Table definition of the features of climatic zones on the map. Earth climates. Equatorial climate over land

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Climatic zones. The circulation of heat, moisture and the general circulation of the atmosphere form the weather and climate in the geographical envelope. The types of air masses, the peculiarities of their circulation in different latitudes create the conditions for the formation of the Earth's climates. The dominance of one air mass during the year determines the boundaries of climatic zones.

Climatic zones- these are territories that encircle the Earth with a continuous or intermittent strip; they differ from each other in temperature, atmospheric pressure, amount and mode of precipitation, prevailing air masses and winds. The symmetrical placement of climatic zones relative to the equator is a manifestation of the law of geographical zoning. Allocate main and transitional climatic zones. The names of the main climatic zones are given according to the prevailing air masses and the latitudes in which they are formed.

There are 13 climatic zones: seven main and six transitional. The boundaries of each belt are determined by the summer and winter positions of the climatic fronts.

There are seven main climatic zones: equatorial, two tropical, two temperate and two polar (Arctic and Antarctic). In each of the climatic zones, one air mass dominates throughout the year - respectively equatorial, tropical, temperate, arctic (antarctic).

Between the main belts in each hemisphere, transitional climatic zones are formed: two subequatorial, two subtropical and two subpolar (subarctic and subantarctic). In transitional zones there is a seasonal change of air masses. They come from neighboring main belts: in summer, the air mass of the southern main belt, and in winter, the northern one. The proximity of the oceans, warm and cold currents, and relief affect climatic differences within the belts: climatic regions with different types of climate are distinguished.

Characteristics of climatic zones. equatorial belt formed in the region of the equator as a discontinuous band dominated by equatorial air masses. Average monthly temperatures are from +26 to +28 sС. Precipitation falls 1500-3000 mm evenly throughout the year. The equatorial belt is the most humid part earth's surface(basin of the Congo River, the coast of the Gulf of Guinea of ​​Africa, the basin of the Amazon River in South America, the Sunda Islands). There are continental and oceanic types of climate, but the difference between them is small.

For subequatorial belts , encircling the equatorial belt from the north and south, is characteristic monsoon circulation air. A feature of the belts is the seasonal change of air masses. Equatorial air dominates in summer, tropical air dominates in winter. There are two seasons: summer wet and winter dry. In summer, the climate differs slightly from the equatorial one: high humidity, abundance precipitation. In the winter season, hot dry weather sets in, grasses burn out, trees shed their leaves. The average air temperature in all months ranges from +20 to +30 °C. The annual rainfall is 1000-2000 mm, with maximum precipitation in summer.

tropical belts are between 20¨ and 30¨ s. and yu. sh. on both sides of the tropics, where trade winds prevail. (Remember why in tropical latitudes the air sinks and high pressure prevails.) Tropical air masses with high temperatures dominate here throughout the year. The average temperature of the warmest month is +30…+35 ¨C, the coldest month is not lower than +10 ¨C. In the center of the continents the climate is tropical continental (desert). Cloudiness is negligible, precipitation in most parts is less than 250 mm per year. A small amount of precipitation causes the formation of the greatest deserts in the world - the Sahara and Kalahari in Africa, the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula, Australia.

In the eastern parts of the continents, which are under the influence of warm currents and trade winds blowing from the ocean, intensified by monsoons in the summer season, a tropical humid climate is formed. The average monthly temperature in summer is +26 ¨C, in winter +22 ¨C. The average annual rainfall is 1500 mm.

subtropical belts (25-40¨ N and S) are formed under the influence of tropical air masses in summer and moderate air masses in winter. The western parts of the continents have a Mediterranean climate: summers are dry, hot, the average temperature of the warmest month is +30 ¨C, and winters are humid and warm (up to +5 ... +10 ¨C), but short-term frosts are possible. On the eastern coasts of the continents, a subtropical monsoon climate is formed with hot (+25 ¨C) rainy summers and cool (+8 ¨C) dry winters. The amount of precipitation is 1000-1500 mm. Snow rarely falls. In the central parts of the continents, the climate is subtropical continental, with hot (+30 ¨C) and dry summers and relatively cold winter(+6…+8 ¨С) with low rainfall (300 mm). The subtropical humid climate is characterized by a more uniform course of temperatures and precipitation. In summer +20 ¨C, in winter +12 ¨C, precipitation is 800-1000 mm. (Determine the differences in the climates of the subtropical zones on the climate map.)

