History of the economy of the world system of socialism 1945 1989. World system of socialism. Countries following the non-capitalist path of development

World system of socialism

a social, economic and political community of free sovereign states advancing along the path of socialism and communism, united by common interests and goals, by bonds of international socialist solidarity. M.'s countries with. With. have the same type of economic basis - public ownership of the means of production; of the same type political system- the power of the people, led by the working class and its vanguard - the communist and workers' parties: a single ideology - Marxism-Leninism; common interests in defending revolutionary gains, in ensuring security from the encroachments of imperialism, in the struggle for peace throughout the world and in rendering assistance to peoples fighting for national independence; a single goal - communism, the construction of which is carried out on the basis of cooperation and mutual assistance. The socialist countries, while remaining sovereign states, are drawing closer and closer within the framework of international socialism. s., which opposes the class-opposite world capitalist system (see the articles Capitalism, Capitalist system of the world economy).

The material basis of M. s. With. is a world socialist economic system based on socialist production relations. It is an aggregate of interconnected and gradually drawing together economies of sovereign socialist states, linked by the international socialist division of labor and the world socialist market.

M.'s education with. With. - a natural result of the development of world economic and political forces during the period of the general crisis of capitalism (See General Crisis of Capitalism) , the collapse of the world capitalist system and the formation of communism as a single all-encompassing socio-economic formation. Occurrence and development of M. page. With. - the most important objective result of the international revolutionary working-class and communist movement, the struggle of the working class for its social liberation. It is a direct continuation of the cause of the Great October Socialist Revolution, which marked the beginning of the era of mankind's transition from capitalism to communism.

The successes of the USSR in building socialism, its victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-45 over fascist Germany and militarist Japan, the liberation of the peoples of Europe and Asia by the Soviet Army from fascist invaders and Japanese militarists hastened the maturation of conditions for the transition to the path of socialism for new countries and peoples. As a result of a powerful upsurge in the liberation struggle of the peoples in a number of countries of Central and of Eastern Europe(Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia), as well as the struggle of the Korean and Vietnamese peoples in 1944-49 won the people's democratic and socialist revolutions. Since that time, socialism has gone beyond the boundaries of one country and the world-historical process of its transformation into a world economic and political system. In 1949 the GDR entered the path of socialism, and the revolution in China won. At the turn of the 50-60s. in M. s. With. entered the first socialist country in the Western Hemisphere - Cuba.

M.'s countries with. With. began the process of creating a new society from different levels of economic and political development. At the same time, each of them has its own history, traditions, national specifics.

In M. s. With. There are countries that even before World War II (1939-45) had a numerous proletariat hardened in class battles, while in others the working class was small at the time of the revolution. All this gives rise to certain peculiarities in the forms of building socialism and puts forward the task of creatively using the general laws of socialist construction, taking into account specific conditions. In the presence of M. s. With. even those countries that have not gone through the capitalist stage of development, such as the Mongolian People's Republic, can begin and successfully carry out socialist construction.

With the victory of socialist revolutions in a number of countries in Europe and Asia, a new, socialist type gradually began to take shape. international relations which are based on the principle of socialist internationalism a. This principle stems from the nature of the socialist mode of production and the international tasks of the working class and all working people.

The formation of a new type of international relations is a complex and multifaceted process associated with overcoming the heavy legacy left by the centuries-old domination of the exploiting classes, national isolation, discord, distrust. Objective difficulties in establishing multifaceted cooperation among the socialist states are generated by the differences inherited from the past in the levels of economic and social development and in the class structure. Overcoming these consequences, getting rid of all vestiges of petty-bourgeois and nationalist ideology is a task that requires a relatively long time. Translational movement M. s. With. It takes place in a fierce struggle against imperialism, which is trying by various methods to divide the socialist countries.

The core of all forms of cooperation among the socialist states is cooperation between parties. Without the active leadership of the Marxist-Leninist parties, the building of socialism is generally impossible. On the basis of the knowledge of objective laws and the generalization of collective experience, the communist and workers' parties jointly worked out the principles and norms of interparty and interstate relations within the M. s. which include complete equality, mutual respect for independence and sovereignty, mutually beneficial economic cooperation, and fraternal mutual assistance. Unity of action in the international arena, coordination of efforts in building and defending socialism, broad exchange of experience in Party, economic and state work, cultural exchange, expansion and deepening of fraternal mutual assistance are in the fundamental interests of every socialist country. M.'s experience with. With. showed that the successful creation of a new society is possible only on the basis of the use of the general laws of building socialism discovered by Marxism-Leninism, that a departure from the principles of Marxism-Leninism and proletarian internationalism, from the general laws of building socialism leads to serious deformations in the functioning of the economic basis and political superstructure. The chauvinistic anti-Soviet course of the Maoists harmed the cause of the unity of the M. s. With. (see Maoism). Despite all the difficulties, the main and defining line of M.'s development with. With. there was and is a strengthening of the unity and cohesion of the socialist states.

M.'s formation with. With. occurred simultaneously along two interconnected lines. In the countries that had fallen away from the capitalist system, the process of creating a new society was going on, and the positions of socialism were being strengthened. At the same time, strong economic and political ties were being established between the socialist states, closely rallying them into a socialist community.

Until the end of the 40s. in most European people's democracies (see People's Democracy) predominantly general democratic, anti-imperialist, anti-feudal tasks were solved. At this stage, the revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry was taking shape and strengthening. On the initiative of the Communist and Workers' Parties, measures were taken in the people's democracies that prepared the conditions for a gradual transition to building socialism.

Profound transformations were carried out during this period in the economic sphere. The first years of people's power - the years of the implementation of fundamental agrarian reforms (See Agrarian reforms) , which destroyed the remnants of feudal relations in the countryside and liquidated the class of large landowners. During this period, the nationalization of industry, transport, banks, and commercial enterprises unfolded. Nationalized property became the basis of the state sector in the national economy. The big bourgeoisie and dependence on foreign monopolies were practically eliminated. In Bulgaria the revolution had a socialist character from the very beginning; state power was formed as the power of the working class, which is in close alliance with the working peasantry.

In the course of the people's democratic revolutions, the military-political alliance of the USSR with the people's democratic states, which had been formed back in the period of the liberation struggle, was strengthened, which enabled them to defend the gains of the working people, despite economic and political pressure, and the military threats of imperialism. The most important political act aimed at stabilizing the international position of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe and increasing the international prestige of these countries was the conclusion between them and Soviet Union treaties of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance.

At the turn of the 40-50s. in the European countries of people's democracy, the fullness of state power and commanding heights in the economy have passed into the hands of the working class in alliance with the peasantry and other sections of the working people. Socialist industrialization began national economy and the socialist transformation of agriculture. The economy of the socialist states began to develop on the basis of long-term national economic plans. Under difficult historical conditions, relying on the help of the Soviet Union, the fraternal countries created their own industry, ensured the victory of socialist relations of production and a steady rise in the material and cultural standard of living of the working people. In most European socialist countries during the 50s - the first half of the 60s. the material and technical basis of socialism was created.

In the field of mutual interstate ties, an international socialist division of labor began to take shape during this period, and cooperation developed on the basis of long-term economic agreements. Since the mid 50s. most countries have moved to the coordination of five-year national economic plans, which has become the main method of their economic cooperation.

The process of development of the socialist community has developed in such a way that the countries that are members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (1949), the organization of the Warsaw Pact of 1955, which are called upon to unite and coordinate their political, economic and military efforts, unite most closely economically and politically. Close ideological cooperation is also being developed between the CMEA countries, mutual enrichment and rapprochement of national socialist cultures is taking place. In the process of exchanging experience and mutual enrichment of cultures, common criteria for a socialist way of life are worked out, and socialist patriotism and socialist internationalism are strengthened. The CMEA countries form a powerful industrial complex which makes it possible by joint efforts to solve complex problems of further economic development and technological progress. They have achieved high results in raising the living standards of the working people.

In the mid 60s. many countries M. with. pp., having completed the creation of the foundations of socialism, they proceeded to the construction of a developed socialist society. The USSR entered the stage of developed socialism. Owls. the people create the material and technical base of communism. The CMEA countries are moving towards deeper and more complex forms of economic cooperation and the development of socialist economic integration (see Socialist Economic Integration). An active factor in the close rapprochement and improvement of national economic complexes is the formation of rational interstate national economic proportions through mutual adaptation and improvement of their national economies in order to increase the efficiency of social production.

In process of M.'s development with. With. socialist internationalism is being strengthened, the strength of which is especially clearly manifested at times of acute international situations. International socialist mutual assistance made it possible to repel imperialist aggression in Korea and Vietnam, to hold out in socialist Cuba, and to reliably defend the socialist gains in Hungary and Czechoslovakia from the imperialists. On the basis of socialist internationalism, the peoples of the fraternal countries are steadily strengthening their moral, political and economic unity.

In M. s. With. the economic laws of socialism operate. Joint planning activity is the main method for achieving socialist economic integration. The world socialist market with a system of commodity-money relations is an organic component of the modern world socialist economy. In the course of M.'s development, s. With. the essential differences in the levels of economic, political and cultural development of the socialist countries are gradually being overcome. The relatively less developed socialist countries are advancing at a faster rate and are catching up with the more developed ones. For example, the industrially backward agricultural country in the past, Bulgaria, by the beginning of the 70s. in terms of industrial production and national income per capita, the standard of living of the population has come close to such countries as the USSR, the GDR, and Czechoslovakia.

M. s. With. is the main force consistently defending peace and international security, blocking the way for the imperialist policy of wars and conquests. The ruling circles of the imperialist powers are compelled to reckon with the peace-loving and resolute policy of the socialist countries, with their defensive might.

The most important feature of the modern stage of M.'s development with. With. is the consistent implementation by the countries of the socialist community of a coordinated foreign policy aimed at strengthening world peace and international security and at securing international conditions most favorable for the development of socialism. As a result of M.'s successes with. With. in the economic competition with capitalism, a new alignment of forces in the international arena has been determined, opening up real prospects for a lasting, lasting peace before mankind.

During 1951-73, while industrial output in the developed capitalist countries grew 3.3 times, industrial output in the socialist countries increased 9.15 times. The share of the socialist countries in world industrial output grew 13 times between 1917 and 1973. Occupying in the early 70s. 26% of the whole territory the globe and numbering 1 / 3 of its population, M. s. With. produces approximately 39% of all manufactured industrial products in the world. The CMEA countries, occupying 18% of the territory and accounting for less than 10% of the world's population, create 33% of the world's industrial output and approximately 25% of the world's national income. M. s. With. isolation and autarky are alien. Based on the peaceful coexistence of the two world systems on the initiative of M. s. With. are steadily developing different forms international economic cooperation (See International economic cooperation).

