Domestic policy of the Russian Federation plan c8. The internal policy of the state. Directions of domestic policy. Tasks for systematizing the material

This article discusses the issues of the content line "Politics".

The content line of the "Politics" section consists of the following elements: the concept of power; the state, its functions; politic system; typology of political regimes; democracy, its main values ​​and features; civil society and the state; political elite; political parties and movements; funds mass media in the political system; election campaign in the Russian Federation; political process; political participation; political leadership; bodies state power RF; federal structure of Russia.

According to the "Analytical report on the results of the USE 2010" the graduates faced difficulties with questions that test their knowledge of the functions of the state, the features of the political system, the signs and relationship of civil society and the rule of law.

The most difficult task for the examinees was the task that tested the knowledge of the topic “Media in the political system”. The results of the task on this topic were also influenced by the form of the task (a task for the analysis of two judgments). The topic “Election Campaign in the Russian Federation” has always been quite difficult for students. The topics “Political parties and movements”, “The concept of power”, “Political participation”, which gave high results at the basic and advanced levels of complexity, cause difficulties for the participants of the Unified State Examination at a high level of complexity.

Low results were obtained when performing complex tasks on the topic " Political process". Lower results than last year were demonstrated when completing the task on the use of terms and concepts in a certain context (B6), and tasks of the B6 format, aimed at checking the topics "Political system", "State and its functions", gave an average percentage performance is less than 10%. The results of the unsuccessfully completed task B6 correlate with the performance of the task C5, which tests the same skill at a different level - to apply social science concepts in a given context.

It is concluded that the topics: "Media in the political system", "Election campaign in the Russian Federation", "Political process", "Political participation", "Political leadership" - require more careful consideration, which we will do in this article.

1. Topic: "Media in the political system"

Plan:
1. Media in the political system of society:
a) the concept of "mass media";
b) the functions of the media;
c) the role and influence of the media in various political regimes.
2. The nature of the information disseminated by the media.
3. The influence of the media on the voter:
a) ways of influencing the voter;
b) the role of political advertising;
c) methods of confronting the media.

The main provisions of the topic:
Mass media - a set of channels for the dissemination of information addressed to an unlimited circle of persons, social groups, states, in order to promptly inform them about events and phenomena in the world, a particular country, a particular region, as well as to perform specific social functions.

Mass media functions: 1) informational; 2) selection and commenting on information, its assessment; 3) political socialization (introducing people to political values, norms, patterns of behavior); 4) criticism and control of authorities; 5) representation of various public interests, opinions, views on politics; 6) formation of public opinion; 7) mobilization (inciting people to certain political action).

The media can contribute to the development of democracy, the participation of citizens in political life, but can also be used for political manipulation.

Political manipulation is the process of influencing public opinion and political behavior, covert management of the political consciousness and actions of people in order to direct them in the direction needed by the power forces.
The purpose of manipulation is to introduce the necessary attitudes, stereotypes, goals, in order to induce the masses, contrary to their own interests, to agree to unpopular measures, to arouse their discontent.

2. Topic: "Election campaign in the Russian Federation"

Plan:
1. Electoral system:
a) the concept of "electoral system";
b) structural components of the electoral system;
c) the concept of "suffrage";
d) stages of the electoral process;
e) types of electoral systems.

2. Election campaign:
a) the concept of "election campaign";
b) stages of the election campaign.

3. Political technologies of the voter.

The main provisions of the topic:
The electoral system (in the broad sense) is the procedure for organizing and holding elections to representative institutions or an individual leading representative. The electoral system (in the narrow sense) is a way of distributing mandates among candidates depending on the results of the vote.

Suffrage is a sub-branch of constitutional law, which is an independent system of legal norms governing the right of citizens to elect and be elected to public authorities and local governments and the procedure for exercising this right.

Suffrage (in the narrow sense) is the political right of a citizen to elect (active right) and to be elected (passive right).

In Russia, citizens from the age of 18 have the right to vote; the right to be elected to a representative body - from the age of 21, the head of the administration of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation - upon reaching 30 years, and the President of the country - from 35 years. The President of Russia and the State Duma are elected for terms of 6 and 5 years, respectively. Based on the Constitution of Russia, the President cannot be elected for more than two consecutive terms.

MPs State Duma are elected according to party lists. In the elections of the President of the Russian Federation, the majority system of an absolute majority is used.

Russian citizens participate in the formation of electoral bodies on the principles of 1) universal, 2) equal, 3) direct suffrage with 4) secret ballot.

Electoral process - a set of activities, procedures for the preparation and conduct of elections in order to form a representative body of power, carried out by election commissions and candidates (electoral associations) in the period from the date of official publication (publication) of the decision of an authorized official, state body, local government on calling (conducting) elections until the day the election commission organizing the elections submits a report on the expenditure of funds from the relevant budget allocated for the preparation and conduct of elections.