temperate zones stretched in temperate latitudes from 40¨ s. and yu. sh. almost to the polar circles. Moderate air masses dominate here throughout the year, but arctic and tropical air masses can penetrate. In the Northern Hemisphere, in the west of the continents, westerly winds and cyclonic activity prevail; in the east - monsoons. With advancement inland, the annual amplitude of air temperature increases (the coldest month - from +4 ... +6 °С to -48 °С, and the warmest - from +12 °С to +30 °С). AT southern hemisphere the climate is mostly oceanic. There are 5 types of climate in the Northern Hemisphere: maritime, temperate continental, continental, sharply continental, monsoon.

The maritime climate is influenced by westerly winds blowing from the ocean (Northern and Central Europe, west North America, Patagonian Andes of South America). In summer the temperature is about +15…+17 °С, in winter - +5 °С. Precipitation falls throughout the year and reaches 1000-2000 mm per year. In the southern hemisphere, in the temperate zone, an oceanic climate dominates with cool summers, mild winters, heavy rainfall, westerly winds, unstable weather ("roaring" fortieth latitudes).

The continental climate is characteristic of the interior regions of large continents. In Eurasia, a temperate continental, continental, sharply continental climate is formed, in North America - temperate continental and continental. On average, the temperature in July varies from +10 °С in the north to +24 °С in the south. In a temperate continental climate, the January temperature drops from west to east from -5° to -10°C, in a sharply continental climate - to -35 ... -40°C, and in Yakutia below -40°C. The annual amount of precipitation in the temperate continental climate is about 500-600 mm, in the sharply continental climate - about 300-400 mm. In winter, moving eastward, the duration of stable snow cover increases from 4 to 9 months, and the annual temperature amplitude also increases.

The monsoon climate is best expressed in Eurasia. In summer, a stable monsoon from the ocean prevails, the temperature is +18 ... +22 °С, in winter - -25 °С. In late summer - early autumn, typhoons from the sea are frequent with gusty winds and heavy rainfall. Winters are relatively dry as the winter monsoon blows in from the land. Precipitation in the form of rains prevails in summer (800-1200 mm).

subpolar belts (subarctic and subantarctic) located north and south of the temperate zone. They are characterized by a change in air masses by season: moderate air masses dominate in summer, arctic (antarctic) in winter. The continental subarctic climate is characteristic of the northern outskirts of North America and Eurasia. Summer is relatively warm (+5…+10 °С), short. Winter is severe (up to -55 °С). Here is the pole of cold in Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk (-71 °C). A small amount of precipitation - 200 mm. Permafrost, excessive moisture are common, and large areas are swampy. The oceanic climate in the Northern Hemisphere is formed in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas, in the Southern Hemisphere - around Antarctica. Cyclonic activity is developed throughout the year. Cool summer (+3…+5 °С), floating sea and continental ice, relatively mild winter (–10…–15 °С). Winter precipitation is up to 500 mm, fogs are constant.

Rice. 16. Characteristic types of annual

polar belts (arctic and the course of air temperatures of various Antarctic) located around the climatic zones of the poles. The continental climate prevails in Antarctica, in Greenland, on the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Freezing temperatures throughout the year.

The oceanic climate is observed mainly in the Arctic. The temperatures here are negative, but during the polar day they can reach +2 °C. Precipitation - 100-150 mm (Fig. 16).

