the Southern Hemisphere. Twice a year, both hemispheres are illuminated equally (then the length of the day in both hemispheres is the same).

When the Earth is facing the Sun with the North Pole, then it illuminates and heats the Northern Hemisphere more.

The days are getting longer than the nights. The warm season is coming - summer.

Distribution of heat and light on Earth

At the pole and in the circumpolar part, the Sun shines around the clock and does not set below the horizon (Night does not come). This phenomenon is called polar day. At the Pole, it lasts 180 days (half a year), but the farther south, the shorter its duration decreases by a day at the parallel of 66.50 bn. sh. This parallel is called Arctic Circle.

South of this line, the Sun descends below the horizon and the change of day and night occurs in the usual order for us - every day. June 22 - Solar rays will fall vertically (at the largest angle - 900) Parallel 23.5 Mon. sh. This day will be the longest and the night the shortest of the year. This parallel is called Northern tropic, And the day of June 22 - summer solstice.

At present, the South Pole, distracted from the Sun, illuminates less and heats the Southern Hemisphere.

It's winter there. During the day, the sun's rays do not fall at all on the pole and the circumpolar part. The sun does not rise from the horizon and the day does not come. This phenomenon is called polar night. At the pole itself, it lasts 180 days, and the farther north, the shorter it becomes to one day at the parallel of 66.50 S. sh. This parallel is called South polar circle. To the north of it, the Sun appears on the horizon and the change of day and night occurs every day.

Three months later, on September 23, the Earth will take such a position relative to the Sun, when the sun's rays equally illuminate both the Northern and Southern hemispheres.

The sun's rays fall vertically at the equator. On the whole Earth, except for the poles, day is equal to night (12 hours each). This day is called day of the autumnal equinox.

Three months later, on December 22, the Southern Hemisphere will return to the Sun. There will be summer. This day will be the longest and the night the shortest.

A polar day will come in the polar region. The rays of the Sun fall vertically on the parallel of 23.50 S. sh. On the other hand, it will be winter in the Northern Hemisphere. This day will be the shortest, and the night will be long. Parallel 23.50 S sh. is called Southerntropic, and the day is December 22 - winter solstice.

Three months later, on March 21, both hemispheres will again be illuminated equally, the day will be equal to the night.

The rays of the sun fall vertically on the equator. This day is called spring equinox.

In Ukraine, the highest height of the Sun at noon is 61-690 (June 22), the lowest is -14-220 (December 22).

Entertaining geography

words’ Slavic GodSun

The ancient Slavs called the god of light and the sun Dazhbog.

In the well-known literary work "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", our ancestors, the Rus, are called the grandchildren of Dazhdbog. Along with other gods set by Prince Vladimir in Kyiv, Dazhbog also stood. According to ancient myths, he is accompanied in the sky by three solar brothers: Yarilo- God of the spring equinox Semiarilo- God of the summer solstice Kolyada— God of the Winter Solstice.

The day of the birth of the young Sun was considered the day of the winter solstice. God was considered the guardian of this luminous trinity. Trojan- Lord of heaven, earth and the otherworldly kingdom.

Rice.

Annual motion of the Earth around the Sun

Thermal belts of the Earth. Uneven heating of the earth's surface causes different temperatures air at different latitudes. Latitudinal bands with certain air temperatures are called thermal belts. The belts differ from each other in the amount of heat coming from the Sun. Their stretching depending on the temperature distribution is well illustrated isotherms(From the Greek "iso" - the same, "terma" - heat).

These are lines on a map that connect points of the same temperature.

hot belt located along the equator, between the northern and southern tropics. It is limited on both sides of the 20 0С isotherms. It is interesting that the boundaries of the belt coincide with the boundaries of the distribution of palms on land and corals in the ocean.

Here the earth's surface receives the greatest solar heat. Twice a year (December 22 and June 22) noon the sun's rays fall almost vertically (at an angle of 900). The air from the surface gets very hot.

Therefore, it is hot there during the year.

temperate zones (In both hemispheres) are adjacent to the hot belt. They stretched in both hemispheres between the Arctic Circle and the tropic. The sun's rays fall on the earth's surface with a certain inclination. Moreover, the further north, the dark slope is greater.

Therefore, the sun's rays heat the surface less. As a result, the air heats up less. That is why temperate zones are colder than hot ones. The sun is never at its zenith there. Clearly defined seasons: winter, spring, summer, autumn.