Stages of the electoral process:
1) preparatory (setting the date of elections, registration and registration of voters);
2) nomination and registration of candidates for deputies or pre-election positions;
3) election campaigning and financing of elections;
4) voting, establishment of voting results and determination of election results, their official publication.
Election campaign (French sampagne - campaign) - a system of campaigning events held by political parties and independent candidates in order to ensure the maximum support of voters in the upcoming elections.

Types of electoral systems:
1) majoritarian;
2) proportional;
3) majority-proportional (mixed).

Majority system (from French majorite - majority) - 1) the candidate (or list of candidates) who has received the majority of votes (absolute or relative) provided by law is considered elected; 2) when it is applied, the voting takes place “for” specific candidates in single-member or multi-member constituencies.

Types of majority system:
1) absolute majority system (the candidate who wins 50% + 1 one vote is considered the winner);
2) the relative majority system (the winner is the candidate who received more votes than any of the other candidates);
3) a qualified majority system (i.e., a predetermined majority, usually 2/3, 3/4).

A proportional electoral system is one of the varieties of electoral systems used in elections to representative bodies. When elections are held under the proportional system, deputy mandates are distributed among the lists of candidates in proportion to the votes cast for the lists of candidates, if these candidates have overcome the percentage threshold.
The proportional electoral system combined with the majoritarian electoral system forms a mixed electoral system.

3. Topic: "Political process"

Plan:
1. Political process:
a) the concept of "political process";
b) stages of the political process.

2. Typology of the political process:
a) depending on the scope;
b) depending on temporal characteristics;
c) according to the degree of openness;
d) depending on the nature of social change.

3. Features of the political process in modern Russia.

The main provisions of the topic:
The political process - 1) is a chain of political events and states that change as a result of the interaction of specific policy subjects; 2) a set of actions of political subjects aimed at the implementation of their roles and functions within the political system, at the realization of their own interests and goals; 3) the total activity of all subjects of political relations associated with the formation, change, transformation and functioning of the political system.

Structure of the political process:
1) the subjects of the process, the active principle;
2) object, goal of the process (decision political problem);
3) means, methods, resources.

The political process can be divided into four stages:
1) policy initiation (representation of interests, demands to power structures);
Initiation (from lat. injicio - I throw in, cause, excite) - stimulating the beginning of something.
Articulation (from lat. articulo - I dismember) interests and requirements - the mechanisms and ways by which citizens and their organized groups express their demands to the government.
Aggregation of interests is an activity in which the political demands of individuals are combined and reflected in the party programs of those political forces that are directly fighting for power in the country.
2) policy formation (political decision making);
3) implementation of policy, political decisions;
4) policy evaluation.

Classification of political processes:
1) by scope: foreign policy and domestic policy;
2) by duration: long-term (formation of states, transition from one political system to another) and short-term;
3) according to the degree of openness: open and hidden (shadow);
4) by the nature of social change: the electoral process, revolution and counter-revolution, reform, uprisings and rebellions, political campaign, direct action.

4. Topic: "Political Participation"

Plan:
1. The concept of "political participation".
2. Forms of political participation:
a) direct participation;
b) indirect participation;
c) autonomous participation;
d) mobilization participation.
3. Motives for the participation of the voter in the elections:
a) interest in politics;
b) political competence;
c) satisfaction of needs.
4. Political absenteeism.

The main provisions of the topic:
Political participation - the actions of a citizen in order to influence the adoption and implementation of government decisions, the choice of representatives in government institutions.

This concept characterizes the involvement of members of a given society in the political process. The essential basis of political participation is the inclusion of an individual in the system of power relations: directly or indirectly.

Indirect (representative) political participation is carried out through elected representatives. Direct (direct) political participation is the impact of a citizen on power without intermediaries. It has the following forms: the reaction of citizens to impulses emanating from the political system; participation of citizens in the activities of political parties, organizations, movements; direct actions of citizens (participation in rallies, pickets, etc.); appeals and letters to authorities, meetings with political figures; participation in actions related to the election of representatives, with the transfer of decision-making powers to them; activity of political leaders. The designated forms of direct political participation can be individual, group, mass.

Features of the political participation of the individual:
1) self-determination of the individual in the socio-political space with respect to diverse political structures;
2) self-assessment of one's own qualities, properties, capabilities as an active subject of politics.

The scope of possible participation is determined by political rights and freedoms.

Types of political participation:
1) random (one-time) participation - a person only periodically takes or performs actions that have political goals or have political meaning;

2) participation "part-time" - a person participates in political life more actively, but political activity is not his main activity;

3) professional participation - a person does political activity by his profession.
Political development personality is one of the factors affecting the intensity, content and stability of political participation.