M. s. With. wresting decisive frontiers from capitalism. In coming into contact with the non-socialist world, the socialist community contributes to the activation of all truly democratic and revolutionary forces in it. More and more states and peoples are embarking on the path of struggle against imperialism, with its neo-colonialist and aggressive aspirations, and are choosing the path of socialist orientation.

Thus, in the course of coexistence and confrontation between the two world systems, the preponderance of the forces of socialism over the forces of capitalism accumulates. It creates favorable conditions for the class struggle of the proletariat in the capitalist countries, facilitates their transition to socialism, creates opportunities for independent development for the peoples who have liberated themselves from colonial oppression.

Within the framework of the socialist community itself, on the basis of the objective process of internationalization of the productive forces, the socialist states are drawing closer together. Both of these processes - the transition to building socialism in an increasing number of countries and socialist internationalization - create the prerequisites for the complete victory of socialism and communism on a world scale.

Lit.: Marx K., Engels F., Manifesto of the Communist Party, Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 4; Marx K., Engels F., Lenin V.I., On proletarian internationalism, 2nd ed., M., 1968; Lenin V.I., On the laws of the emergence and development of socialism and communism, [Collection], M., 1960; his own. On the international significance of the experience of the CPSU [Collection], M., 1963; Brezhnev L. I., On the foreign policy of the CPSU and the Soviet state. Speeches and articles, M., 1973; Program Documents of the Struggle for Peace, Democracy and Socialism. Documents of the Meetings of representatives of communist and workers' parties held in Moscow in November 1957, in Bucharest in June 1960, in Moscow in November 1960, M., 1961; Documents of the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties, Moscow, June 5-17, 1969, M., 1969; Statement of the communist and workers' parties of the socialist countries, Pravda, 1968, August 4; Program of the CPSU, M., 1973; Materials of the XXIV Congress of the CPSU, M., 1971; Basic principles of the international socialist division of labor, M., 1964; Comprehensive Program for the Further Deepening and Improvement of Cooperation and the Development of the Socialist Economic Integration of the CMEA Member Countries, M., 1971; Charter of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, in the book: Multilateral Economic Cooperation of the Socialist States, (Sb. Documents), 2nd ed., M., 1972.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what the "World System of Socialism" is in other dictionaries:

Social economic. and political a community of free, equal countries following the path of socialism and communism. M. s. With. greatest ist. conquest between people. working class, ch. revolutionary the strength of our epoch, the reliable support of the peoples fighting for peace... Soviet historical encyclopedia

World system of socialism- arose after the Second World War with the release of socialism beyond the boundaries of one country. Its emergence was an important factor in the weakening and narrowing of the sphere of influence of imperialism. Further development of military-political, economic, ideological ... ... Scientific Communism: Dictionary

- "Socialist camp" and other socialist states ("Second World") during cold war The socialist camp is ideological and political term(political cliché) used in the USSR and other socialist countries ... ... Wikipedia

World system of capitalism- a set of countries with a capitalist social system, interconnected by economic, political and other relations, At the heart of their commonality is the dominance of the same type, capitalist production relations, although their degree ... ... Scientific Communism: Dictionary

The results of the war brought about fundamental changes in the international situation.

The war ended the half-century struggle of the imperialist states for world leadership, the United States becomes the dominant "superpower" in the capitalist world. The Soviet Union, although it suffered heavy losses, emerged from the war as a mighty military force and gained enormous prestige in the world community. This correlation of forces in the interformational contradiction largely determined social development in the post-war world.

As a result of the war, the world system of capitalism turned out to be significantly weakened as a whole. In the Western European center: Germany and Italy - defeated; France, subjected to German occupation, reduced production to 30% of pre-war; England, whose debt increased 3 times, was directly dependent on the United States. Another center of the imperialist system (Japan) was also destroyed. The only country that dramatically increased its financial, economic, and military power as a result of the war was the United States of America. Second World War, like the First, turned into a "golden" rain for the United States. The volume of their industrial output has more than doubled, and the national income has grown from $97 billion in 1941 to $161 billion in 1944. Taking advantage of the weakness of its competitors, the United States is seizing the bulk of the world market and laying claim to world domination.

In all capitalist countries, popular sympathy for the socialist idea has increased significantly, and the influence of the communist and socialist parties, which led the anti-fascist struggle, has increased, and their representatives entered the governments of many states. In the colonies and dependent countries, the struggle against the invaders caused a rise in national self-consciousness, a desire for state independence and social reorganization.

The socialist and communist movements in the countries of various continents, the anti-imperialist struggle in the dependent states and the national liberation struggle of the colonial peoples merged into a single world revolutionary stream. The growth of the might of the USSR, its example and the Soviet Union's support for the peoples in the struggle against imperialism contributed to the development of democratic processes in the world.

Under the prevailing historical conditions, world social development included three main directions.

The first is the development of socialism. It proceeded in the following specific historical forms: 1) the development of the USSR as a stronghold of the world socialist system; 2) the transition to the socialist path of development of countries and peoples of various civilizations in Europe, Asia and Latin America, the formation of a world socialist system; 3) the development of elements of socialism within the capitalist countries - the continuation of the process of "socialization" of capitalism due to internal causes and under the influence of the example of the socialist countries. All this shows the general regularity of the transition of the world community to the socialist system.

The second is the transition of the capitalist formation to the world-monopoly stage. National state-monopoly capitalism (GMK), which was formed in the first half of the 20th century, is developing into a new stage, into world-monopoly capitalism (WMC) - "global imperialism" with the economic, political and military center in the United States.

The third is the national liberation movement in the colonial and dependent countries. As a result of the struggle for independence, these countries are moving to an independent path of development in various forms of the social structure of society.

All three components of the world historical process developed in mutual connection in a concretely developing historical situation, closely intertwined with each other. Imperialism, led by the United States, by force of arms, economic, financial, informational and ideological pressure counteracted the development of the socialist system and the national liberation movement of a socialist orientation.

The most important event of the first post-war years was the transition to the socialist path of development of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, where, in the course of liberation from fascism, people's power was established and people's democratic republics were formed. Albania, Bulgaria, East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia fell away from the system of capitalism in Europe. They consistently carried out socialist transformations. Everywhere the property of those who collaborated with the fascists was confiscated, large-scale industry, banks, and transport were nationalized; carried out land reform. In a tense political struggle, the bourgeois elements were defeated, and the political parties of the working class and peasantry were established in power. The Soviet Union paralyzed the attempts of imperialism to interfere in the internal affairs of the people's democratic states, the presence Soviet troops not allowed to unleash in them civil war and organize an intervention. At the same time, the Soviet administration provided support to the forces of socialist orientation.

The victory of the socialist revolution in China was of great historical significance. As a result of many years of armed struggle, the power of the Kuomintang government was overthrown, and on October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was formed. The Communist Party of China came to power and began socialist reforms. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) embarked on the path of socialist development. In general, in the first years after the Second World War, eleven states went over to the construction of socialism. The world process of development of the socialist system began in the countries of various civilizations.

The transition of the United States to confrontation with the USSR, the creation of the NATO bloc The deployment of the "cold war"

Developing the contours of the post-war world order, the leaders of the great powers of the anti-Hitler coalition (which had agreements between themselves on friendship and cooperation after the war) agreed on the main approaches to the problems of the post-war world at conferences in Yalta and Potsdam (1945).

Their essence was that, along with the delimitation of spheres of influence between the victorious countries, it was planned to ensure broad international cooperation to eliminate the consequences of the war and develop a reliable mechanism for international control over the security of all peoples, over political and military stability in the world by the activities of the United Nations (UN) established in 1945

However, already during the Potsdam Conference (July-August 1945), differences emerged in the approaches of the Western powers and the USSR to the post-war order of the world. The leading political circles of the United States and Britain saw in the emerging historical situation a threat to their position in the world and the existence of capitalism as a whole. The first step in the official confrontation with the USSR was Truman's violation of Roosevelt's promise given at the Yalta Conference to Stalin to withdraw American troops from Europe 6 months after the end of the war. Then delays began in the preparation and conclusion of peace treaties with former allies Germany. Only on February 10, 1947, agreements were signed with Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland. The undoubted merit of the USSR in this peaceful settlement based on the cooperation of all the main powers of the anti-Hitler coalition was that the treaties did not contain provisions that infringe on the political and economic independence of the defeated states, the national dignity of their peoples. The treaties provided for territorial changes, taking into account the national interests of the states participating in the fight against fascism.

The retention by the United States, Britain and France of a powerful group of troops in their zones of occupation of Germany and the turn of the policy of the former allies towards confrontation with the USSR led to the deployment Soviet army in Germany and other European countries. The Soviet Union failed to get the allies to fulfill the agreement on the creation of a united democratic Germany. In the western zone of occupation, a separate German state is being created - the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). In response to this, with the support of the USSR, an eastern German state is formed - the German Democratic Republic (GDR).

The economy of European states and Japan, destroyed by the war, required great economic efforts and investments to restore. American imperialism used this situation to establish its hegemony by creating a single economic space of the capitalist world based on the dollar financial system and the development of transnational corporations (TNCs), tying Europe and Japan to the US economy. These goals corresponded to the "Marshall Plan" (US Secretary of State), which provided for economic assistance to countries on certain political conditions.

W. Churchill's speech in Fulton (USA) on March 5, 1946, in which he called for joining forces against the "threat of communism" and creating a military-political alliance against the USSR, was a kind of declaration of the "cold war". These ideas are set forth in President Truman's official message to Congress on March 12, 1947: "the fight against communism" is declared the main goal of US policy. A draft of the USSR ultimatum was found in the Truman archives. Beginning in September 1945, plans for a preventive war against the USSR using nuclear weapons were being developed at the headquarters of the US armed forces. As the US nuclear potential increased, these plans, in accordance with the military doctrine of "massive retaliation", became more and more dangerous. The threat of nuclear war against the USSR was real.

In 1949, the NATO military-political bloc (“North Atlantic Union”) was created, directed against the USSR. It is then adjoined by the created USA regional unions around the USSR and China. In 1954 and 1955 SEATO and CENTO were formed, in which the USA, Great Britain and France involved 25 more states of Europe, the Middle East and Asia.

In the period 1945 - 1955. the economy of the leading capitalist countries, having gone through several crises, recovered and picked up growth rates in the general system of world economic relations around the economic center - the United States. In the 60s. three centers have again formed in the capitalist world: the main center is the USA and Canada; the second is Western Europe, where the FRG is gaining more and more power; the third is Japan, which makes extensive use of American and European technologies, combining them with the national characteristics of the organization of labor at enterprises. In contrast to the pre-war system of state-monopoly capitalism, Europe and Japan are now closely linked politically, financially and technologically with the United States, which led the formation of global ties of world-monopoly capitalism in their national interests.

