Baikal and the Baikal natural area. State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Barguzinsky Lake Baikal heritage

Psychology
11.10.2019

Lake Baikal. Surroundings of Peschanaya Bay

Lake Baikal. Surroundings of Peschanaya Bay

In 2016, 20 years have passed since Lake Baikal was included in the World Heritage List. natural heritage. This happened on December 5, 1996 by decision of the 20th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in the Mexican city of Merida. Russia has filed an application for the inclusion of Baikal in the World Natural Heritage List.

To be inscribed on the Natural World Heritage List, a candidate property must meet at least one of four criteria:

  • be an outstanding example representing the main stages of the development of the Earth, including evidence of ancient life, significant geological processes in the stage of formation of landforms, geomorphological and physiographic elements of great importance; or
  • be an outstanding example representing ecological and biological evolutionary processes, the development of ecosystems and terrestrial, river, coastal and marine plant and animal communities; or
  • present natural phenomenon or an area of ​​exceptional aesthetic value; or
  • contain the habitats of the most representative and important species for the conservation of biological diversity, including those areas where species of outstanding global scientific and conservation importance and endangered species are conserved.

Baikal satisfied all four. Of the thousands of natural sites on the List, just over a dozen meet the four criteria.

The decision adopted by the UNESCO Committee noted:

“Lake Baikal is a classic case of a World Heritage site, fulfilling all four natural criteria. Baikal itself is the main object of the nomination. The features of the lake, hidden to a greater extent from the eyes of water, are of the main value for science and protection. The lake is surrounded by mountain-taiga landscapes and specially protected natural areas, mostly preserved in their natural state and representing additional value. Lake Baikal is a limnological wonder and an area with the following excellent qualities:

  • The geological rift system that gave rise to Lake Baikal formed during the Mesozoic period. Lake Baikal is the oldest and deepest lake on Earth. Various tectonic forces still continue their action, as evidenced by the outlets of thermal flows from the depths of the lake.
  • The evolution of aquatic organisms that has taken place throughout this long period has led to the formation of unique endemic flora and fauna. Lake Baikal is the "Galapagos Islands of Russia" and is of exceptional value for the study of evolution.
  • The picturesque landscape around the Baikal basin with mountain ranges, boreal forests, tundra, lakes, islands and steppes provides an exceptionally picturesque environment for Lake Baikal. Baikal is the largest reservoir fresh water on Earth (20% of all world reserves), which additionally characterizes it as a unique phenomenon.
  • Lake Baikal is one of the most biodiverse lakes on Earth, with 1,340 animal species (745 endemic) and 570 plant species (150 endemic). In the forests surrounding the lake, there are 10 species of plants listed in the Red Book International Union conservation, and presents a complete composition of typical boreal species.

When Baikal was included in the World Natural Heritage List, the Russian leadership was given special recommendations.

Baikal is a World Natural Heritage Site. In 2016, it will already be 20 years since Lake Baikal was included in the World Natural Heritage List. This happened on December 5, 1996 by decision of the 20th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in the Mexican city of Merida. Russia has filed an application for the inclusion of Baikal in the World Natural Heritage List.

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To be inscribed on the Natural World Heritage List, a candidate property must meet at least one of four criteria:

  • be an outstanding example representing the main stages of the development of the Earth, including evidence of ancient life, significant geological processes in the stage of formation of landforms, geomorphological and physiographic elements of great importance;
  • or be an outstanding example representing ecological and biological evolutionary processes, the development of ecosystems and terrestrial, river, coastal and marine plant and animal communities;
  • or constitute a natural phenomenon or area of ​​exceptional aesthetic value;
  • or contain habitats of the most representative and important species for the conservation of biological diversity, including those areas where species of outstanding global scientific and conservation importance and endangered species are conserved.

Baikal met all four criteria.

Of the thousands of natural sites on the List, just over a dozen meet the four criteria.

The decision adopted by the UNESCO Committee noted:

Lake Baikal is a classic case of a World Heritage Site, fulfilling all four natural criteria.

Baikal itself is the main object of the nomination. The features of the lake, hidden to a greater extent from the eyes of water, are of the main value for science and protection. The lake is surrounded by mountain-taiga landscapes and specially protected natural areas, mostly preserved in their natural state and representing additional value.