Forms of political participation:
1) the appeal of an individual to power structures in order to satisfy personal or group needs;
2) lobbying activities to establish contacts with the political elite in order to influence its decisions in favor of a group of persons;
3) sending various projects and proposals for the adoption of regulations and laws to the authorities;
4) political activity as a member of a party, a movement focused on gaining power or influencing it;
5) elections, referendums (lat. referendum - what should be reported) - the will of all citizens of the state on an important issue for him.

The opposite form is demonstrative non-participation, political apathy and lack of interest in politics - absenteeism. Absenteeism (Latin absens - absent) is a form of apoliticality, manifested in the evasion of voters from participating in referendums and elections to government bodies.

5. Topic: "Political leadership"

Plan:
1. The essence of political leadership.
2. Functions of a political leader:
a) integrative;
b) oriented;
c) instrumental;
d) mobilization;
e) communicative;
3. Types of leadership:
a) depending on the scale of leadership;
b) depending on the style of leadership;
c) M. Weber's typology.

The main provisions of the topic:

Political leadership is the permanent, priority and legitimate influence of one or more persons in positions of power over the entire society or group. The nature of political leadership is quite complex and does not lend itself to an unambiguous interpretation.

Functions of a political leader:
1) analyzes the political situation, correctly assesses the state of society;
2) formulates goals, develops a program of action;
3) strengthens the connection between the authorities and the people, provides the authorities with mass support;
4) protects society from a split, performs the function of an arbiter in the clash of various groups;
5) conducts political discussions with opponents, communicates with parties, organizations, movements.

There are various classifications of leaders.

Leadership types:
In terms of leadership:
1) national leader;
2) the leader of a large social group;
3) the leader of a political party.

Leadership style:
1) democratic;
2) authoritarian.

The typology of leadership proposed by M. Weber is widespread. Depending on the method of legitimizing power, he identified three main types of leadership: traditional, charismatic and rational-legal. The authority of traditional leaders is based on faith in traditions and customs. The right to rule is inherited by the leader. Charismatic leadership is based on faith in the exceptional, outstanding qualities of the leader. Rational-legal leadership is characterized by faith in the legitimacy of the leader's election procedure with the help of developed procedures and formal rules. The power of the rational-legal leader is based on law.

Let's consider some of the most difficult tasks for graduates of the content line "Politics".

Tasks for systematizing the material

As mentioned above, graduates experienced difficulties in completing tasks of an increased level - analysis of two judgments. According to the specification of control measuring materials for the 2011 unified state exam in social studies, this task is A17.

Examples of tasks A17

1. Are the following statements about a democratic state correct?
A. In a democratic state high level life for all citizens.
B. In a democratic state, the protection of the rights of all citizens is guaranteed.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are true;
4) both judgments are wrong.

When completing the task, you need to remember which state is called democratic. A democratic state is a state whose structure and activities correspond to the will of the people, the generally recognized rights and freedoms of man and citizen. It is not enough just to proclaim the state democratic (totalitarian states do this too), the main thing is to ensure its arrangement of ideas with appropriate legal institutions, real guarantees of democracy.

The most important features of a democratic state: a) real representative democracy; b) ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. As participants in political life, all citizens in a democratic state are equal. However, not all states can actually protect human rights and freedoms even today. One of the main reasons is the state of the country's economy. After all, the social function can be carried out in full only at a high level economic development. This is the most difficult task, since the solution of social issues requires the growth of production, "the accumulation of national wealth." This means that a high standard of living for all citizens in a democratic state is not always ensured due to economic problems, first of all.
Answer: 2.

2. Are the following statements about electoral systems correct?
A. The majoritarian electoral system is characterized by the nomination of candidates on party lists.
B. The majoritarian electoral system is characterized by the nomination of candidates in single-seat constituencies.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are true;
4) both judgments are wrong.
Answer: 2 (see theory above)

3. Are the following statements correct?
A. The concept of "political system" is broader than the concept of "political regime
B. Within the same political regime there may be different political systems
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are true;
4) both judgments are wrong.

Recall what the terms "political regime" and "political system" mean.

The political system is defined as a set of state and non-state political institutions that express the political interests of various social groups and ensure their participation in political decision-making by the state. An integral part of the political system that ensures its functioning are legal, political norms and political traditions. The political regime is a set of means and methods by which the ruling elites exercise economic, political and ideological power in the country. One of the structural components of the institutional subsystem of the political system is the state. And the political regime is one of the elements of the form of the state. Therefore, we see that the first statement is true.

Let's deal with the second statement. There are democratic and totalitarian political systems. The political regime can be characterized as democratic, authoritarian or totalitarian. The same political system can function in different regimes depending on what the intentions of the ruling elite and its leader are. But within the same political regime, different political systems cannot exist. The second statement is incorrect.
Answer: 1.