The formation of the CMC system was accompanied by a process of sharp confrontation with the developing world system of socialism and the waging of local wars against the national liberation movement in the colonial and dependent countries. In the period 1945 - 1969. The USA, England, France and other NATO countries participated in more than 70 wars and local conflicts in Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. The United States during this period received the title of "gendarme of the world." The United States of America is launching a nuclear arms race and going over to waging a "cold war" against the USSR. After the expiration of the secrecy period, the plans for waging a nuclear war against the USSR and the countries of the socialist community, developed by the American command, were made public. All of them envisaged an attack on the USSR by the United States of America as the first to deliver massive nuclear strikes on cities: June 1946 - the Pinger plan - 20 cities of the USSR; August 1947 - Boiler plan - 25 cities in the USSR and 18 in Eastern Europe; January 1948 - Grabber plan, then Chariotir, Halfmoon, Fleetwood; June 1949 - "Drop Shot". According to the latest plan, it was planned to use 300 atomic bombs and 250 thousand tons of conventional bombs to destroy 85% of Soviet industry, 154 NATO divisions to occupy the USSR and divide it into 20-25 puppet states. The plan called for the widespread use of "dissidents" to wage "psychological warfare". “Psychological warfare is an extremely important weapon for promoting dissent and betrayal among the Soviet people; it will undermine his morals, sow confusion and create disorganization in the country. Achieve a combination of psychological, economic and underground warfare with plans for military operations. It is known that such plans were developed before 1982 with several thousand targets.

In the late 40s - early 50s. the US and NATO leadership are developing a comprehensive concept of the Cold War. Its ultimate goal is the overthrow of governments and the destruction of the socialist (“communist”) system. The Cold War, according to this concept, includes all forms of struggle characteristic of waging a full-scale total war: economic, diplomatic, ideological and psychological, subversive activities and the introduction of proteges into the country's leadership. The conduct of direct hostilities is replaced by the threat of the use of nuclear weapons with an exhausting arms race. The leading place in the complex of these measures was occupied by "psychological warfare". In the 50s. "" was accepted by NATO military theorists as a special form of modern warfare on a par with total nuclear, limited and local wars. The concept of the "cold war" was reflected in a number of works by NATO military theorists, among which was the translation of E. Kingston-McClory's work "Military Policy and Strategy" published in 1963 in the USSR.

In accordance with this concept, a long-term program of purposeful destructive actions has been developed using the superior economic potential of the capitalist countries and the achievements of science and technology. It was believed that the USSR lags behind the United States in development: industry by 15 years, technical by 5-10 years, transport by 10 years, and nuclear weapons by 5-10 years. And although these calculations, especially with regard to nuclear weapons, were not confirmed, the initial superiority of the combined economic potential of the developed capitalist countries created difficult conditions for the USSR in the economic and military confrontation.

The arms race was a heavy burden on Soviet society, significantly reducing its ability to compete in social and economic competition with the world capitalist system. However, the real threat of war when the United States achieved decisive military superiority forced the leadership of the USSR to respond to it by increasing its military power as a real condition for maintaining peace. The struggle for peace also became the main direction of the diplomatic activity of the Soviet Union.

For the conduct of the "cold war" in the United States in the 50s - 60s. a powerful scientific base is being created for studying the state and developing methods for the destruction of the USSR and the world socialist system - research centers for "Sovietology" and "study of the socialist countries." Centers for the training of personnel capable of active subversive activities - psychologists, economists, journalists and historians - specialists in anti-communism, closely cooperate with them. For this, materials and specialists exported from Nazi Germany, anti-Soviet emigrant centers, a secret network of agents that have been working against the USSR since the 1920s are used. All the experience of psychological warfare, accumulated during the Second World War by the United States and Nazi Germany, and a powerful financial force (26-28 billion dollars annually) are involved. The calculation was made for a long struggle against the change of generations in the leadership, for the natural departure of the “generation of winners”, for the decay and degeneration of a new generation of Soviet leaders.

Attaching great importance to the information and psychological warfare, the US leadership creates a world information control center (USIA) and powerful propaganda centers - "Voice of America", "Freedom", "Free Europe", "Deutsche Welle", etc. In 1997, English television showed a program about how the CIA in the 50s. even created a special art, in every sense an alternative to Soviet socialist realism, called "abstract expressionism". With strong financial support through charitable societies, this direction in art began to be rapidly planted in many countries.

While deploying the "cold war" against the USSR and the socialist countries, the American leadership and its allies at the same time directed their efforts to strengthening their rear against the "threat of communism." In the 40s - 50s. in the USA and Western Europe, an active struggle against the communist movement (“McCarthyism”) and subversive activities within it are launched, and bourgeois influence on the social democratic movement is growing. Sophisticated anti-Soviet propaganda is being carried out in all countries in order to create an image of the enemy in the face of the USSR and the communists of all countries as "agents of the Kremlin." In the minds of the peoples of Europe and America, the image of the USSR as a fighter against fascism and a liberator of peoples under the influence of psychological warfare was gradually replaced by the image of a "red aggressor" and "occupier".

Raising the economy through American aid and exploitation of the colonies, the bourgeoisie Western Europe had the opportunity in the mid-1950s. raise the standard of living of the population and introduce a number of social guarantees. The process of "socialization" of capitalism received a new impetus. Western propaganda skillfully presented these measures, opposing the "Western way of life" to the complexities of social development in the countries of the socialist community. This was how the rear of world capitalism was strengthened for the conduct of the Cold War, which played an important role in the general course of the confrontation between the two social systems.

Formation of the world system of socialism. The development of the anti-imperialist struggle, the collapse of colonialism

The formation of socialism in the countries of Eastern Europe and Asia took place under difficult conditions. Historically, socialism was established in the economically underdeveloped, predominantly agrarian countries (with the exception of Czechoslovakia, partly the GDR and Hungary). The war inflicted heavy damage on their economy (especially the GDR, China, Vietnam). The restoration of the economy destroyed by the war in the new socialist states was carried out simultaneously with the restructuring of the economy and social transformations on a socialist basis. This process took place with the active political and material support of the USSR. The "Marshall Plan", which provided for economic assistance to the United States of America on political terms, was rejected by the leadership of these countries. On the basis of a planned economy in all countries by 1948-1949. the pre-war level of production was reached (in the GDR by 1950) and, in accordance with the plans for economic development, industrialization and cooperative agriculture began. The rates of economic development, the growth of the living standards of the population and the development of the social sphere exceeded those of the capitalist countries.

In 1949, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was established - an economic and political union of socialist countries to help organize systematic economic and cultural cooperation. The CMEA included Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Albania (from the end of 1961 it did not participate in the work of the CMEA). Subsequently, the organization included the GDR (1950), Mongolia (1962), Vietnam (1978), Cuba (1972). The creation of the CMEA formalized the formation of the world socialist system headed by the USSR and contributed to the rapid economic and social development of the states included in the Council.

An "iron curtain" is being lowered between the capitalist world and the socialist countries (by efforts on both sides). It prevents not only the hostile influence and penetration of the capitalist world into the socialist countries, but also economic, scientific, technical and cultural exchange. Imperialism is also trying to "reject communism" by using military force against individual socialist countries: a war is unleashed in Korea, in Vietnam, an invasion of Cuba is carried out. The firm foreign policy of the USSR, the active political struggle for peace, and its direct support for the struggle of the socialist countries do not allow imperialism to stop their development along the socialist path by force of arms.

The war in Korea (1950 - 1953) was the first large-scale military clash between imperialism and the countries of the socialist community formed after the Second World War, the first major local war of the postwar period. After the withdrawal of Soviet troops from North Korea, and later American troops from South Korea, two Korean states were formed: the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Republic of Korea. The desire to unify Korea by force of arms was shown by both Korean states.

The war began on June 25, 1950 with border clashes, after which the Korean People's Army (KPA) went on the offensive. The defeat of the South Korean troops and the threat of losing their foothold on the Asian continent caused the US to intervene in the civil war in Korea. The US government achieved a UN decision approving the participation of the armed forces of the US and 15 other capitalist states in the intervention. On July 1, the American command began the transfer of the 8th American Army from Japan and massive bombing of military facilities and troops of the DPRK. But the offensive under the leadership of Commander-in-Chief Kim Il Sung continued, the KPA liberated 90% of the territory of Korea.

On September 15, having accumulated superior forces, the enemy launched a counteroffensive with a powerful landing in the rear of the KPA. At the end of the month, the invaders took Seoul, and in October they captured Pyongyang and reached the Korean-Chinese border. The help of China and the USSR made it possible to restore the combat effectiveness of the KPA; at the end of October, the North Korean troops and parts of the Chinese volunteers launched a counteroffensive. Over the next 8 months, during stubborn battles, the territory of the DPRK was liberated and the front stabilized on the 38th parallel, from where hostilities began. The confrontation continued for another 2 years, when negotiations were underway. The DPRK held out, and on July 27, 1953, an armistice agreement was signed. The United States was unable to solve the "Korean problem" by military means.

The 64th Fighter Air Corps of the Soviet Armed Forces, which is part of the United Air Army, participated in the war. During the war, Soviet pilots shot down 1,097 enemy planes, 212 with anti-aircraft artillery fire. 3,504 military personnel were awarded orders and medals, 22 pilots received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Losses amounted to 125 pilots and 335 aircraft. (Russia (USSR) in local wars and military conflicts of the second half of the 20th century - M., 2000.)

In 1961, an attempt by the United States to intervene in Cuba ended in failure. Operation Pluto included air bombing and amphibious landings in the Playa Giron area on 17 April. The struggle against the aggressors assumed a nationwide character. Within 2 days, the Cuban army under the leadership of Fidel Castro defeated the landing, on April 20 completed the liquidation and capture of the surviving groups of mercenaries from Cuban counter-revolutionaries. On April 18, the Soviet Union issued a resolute statement of readiness to provide the Cuban people with the necessary assistance and support. The subsequent blockade of Cuba by the American fleet and the threat of a new intervention in October 1962 caused serious military measures by the USSR in support of the Cuban people. The outbreak of the crisis led to the threat of nuclear war. The United States was forced to retreat, to abandon the invasion, and the USSR, for its part, compromised on the deployment of its weapons in Cuba. Socialism on the island of Liberty survived.

The largest US aggression against a socialist country in Asia was the Vietnam War (1964-1973). The puppet "Saigon" regime in South Vietnam served as a springboard for the deployment of the war, against which the armed struggle of the People's Liberation Front of South Vietnam rose up for unification with North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam). Having increased its grouping in South Vietnam to 90 thousand people, the United States is moving to open intervention. On August 2, 1964, they provoked a collision of their ships with torpedo boats DRV, and on August 7, the US Congress officially approved the aggression. The unfolding US war against Vietnam had two periods: the deployment of aggression from August 5, 1964 to November 1, 1968 and the curtailment of the scale of the war - from November 1968 to January 27, 1973.