Lake Baikal is a limnological wonder and a territory with the following excellent qualities:

  • The geological rift system that gave rise to Lake Baikal was formed in Mesozoic period. Lake Baikal is the oldest and deepest lake on Earth. Various tectonic forces still continue their action, as evidenced by the outlets of thermal flows from the depths of the lake.
  • The evolution of aquatic organisms that has taken place throughout this long period has led to the formation of unique endemic flora and fauna.
  • Lake Baikal is the "Galapagos Islands of Russia" and is of exceptional value for the study of evolution.
  • The picturesque landscape around the Baikal basin with mountain ranges, boreal forests, tundra, lakes, islands and steppes provides an exceptionally picturesque environment for Lake Baikal.
  • Baikal is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth (20% of all world reserves), which additionally characterizes it as a unique phenomenon.
  • Lake Baikal is one of the most biodiverse lakes on Earth, with 1,340 animal species (745 endemic) and 570 plant species (150 endemic). In the forests surrounding the lake, there are 10 species of plants listed in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and a complete composition of typical boreal species is presented.

When Baikal was included in the World Natural Heritage List, the Russian leadership was given special recommendations:

  • adopt the Federal Law on Lake Baikal;
    re-profiling the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill in order to eliminate it as a source of pollution;
  • reduce the discharge of pollutants into the Selenga River;
  • increase the resource support for the activities of nature reserves and national parks adjacent to the lake;
  • continue support scientific research and monitoring at Lake Baikal.

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BAIKAL - A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE

The problem of preserving the natural heritage has always existed, sometimes becoming quite acute. The relevance of studying this topic lies in the fact that it is necessary to know the unique features of this lake, to give an idea of ​​the planetary significance of its conservation, and also to form a careful and responsible attitude of the population.

The study of this issue began with a visit to the Baikal Limnological Museum. The scientific direction of the museum is the study of the features of the evolution of the ecosystem of Lake Baikal. The museum provides in-depth information about the history of the origin and existence of Baikal, presents the biological diversity of the lake, the relationship of abiotic and biotic factors, introduces specially protected areas, talks about the study of the lake, and even gives the opportunity to virtual dive to the bottom of Baikal. natural heritage baikal planetary

The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia includes 26 sites, including: 16 of them are included in the list according to cultural criteria, 10 sites - according to natural ones.

In 2016, it will be 20 years since Lake Baikal was included in the World Natural Heritage List. This happened on December 5, 1996. To be included in the World Natural Heritage List, a candidate site must meet at least one of four criteria, Baikal satisfies all four. Of the thousands of natural sites on the List, just over a dozen meet all four criteria.

Baikal is an exceptional natural beauty, it represents a number of unique phenomena.

Baikal is the most deep lake on the planet, its depth is 1637 m., water transparency is about 40 m., which is ten times more than in other lakes. For example, in the Caspian Sea, the water transparency is 25 m, in Issyk-Kul - 20 m. In Baikal, a silver coin thrown into the water can be traced to a depth of 30-40 m.

One of the oldest lakes on the planet, its age is 25 - 30 million years. On Baikal, unlike many of the oldest lakes in the world, there are no signs of aging. On the contrary, scientists suggest that Baikal is a nascent ocean. This is confirmed by the fact that its shores diverge at a speed of up to 2 cm per year, just as the continents of Africa and South America diverge.

In the lake, which is known as the "Galapagos of Russia", thanks to ancient age and isolation formed a unique freshwater ecosystem, the study of which is of lasting importance for understanding the evolution of life on Earth. The lake is home to 1340 animal species (745 endemic) and 570 plant species (150 endemic). This species diversity has developed due to the high oxygen content in the water.

After the inclusion of Baikal in the World Natural Heritage List, its ecological state is given Special attention. At present, two large administrative regions of Russia are located on the territory of the drainage basin of Lake Baikal - the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia. Possessing industrial and agricultural potential, these entities determine state of the art ecosystems of the lake, being a source of pollution.

The lake has been at risk more than once, not so long ago, an oil pipeline was planned to be laid along the Baikal drainage basin and five other territories with protected status, but this project did not pass the state environmental review.