Low results were also demonstrated in the performance of the task on the use of terms and concepts in a certain context (B6).

Examples of tasks B6

1. Read the text below with a number of words missing.

“A classification has become widespread in political science that distinguishes, depending on the grounds and conditions for acquiring party membership, personnel and mass _____________ (BUT). The former are distinguished by the fact that they are formed around a group of political ____________ (B), and the basis of their structure is a committee of activists. Cadre parties are usually formed "from above" on the basis of various parliamentary ________ (AT), associations of the party bureaucracy. Such parties usually intensify their activities only during ___________ (G). Other parties are centralized, well-disciplined organizations. They attach great importance to the ideological _________ (D) party members. Such parties are most often formed "from below", on the basis of trade unions and other public ____________ (E) reflecting the interests of various social groups”.

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

List of terms:

1) unity;
2) fraction;
3) elections;
4) movement;
5) leader;
6) society;
7) party;
8) group;
9) membership.

The table below lists the letters that indicate the omission of a word.
Write in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.

BUT	B	AT	G	D	E
7	5	8	3	1	4

Used materials:
1. Analytical report on the results of the USE 2010. Social science.
http://www.fipi.ru/view/sections/138/docs/522.html
3. Codifier of content elements and requirements for the level of graduate training educational institutions for the 2011 unified state exam in social science.
4. FBTZ open segment - http://www.fipi.ru
5. Social science. Grade 11: textbook for educational institutions: profile level / (L.N. Bogolyubov, A.N. Lazebnikova, N.M. Smirnova and others.); ed. L. N. Bogolyubova (and others) M .: "Enlightenment". - 4th ed. - M. : Enlightenment, 2010.

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Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that allows you to essentially reveal the topic "Internal Policy of the Russian Federation." The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Explanation.

1. The concept of the internal policy of the state.

2. Priority directions of the internal policy of the state in the field of economy:

a) improving taxation;

b) support for small businesses;

c) legislative activity in the field of business law.

3. The main directions of the social policy of the state:

a) protection of motherhood and childhood;

b) pension reform;

c) support for socially unprotected groups of disabled people;

d) the national project "Health".

4. Development of science and education:

a) national project “Education;

b) Skolkovo;

c) national project "science"

5. Other directions of state policy.

6. Domestic policy of Russia: results and prospects.

Answer: None

Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that allows you to reveal the essence of the topic “Civil Society and constitutional state". The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Explanation.

1) The concept of the rule of law.

2) Signs of the rule of law:

a) the rule of law;

b) inviolability of human rights and freedoms;

c) a real separation of powers.

3) The concept of civil society, its main institutions:

a) local self-government;

b) interest clubs, defense environment;

c) centers of preschool education;

d) public libraries, etc.

4) The main features of civil society:

a) the predominance of horizontal links;

b) non-state character;

c) self-organization and voluntary nature of participation, etc.

The presence of any two of the 2, 3 and 4 points of the plan in this or similar wording will reveal the content of this topic on the merits

Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that allows you to reveal the essence of the topic "Political behavior". The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Explanation.

When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account:

The correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic;

Completeness of reflection of the main content in the plan;

Correspondence of the structure of the proposed answer to the complex type plan.

One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:

1) Variety of forms of political behavior.

2) Forms and types of political behavior:

a) traditional

b) innovative;

c) elections - a mass form of political participation (electoral behavior).

3) Normative and deviant forms of political behavior:

a) normative;

b) protest;

c) extremist.

4) Factors influencing the political behavior of an individual:

a) political interests and values ​​of the individual;

b) the level of political culture of society;

c) political institutions and legal mechanisms operating in society.

5) Regulation of political behavior:

a) legal;

b) the formation of political values ​​in society through the education system;

c) organization of political subjects, etc.

Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed forms.

The presence of any two of the 2, 3 and 4 points of the plan in this or similar wording will reveal the content of this topic on the merits

Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that allows you to reveal the essence of the topic "Political pluralism as a sign of democracy." The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Explanation.

One of the options for the disclosure of this topic.

1. The concept of political pluralism.

2. Manifestations of political pluralism:

a) variety of political doctrines and ideologies;

b) freedom of participation in political movements and parties;

c) multi-party system.

3. Other signs of democracy as a political regime:

a) democracy;

b) the principle of the majority;

c) availability of free independent media, etc.

4. Significance of democratization processes in the modern world.

A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan are possible. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed forms.