Moreover, the closer to the Arctic Circle, the longer and colder the winter. The closer to the tropic, the longer and warmer the summer. Temperate belts from the side of the poles limits the isotherm of the warm month to 10 0C. It is the limit of the distribution of forests.

cold belts(Northern and southern) of both hemispheres lie between the isotherms of 10 0C and 0 0C of the warmest month. The sun there in winter does not appear above the horizon for several months.

And in summer, although it does not go beyond the horizon for months, it is very low above the horizon. Its rays only glide over the surface of the Earth and heat it weakly. The Earth's surface not only heats but also cools the air. Therefore, the temperatures there are low. Winters are cold and harsh, while summers are short and cool.

Two belt of eternal cold(northern and southern) are contoured by an isotherm with temperatures of all months below 0 0С. This is the realm of eternal snigs and ice.

So, the heating and lighting of each locality depends on the position in the thermal zone, that is, on the geographical latitude.

The closer to the equator, the greater the angle of incidence of the sun's rays, the stronger the surface heats up and the air temperature rises. Conversely, with the distance from the equator to the poles, the angle of incidence of the rays decreases, respectively, the air temperature decreases.

It is important to remember that the lines of the tropics and polar circles outside the thermal zones are taken conditionally. Since in reality the air temperature is also determined by a number of other conditions.

Rice.

Thermal belts of the Earth

Questions and tasks

1. Why does the height of the Sun change during the year?

2. Which hemisphere will the Earth face the Sun when in Ukraine: a) in the north on June 22; b) noon on December 22?

3.Where will the average annual air temperature be higher: in Singapore or Paris?

4. Why do average annual temperatures decrease from the equator to the poles?

5. In what thermal zones are the continents Africa, Australia, Antarctica, North America, Eurasia?

6. In what thermal zone is the territory of Ukraine?

7.Find a city on the map of the hemispheres, if it is known that it is located at 430x.

On the surface of the spherical Earth, solar heat and light are distributed unevenly. This is due to the fact that the angle of incidence of rays at different latitudes is different.

You already know that the earth's axis is inclined to the plane of the orbit at an angle. Its northern end is directed towards the North Star. The sun always illuminates half of the Earth. At the same time, the Northern Hemisphere is more illuminated (and the day there lasts longer than in the other hemisphere), then, on the contrary, the Southern Hemisphere. Twice a year, both hemispheres are equally illuminated (then the length of the day in both hemispheres is the same).

When the Earth is facing the Sun with the North Pole, then it illuminates and heats the Northern Hemisphere more. The days are getting longer than the nights. The warm season is coming - summer. At the pole and in the circumpolar part, the Sun shines around the clock and does not set below the horizon (Night does not come). This phenomenon is called polar day. At the Pole, it lasts 180 days (half a year), but the farther south, the shorter its duration is to a day at the parallel of 66.5 0 Mon. sh. This parallel is called the Arctic Circle. To the south of this line, the Sun descends below the horizon and the change of day and night occurs in the usual order for us - every day. June 22 - The sun's rays will fall vertically (at the largest angle - 90 0) On the parallel 23.5 mon. sh. This day will be the longest and the shortest night of the year. This parallel is called the Northern Tropic, And the day of June 22 is the summer solstice.

Currently, the South Pole is distracted from the Sun and it illuminates and heats the Southern Hemisphere less. It's winter there. During the day, the sun's rays do not fall at all on the pole and the circumpolar part. The sun does not rise from the horizon and the day does not come. This phenomenon is called polar night. At the Pole itself, it lasts 180 days, and the farther north, the shorter it becomes to one day at the parallel of 66.5 0 S. sh. This parallel is called the Antarctic Circle. To the north of it, the Sun appears on the horizon and the change of day and night occurs every day. June 22 The day will be the shortest of the year. For the Southern Hemisphere, it will be the winter solstice.

Three months later, on September 23, the Earth will take such a position relative to the Sun, when the sun's rays equally illuminate both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The sun's rays fall vertically at the equator. On the whole Earth, except for the poles, day is equal to night (12 hours each). This day is called the autumnal equinox.

Three months later, on December 22, the Southern Hemisphere will return to the Sun. There will be summer. This day will be the longest and the night the shortest. In the polar region, a polar day will come. The rays of the Sun fall vertically on the parallel 23.5 0 S. sh. But it will be winter in the Northern Hemisphere. This day will be the shortest and the night the longest. Parallel 23.5 0 S sh. is called the Southern Tropic, and December 22 is the winter solstice.

Three months later, on March 21, both hemispheres will again be equally illuminated, the day will be equal to the night. The rays of the sun fall vertically on the equator. This day is called the spring equinox.