Bibliography

1. Geography grade 8. Tutorial for the 8th grade of institutions of general secondary education with the Russian language of instruction / Edited by Professor P. S. Lopukh - Minsk "Narodnaya Asveta" 2014

On the climate (and, therefore, climate zone) have an impact and form it, depending on geographical conditions, climate-forming factors. These include: the amount of solar radiation reaching a certain surface of the Earth; atmospheric circulation processes; biomass volumes. These climate-determining factors can vary considerably depending on the geographic latitude of the area. It is the latitude that determines at what angle it falls sunlight to the surface the globe and, accordingly, how intensively the surface located at different distances from the equator will warm up.

The thermal regime of a certain area depends to a large extent on its proximity to the oceans, which act as heat accumulators. On the land surfaces bordering the oceans, there is more mild climate climate zone compared to the climate in the depths of the continents. Daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations near large volumes of water are more gradual than in continental climates closer to the center of the continents. There is more rainfall here and the sky is often covered with clouds. On the contrary, the continental climate is characterized by sharp temperature changes and less rainfall.

Ocean-related phenomena such as sea currents are also a major factor in determining the weather on Earth. Carrying warm masses of water around the continents, they warm atmospheric air, bring cyclones with a lot of precipitation. How dramatically the current can affect nature can be seen on the example of the North Atlantic Current. In those areas that fall into his zone of influence, dense forests grow. And in Greenland, located in the same latitudes, there is only a thick layer of ice.

It has no less influence on the climate and relief (which also affects the formation of the climatic zone). Everyone knows the shots of climbers climbing the mountains, who, starting from green meadows at the foot of the mountain, stand on snow-capped peaks a few days later. This happens due to the fact that with every kilometer above sea level, the ambient temperature drops by 5-6 °C. In addition, mountain systems prevent the movement of both warm and cold air masses. Often the climate on one and the other side of the mountain range can differ significantly. A striking example This is the difference in air temperature and humidity in Sochi and Stavropol, located on opposite sides of the Caucasus Mountains.

In order to properly define the term climate zone» You need to distinguish between terms such as weather and climate.

Weather is the state of the troposphere at a certain time in a particular area. And the climate is considered to be the average well-established weather regime. What climate zone What are its varieties?

Climatic zone and its properties.

climate zone It is customary to call the latitudinal band, which differs from other bands by the circulation of the atmosphere, as well as by the intensity of heating of the Sun.

In total, there are 7 varieties on the planet climatic zones c, which in turn are divided into main and transitional belts. The category of main belts is also commonly called permanent.

Permanent and transitional climatic zones.

The permanent (main) is called climate zone, in which one air mass dominates throughout the year. The main types of belts include: temperate, tropical, equatorial and arctic.

Transitional zones are characterized by a change in air masses, that is, it is hot in summer and colder in winter. Allocate subarctic, subtropical and subequatorial belts.

Equatorial climate zone.

This subtype of the main climate zone located at the equator. This is a one-of-a-kind belt that is divided into several parts. During the year it is under the influence of the equatorial air mass.

The main features of the equatorial belt:

• high humidity;
• high precipitation (up to 7 thousand mm per year);
• high temperature (from 20 ° C and above).

The natural area of ​​this climate zone moist forests are considered to be filled with various poisonous plants and animals.

In this belt is the Amazonian lowland, equatorial africa and the Greater Sunda Islands.

Subequatorial climatic zone.

This subtype of transitional climate zone located between the equatorial and tropical zones. Consequently, 2 air masses change on its territory during the year.

In the subequatorial zone there is Northern Australia, the north of South America, the Hindustan Peninsula, Southeast Asia.

Tropical and subtropical zones.

The tropical zone is characteristic of tropical latitudes. Weather in the tropics depends on the height of the sun above the horizon. For tropical climate zone characterized by sharp temperature changes - from hot to cold.

This is considered main reason, according to which the world of flora and fauna is very poor. North Africa, Mexico and the Caribbean Islands are in this subspecies of permanent belts.

The subtropical zone is located in the middle of the temperate and tropical zones. It is customary to distinguish between the northern and southern subtropical belts. In summer, tropical heat prevails here, which is characterized by dryness, and cold air mass reigns in winter.

The climate zone characteristic of the Great China Plain, North Africa, North America and southern Japan.

temperate climate zone.