The presence of any two of the 2, 3 points of the plan in this or similar wording will reveal the content of this topic on the merits

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Lesson Objectives:

1. To acquaint students with the main features of the domestic policy of the Russian Federation in 2000-2008, the main results of the presidency of V.V. Putin;
2. contribute to the formation of students' ideas about the socio-political processes and events of 2000-2008, about the main trends in the socio-political development of Russia;
3. promote the development of analytical thinking, the ability to work with historical sources, quotations, express one's point of view and argue it;
4. promote a sense of responsibility for their deeds, deeds, words.

Equipment:

• Zagladin N.V., Kozlenko S.I. History of Russia and the world. 10-11 class. M.: Russian word. 2007.
• Student messages.
• PC, screen, projector.

Type of lesson: learning new material.

Lesson form: combined.

The lesson is designed for 2 training hours (pair).

In the previous lesson, students received advanced tasks:

- group number 1 (2 people) - prepare a message about the biography of V.V. Putin;

– group No. 2 (2 people) – make a selection of aphorisms (“Putinisms”) by V.V. Putin;

- the rest of the students - to find out the opinion of parents, relatives, neighbors about the period of V.V. Putin: the beginning of the presidency, the results.

Lesson plan:

I. Organizational moment.

II. Formation of motivation and determination of the objectives of the lesson.

1. Rise to power.
2. Second Chechen campaign.
3. Major reforms and projects.
4. Public opinion.
5. results of the presidency.

Basic concepts: the Chechen campaign, the concept of sovereign democracy, “Putinism”, federal district, “sovereign democracy”, nanotechnology, national project, monetization of benefits, stabilization fund.

IV. Summing up the lesson.

V. Homework.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

Slide number 1.

II. Formation of motivation and definition of lesson objectives.

Students are motivated to work seriously in class, as at the end of the lesson there will be a test on new material and grades will be given.

Slide number 2, 3.

III. Learning new material.

Slide number 4.

Teacher: Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin is a bright, controversial historical figure, whose role in the history of Russia has not yet been fully played. For several years, and maybe even decades, historians, political scientists, economists and others will break spears, giving an assessment of the results of Vladimir Putin's presidency. Today in the lesson we will consider the domestic policy of the period 2000-2008, study the main directions, analyze the facts, opinions, and assessments of V. Putin's presidency.

Slide number 5.

1. Coming to power.

Andreeva Maria and Shurupova Ekaterina prepared a report on the biography of V.V. Putin. Student message <Документ №1> accompanied by a presentation <Презентация № 1>.

The teacher's story is accompanied by a demonstration <Презентации № 2>

Slide number 6.

Teacher: On March 26, 2000, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin was elected the second President of Russia by 52.94% of the popular vote. On May 7, 2000, he took office. Immediately new President changes the Government by appointing Mikhail Kasyanov as Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The new team had to do a lot on the way to order and prosperity. As Candidate of Economic Sciences Arseniy Yatsenyuk wrote: “Vladimir Putin inherited from the Yeltsin era the lost governance of the country, clan system, oligarchy, internal conflicts, separatism, crime, chaos, the war in Chechnya, the lack of a place for Russia in the external coordinate system.”

Slide number 7.

2. Second Chechen campaign.

Teacher: After the signing of the Khasavyurt agreements and the withdrawal of Russian troops in 1996, there was no peace and tranquility in Chechnya and its adjacent regions.

On display <Видео1> (duration 1 minute), after which independent work of students is organized according to the textbook (p. 411): a thesis plan is drawn up for the main stages and events of the second Chechen campaign.

3. Major reforms and projects.

Teacher: In domestic politics V.V. Putin pursued a consistent and tough policy of centralization and strengthening of power.

Slide number 8.

Political-state sphere.

The first major change in the constitutional and political system of the country was a change in the procedure for the formation of the Federation Council.

Slide number 9,10.

Before the 2000 reform, the governors and heads of the legislature of the regions, according to their position, were members of the Federation Council, after the reform in the Federation Council they were replaced by appointed representatives working on a permanent and professional basis. One representative to the Federation Council is appointed by the governor, and the second - by the legislature of the region. Governors and heads of regions, having entered the State Council, began to perform advisory and advisory functions under the President of the Russian Federation.

A few days after the terrorist attack in Beslan in September 2004, V. Putin announced his intention to cancel the elections of heads of regions, motivating this step with the aim of strengthening the fight against terrorism. By new system Of the submitted candidates for the heads of regions, the President approves one. The tragedy of Beslan overshadowed the political transformations.

Slide number 11.

On display <Видео 2>

slide number 12.

In party building, the main stake was placed on strengthening the United Russia party. On November 20, 2002, Minister of the Interior Boris Gryzlov became Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Party on the recommendation of the Presidential Administration. In December 2003, following the results of the elections to the State Duma, the pro-presidential United Russia party won the majority of seats (with Boris Gryzlov himself becoming Chairman of the State Duma).