Today over Baikal new threat: planned by Mongolia to build a hydroelectric power station on the Selenga and its tributaries, which could lead to the degradation of Lake Baikal. Selenga - largest river, flowing into the lake, provides up to 80% of the water flow into the lake. The construction of dams on the river will significantly change the ecosystem of the river, the consequences are only negative - there will be a deterioration in water quality and deterioration of water supply conditions, degradation of wetlands, loss of geological stability and an increase in the risk of landslides, erosion, earthquakes.

The Limnological Institute highlights a new problem: the pollution of the coastal zone of Lake Baikal, which Irkutsk scientists announced in 2014, has taken on catastrophic proportions in the full sense of the word. About 60% of the lake coast is covered with spirogyra-algae, characteristic of warm stagnant reservoirs, which were almost never found in Baikal before, its closest relative lives in the area of ​​wastewater from the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill.

They cover almost 1 km of the coast with a thick layer with a strip 2-3 meters wide, emitting an unpleasant odor. Residents of the village of Maksimikha note the disappearance of the coastal whitefish, which spawns near the coast, this is due to the fact that the decomposition of algae in the coastal strip is incompatible with the reproduction of fish and other inhabitants of Baikal, since oxygen is consumed by microorganisms, and its content in the water is sharply reduced. As a result of a decrease in the oxygen content in the water, the death of organisms that need oxygen - zooplankton, fish, and its laid eggs.

Fertilizer minerals can enter Baikal with liquid household waste(nitrogen and phosphorus), sewage (nitrogen), detergents (washing powder contains phosphorus salts), with industrial waste from pulp and paper industries. Decaying biomass, organic waste, gives secondary pollution. Eutrophication is the process by which lakes gradually become swamps and do not usually live long.

Therefore, it can be concluded that at present the lake is experiencing an increased anthropogenic load.

Moreover, the development of spirogyra poses a danger to humans. Fields of rotting algae attract masses of gulls and other birds, with their feces, intestinal bacteria enter and actively multiply, which during storms are washed into the lake itself. This is the so-called secondary sanitary pollution, something that the staff of the Limnological Institute has already diagnosed.

Perhaps it is with the appearance of spirogyra in the lake that mass death sponges - a natural filter of Baikal water. Algae occupies the spawning grounds of the yellowfly fish, and it, in turn, is the favorite food of the Baikal omul. That is, the consequences may affect the population of the latter. Sponges first die out, and then colonies of blue-green bacteria appear on them, and some genera of these bacteria can produce toxins of various effects, including those that affect the central nervous system, the liver, and can, for example, cause cirrhosis.

Baikal is unique natural complex, which is of interest both as an object of scientific research and as an unconditional aesthetic value.

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Lake Baikal.

Baikal was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1996 according to four natural criteria:
(vii) The property is a natural phenomenon or space of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance.
(viii) The property is an outstanding example of the main stages of the history of the Earth, including a monument of the past, a symbol of ongoing geological processes in the development of relief, or a symbol of geomorphological or physiographic features.
(ix) The property is an outstanding example of ongoing ecological or biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems and plant and animal communities.

(x) The property includes the most important or significant natural environment habitat for conservation biodiversity, including endangered species of exceptional world value in terms of science and protection.


The lake is in Russian Federation, on the border of the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia, stretches from the northeast to the southwest for 620 km in the form of a crescent. The width of Baikal ranges from 24 to 80 km.

Baikal is the deepest and oldest lake on earth. The maximum depth of the lake is 1642 m. It is located at the point with coordinates 53°14′59″ N. sh. 108°05′11″ E (established in 1983 by the expedition of the GUNiO MO, confirmed in 2002 as a result of the Belgian-Spanish-Russian project to create a new bathymetric map of Baikal)
Baikal is located in the mainland basin: the lowest point of the basin lies 1187 m below sea level
The average depth of the lake is 744.4 m. The water surface of the lake covers an area 31,722 km². Fresh water reserves in Baikal - 23,615.39 km³ (about 19% of the world's lake fresh water reserves)
The geological rift system that gave rise to Lake Baikal was formed in the Mesozoic period. The age of the Baikal basin is estimated at 20-25 Ma. The Baikal rift zone belongs to areas with high seismicity; earthquakes regularly occur here, the strength of which is one or two points.
336 rivers and streams flow into Baikal. The largest of them are Selenga, Upper Angara, Barguzin, Turka, Snezhnaya, Sarma. One river flows out of the lake - the Angara.