A distinctive feature of the temperate zone is the ability of temperature to change seasonally. For such climate zone negative temperature.

A significant part of Europe, Great Britain, Russia, Canada and the north of the USA are located in temperate latitudes.

Definition 1

climate zone- This is a latitudinal strip on the surface of the Earth, with a relatively uniform climate.

Climatic zones differ from each other air temperature and dominating air masses. In accordance with their properties, the main features of the climate are determined. Change of climatic zones on the planet occurs zonal, i.e. from equator to the poles. The classification of climatic zones, which is used in Russia and in most countries of the world, was created by a Soviet climatologist B.P. Alisov in $1956$. He singles out basic and transitional climatic zones.

There are seven main climatic zones:

• equatorial belt;
• Two tropical belts;
• Two temperate belts;
• Two polar belts arctic and antarctic.

In these climatic zones, only air masses dominate during the year, with the same names.

equatorial climate ical belt located on both sides of the equator. The territory and water area of ​​the belt receives a large amount of heat during the year, and the average monthly temperatures are $24$-$28$ degrees. On land, the radiation balance reaches $90$ kcal/cm2. in year. The annual precipitation is up to $3000$ mm per year, and on the windward slopes - up to $10,000$ mm. Humidification is excessive here, because the amount of precipitation is much greater than evaporation.

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Tropical climate zones. One tropical belt is located in Northern hemisphere of the planet, the second - in Southern hemisphere. Tropical belts cross all continents except Antarctica and are well expressed in the oceans between the $20$ and $30$ parallels of both hemispheres. The climate of the tropics is influenced by tropical air masses, with their characteristic high atmospheric pressure and anticyclonic circulation. During the year there is very little cloudiness, relative humidity and annual precipitation. The prevailing winds are trade winds. Summer average monthly air temperatures are + $30$-$35$ degrees, winter temperatures are not lower than +$10$ degrees. Daily and annual amplitudes are quite high. Annual precipitation is from $50$-$200$ mm. The exception is the eastern outskirts of the continents, and on the islands the windward slopes of the mountains receive up to $2000$ mm or more. For example, in the Hawaiian Islands about $13,000 mm falls. On the western coasts of the continents, the climate will be cooler due to cold ocean currents. There will be higher air humidity, an even temperature course and frequent fogs.

temperate climatic zones. One temperate zone is located in Northern hemisphere, between $40$ and $65$ parallel, the other - in Southern between $42$ and $58$ parallel. These are the largest climatic zones in terms of area. One of the differences between these belts is that in the Northern Hemisphere, the belt occupies more than half sushi, while in the Southern Hemisphere, the opposite is true. There $98\%$ falls on ocean. In temperate zones, there is a clear seasonality of the climate. It is expressed in a large difference between summer and winter temperatures. Moreover, in the Northern Hemisphere, the annual and daily amplitude is much higher than in the Southern. The western transport of air masses of temperate latitudes dominates here, and intense cyclonic activity is observed. To the margins of the continents, the amount of precipitation increases, and the annual amount is $800$-$2000$ mm. On the windward oceanic slopes, their number increases and reaches $5000$-$8000$ mm.

Polar climate zones(Arctic and Antarctic). in the northern hemisphere arctic the belt begins north of the $70$ parallel, and Antarctic south of the $65$ parallel. Both belts are characterized by polar nights and polar days. Eternal ice and snows radiate a huge amount of solar heat, which is the cause of very cold air. Atmosphere pressure all year round high and the east winds prevail. Located in Antarctica pole of cold planets. In summer, the average air temperature is $30$ degrees, and in winter - $70$. At the Russian polar station East» The temperature drops to -$88.3$ degrees. On the Antarctic coast, average monthly summer temperatures range from -$1$ to -$5$ degrees, and winter temperatures from -$18$ to -$20$ degrees. over the Greenland ice sheet Arctic climatic conditions are similar, but milder. In the Atlantic regions Arctic and up to the Pole, the summer temperature is about $0$ degrees, and with warm air intrusion, it rises to +$5$. Average winter temperatures are around - $20$ degrees. American the Arctic sector is more severe with temperatures of -$50 degrees in winter and -$10 degrees in summer. Most of the precipitation falls on European sector of the Arctic, where $300-$350 mm falls, and in Asian and American sector from $160$-$250$ mm.