The legislative activity of the deputies was almost completely subordinated to the requirements and wishes of the executive branch - the President and the Government. Representatives “ United Russia” occupied all leading positions in the State Duma, refusing to give the opposition the leadership of even one committee and practically monopolizing legislative activity.

In the spring of 2005, a law was adopted on elections to the State Duma exclusively on party lists. Then the State Duma adopted amendments to federal legislation allowing the party that won the elections to the regional parliament to propose to the President of Russia their candidacy for the governor's post. In the vast majority of regions, this right belongs to United Russia. The process of governors joining the party of power assumed a massive character. At the beginning of 2007, 70 out of 86 leaders of Russian regions were members of the party. Beginning in 2005, leaders of large industrial corporations began to join the party.

slide number 13.

In February 2006, V.Yu. Surkov puts forward the concept of sovereign democracy, which is that the policy of the President must first of all enjoy the support of the majority of the population in Russia itself. It is this support of the majority that constitutes the main principle of a democratic society.

Thus, reforms in the political system actually meant a transition from a federal to a unitary state system.

Slide number 14.

Socio-economic sphere.

In 2002, a pension reform was carried out.

Slide number 15, 16.

According to the new pension model, presented in the Federal Law of December 17, 2001 N 173-FZ “On labor pensions in the Russian Federation” (Article 5, clause 2), a pension can consist of two parts: insurance and funded. The insurance part consists of the contributions of the employer, and the funded part of the personal contributions of the future pensioner.

• The goal of the reform:
Increasing the level of pensions for citizens through the transition from a distributive system to a funded one.
• Increasing the size of the labor pension.
• Increasing the dependence of the size of the labor pension on the size of wages.
• Removing part of the burden of paying pensions from the state budget.
• Stimulation of voluntary contributions to the funded part of the labor pension.

In the 2000s a tax reform was carried out, as a result of which a flat scale of personal income tax was established at 13%, the income tax rate was reduced to 24%, a regressive scale of the unified social tax was introduced, turnover taxes and sales tax were abolished, the total number of taxes was reduced in 3.6 times (from 54 to 15). This reform is estimated by experts as one of the most serious successes of V. Putin.

In 2003, in his Federal Address, Vladimir Putin set the task of achieving the convertibility of the ruble in current and capital transactions. By July 1, 2006, this task was completed.

slide number 17.

In 2005, a reform is being carried out to monetize benefits. Part of the benefits began to be replaced by cash payments. This innovation initially caused a wave of indignation among the population. The main advantage of this reform is that citizens who do not use certain types of benefits began to receive them in the form of monetary compensation, which was fair in relation to rural residents.

slide number 18.

In the same year, the start of the implementation of 4 priority national projects in the socio-economic sphere was announced: “Health”, “Education”, “Housing”, “AIC”. Later, in 2008, V. Putin stated that the implementation of national projects is more effective than other state programs. In his opinion, this was achieved through the concentration of administrative and political resources.

slide number 19.

In 2006, in the next message to the Federal Assembly, V.V. Putin announced measures to stimulate the birth rate in Russia: an increase in child benefits, the introduction of “maternity capital,” and so on.

slide number 20.

In 2007, the Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies was established, the purpose of which is to implement public policy in the field of nanotechnologies, development of innovative infrastructure in the field of nanotechnologies, implementation of projects for the creation of promising nanotechnologies and nanoindustry.

In April 2010, with the help of the Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies, created in the presidency of V.V. Putin, the first nanotechnological production in Russia was opened - a plant for the production of monolithic hard-alloy tools with a multilayer nanostructured coating, located in Rybinsk.

The economy saw a significant increase in foreign investment: from $11 billion in 2000 to $120 billion in 2007. In 2002, the recovery growth stage in the Russian economy ended and the investment stage began.

In general, over the years of V. Putin's presidency, bureaucratic guardianship and state control over entrepreneurial activity have weakened; measures have been taken to support small businesses.

slide number 21.

In 2007, the American magazine Time recognized Vladimir Putin as the person of the year, arguing that "Putin showed exceptional skill in leading the country, which he took in a state of chaos and led to a state of stability."

slide number 22.

4. Public opinion.

slide number 23.

Since 1999, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin has been the most popular politician in Russia. According to opinion polls, the number of Russians supporting President Putin increased from 14% in 1999 to 79% in 2007. VCIOM data show that in 2005, V. Putin's activities were approved by 68% of the population, and in 2006 - 87% %. According to the Levada Center, the level of approval of V. Putin's policy as President in 2007-2008 fluctuated within 79-87% of the inhabitants of Russia. They did not approve of the activities of V.V. Putin from 12 to 19% of the population of Russia.

slide number 24.