Against the DRV, the United States used its air and naval forces in order to undermine the economy, the morale of the people and stop providing assistance to the patriots of South Vietnam. Bombing with napalm and the spraying of toxic agents was also carried out in Laos and Cambodia. Ground forces were actively used in military operations against the patriots of South Vietnam. As a result of prolonged fighting and partisan actions, the troops of the Popular Front managed to liberate the territory with a population of 1.5 million people. The Soviet Union carried out the supply of weapons and equipment to the DRV by sea, despite the blockade of the coast by the US Navy. The US leadership was forced to negotiate, and on November 1, 1968, the American bombing of North Vietnam ceased. Played an important role in the defense of the DRV missile systems supplied by the USSR.

In June 1969, the Congress of People's Representatives proclaimed the formation of the Republic of South Vietnam (RSV). The army of the Republic of South Ossetia numbered over 1 million people and increased its strikes against the enemy. The United States, in accordance with the "Nixon Doctrine", is moving to the "Vietnamization of the war" in Indochina, shifting the main burden of the struggle to the Saigon army. The crushing blows of the army of the Republic of South Ossetia, the political, economic and military support of the USSR and the progressive forces of the world, as well as the rise of the pacifist movement in the United States against the many years of war with heavy losses, forced the American political leadership to conclude an agreement to end the war. It was signed in Paris on January 27, 1973. The regime of South Vietnam was overthrown in 1975.

According to American data, the United States spent $140 billion on the war, 2.5 million American troops took part in it, 58,000 were killed, about 2,000 were missing, and 472 pilots were captured. The American nation felt defeated and humiliated. The "Vietnam Syndrome" affects the US to this day. In July 1976, reunification was completed and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was formed. On the whole, world imperialism has not succeeded in stopping the transition to socialism in the countries of Asia and Latin America.

The strengthening of the NATO bloc caused retaliatory measures by the countries of the socialist community. Six years after its creation in 1955, a military-political union of socialist countries was formed - the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVR). With the help of the USSR, the armed forces of Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia and Albania are being strengthened (withdrew from the organization in 1968).

In the 50s - 60s. the economy of the countries of the socialist community developed at a steady high rate (about 10% per year on average). The established world socialist system is rapidly building up its economic potential and military power. The Soviet Union, having reached the forefront of world scientific, technological and social progress, actively contributed to the rise of the countries of the socialist community. The countries of Eastern Europe have turned from agrarian to industrial-agrarian. From 1956 - 1957 CMEA member countries switched to specialization and co-production, and the practice of coordinating national economic plans was introduced. In 1964, the International Bank for Economic Cooperation was established to regulate international payments. The economies of China, Vietnam, and Korea developed more independently; cooperation with the USSR proceeded on a bilateral basis, taking into account the peculiarities of the economic development of countries and the specific historical situation.

The development of the world socialist system was supported by communist parties in many countries of the world. International communist movement was an important factor in the world historical process. After the liquidation of the Comintern, international contacts of the CPSU(b) went on on a bilateral basis. In 1947, a new body was created - the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties. After its dissolution in April 1956, periodic meetings of the communist and workers' parties were held, at which political positions were agreed.

The formation of the world socialist system is a complex social process. The sharp differences in economic, political and social development, national cultures and traditions required a variety of approaches to the formation of a new social system, the originality of the ways and pace of social change in each country. The absolutization of the Soviet model in the development of socialism, under the influence of objective and subjective factors, in a number of cases came into conflict with the peculiarities of the national development of countries, and the class struggle did not die out in them. This led to crises with the use of military force: in the GDR in 1951, in Poland in 1953, in Hungary in 1956, in Czechoslovakia in 1968. The subversive activities of the West played a significant role in exacerbating the contradictions.

Simultaneously with the development of the world socialist system, a stormy process of national liberation movement is going on in the colonial and dependent countries. Centuries-old colonial empires are collapsing: British, French, Belgian, Portuguese. Indonesia, India, a number of countries in the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia are seeking independence in the Third World countries. The destruction of the colonial system has begun. The USSR, holding back the aggression of the USA, NATO, Israel, provides active assistance (including military) to the liberation movements and strengthens its influence in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The liberated countries are looking for independent ways of development, some of them are drawn into the military-military system, and some adjoin the world socialist system. The struggle of the colonial peoples for their independence and an independent path of development by the end of the 60s. led to the complete collapse of the colonial system. More than 100 new states have entered the world community.

The resolute support of the Arab movement against the US and Israel, as well as the Cuban revolution by the Soviet Union, stopped the aggressive actions of imperialism. The aggravation of the international situation during these years (the Middle East crisis of 1956 and 1957; the Caribbean crisis of 1962) several times brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. The growth of the military and economic power of the USSR, the consolidation of anti-imperialist forces and a sober approach to assessing the international situation in moments of crisis made it possible to avoid a nuclear catastrophe. Kennedy and Khrushchev laid the foundation for harmonizing the interests of the USA and the USSR on the principles of compromise. However, Kennedy was soon killed, the mystery of his assassination has not yet been solved.

The nuclear missile power of the USSR forced the United States in the early 60s. change the military doctrine of nuclear "retaliation" to a "flexible response strategy", and the achievement by the Soviet Union by the end of the 60s. military-strategic parity ensured the stability of the international situation for many years.

In general, capitalism by the end of the 60s. turned out to be significantly reduced. But it retained its viability, its financial and economic power, and most importantly, the pace of scientific and technological progress. The United States managed to achieve the complete consolidation of all capitalist countries under its leadership in the general opposition to the socialist system, as well as to create new economic and political levers for subordinating the newly-liberated countries to the world capitalist system (“neo-colonialism”). The confrontation between the two world systems, the inter-formational contradiction of capitalism and socialism comes to the end of the 60s. into a new phase.

ESSAY

in the discipline "History"

on the topic "Causes and course of the collapse of the world socialist system"

Completed: student gr. TX-9-12 Aliev S.Z.

Checked by: teacher Serebryakov A.V.

Naberezhnye Chelny

2015

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….1

The collapse of the world system of socialism - Formation and stages of development of the world system of socialism……………………………………………...2-5

Contradictions within the world system of socialism………………….6-8

The collapse of the world socialist system…………………………………..9-11

Conclusion………………………………………………………………..12-13

References…………………………………………………………...14

Introduction

The end of the 20th century ended with the collapse of the "socialist" society, which caused numerous consequences:

1) the collapse of the world system of socialism began to be interpreted as an indicator of the inaccuracy or obsolescence of Marx's formational theory;

2) the only model of "socialism" remained in force - "market"

3) the term "socialism" broke away from formational theory, began to simply mean a kind of "welfare state" in the spirit of European social democracy.

Socialism, as a formation that arose as a result of the scientific and technological revolution, underwent evolutionary formation and development throughout the entire 20th century.

Happened at the turn of the 80s and 90s. 20th century fundamental changes in the world marked the beginning of a new geopolitical era. Their consequences and scales have not yet been fully comprehended by the world community. However, it cannot be denied that the formation of a new political picture of the world was decisively influenced by two events of a world-historical scale.

First, the bipolar world collapsed: the two-bloc, bipolar world order turned, in principle, into a unipolar world system, and the boundaries of political influence and eco-political dominance of the only superpower, the United States, expanded significantly.

Second, globalization has declared itself in full force, it has entered an intensive phase of development, global integration processes acquired a stormy and all-encompassing character.

The collapse of the world socialist system, the abolition of power and political structures not only removed the main obstacle to the growth of economic, political and military expansion of financial monopolies throughout the planet, but also opened the floodgates for a boundless and uncontrolled boom of globalization in its imperialist expression.

The collapse of the world socialist system - Formation and stages of development of the world socialist system

To a large extent, the political orientation in the countries was determined under the influence of the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of most of them, carrying out a liberation mission during the Second World War. This largely contributed to the fact that in most countries cardinal transformations began in the political, socio-economic and other spheres in accordance with the Stalinist model, characterized by the highest degree of centralization of the national economy and the dominance of the party-state bureaucracy.

The emergence of the socialist model beyond the framework of one country and its spread to South-Eastern Europe and Asia laid the foundation for the emergence of a community of countries, called the "world socialist system". In 1959 Cuba and in 1975 Laos entered the orbit of a new system that lasted more than 40 years.

At the end of the 80s. The world system of socialism included 15 states occupying 26.2% of the earth's territory and numbering 32.3% of the world's population.

"Taking into account even just these quantitative indicators, one can speak of the world system of socialism as an essential factor in post-war international life, requiring more in-depth consideration."

An important prerequisite for the formation of the world socialist system was the liberation mission of the Soviet Army in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. A significant part of researchers tend to believe that in 1944-1947. there were no people's democratic revolutions in the countries of this region, and the Soviet Union imposed the Stalinist model of social development on the liberated peoples. In 1945-1946. broad democratic transformations were carried out in these countries, and bourgeois-democratic forms of statehood were often restored. This is confirmed, in particular: the bourgeois orientation of agrarian reforms in the absence of land nationalization, the preservation of the private sector in small and medium

industry, retail and the service sector, the presence of a multi-party system, including highest level authorities. If in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia immediately after liberation a course was taken for socialist transformations, then in the rest of the countries of South-Eastern Europe the new course began to be implemented from the moment the essentially undivided power of the national communist parties was established, as was the case in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, Romania in December 1947 G.

Thus, in a number of countries, during the one and a half to two years after the war, the possibility of an alternative, non-socialist path remained.

Assessing the results of the course taken to build the foundations of socialism in the countries of South-Eastern Europe, one should state, on the whole, rather the negative effect of these transformations. Thus, the accelerated creation of heavy industry led to the emergence of national economic disproportions, which affected the pace of liquidation of the consequences of post-war devastation and could not but affect the growth of the living standards of the population of countries in comparison with countries that did not fall into the orbit of socialist construction. Similar results were obtained in the course of coercive cooperation of the village, as well as the displacement of private initiative from the sphere of handicrafts, trade and services.

The departure of the Yugoslav leadership from the "universal" Stalinist construction scheme was the reason for its practical isolation for a number of years from the USSR and its allies. Only after the condemnation of Stalinism at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, only in 1955 did relations between the socialist countries and Yugoslavia begin to gradually normalize.

An important milestone in the history of the formation of the world socialist system can be considered the creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in January 1949. Through the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, economic, scientific and technical cooperation was carried out from the originally European socialist countries. Military-political cooperation was carried out within the framework of the Warsaw Pact created in May 1955.