In Ukraine, the highest height of the Sun at noon is 61-69 0 (June 22), the lowest - 14-22 0 (December 22).

The sun is the main source of heat and light on Earth. This huge ball of gas with a surface temperature of about 6000 ° C radiates a large amount of energy, which is called solar radiation. It heats our Earth, sets the air in motion, forms the water cycle, creates conditions for the life of plants and animals.

Passing through the atmosphere, part of the solar radiation is absorbed, part is scattered and reflected. Therefore, the flow of solar radiation, coming to the surface of the Earth, gradually weakens.

Solar radiation arrives at the Earth's surface directly and diffusely. Direct radiation is a stream of parallel rays coming directly from the disk of the Sun. Scattered radiation comes from all over the sky. It is believed that the heat input from the Sun per 1 hectare of the Earth is equivalent to burning almost 143 thousand tons of coal.

The sun's rays, passing through the atmosphere, heat it up a little. The heating of the atmosphere comes from the surface of the Earth, which, absorbing solar energy, turns it into heat. Air particles, in contact with a heated surface, receive heat and carry it away into the atmosphere. This heats up the lower layers of the atmosphere. Obviously, the more the Earth's surface receives solar radiation, the more it heats up, the more the air heats up from it.

Air temperature is measured with thermometers (mercury and alcohol). Alcohol thermometers are used when the air temperature is below -38 ° C. At meteorological stations, thermometers are placed in a special booth built from separate plates (blinds) located at a certain angle, between which air circulates freely. Direct sunlight does not fall on thermometers, so air temperature is measured in the shade. The booth itself is located at a height of 2 m from the earth's surface.

Numerous observations of air temperature showed that the highest temperature was observed in Tripoli (Africa) (+ 58°С), the lowest - at Vostok station in Antarctica (-87.4°С).

The influx of solar heat and the distribution of air temperature depends on the latitude of the place. The tropical region receives more heat from the Sun than the temperate and polar latitudes. The most heat is received by the equatorial regions of the Sun - the star of the solar system, which is the source of a huge amount of heat and blinding light for the planet Earth. Despite the fact that the Sun is at a considerable distance from us and only a small part of its radiation reaches us, this is quite enough for the development of life on Earth. Our planet revolves around the sun in an orbit. If the Earth is observed from a spacecraft during the year, then one can notice that the Sun always illuminates only one half of the Earth, therefore, there will be day there, and at that time there will be night on the opposite half. The earth's surface receives heat only during the day.

Our Earth is heating unevenly. The uneven heating of the Earth is explained by its spherical shape, so the angle of incidence of the sun's ray in different areas is different, which means that different parts of the Earth receive different amounts of heat. At the equator, the sun's rays fall vertically, and they strongly heat the Earth. The farther from the equator, the angle of incidence of the beam becomes smaller, and consequently, these territories receive less heat. The same power beam of solar radiation heats a much smaller area near the equator, since it falls vertically. In addition, rays falling at a smaller angle than at the equator - penetrating the atmosphere, travel a longer path in it, as a result of which part of the sun's rays are scattered in the troposphere and do not reach the earth's surface. All this indicates that as you move away from the equator to the north or south, the air temperature decreases, as the angle of incidence of the sun's beam decreases.

The distribution of precipitation on the globe depends on how many clouds containing moisture form over a given area or how many of them the wind can bring. Air temperature is very important, because intensive evaporation of moisture occurs precisely at high temperatures. Moisture evaporates, rises up and clouds form at a certain height.

The air temperature decreases from the equator to the poles, therefore, the amount of precipitation is maximum in equatorial latitudes and decreases towards the poles. However, on land, the distribution of precipitation depends on a number of additional factors.

There is a lot of precipitation over coastal areas, and as you move away from the oceans, their amount decreases. There is more precipitation on the windward slopes of the mountain ranges and much less on the leeward slopes. For example, on the Atlantic coast of Norway in Bergen, 1730 mm of precipitation falls annually, and in Oslo (behind the ridge - approx. from site), it receives an average of more than 11,000 mm of precipitation per year. Such an abundance of moisture is brought to these places by the humid summer southwest monsoon, which rises along the steep slopes of the mountains, cools and pours with powerful rain.

The oceans, whose water temperature changes much more slowly than the temperature of the earth's surface or air, have a strong moderating effect on the climate. At night and in winter, the air over the oceans cools much more slowly than over land, and if oceanic air masses move over the continents, this leads to warming. Conversely, during the day and summer, the sea breeze cools the land.