In December 2007, commissioned by the BBC (UK state television), the sociological companies Globescan and PIPA conducted a public opinion poll in 31 countries, including Russia, to find out how citizens assess the influence of Russian President Vladimir Putin on the development of democracy in Russia. More than 16 thousand people took part in the survey. According to the survey, 56% of respondents in the G7 (“Big Seven”) countries said that V.V. Putin has had a negative impact on human rights and the development of democracy in Russia, and only 26% hold the opposite opinion. In Russia, the situation is reversed - 64% appreciated the role of V.V. Putin in this area is positive and 12% - negative. Also, questions were asked about the influence of V.V. Putin to maintain order and security in the world; about the reliability of Russia as an energy supplier during Putin's rule; on the quality of life in Russia from 2000 to 2008. In general, more than half of the citizens of the G7 countries negatively assess the influence of Russian President Vladimir Putin on the situation in the world, while in most other countries - positively.

According to a public opinion poll conducted by the British company BBC in 2008, 77% of Russian respondents said that their quality of life has improved significantly during Putin's presidency.

slide number 25.

What do you think is the reason for such a difference in assessments of V. Putin's activities in our country and abroad?

slide number 26.

5. Results of the presidency.

slide number 27.

Teacher: An important economic indicator of the results of V. Putin's presidency is GDP. Thus, in 2007 Russia entered the top ten countries in the world in terms of total GDP. The number of residents with cash incomes below the subsistence minimum amounted to 21.6 million people in 2006, or 15.3% of the population, compared with 70% of the population in 1992 (after recalculating the methodology for calculating the subsistence minimum - 33%). During the presidency of Vladimir Putin, the Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation was formed, the emergence of which became possible due to the beginning of economic growth. Since February 1, 2008, the stabilization fund has been divided into two parts: the Reserve Fund (3,069 billion rubles) and the National Welfare Fund (782.8 billion rubles). The stabilization fund allowed Russia to pay off all external debts. Speaking in February 2008 at a meeting of the State Council, V.V. Putin noted: “Our children will not have to repay their previous debts for us. The public external debt was reduced to 3% of GDP. Which is considered one of the lowest and best rates in the world. Significant financial reserves have been created to protect the country from external crises and guarantee the fulfillment of social obligations in the future.”

During the presidency of Vladimir Putin, there was a significant increase in foreign investment in Russia (from $10 billion in 1999 to $120 billion in 2007). According to the representative of the German government, this indicates the stability of the Russian economy.

Ride number 28.

One of the results of V. Putin's presidency was the appearance of the so-called "Putinisms" - aphorisms uttered by V.V. Putin on various occasions. Elena Galkina and Olga Sarbaeva will tell us about such statements that have become famous and “gone to the people” <Документ № 2>.

Ride number 29.

We, guys, will discuss whether it is possible for the first persons of the state to use vernacular in their public speeches? What are the pros and cons? How does this affect the attitude of people towards such a statesman?

Despite this, there were disappointing results:

- according to Valery Zorkin, in Russia there were 4 million homeless people, 3 million beggars, 5 million street children, 4.5 million prostitutes, that is, as a result, this is 16.5 million people who are below the line poverty and lead an asocial lifestyle;

- measures to stimulate the birth rate did not give results by 2010: the population continued to decline;

– according to a study by the INDEM Foundation from 2001 to 2005. the level of corruption in the sphere of relations between government and business has increased 10 times, and domestic corruption has increased 4 times.

At home, you should have asked your relatives what results of V. Putin's presidency they noted. Let's try to sum up the results of the presidency of V.V. Putin. In the table we will enter positive and negative results.

Based on the answers of the students, the table is filled.

The results of the presidency of V.V. Putin 2000-2008

slide number 30.

IV. Summing up the lesson.

What new did you learn in the lesson?

What else would you like to know about?

Has your personal attitude towards Vladimir Putin changed as a politician and as a person?

slide number 31.

V. Homework.

Countries are the maintenance of ties and stability within the country and beyond its borders. The importance of both aspects of state activity cannot be overestimated. Domestic policy provides support for the government's course, promotes peace and harmony, and forms the integrity of the state.

The essence of the concept

Any state strives for self-preservation, development and stability. Therefore, the policy aimed at maintaining order in the country and uniting peoples in the world has a long history. Domestic policy as one of the most important functions of the state arises along with this social institution. In a global sense, this concept refers to the activities of the state to establish, maintain or reform the socio-political system through the solution of problems of a social, economic, cultural order. Domestic policy is designed to perform the following functions: organize the economic component, maintain the country in a state of stability, establish social justice in the distribution of benefits and rational, safe use resources of the country, maintain law and order and preserve the unity of the state.

The Significance of the Domestic Policy of the State

Any state relies on its people in carrying out reforms aimed at developing the country and ensuring its integrity. Domestic policy in this case is a condition for the satisfaction of the population with their government. Only people who feel the care of the state about themselves are ready to work for its benefit, to connect their future with it. Human capital is the main wealth of the country, and people need to be taken care of.