The socialist countries of Europe remained a relatively dynamically developing part of the world socialist system. At its other extreme were Mongolia, China, North Korea, and Vietnam. These countries most consistently used the Stalinist model of building socialism, namely: within the framework of a rigid one-party system, they resolutely eradicated elements of market, private property relations.

China remains the largest socialist country in Asia to this day.

After the victory of the revolution, the defeat of the army of Chiang Kai-shek, on October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and with the great help of the USSR, the country began to restore the national economy. At the same time, China most consistently used the Stalinist model of transformation. And after the 20th Congress of the CPSU, which condemned some of the vices of Stalinism, China opposed itself to the new course of the "big brother", turning into an arena of an unprecedented scale experiment called the "Great Leap Forward". The concept of the accelerated construction of socialism by Mao Zedong was essentially a repetition of the Stalinist experiment, but in an even more severe form. The most important task was to overtake and overtake the USSR by drastically breaking social relations, using the labor enthusiasm of the population, barracks forms of work and life, military discipline at all levels of social relations, etc. As a result, already at the end of the 50s, the country's population began to experience hunger. This caused unrest in society and among the leadership of the party. The response of Mao and his supporters was the "cultural revolution". This was the name of the "great helmsman" of a large-scale campaign of repression against dissidents, stretching until the death of Mao. “Until this moment, the PRC, being considered a socialist country, nevertheless, was, as it were, outside the boundaries of the world socialist system, as evidenced, in particular, even by its armed clashes with the USSR in the late 60s.”

Thus, the construction of the foundations of socialism for a long time proceeded in military conditions, which had a considerable influence on the features of the reforms, which increasingly acquired a Stalinist-Maoist coloring.

Late 50s, 60s, 70s. Most of the countries of the world socialist system have succeeded in achieving certain positive results in the development of their national economies, ensuring an increase in the living standards of the population. However, during this period, negative trends were also clearly identified, primarily in the economic sphere. The socialist model, which had become stronger in all countries without exception, fettered the initiative of economic entities and did not allow an adequate response to new phenomena and trends in the world economic process. This became especially evident in connection with the beginning in the 1950s. scientific and technological revolution. As it developed, the countries of the world socialist system lagged more and more behind the advanced capitalist countries in terms of the rate of introduction of scientific and technological achievements into production, mainly in the field of electronic computers, energy and resource-saving industries and technologies. Attempts to partially reform this model, undertaken in these years, did not give positive results. The reason for the failure of the reforms was the strongest resistance to them by the party-state nomenklatura, which basically determined the extreme inconsistency and, as a result, the failure of the reform process.

an ideological and political term denoting the social, economic and political community of free sovereign countries that have chosen the path of building socialism. It began to take shape in 1944-1949, when, after the end of the Second World War of 1939-1945. the influence of the USSR spread to a number of states in Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia) and Asia (China - China, North Korea - North Korea). These countries, together with the USSR and Mongolia, formed a socialist camp, which was joined by the German Democratic Republic (GDR since October 1949), the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (in 1976 reunited with South Vietnam to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam - SRV), the Republic of Cuba (since 1959) and Laos (in 1975). The ideological and organizational basis of all forms of cooperation was the interaction of the communist and workers' parties that were in power. In January 1949, in order to strengthen the economic ties of the countries of the socialist camp, a special association, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), was created. In May 1955, a military-political union was formed - the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD). It had a significant impact on the growth of the national liberation and anti-colonial movements; changed the geopolitical situation in the world for almost 50 years. However, the desire of the leadership of the USSR to impose its socio-political line on the members of the commonwealth often led to serious conflicts - in 1948-1949. there was a rupture of Soviet-Yugoslav ties (began to normalize since 1955); in 1961-1962 Soviet-Albanian relations were violated, in the mid-1960s. - Soviet-Chinese. In the late 1980s The world socialist system included 15 countries occupying 26.2% of the earth's territory and producing up to 40% of world industrial output. It collapsed in 1989 - as a result of democratic revolutions in European countries, the communist parties lost power (in Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland and Czechoslovakia - peacefully, in Romania - after an armed uprising). Germany absorbed the GDR, Czechoslovakia was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was divided into five states. On July 1, 1991, the Warsaw Pact of 1955 was liquidated. The People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Republic of Cuba remained in the positions of building socialism.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