Transitional climatic zones.

Between the main climatic zones are zones transitional belts. They are $6$ and are characterized by a seasonal change in the prevailing air masses, i.e. In summer, one air mass dominates there, and in winter, another. The prefix " sub", which in Latin means " under”, i.e., a belt located under the main.

Transition belts include:

• Two subequatorial belts;
• Two subtropical belts;
• Sat arctic belt;
• Subantarctic belt.

Subequatorial climate zone. These belts are located south and north of the equatorial. As a result of the shift of climatic zones according to the seasons of the year, humid equatorial air comes here in summer, and dry tropical air comes in winter. Summer for subequatorial belts will be wet, a winter is dry. Despite this, the average annual precipitation is excessive and reaches $1500$ mm per year. On the slopes of the mountains, precipitation is even more - $6,000-$10,000 mm per year. The difference between summer and winter temperatures is small, but the difference with the equatorial belt is felt. Summer temperatures range from $22$-$30$ degrees. In addition to the oceans, the subequatorial belt passes through South America, Central Africa, Hindustan, Indochina, Northern Australia.

Subtropical climatic zones. They are located within $30$-$40$ degrees of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. From the south, the subtropics border on the tropical zone, and on the north with the temperate zone in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, north of the subtropics is the tropical zone, and the temperate zone to the south. Thermal regimes alternate in half a year - a moderate regime is observed in winter, and a tropical regime in summer. Frosts are already possible for the subtropics. Within the ocean belts are characterized by high temperature and high salinity of water.

Subarctic climate zone. This transitional belt is closest to North Pole Earth. Moderate and arctic air masses alternate during the year. The belt occupies northern Canada, Alaska, the southern tip of Greenland, northern Iceland and the Scandinavian Peninsula. Within Russia, it passes through the northern part of Western and Central Siberia, as well as the Far East.

Subantarctic climate zone. Located in the Southern Hemisphere, this belt occupies a number of Antarctic islands and the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. The belt is characterized by a short summer with temperatures below + $20$ degrees. Cold air masses in winter reduce the temperature to negative values. And it stays below freezing most of the year. The same is true for the subarctic zone. There are few precipitations and they are reduced from $500$-$250$ mm and below.

climate-forming factors

On the formation of the planet's climate big influence render external and internal factors. Most of the external factors affect the total amount of incoming solar radiation, its distribution over the seasons of the year, across the hemispheres and continents.

To external factors include the parameters of the earth's orbit and earth's axis:

• Distance between Sun and Earth. It determines the amount of solar energy received;
• The inclination of the rotation of the earth's axis to the plane of the orbit, which determines seasonal changes;
• The eccentricity of the Earth's orbit. Influences heat distribution and seasonal changes.

Internal factors include:

• The configuration of the oceans and continents and their relative position;
• The presence of active volcanoes that can change the climate up to the volcanic winter;
• Albedo of the Earth's atmosphere and its surface;
• Air masses;
• The proximity of oceans and seas that moderate the climate, with the exception of cold currents in them;
• The nature of the underlying surface;
• Human economic activity;
• Heat flows of the planet.

CLIMATE ZONES

climatic zones.

The climate, like all meteorological quantities, is zonal. There are 7 main and 6 transitional climatic zones.

The main ones include:

equatorial,

two subequatorial (in the northern and southern hemispheres),

two tropical,

two moderate

two polar.

The names of the transitional zones are closely linked with the names of the main climatic zones and characterize their location on Earth: two subequatorial, subtropical and subpolar (subarctic and subantarctic). The classification of climatic zones is based on thermal zones and dominant types of air masses and their movement.