This is the highest significance of domestic policy. A satisfied population will help the state achieve high results in foreign policy and in the implementation of the most ambitious plans. Domestic and foreign policy are thus closely intertwined. They influence each other and their results affect all areas of the life of the population and the state. For the population of the country, domestic policy should be understandable and close, only then it will be successful and supported. Therefore, the state must establish special communication relations with the population in order to talk about goals and plans.

Principles of domestic policy

The state in carrying out its course relies on the main law - the Constitution. In addition, internal policy is based on several principles:

• the state always and in everything protects the dignity of the individual;
• the realization of the rights and freedoms of one person must not violate the constitutional guarantees of other people;
• citizens of the country have the right to participate in the government of the country both independently and through their representatives in power;
• all people are equal before the law and the court;
• the state always guarantees the equality of citizens regardless of any circumstances, such as place of residence, race, gender, income, etc.

The internal policy of the state is built on the foundation of morality, justice and humanism. The government puts the interests of its people above everything and seeks to create the most comfortable living conditions for them.

Domestic policy structure

Numerous challenges ahead internal politics, lead to the complexity of its structure. In general, it is divided into two areas: activities at the national level and actions at the regional level. These areas have different resources: primarily financial, as well as their own areas of responsibility.

In addition, traditionally, such areas of domestic policy are distinguished as economic, social, national, demographic and the sphere of strengthening statehood. There are attempts to identify smaller areas, but in general, this typology well reflects the main goals and zones of influence of the state within the country. All directions are even documented and visible in the structure of the country's governing bodies and regional regions. They can also highlight other areas, such as environmental protection, military, agricultural, cultural and law enforcement policy.

Strengthening statehood as a base for domestic policy

Preserving the integrity and unity of the state is one of the most important tasks that domestic policy solves. This is especially important in large, multinational countries like Russia, for example. Prevention of national discord and separatist attempts to single out individual regions as independent subjects of politics is very important, especially today, in times of growing national consciousness among small peoples. Keeping a region within a country, like Catalonia in Spain, for example, requires complex action at various levels. This area also includes the promotion of national values, symbols and history. The state implements this function together with the media and various social institutions.

Economic policy

The most important is the economic domestic policy, which guarantees the stability of the country. Ensuring free competition, strict enforcement of antimonopoly legislation is one of the aspects of economic policy. Maintaining stability is also important. financial system, this aspect includes the formation of the budget and control of its execution, as well as assistance national currency, promoting business development in the country. The main indicators for economic policy is the size of the GDP of the state's external debt. Also, the policy stimulates the renewal and modernization of the country's production capacities, creates a fertile ground for attracting investments, and regulates tax legislation. The country should create conditions for entrepreneurs who want to start their own business, as well as help retain young professionals and highly qualified personnel.

Social politics

The Department of Domestic Policy is most often associated with social policy. Indeed, it is one of the most important, as it directly concerns every person in the state and is felt by the inhabitants of the country every day. The state must provide the population with an acceptable standard of living, focusing on the protection of socially disadvantaged groups: orphans, the disabled, single parents, pensioners, the unemployed. An important part of social policy is the protection of the health of citizens, which includes the organization of a qualified medical care, providing those in need with medicines, organizing sanatorium treatment, monitoring the quality of food and the cleanliness of the environment. Social policy also includes the regulation of disproportions in the incomes of the population, mitigation of the consequences of social inequality. In addition, it includes the regulation of the education sector, the creation of a system of preschool and school education, and the control of their quality. Often, the social sphere includes the work of the state in the field of culture and ecology.

Demographic policy

The number of the population, natural increase and decline is the concern of the state. It controls the demographics in the country, strives to achieve the optimal ratio between different age groups, the number of births and deaths of citizens. For example, for Russia it is important to increase the birth rate, as there is a decrease in the working-age population, while in China, on the contrary, it must be reduced due to too rapid population growth. The solution of demographic problems is impossible only by changing the legislation. Here it is necessary to conduct propaganda work, to use material mechanisms of influence.

National politics

Domestic policy of the state great attention pays attention to the problems of relations between people of different nationalities and religions. Especially today, when ethnic conflicts are becoming more acute. The importance of state activity in this area is only increasing. Russia's domestic policy is primarily aimed at restoring friendly relations between people of different ethnic groups and cultures. It is also very important for the government to regulate migration processes that can provoke conflicts. Therefore, to anticipate and warn them in time is the goal of national policy. The task of the state is to create favorable conditions for the life of all citizens, regardless of their nationality, to stop possible discrimination on the basis of race and to promote the development of cultures and languages ​​of the nationalities living in the country.