THE WORLD SYSTEM OF SOCIALISM

socio-economic and political a community of free, equal countries following the path of socialism and communism. M. s. With. - the greatest ist. conquest between people. working class, ch. revolutionary the strength of our era, a reliable support of the peoples fighting for peace, nat. independence, democracy and socialism. M.'s countries with. With. have the same economic basis - societies. socialist. ownership of the means of production; the same type of state system - the power of the people, led by the working class and its vanguard - the communist. and labor parties; a single ideology - Marxism-Leninism; common interests in the defense of the revolution. conquests and national independence from imperialist encroachments. camps, in the struggle for world peace and helping the peoples fighting for nat. independence; common goal - communism. Socialist construction in the countries of M. with. With. is based on general patterns, which are implemented by each country taking into account the specific features of its development. Education and development of M. page. With. occurs on the basis of compliance with the principles of state. sovereignty, full voluntariness, on the basis of strengthening friendships. relations between the countries forming this system, in accordance with the fundamental vital interests of the working people. M.'s emergence with. With. lays the foundation for the formation of a new, socialist type of political and economic relations between countries. The principles of these relations are: complete equality, respect for the territory. integrity, Mrs. independence and sovereignty, non-interference in internal. each other's affairs, fraternal cooperation and mutual assistance, mutual benefit. In these principles, socialism is manifested in practice. internationalism. These relations are most conducive to the development of productive forces, the historical process of economic, political and cultural rapprochement between peoples. The beginning of the transition of human society from capitalism to socialism was laid by Vel. Oct. socialist. revolution. With its victory, the world split into two opposite systems: socialist and capitalist. Soviet Russia rendered fraternal support to Mongolia, before which, after the victory in 1921 Nar. revolution opened the way for development to socialism, bypassing capitalism. The successes of the USSR in the construction of socialism, its decisive role in the defeat of the Germans. fascism and Japan. militarism in World War II had a strong influence on the development of the revolution. movement, facilitated and accelerated the victory of the People's Democratic. and socialist. revolutions in a group of countries in Europe and Asia. The peoples of Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, the DRV, the GDR, the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia took the path of socialism. A new form of organization of society has emerged - people's democracy. In the 2nd floor. 40s 20th century began the transformation of socialism into a world system. M.'s emergence with. With. - the largest event in world history after the victory of Vel. Oct. socialist. revolution. It confirmed the conclusion of Leninism that the development of the world socialist. revolution will take place through the revolutionary falling away of individual countries from the capitalist. systems. An important event in the process of M.'s folding with. With. was the victory in 1959 in Cuba of the people's, anti-imperialist. revolution that developed into a socialist one. The Republic of Cuba is the first country in the West. hemisphere, embarking on the path of building socialism. The treaties and agreements concluded between them contributed to the strengthening of relations between the countries that embarked on the path of socialism. In 1945, an agreement was signed on friendship, mutual assistance and post-war cooperation between the USSR and Poland (extended in 1965), in 1946 - an agreement and an agreement with Mongolia (a new agreement was concluded in 1966; the first Soviet-Mongolian agreement dates back to 1921), in 1948 - treaties of friendship, mutual assistance and post-war cooperation with Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria, in 1950 - with China, in 1961 - with the DPRK, in 1964 - with the GDR (an agreement on relations between the GDR and the USSR was concluded in 1955); The Soviet-Czechoslovak Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Assistance and Post-War Cooperation was signed as early as 1943 (extended in 1965). Agreements were also signed between foreign socialist. countries: in 1947 - between Albania and Bulgaria, between Poland and Czechoslovakia, in 1948 - between Bulgaria and Romania, between Romania and Czechoslovakia, between Hungary and Poland, between Hungary and Romania, in 1949 - between Romania and Poland, etc. Efforts countries M. s. With. aimed at ensuring the successful construction of socialism in every possible way. At the same time, the socialist countries use the experience of each other and, above all, the experience of the socialist. construction of the Soviet Union, which created by the end of the 50s. the necessary prerequisites for the construction of material and technical. the basis of communism and the gradual development of the socialist. public relations in the communist. Already at the beginning of the first period of development of M. page. With. in the countries of Democracy were nationalized large industry, banks, railway. e. Importance in the construction of socialism in the countries of M. s. With. had a socialist industrialization and cooperation with. x-va (see in the articles Industrialization and Cooperation of Agriculture). An essential role in the restoration of bunks. economy and in further development in the young socialist countries, aid to them from the USSR played with loans, supplies of equipment, raw materials and food; in a number of countries, at the request of the governments of these countries, Sov. specialists. Between the socialist countries gradually expanded, along with foreign trade, scientific and technical cooperation. To implement a broader economic cooperation and socialism. division of labor within M. with. With. in 1949 the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was established. In connection with the threat to peace in Europe, created as a result of the ratification of app. states of the Paris Agreements of 1954, which provided for the formation of an aggressive military. groupings - Western-European. Union with the participation of Germany and its inclusion in the North Atlantic Pact, was signed by 8 europ. socialist. the Warsaw Pact of 1955. The purpose of the agreement is to take the necessary measures to ensure the security of peace-loving states and maintain peace in Europe, it is strictly defended. character. Development and strengthening of the socialist. productions. relations and the protection of world peace are the most important political. M.'s tasks with. With. and at the second stage of its development, in to-ry M. page. With. entered in the late 1950s. At this stage of development of M. page. With. The USSR launched the construction of communism; other countries of the M. s. With. solve the problems of all-round strengthening and improvement of the socialist. productions. relations, completion of construction of material and technical. the foundations of socialism and the creation of prerequisites for a gradual transition to the building of communism. At the same time, ist. the terms for solving these problems are different for departments. countries. M.'s countries with. With. through the development of its national economies contribute to the strengthening of M. s. With. in general, and the features of building socialism in individual countries are a contribution to the common treasury of Marxism-Leninism. In the countries of M. with. With. a developed industry has been created. Those countries M. s. with., to-rye in the past were agrarian, have turned or are turning into an industry. and industrial-agrarian. Despite the very high growth rates of prom. pro-va in countries that had a low level of economic in the past. development, the volume of production per capita in them still lags behind similar indicators in the developed socialist countries. Persistent differences in economic levels. development and a certain one-sidedness of the economy of some countries M. s. s., inherited from capitalism, create the possibility of a discrepancy between specific economic. interests and require daily attention to the coordination of economic. politicians. Since 1963 in a number of countries M. of page. With. (GDR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, USSR, etc.) are reforming the management of the people. economy, aimed at improving the efficiency of societies. production The restructuring of management provides for a more complete use of commodity-money relations (the law of value), the improvement of planning in order to raise the level of production and raise labor productivity. Successes in the development of the national economics and the accumulated experience of economic. cooperation allowed the socialist. countries to begin a gradual transition from indirect harmonization of productions. efforts (through foreign trade. relations) to direct production. cooperation. Every socialist country, taking into account its capabilities and facing Nar. x-vom tasks, sovereignly and voluntarily resolves the issue of its participation in various forms of economic. cooperation. Much attention is paid to economic development. cooperation of countries M. with. With. was given at meetings of representatives of the communist. and workers' parties of the countries - members of the CMEA 1958, 1960 (February), 1962 and 1963. Ch. means of systematic deepening of international division of labor and unification of industries. efforts of the CMEA member countries is in modern conditions national coordination. national economy plans, and also specialization and cooperation of production, joint construction by the countries of M. of page. With. large national economy. objects. By the end of 1964, more than 1,500 types of machinery and equipment were covered by specialization. The Druzhba oil pipeline, built by the joint efforts of the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary and the GDR, came into operation. The Mir energy system was created: in 1962, the energy system Zap. Ukraine (USSR), in 1963 - Romania and in 1964 - Bulgaria. From 1 Jan. 1964 started work of the Intern. economic bank. cooperation, created and (since 1963) the Inst. CMEA for standardization began to operate. In 1964, the international production association Intermetall and an organization for cooperation in the production of bearings were created, and a common fleet of freight cars began to function. The turnover of foreign trade of the countries of M. with. With. increased in 1964 by more than 3.8 times compared with 1950 and amounted to St. 40.4 billion rubles Leading position in economic and scientific and technical. cooperation of the countries M. of page. With. occupied by the Soviet Union. During the post-war years, he provided foreign socialist. assistance to countries in the construction of more than 600 prom. enterprises and buildings. In 1964, the USSR provided technical assistance. assistance in the construction of another 620 enterprises and facilities. The amount of loans provided by the Sov. Union, exceeds 9 billion rubles. Scientific communications of the countries of M. of page develop. With. The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna (USSR) was formed in 1956, and contacts between research institutes of the countries M. of page. with., the exchange of technical documentation. Expanding cultural connections(translation of literature, publication of magazines, theater and concert tours, film festivals, exchange of radio and television programs, etc.). In M.'s development with. With. encountered a number of difficulties. They stem primarily from differences in economic levels. development department countries by the time construction of socialism in these countries began; they are also associated with well-known differences in the approach to a number of problems that arise in the process of establishing a new type of relationship. In the setting of Stalin's personality cult, there were cases of violations of equal and mutually beneficial relations between the USSR and certain other countries. With. They were decisively corrected after the 20th Congress of the CPSU. An important role in this matter was played by the Declaration of Sov. pr-va on the foundations of development and further strengthening of friendship and cooperation between the USSR and other socialist. countries from 30 Oct. 1956. The cause of strengthening M. s. With. contributed to Moscow. meetings of 1957 and 1960 representatives of the communist. and labor parties. In 1960, disagreements between the leaders of the Communist Party came to light. the Party of China and the Party of Labor of Albania with the CPSU and other fraternal parties. USSR and most other socialist. countries show full readiness to establish friendly relations with China and Albania, to overcome, on a Marxist-Leninist basis, differences with the CCP and the PLA, which are especially dangerous in the context of the intensification of imperialist. forces, to-rye try to use any means to weaken M. s. With. and undermining the struggle of the peoples of the entire globe for peace. M.'s strengthening with. With. is inextricably linked with observance of fidelity to the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, the principles of proletarian internationalism, and also with the need for the correct combination by each state of M. with. With. nat. interests and international tasks. Cooperation and solidarity is one of Ch. sources of strength M. s. With. The development and deepening of this cooperation meets the fundamental interests of each country individually and of the entire international community. With. on the whole, it contributes to the consolidation of its ranks in the struggle against imperialism. As a result of its growing economic and political M.'s power with. With. becomes a decisive factor in the progressive development of man. about-va. decisive influence on world development M. s. With. provides its hosts. success. In 1951-64, the average annual growth rate of prom. production was made in the socialist. countries 11.7% compared with 5.5% in the capitalist. countries. Release prom. production in the socialist countries as a whole for 1961-65 increased by 43%, and in the capitalist countries. systems - by 34%; at the same time, the growth of the economies of the countries of M. s. with., in contrast to the capitalist. countries, ensures a steady rise in the material and cultural level of the working people. However, since the majority of M.'s countries with. With. began to build socialism, having a backward economy, M. s. With. in per capita output of industrial output in a number of industries has not yet caught up with such economically developed capitalist countries as the USA, England and the FRG. The Communist and Workers' Parties of the socialist countries, according to the Statement of the Moscow Conference of 1960 (November), their international. duty is seen in the decision by joint efforts and in the shortest possible time historical. tasks - to surpass the world capitalist. system by absolute volume prom. and s.-x. pro-va, and after that overtake the most developed in economic. in relation to the capitalist countries in terms of production per capita and life-long levels. Successes of the countries of M. with. With. create favorable conditions for the labor movement in the developed capitalist. countries, for nat.-liberate. movements of the peoples of Asia, Africa, Lat. America. M.'s education with. With. in means. degree contributed to the process of collapse of the columns. imperialist systems. Help countries M. s. With. relieves those released from under the columns. domination of the peoples the creation of a developed, independent economy. In the young states of Asia, Africa and Latin America, with the help of M.'s countries, s. With. about 1,500 enterprises are being built, of which 600 are with economic and technical assistance from the USSR. Socialist countries provided these countries with long-term concessional loans for the development of the national economy in the amount of about 5.5 billion rubles. The strength and power of M. s. With. led to the termination of the imp. aggression against Egypt in 1956 saved Cuba from the Amer. invasions in 1962, etc. Powerful support of M. s. With. helps the Vietnamese people repel the aggression of US imperialism. M.'s successes with. With. exert a powerful influence on people's minds, increase the attractive force of the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, and develop the revolutionary energy and activity of the working masses. M. s. With. creates favorable conditions for the development of world socialism. revolution, for the falling away of more and more countries from the world capitalist. systems. Achievements of the countries M. with. With. in the field of science, the outstanding successes of the Soviet Union in space exploration and in the peaceful use of atomic energy, the flourishing of the socialist. cultures render increasingly mean. impact on the development of world science and culture. In present time (1966) as part of M. s. With. includes 14 countries with a total area. 35.2 million km2 (26% of the territory of the globe); they were inhabited (at the beginning of 1965) by 1,144,000,000 people. (35% of us. Globe). -***-***-***- Table. Countries of the world socialist system (territory and population) [s] WORLD_SOC_SIST.JPG Source: Socialist Economics. countries in numbers 1964 M., 1965, p. 3. Lit.: V. I. Lenin, Initial outline of theses on national and colonial questions, Soch., 4th ed., vol. 31, p. 163-66; Resolution of the XII Congress of the RCP (b) "On the national question", in the book: CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee, 7th ed., Part 1, M., 1954, p. 709-16; CPSU program. Adopted by the XXII Congress of the CPSU, M., 1965; Declaration of the Government of the USSR on the foundations for the development and further strengthening of friendship and cooperation between the Soviet Union and other socialist states, Pravda, 1956, Oct. 31, No. 305; Declaration of the Conference of representatives of the communist and workers' parties of the socialist countries ..., M., 1958; Statement of the Meeting of Representatives of the Communist and Workers' Parties, in the book: Program Documents of the Struggle for Peace, Democracy and Socialism, M., 1961; Basic principles of the international socialist division of labor, M., 1964; Socialist camp Brief illustration. polit.-econ. reference book, M., 1962; The world of socialism in figures and facts. (Handbook), M., 1964; Economy of the socialist countries in figures, M., 1963-65; Brief statistical collection, M., 1964; Competition between two systems. Handbook, M., 1964; Dudinskiy IV, World system of socialism and laws of its development, M., 1961; The victory of the Leninist cooperative plan in the countries of socialism, M., 1963; Socialist industrialization of the people's democracies, M., 1960; Zolotarev V.I., Foreign trade of the socialist countries, M., 1964; Ivanov N.I., Economic cooperation and mutual assistance of the countries of socialism, M., 1962; Sanakoev Sh. P., Great Commonwealth of Free and Sovereign Peoples, M., 1964; Sergeev SD, Economic cooperation and mutual assistance of socialist countries, (3rd ed.), M., 1964; Socialist international division of labor, M., 1961; Faddeev N.V., Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, M., M., 1964; The construction of communism in the USSR and the cooperation of the socialist countries, M., 1962; Airapetyan M. E., Sukhodeev V. V., A new type of international relations, M., 1964; Kharakhashyan G. M., Some questions of the theory of the world economy of socialism, M. , 1960; Shiryaev Yu. S., World socialist community, M., 1963; Economic efficiency of the international socialist division of labor, M., 1965; Comparison of levels of economic development of the socialist countries, M., 1965; Kishsh T., Economic cooperation of socialist countries, M., 1963; Popisakov G., International division of labor under socialism, Sofia, 1960; April? A., A szocialista orszagok gazdas?gi egy?ttm?k?de seert, (Bdpst), 1964; Gr?big G., Internationale Arbeitsteilung und Au?enhandel im sozialistischen Weltsystem, V., 1960; Krause M., Das Entwicklungstempo der sozialistischen L?nder im ?konomischen Wettbewerb der beiden Weltsysteme, V., 1960; Kunz W., Grundfragen der Internationalen Wirtschaftszusammenarbeit der L?nder des Rates f?r Gegenseitige Wirtschaftschilfe (RGW), V., 1964; Bodnar A., ​​Gospodarka europejskich Kraj?w socjalistycznych, Warsz., 1962; Margineanu I., George V., J?nosi J., Sistemul mondial socialist, Buc., 1961; Bantea E., Dreptatea si taria sont de partea socialismului, Buc., 1962; B?lek A., Havelkova B., Titera D., Zame socialisticke Soustavy, Praha, 1961; Machov? D., CSSRv socialisticke mezinarodni delbe pr?ce, (Praha), 1962; Mal? V., Svetov? socialistick? hospod?rsk? soustava, Praha, 1961. L. I. Abalkin. Moscow.

Topic: Analyze the stages of development of the world socialist system

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University: VZFEI

Year and city: Omsk 2009

1. What did the creation of the world socialist system mean? 3

2. Stages in the development of the world socialist system

2.1. Economic development of the socialist countries at the first stage (1945-1949) 4

2.2. Economic development of the socialist countries in the second (1950-1960) and third (1960-1970) stages 8

2.3. Economic development of the socialist countries at the fourth stage (1970 - mid-1980s) 11

3. How did the collapse of the world socialist system begin? fourteen

5. References 19

1. What did the creation of the world socialist system mean?

Significant historical event post-war steel people's democratic revolutions in a number of European countries: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Asia: Vietnam, China, Korea and a little earlier - the revolution in Mongolia. To a large extent, the political orientation in these countries was determined under the influence of the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of most of them, carrying out a liberation mission during the Second World War. This also largely contributed to the fact that in most countries cardinal transformations began in the political, socio-economic and other spheres in accordance with the Stalinist model, characterized by the highest degree of centralization of the national economy and the dominance of the party-state bureaucracy.