In the main belts, one type of air mass dominates during the year, and in transitional types of air masses in winter and summer they change due to the change of seasons and the displacement of atmospheric pressure zones.

equatorial belt. Equatorial air prevails throughout the year. Average monthly temperatures are 25-28 ° C, their amplitudes are small, calm or light winds prevail in the belt, humidity is high, cloudiness is significant, more often represented by cumulus and cumulus-thunderstorm (vertically developed) clouds. Precipitation 1000-2000 mm/year. The equatorial belt is characterized by two rainy periods in transitional seasons, more often after the equinoxes, separated by less rainy or short rainless periods, excessive moisture. The equatorial climate is characteristic of the river basin. Amazon (Amazon lowland, South America), the coast of the Gulf of Guinea and the Congo river basin (West Africa, the Congo lowland), the Malay Peninsula, the Sunda Islands and New Guinea (the borders of the Indian and Pacific oceans).

Subequatorial belts . Air masses change throughout the year. Equatorial air dominates in summer, the summer is humid; in winter - tropical, dry winter. Rainy (summer) and dry (winter) periods are clearly defined. Winter is only slightly cooler than summer, average temperatures vary from 22 to 30 ° C, and temperature amplitudes increase. The annual amount of precipitation fluctuates significantly: if on average they fall 1000-1500 mm, then on the windward slopes of the mountains it can be 6000-10000 mm. Almost all precipitation falls in summer. The subequatorial climate is observed in the Brazilian and Guinean highlands (South America), in Central Africa adjoins the Congo basin from all sides, in Hindustan and Indochina (South Asia) and Northern Australia.

Tropical climate zones located on both sides of the tropics, approximately between 18 and 30 ° N. and y.sh. Here, during the year, tropical air dominates (dry air with high temperatures), trade winds (northeast and southeast) prevail. The weather is mostly clear, winters are warm, but noticeably colder than summers. The average temperatures of the warmest month are + 30-35 ° С, the coldest - not lower than +10 ° С. The tropical zone is characterized by very large daily temperature amplitudes - up to 40 ° С, and the average annual temperature is about 20 ° С. Few regions fall: 50-150 mm/year (with the exception of the eastern parts of the continents, which are under the influence of oceanic trade winds). In the tropics, there are two climatic regions: 1) dry , desert climate - west and center of the continents and 2) wet tropical climate- on the eastern coasts of the continents.

Subtropical climatic zones follow the tropical and are roughly between 30 and 40° latitude in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Tropical air prevails here in summer, temperate in winter. Characterized by the presence of dry and wet periods. In these belts, anticyclonic weather prevails in summer (with the exception of monsoonal regions). Summers are dry, hot, with an average temperature of about 30 ° C. Cyclonic weather prevails in winter, associated with a polar (moderate) front. Winters are wet and warm, but temperatures below 0 °C are possible. Snow rarely falls, so no snow cover is formed. The amount of precipitation is from 200 to 500 mm per year, but on the windward slopes of the mountains it is much more (Tskvice - 8000 mm, Balkan Peninsula). In subtropical zones, there are climatic regions : 1) mediterranean I - on the western coasts of the continents - the Mediterranean, Central Chile (South America), southwest Australia, California (S. America), South coast Crimea (Europe). It is characterized by clear, dry and hot summers and rainy warm winter; 2) monsoonal subtropical - Florida (S. America), Uruguay (S. America), East China, Japanese Islands (East Asia). In this area, summers are hot but rainy, winters are relatively cold and dry; 3) subtropical continental climatic region located in the central parts of the continents. Summers are hot and dry, winters are relatively cold with little precipitation (southern Australia, Turkmenistan, Iran, the Takla-Makan desert, western China, dry western United States). Separate areas of the subtropical zone have uniform moisture throughout the year: the southeast of Australia, Tasmania, and the middle part of Argentina (South America).