The distribution of moisture on the earth's surface is determined by the water cycle in nature. Every second, a huge amount of water evaporates into the atmosphere, mainly from the surface of the oceans. Humid oceanic air, rushing over the continents, cools. The moisture then condenses and returns to the earth's surface in the form of rain or snow. Part of it is stored in the snow cover, rivers and lakes, and part returns to the ocean, where evaporation occurs again. This completes the hydrological cycle.

The distribution of precipitation is also influenced by the currents of the oceans. Over areas near which warm currents pass, the amount of precipitation increases, since the air heats up from warm water masses, it rises and clouds with sufficient water content form. Over the territories near which cold currents pass, the air cools, sinks, clouds do not form, and precipitation is much less.

Since water plays a significant role in erosion processes, it thereby affects the movements of the earth's crust. And any redistribution of masses due to such movements in the conditions of the Earth rotating around its axis can, in turn, contribute to a change in the position of the earth's axis. During ice ages, sea levels drop as water accumulates in glaciers. This, in turn, leads to the growth of continents and an increase in climatic contrasts. Reducing river flow and lowering sea levels prevent warm ocean currents from reaching cold regions, leading to further climate change.



If the thermal regime of the geographical envelope was determined only by the distribution of solar radiation without its transfer by the atmosphere and hydrosphere, then the air temperature at the equator would be 39 ° C, and at the pole -44 ° C. Already at a latitude of 50 °, a zone of eternal frost would begin. The actual temperature at the equator is 26°C, and at the north pole -20°C.

As can be seen from the data in the table, up to latitudes of 30°, solar temperatures are higher than actual ones, i.e., an excess of solar heat is formed in this part of the globe. In the middle, and even more so in the polar latitudes, the actual temperatures are higher than the solar ones, i.e., these belts of the Earth receive additional heat in addition to the sun. It comes from low latitudes with oceanic (water) and tropospheric air masses in the course of their planetary circulation.

Comparing the differences between solar and actual air temperatures with maps of the Earth-atmosphere radiation balance, we will be convinced of their similarity. This once again confirms the role of heat redistribution in climate formation. The map explains why the southern hemisphere is colder than the northern: there is less advective heat from the hot zone.

The distribution of solar heat, as well as its assimilation, occurs not in one system - the atmosphere, but in a system of a higher structural level - the atmosphere and hydrosphere.

1. Solar heat is spent mainly over the oceans for water evaporation: at the equator 3350, under the tropics 5010, in temperate zones 1774 MJ / m 2 (80, 120 and 40 kcal / cm 2) per year. Together with steam, it is redistributed both between zones and within each zone between oceans and continents.
2. From tropical latitudes, heat with trade wind circulation and tropical currents enters equatorial latitudes. The tropics lose 2510 MJ/m 2 (60 kcal/cm 2) per year, and at the equator the heat gain from condensation is 4190 MJ/m 2 (100 or more kcal/cm 2) per year. Therefore, although in equatorial belt the total radiation is less than tropical, it receives more heat: all the energy spent on the evaporation of water in the tropical zones goes to the equator and, as we will see below, causes powerful ascending air currents here.
3. The northern temperate zone receives up to 837 MJ/m 2 (20 or more kcal/cm 2) per year from warm ocean currents coming from equatorial latitudes - the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio.
4. By western transfer from the oceans, this heat is transferred to the continents, where a temperate climate is formed not up to a latitude of 50 °, but much north of the Arctic Circle.
5. The North Atlantic current and atmospheric circulation significantly warm the Arctic.
6. In the southern hemisphere, only Argentina and Chile receive tropical heat; The cold waters of the Antarctic Current circulate in the Southern Ocean.

How long does it take the earth to complete one revolution around the sun? Why do the seasons change?

1. The dependence of the amount of light and heat entering the Earth on the height of the Sun above the horizon and the length of the fall time. Recall from the section "Earth - a planet in the solar system" how the Earth revolves around the Sun during the year. You know that due to the inclination earth's axis With respect to the plane of the orbit, the angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the Earth's surface changes throughout the year.

The results of observations carried out with the help of a gnomon in the schoolyard show that the higher the Sun is above the horizon, the greater the angle of incidence of the sun's rays and the duration of their fall. In this regard, the amount of solar heat also changes. If the sun's rays fall obliquely, then the Earth's surface heats up less. This is clearly visible due to the small amount of solar heat in the morning and evening. If the sun's rays fall vertically, then the Earth heats up more. This can be seen in the amount of heat at noon.