The emergence of the socialist model beyond the framework of one country and its spread to Southeast Europe and Asia laid the foundation for the emergence of a community of countries, called "world socialist system" (MSS) . In 1959 Cuba, and in 1975 Laos entered into new system that has existed for over 40 years.

At the end of the 80s. The world system of socialism included 15 states occupying 26.2% of the earth's territory and numbering 32.3% of the world's population.

The "plan for building the foundations of socialism" provided for a proletarian revolution and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat in one form or another; the concentration of key positions in the economy in the hands of the authorities (nationalization of industry, transport and communications, the bowels of the earth, forests and waters, the financial and credit system, foreign and wholesale domestic trade, as well as most of the retail trade); industrialization; the transformation of small peasant property into cooperative property, i.e. creation of large-scale socialized production; cultural revolution.

1. Stages of development of the worldsocialist system.

2.1. Economic development of the socialist countries at the first stage (1945-1949).

Eastern European countries.

As noted, an important prerequisite for the formation of the MSS was the liberation mission of the Soviet Army in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. Today there are quite heated discussions on this issue. A significant part of the researchers tend to believe that in 1944-1947. there were no people's democratic revolutions in the countries of this region, and the Soviet Union imposed the Stalinist model of social development on the liberated peoples. We can only partly agree with this point of view, since, in our opinion, it should be taken into account that in 1945-1946. broad democratic transformations were carried out in these countries, and bourgeois-democratic forms of statehood were often restored. This is evidenced, in particular, by the bourgeois orientation of agrarian reforms in the absence of land nationalization, the preservation of the private sector in small and medium-sized industry, retail trade and the service sector, and finally, the presence of a multi-party system, including the highest level of power. If in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia immediately after liberation a course was taken for socialist transformations, then in the rest of the countries of South-Eastern Europe the new course began to be implemented from the moment the essentially undivided power of the national communist parties was established, as was the case in Czechoslovakia (February 1948), Romania (December 1947), Hungary (autumn 1947), Albania (February 1946), East Germany (October 1949), Poland (January 1947). Thus, in a number of countries, during the one and a half to two years after the war, the possibility of an alternative, non-socialist path remained.

1949 can be considered a kind of pause that drew a line under the prehistory of the MSS, and the 50s can be distinguished as a relatively independent stage of the forced creation of a "new" society, according to the "universal model" of the USSR, the constituent features of which are quite well known. This is a comprehensive nationalization of industrial sectors of the economy, forced cooperation, and in essence the nationalization of the agrarian sector, the displacement of private capital from the sphere of finance, trade, the establishment of total control of the state, the supreme bodies of the ruling party over public life, in the field of spiritual culture, etc.

Assessing the results of the course of building the foundations of socialism in the countries of South-Eastern Europe, one should state, on the whole, rather the negative effect of these transformations. Thus, the accelerated creation of heavy industry led to the emergence of national economic disproportions, which affected the pace of liquidation of the consequences of post-war devastation and could not but affect the growth of the living standards of the population of countries in comparison with countries that did not fall into the orbit of socialist construction. Similar results were obtained in the course of coercive cooperation of the village, as well as the displacement of private initiative from the sphere of handicrafts, trade and services. As an argument confirming such conclusions, one can consider powerful socio-political crises in Poland, Hungary, the GDR and Czechoslovakia in 1953-1956, on the one hand, and a sharp increase in the repressive policy of the state against any dissent, on the other. Until recently, a fairly common explanation for the reasons for such difficulties in building socialism in the countries we are considering was blind copying by their leadership of the experience of the USSR without taking into account national specifics under the influence of Stalin's cruelest dictates regarding the communist leadership of these countries.

Self-governing socialism of Yugoslavia .

However, there was another model of socialist construction, carried out in those years in Yugoslavia - model of self-governing socialism. It assumed in general terms the following: the economic freedom of labor collectives within the framework of enterprises, their activity on the basis of cost accounting with an indicative type of state planning; renunciation of coercive cooperation in agriculture, rather extensive use of commodity-money relations, etc., but on the condition that the Communist Party's monopoly is maintained in certain spheres of political and public life. The departure of the Yugoslav leadership from the "universal" Stalinist scheme of construction was the reason for its practical isolation for a number of years from the USSR and its allies. Only after the condemnation of Stalinism at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, only in 1955 did relations between the socialist countries and Yugoslavia begin to gradually normalize. Some positive economic and social effect obtained from the introduction of a more balanced economic model in Yugoslavia would seem to confirm the argument of the supporters of the above point of view on the causes of the crises of the 1950s.

Formation of CMEA .

An important milestone in the history of the formation of the world system of socialism can be considered the creation Council Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in January 1949. Its goal is to promote the organization of systematic economic and cultural cooperation between the participating countries. The CMEA included Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Albania (from the end of 1961 it did not participate in the work of the CMEA). Subsequently, the CMEA included the GDR (1950), Vietnam (1978), Mongolia (1962) and Cuba (1972).

The CMEA was designed not only to facilitate the reorientation of the foreign trade of the countries of Eastern Europe, whose main partner until 1939 was Germany, but also served as a channel for economic assistance to the less economically developed socialist countries from the Soviet Union - as opposed to the Marshall plan.

It should be noted that the socialist countries of Europe remained a relatively dynamically developing part of the MSS. At its other pole - Mongolia, China, North Korea, Vietnam - most consistently used the Stalinist model of building socialism, namely: within the framework of a rigid one-party system, they decisively eradicated elements of market, private property relations.

The creation of the CMEA was also motivated by political considerations - it was supposed to cement the interdependence of the countries of Eastern Europe and the USSR.

Mongolia.

Mongolia was the first to embark on this path. After the coup of 1921 in the capital of Mongolia (the city of Urga), the power of the people's government was proclaimed, and in 1924 the People's Republic was proclaimed. Transformations began in the country under the strong influence of the northern neighbor - the USSR. By the end of the 40s. In Mongolia, there was a process of moving away from the primitive nomadic life through the construction, mainly, of large enterprises in the field of the mining industry, the spread of agricultural farms. Since 1948, the country began to accelerate the construction of the foundations of socialism on the model of the USSR, copying its experience and repeating mistakes. The party in power set the task of turning Mongolia into an agrarian-industrial country, regardless of its peculiarities, its essentially different civilizational base from the USSR, religious traditions, and so on.

Vietnam.

The most authoritative force leading the struggle for the independence of Vietnam was the Communist Party. Her leader Ho Chi Minh(1890-1969) headed in September 1945 the provisional government of the proclaimed Democratic Republic of Vietnam. These circumstances determined the Marxist-socialist orientation of the subsequent course of the state. It was carried out in the conditions of an anti-colonial war, first with France (1946-1954), and then with the USA (1965-1973) and the struggle for reunification with the south of the country until 1975. Thus, the construction of the foundations of socialism proceeded for a long time in military conditions, which had a considerable influence on the features of the reforms, which were increasingly acquiring a Stalinist-Maoist coloring.

2.2.

at the second (1950-1960) and third (1960-1970) stages.

Eastern European countries.

At the second stage of economic development, after the nationalization of the vast majority of industry, the first plans for national economic development were adopted, the main task of which was industrialization. Agrarian reforms consisted in limiting the size and rights of private land ownership, allocating land to the poor. The co-operation of the peasantry was carried out, which was completed in most countries of Eastern Europe by the beginning of the 60s. The exceptions were Poland and Yugoslavia, where the state structure in the agrarian sector did not become decisive. Industry in the 1950s experienced rapid development, its growth rate was about 10% per year. The countries of Eastern Europe have turned from agrarian (except for the GDR and Czechoslovakia) to industrial-agrarian. The methods of forced industrialization determined the formation of a monopolized structure of the national economy, indifferent to the characteristics of specific countries (expressed in the market economy through the prices of production factors), the administrative management system. Nevertheless, despite the predominantly extensive type of development, the economic results of this decade were favorable in most countries of Eastern Europe.

China.

China remains the largest socialist country in Asia to this day.

After the victory of the revolution, the defeat of the Chiang army Kaishi ( 1887-1975) On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was proclaimed. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and with the great help of the USSR, the country began to restore the national economy. At the same time, China most consistently used the Stalinist model of transformation. And after the XX Congress of the CPSU, which condemned some of the vices of Stalinism, China opposed itself to the new course of the "big brother", turning into an arena of an unprecedented scale experiment called the "Great Leap Forward" (1956-1958), the essence of which was an attempt to sharply raise the level of socialization of funds production and ownership. This period was characterized by the staging of unreal economic tasks and inflated production targets, raising the revolutionary enthusiasm of the masses to the absolute as the main factor in economic growth. The principle of material interest was completely rejected - it was drained as a manifestation of revisionism. The concept of accelerated construction of socialism Mao Zedong(1893-1976) was essentially a repetition of the Stalinist experiment, but in an even more severe form. The most important task was to overtake and overtake the USSR by drastically breaking social relations, using the labor enthusiasm of the population, barracks forms of work and life, military discipline at all levels of social relations, etc. As a result, already at the end of the 50s, the country's population began to experience hunger. This caused unrest in society and among the leadership of the party. The response of Mao and his supporters was the "cultural revolution" (1966-1976). This was the name of the "great helmsman" - a large-scale campaign of repression against dissidents, stretching until the death of Mao. Until that moment, the PRC, being considered a socialist country, nevertheless, was, as it were, outside the borders of the MSS, as evidenced, in particular, even by its armed clashes with the USSR in the late 1960s.

North Korea, Cuba.

Korea, which gained independence from Japan in 1945 and was divided in 1948 into two parts. North Korea was in the zone of influence of the USSR, and South Korea - the United States. A dictatorial regime has been established in North Korea (DPRK) Kim Il Sung(1912-1994), who carried out the construction of a barracks society, closed from the outside world, based on the most severe dictate of one person, total nationalization of property, life, etc. Nevertheless, the DPRK managed to achieve in the 50s. certain positive results in economic construction due to the development of the foundations of the industry, laid down under the Japanese conquerors and a high work culture, combined with the most severe industrial discipline.

At the end of the period under review in the history of the MSS, an anti-colonial revolution took place in Cuba (January 1959). The US hostile policy towards the young republic and the Soviet Union's resolute support for it determined the socialist orientation of the Cuban leadership.