temperate climatic zones occupy a space between 40 ° C. and y.sh. and polar circles (66 ° 33 N and S). During the whole year, moderate air masses dominate here, arctic and tropical air often invades. The belt is dominated westerly winds and on the east coasts monsoons. plays an important role throughout the year cyclonic activity on the polar (moderate) and arctic (antarctic) fronts. Precipitation is frequent, mostly of frontal origin. However, anticyclone weather is not uncommon in the temperate zone. Anticyclones bring predominantly dry weather, especially to continental regions in winter. The mode and amount of precipitation in the temperate zone varies and depends on two main factors: proximity to the sea and the nature of the relief. The following pattern can be traced: when moving deeper into the continents, the amount of precipitation and days with precipitation becomes less. In the northern and western parts of the continents, moisture is excessive (i.e. K > 1.0), and in the southern and central parts it is insufficient (K< 1,0). Наблюдаются существенные температурные различия между летом и зимой, между сушей и морем. Годовая amplitude air temperature in winter over the mainland reaches 50-60 ° C, and over the oceans about 15 ° C. In winter, snow falls on the continents, a stable snow cover is formed, which lasts for several months. The variety of temperature and circulation conditions of the temperate zone predetermines its division into 4 climatic regions:

1)maritime temperate climate(western coasts of the continents) with relatively warm winters, cool and cloudy summers with maximum precipitation. This is a big part Western Europe, coastal strip s.-z. North America, south of Chile (South America);

2) transitional from maritime to continental- most of Europe, Patagonia (South America);

3) continental climate with varying degrees of continentality and maximum precipitation in the warm season(inland US, south and southeast of Eastern Europe, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, etc.);

4) monsoonal temperate climate (n on the eastern coasts of the continents) with cold and dry winters, cool and rainy summers ( Far East, Northeast China, North Korea, the Japanese Islands, etc.).

Subpolar climatic zones (subarctic and subantarctic). There is also a change of air masses: in winter, arctic (antarctic) air dominates, in summer - air masses of temperate latitudes. Cyclones and anticyclones are frequent, the frequency of which is approximately the same. There is a polar day and a polar night. The winter is long and severe, the average temperature in January (July) is down to -40 ° C and lower, but in the oceanic parts it is down to -5-10 ° C. The summer is short and cool, with the temperature of the warmest month not exceeding 10 ° C. There is little precipitation, their annual amount is up to 200 mm and below, in oceanic regions up to 400 mm/year. Evaporation is very low, so there is excessive moisture, the air is damp, there is a lot of cloudiness, there are many days with rain and especially with snow. In any month, the temperature can drop below 0 ° C and snow can fall. Winds are frequent and strong. Tundra is located in this belt - the northern coast of Eurasia and North America (continental climate), the Commander and Aleutian Islands, as well as the islands of Antarctica (oceanic subpolar climate).

Polar climate zones (Arctic and Antarctic). Arctic air dominates in these belts throughout the year. It is atypical for the belts that intense cyclonic activity is noted above the sea surface in the western part of the Arctic and sea temperate air very often invades. An anticyclone dominates Antarctica. Characteristic is the absence of solar radiation in winter (polar night) and round-the-clock lighting in summer. However, the snow and ice surfaces strongly reflect the sun's rays, which here fall at an angle close to 180 °, and radiate a lot of heat. The air temperature and humidity are very low, the average temperatures are negative, only in places in summer months rise to +5 ° C. There are maritime arctic and continental antarctic climates. The latter is particularly harsh. Here, the average temperature of December (summer) is -32 ° С, and August (winter) -71 ° С, the maximum temperature rarely rises above -20 ° С. strong winds especially during transitional seasons. The climate does not remain unchanged. The fact that it is changing is evidenced by observational data on the state of the atmosphere for almost 200 years. Information about the weather and climate is available in chronicles, in the works of scientists of the ancient world. Some rocks (coral limestones, coal, salts, banded clays, etc.), landforms, remains of organisms, and pollen of plants make it possible to judge the climate of the prehistoric past. The causes of climate change are many and overlapping, making it difficult to study. In our time, human activity has a great influence on the climate: it changes the state of the atmosphere (increase in CO 2 content, dustiness, heat emissions, etc.), the underlying surface (deforestation, creation of reservoirs, irrigation and drainage of territories). The influence of people on the climate can be considered as natural and unfavorable.