Now let's get acquainted with the various phenomena associated with the rotation of the Earth around the Sun.

2. Summer solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere, the longest day is June 22 (Fig. 65.1). After that, the day stops lengthening and gradually shortens. Therefore, June 22 is called the summer solstice. On this day, the place where the sun's rays fall directly overhead corresponds to the parallel of 23.5 ° north latitude. In the northern polar region from latitude 66.5° to the pole, the Sun does not set during the day, the polar day is established. In the southern hemisphere, on the contrary, from the latitude of 66.5 ° to the pole, the Sun does not rise, the polar night sets in. The duration of the polar day and polar night ranges from one day in the Arctic Circle to half a year towards the poles.

Rice. 65. Location of the globe during the summer and winter solstices.

3. Autumn equinox. With further rotation of the Earth in its orbit, the northern hemisphere gradually turns away from the Sun, the day is shortened, and the solstice zone decreases during the day. In the southern hemisphere, on the contrary, the day lengthens.

The area where the sun does not set is shrinking. On September 23, the noon Sun at the equator is directly overhead, north and southern hemispheres the sun's heat and light are distributed equally, day and night are equalized throughout the planet. This is called the autumnal equinox. Now the polar day is ending at the North Pole, the polar night is beginning. Further, until the middle of winter, the region of the polar night in the northern hemisphere gradually expands to 66.5 ° north latitude.

4. Winter Solstice. September 23 on south pole polar night ends, polar day begins. This will last until December 22nd. On this day, the lengthening of the day for the southern hemisphere and the shortening of the day for the northern hemisphere cease. This is the winter solstice (Fig. 65.2).

On December 22, the Earth comes into a state opposite to June 22. Ray of the Sun along the parallel 23.5° S falls steeply south of 66.5°S. polar region, on the contrary, the Sun does not set.

The parallel of 66.5 ° north and south latitudes, which limits the distribution of the polar day and polar night from the pole, is called the Arctic Circle.

5. Spring equinox. Further in the northern hemisphere, the day lengthens, in the southern hemisphere it shortens. On March 21, day and night on the entire planet are again equalized. At noon at the equator, the sun's rays fall vertically. The polar day begins at the North Pole, the polar night begins at the South Pole.

6. Thermal belts. We have noticed that the area in which the noonday Sun is at its zenith in the northern and southern hemispheres extends to a latitude of 23.5°. The parallels of this latitude are called the Tropic of the North and the Tropic of the South.
The polar day and polar night begin from the Northern and Southern polar circles. They pass along 66°33"N and 66()33"S. These lines separate the belts, which differ in the illumination of the sun's rays and the amount of incoming heat (Fig. 66).

Rice. 66. Thermal belts of the globe

There are five thermal zones on the globe: one hot, two temperate and two cold.
The space of the earth's surface between the Northern and Southern tropics is referred to as the hot zone. During the year, sunlight falls on this belt most of all, therefore there is a lot of heat. The days are hot all year round, it never gets cold and it never snows.
From the Tropic of the North to the Arctic Circle is the North Temperate Zone, from the South Tropic to the Antarctic Circle is the South Temperate Zone.
The temperate zones are in an intermediate position between the hot and cold zones in terms of day length and heat distribution. They clearly show the four seasons. In summer, the days are long, the sun's rays fall directly, so the summer is hot. In winter, the Sun is not very high above the horizon, and the sun's rays fall obliquely, in addition, the day is short, so it can be cold and frosty.
In each hemisphere, from the Arctic Circle to the poles, there are northern and southern cold zones. In winter, there is no sunlight for several months (up to 6 months at the poles). Even in summer, the Sun is low on the horizon and with a short day, so that the surface of the Earth does not have time to warm up. Therefore, the winter is very cold, even in summer the snow and ice on the surface of the Earth do not have time to melt.

1. Using a tellurium (an astronomical instrument for demonstrating the movement of the Earth and planets around the Sun and the daily rotation of the Earth around its axis) or a globe with a lamp, observe how the sun's rays are distributed during the winter and summer solstices, spring and autumn equinoxes?

2. Determine on the globe in which thermal zone is Kazakhstan located?

3. In a notebook, draw a diagram of thermal zones. Mark the poles, the polar circles, the northern and southern tropics, the equator and label their latitudes.

four*. If the Earth's axis with respect to the plane of the orbit made an angle of 60 °, then at what latitudes would the boundaries of the polar circles and tropics pass?