Late 50s, 60s, 70s. Most of the ICC countries have managed to achieve certain positive results in the development of the national economy, ensuring an increase in the living standards of the population. However, during this period, negative trends were also clearly identified, primarily in the economic sphere. The socialist model, which had become stronger in all the MCC countries without exception, fettered the initiative of economic entities and did not allow an adequate response to new phenomena and trends in the world economic process. This became especially evident in connection with the beginning of the 1950s. scientific and technological revolution. As it developed, the ICC countries lagged behind the advanced capitalist countries in terms of the rate of introduction of scientific and technological achievements into production, mainly in the field of electronic computers, energy and resource-saving industries and technologies. Attempts to partially reform this model, undertaken in these years, did not give positive results. The reason for the failure of the reforms was the strongest resistance to them by the party-state nomenklatura, which basically determined the extreme inconsistency and, as a result, the failure of the reform process.

2.3. Economic development of the socialist countries

at the fourth stage (1970 - mid-1980s).

Contradictions within the MSS.

AT To a certain extent, this was facilitated by the domestic and foreign policy of the ruling circles of the USSR. Despite the criticism of some of the most ugly features of Stalinism at the 20th Congress, the leadership of the CPSU left intact the regime of the undivided power of the party and state apparatus. Moreover, the Soviet leadership continued to maintain an authoritarian style in relations between the USSR and the ICC countries. To a large extent, this was the reason for the repeated deterioration of relations with Yugoslavia in the late 1950s. and a protracted conflict with Albania and China, although the ambitions of the party elite of the last two countries no less influenced the deterioration of relations with the USSR.

The dramatic events of the Czechoslovak crisis of 1967-1968 demonstrated the style of relations within the MSS most clearly. In response to the broad public movement of citizens of Czechoslovakia for economic and political reforms, the leadership of the USSR, with the active participation of Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR and Poland, on August 21, 1968, sent its troops into a sovereign state under the pretext of protecting it "from the forces of internal and external counter-revolution." This action significantly undermined the authority of the MCC and clearly demonstrated the party nomenclature's rejection of genuine, rather than declarative, changes.

In this regard, it is interesting to note that against the backdrop of serious crisis phenomena, the leadership of the socialist countries of Europe, assessing the achievements of the 50-60s. in the economic sphere, it came to the conclusion that the stage of building socialism had been completed and the transition to a new stage - "the construction of developed socialism." This conclusion was supported by the ideologists of the new stage, in particular by the fact that the share of the socialist countries in world industrial production reached 100% in the 1960s. about one third, and in the global national income - one quarter.

The role of the CMEA.

One of the essential arguments was the fact that, in their opinion, the development of economic relations within the MSS along the CMEA line was quite dynamic. If in 1949 the CMEA was faced with the task of regulating foreign trade relations on the basis of bilateral agreements, then since 1954 a decision was made to coordinate the national economic plans of the countries participating in it, and in the 60s. followed, a number of agreements on specialization and cooperation of production, on the international division of labor. Major international economic organizations such as the International Bank for Economic Cooperation, Intermetall, the Institute for Standardization, etc. In 1971, a Comprehensive Program was adopted for cooperation and development of the CMEA member countries on the basis of integration. In addition, according to the estimates of the ideologists of the transition to a new historical stage in the construction of communism in most European countries of the MSS, a new social structure of the population has developed on the basis of completely victorious socialist relations, etc.

In the first half of the 1970s, in most countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, very stable growth rates of industrial production were indeed maintained, averaging 6-8% annually. To a large extent, this was achieved by an extensive method, i.e. the growth of production capacities and the growth of simple quantitative indicators in the field of electricity production, steel smelting, mining, and engineering products.

However, by the mid-1970s the socio-economic and political situation began to deteriorate. At that time, in countries with a market economy, under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, a structural restructuring of the national economy began, associated with the transition from an extensive to an intensive type of economic development. This process was accompanied crisis phenomena both within these countries and at the global level, which, in turn, could not but affect the foreign economic positions of MCC entities. The growing lag of the ICC countries in the scientific and technical sphere steadily led to the loss of the positions they had won in the world market. The domestic market of the socialist countries also experienced difficulties.

By the 80s. the unacceptable lagging behind of industries producing goods and services from the extractive and heavy industries that were still afloat led to a total shortage of consumer goods. This caused not only a relative, but also an absolute deterioration in the living conditions of the population and, as a result, became the reason for the growing discontent of citizens. The demand for radical political and socio-economic transformations is becoming almost universal.

Within the framework of the CMEA, "hothouse" conditions were formed for the development of mutual ties. Being closed off from the rest of the world (albeit not always for reasons beyond their control), the producers of the CMEA countries did not experience the influence of the main engine of scientific and technological progress - competition. The CMEA also played a strategically negative role during the fuel and energy crisis of the 1970s.

Also contributed to the cessation of the activities of the CMEA and increased since the second half of the 80s, the desire to return to the organic for most countries of Eastern Europe (especially such as Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary) Western market development path.

The crisis situation was also clearly indicated in the sphere of interstate economic cooperation based on administrative decisions, often not taking into account the interests of the CMEA member countries, but also in a real reduction in the volume of mutual trade.

The termination of the activities of the CMEA took place in 1991.

1. began decay world socialist systems?

Until the mid 80s. the ruling communist parties still had the opportunity to keep the situation under control, there were still some reserves to contain the economic and social crisis, including the power ones. Only after the beginning of transformations in the USSR in the second half of the 80s. the movement for reform in most of the ISA countries has grown markedly.

Democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe.

AT late 80s. a wave of democratic revolutions took place in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, which eliminated the monopoly power of the ruling communist parties, replacing it with a democratic form of government. The revolutions unfolded almost simultaneously - in the second half of 1989, but took place in various forms. So, in most countries, the change of power took place peacefully (Poland, Hungary, the GDR, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria), while in Romania - as a result of an armed uprising.

Democratic revolutions were a necessary condition for subsequent transformations in the sphere of economic relations. Market relations began to be restored everywhere, the process of denationalization proceeded rapidly, the economic structure changed, and private capital began to play an ever greater role. These processes continue today, strengthened by the victory of the democratic forces in our country in August 1991.

However, their course is quite tortuous, often inconsistent. If we leave aside the national costs of reforms, the mistakes of the new leadership of each of the countries, then the mistakes associated with the conscious line towards the economic disintegration of the former allies of the MSS and the CMEA, against the backdrop of an integrating Europe, are incomprehensible and difficult to explain. Mutual repulsion of former partners hardly contributes to a faster entry one by one into new economic and political alliances, and also hardly has a positive effect on the internal reform of each of the former socialist countries.

China policy.

After the death of Mao Zedong, his successors faced the task of overcoming the deepest crisis into which the "cultural revolution" plunged the country. It was found on the way to a radical restructuring of the structure of socio-economic relations. In the course of the economic reform, which began in the autumn of 1979, significant results were achieved in economic development. On the basis of the elimination of communes, the distribution of land to the peasants, the interest of the worker in the results of labor was restored. The introduction of market relations in the countryside was accompanied by no less radical reforms in industry. The role of state planning and administrative control over production was limited, the creation of cooperative and private enterprises was encouraged, the system of financing, wholesale trade, etc. underwent changes. , issuance of shares and loans in order to expand above-plan production. The system of the state and party apparatus, law enforcement agencies and, above all, the army have undergone some reforms. In other words, the easing of the rigid totalitarian regime began.

The result of the reforms of the 80s. The PRC experienced unprecedented rates of economic growth (12-18% per year), a sharp improvement in living standards, and new positive developments in public life. A distinctive feature of the Chinese reforms was the preservation of the traditional socialist management model, which inevitably brought to the fore the problems of a socio-political and ideological nature in the late 1980s. Today, the Chinese leadership adheres to the concept of building "socialism with Chinese characteristics", apparently trying to avoid the deep social upheavals and collisions experienced by Russia and other countries of the former MSS. China follows the path of building market relations, bourgeois liberalization, but with a certain consideration for civilizational features and national traditions.

Vietnam. Laos. Mongolia. North Korea.

Like the Chinese way of reforming the economy and public life, Vietnam and Laos are following. Modernization brought known positive results, but less tangible than in China. Perhaps this is due to their later entry into the period of market transformations, a lower initial level, the heavy legacy of a long military policy. Mongolia is no exception. Following in the wake of market reforms, liberalization of social relations, it not only actively attracts foreign capital, but also actively revives national traditions.

North Korea remains a completely immobile, unreformed country from the former camp of socialism. Here, the system of essentially personal dictates of the Kim Il Sung clan is preserved. It is obvious that this country will not be able to stay in a state of practical self-isolation and even confrontation with most of the world's states for a long time.

Cuba.

The situation in one more country of the former MSS, Cuba, remains rather complicated. During the short history of socialism, this island state has in general terms repeated the path traveled by most of the MSS countries. Deprived of their support, its leadership continues to adhere to the concept of building socialism, remains faithful to Marxist ideals, while the country is experiencing growing economic and social difficulties. The position of Cuba is also aggravated as a result of the ongoing confrontation with the powerful USA since the liberation revolution.

As a result of the collapse of the world socialist system, a line has been drawn under more than 40 years of totalitarian period in the history of most countries of Eastern Europe. Briefly, we can outline the reasons for the collapse of the MSS: a drop in the growth rates of the economies of the MSS countries; backlog of science-intensive industries; disproportions in the social sphere; violations of financial proportions of macroeconomic development; growth of external debt; low by European standards the standard of living of the population; unemployment, national problems and emerging crises in the economy. Different countries, of course, had their own specific features: "shock therapy" in Poland; "velvet revolution" in Czechoslovakia; the self-governing radicalism of the transformation of property relations in Yugoslavia; severe economic and structural crises culminating in the overthrow of ruling regime, in Romania; soft pluralism of forms of ownership in Bulgaria; "opening of borders" in the GDR.

After the collapse of the MSS, the balance of power has undergone significant changes not only on the European continent, but also in Asia. Apparently, the bloc system of relations on the world stage as a whole is disappearing into oblivion.

However, the relatively long period of coexistence of countries within the framework of the MCC, in our opinion, cannot pass without leaving its mark. Obviously, in the future, the establishment of relations between former allies, and often close neighbors with common geographical borders, is inevitable, but on the basis of a new balance of interests, indispensable consideration of national, civilizational specifics and mutual benefit.

4. Test

Align timeline and major achievements
bourgeois revolutions in foreign countries:

1. England a. Application of machine system in industrial

enterprises.

2. France b. The formation of large private capital in

production.

3. USA c. The destruction of the feudal system and its remnants.

A. 1861 - 1865 B. 1642 - 1649 V. 1789-1794

As a result of considering the test question, we get:

1. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. The World History: Textbook for universities / Edited by G.B. Polyak, A.N.

Nicely ).

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