(View from a height of 734 km, altitude: 952 km.)

The Svyatoy Nos peninsula is the largest peninsula that separates the Chivyrkuisky and Barguzinsky bays. The largest island of the lake is Olkhon. The Ushkany Islands are four islands in the middle part of Lake Baikal: Big, Round, Thin and Long. By area, they are about 10 sq.m. Small Toynaki.
In the north of the lake are the islands of Yarki and Millionny.
The Ushkany Islands are known for the largest rookery of the Baikal seal. The Baikal seal is an endemic of the lake and a landmark of the Zabaikalsky National Park.

Baikal seals.

Seal cub.

There are about 2600 species and subspecies of living organisms in Baikal.
About 1000 species are endemic.
The most famous fish of Baikal: Baikal omul, grayling, whitefish, Baikal sturgeon, golomyanka.
A number of rare forms of aquatic invertebrates (sponges, amphipods) live in the lake.

The crustacean Baikal epishura plays a very important role in the ecosystem of the lake. This representative of the planktonic crustacean species, 1.5 mm in size, consumes organic matter by passing water through its body. Being a natural filter, the Baikal epishura purifies the water of the lake.

On the eastern shore of Lake Baikal is the Zabaikalsky national park, on the west coast is the Pribaikalsky National Park.
The flora of the coastal zone of Lake Baikal is represented by more than 800 plant species.
Among about 50 species of mammals that live in the coastal zone in swamps, in the steppes and forest-steppes, in the foothill and mountain forests, high mountain regions: wild reindeer, maral, elk, musk deer, wild boar, Brown bear, wolf, fox, sable, ermine, weasel, squirrel, chipmunk, tarbagan marmot, otter, muskrat.

About 250 species of birds live in the Baikal area. Most rare species: peregrine falcon, osprey, golden eagle, black crane, white-tailed eagle.

Area: 8.8 million hectares

Criteria: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

Status: inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1996

Constituent objects:
Central ecological zone Baikal natural territory, including the Federal State Institution "Reserved Baikal Region" (Pribaikalsky National Park and the Baikal-Lena State nature reserve) (664050, Irkutsk, Baikalskaya st., 291b), Federal State Institution "Reserved Podlemorie" (Zabaikalsky National Park, Barguzinsky State Natural biosphere reserve and the Frolikhinsky federal reserve (671623, Republic of Buryatia, Ust-Barguzin settlement, Lenina st., 7), the Baikal State Natural Biosphere Reserve and the Kabansky federal reserve (167220, Republic of Buryatia, Kabansky district, Tankhoi settlement , Krasnogvardeiskaya St., 34), Tunkinsky National Park (partially) (671010, Republic of Buryatia, Tunkinsky District, village of Kyren, Lenin St., 69), regional reserves "Snezhinsky", "Kochergatsky", "Verkhne-Angarsky", "Pribaikalsky", "Enkheluksky".

A lake of superlatives - this is what they call "Sacred Baikal". It covers an area of ​​3.15 million hectares and is recognized as the oldest (25 million years) and deepest (about 1700 m) lake on the planet. Baikal preserves approximately 20% of the world's fresh water reserves in pristine purity.

It is called the most important center of speciation - "laboratory of biodiversity". For many millions of years, its closed ecosystem formed a unique "biosphere", the study of which provides the knowledge necessary to understand the evolution of life on Earth.

The Baikal depression is the central link of the Baikal rift zone, one of the largest ancient fault systems on Earth. It is still active - the shores of Lake Baikal diverge at a speed of up to 2 cm per year.

The lake with the ridges surrounding it is the most important natural frontier of Siberia. Here the boundaries of various floristic and faunal complexes converge and unique biogeocenoses are presented.

One of the richest and most unusual freshwater fauna in the world has formed in the Baikal depression. Of the more than 2,630 species and subspecies of animals and plants found so far in the lake, more than 80% are found nowhere else in the world.

Who has not heard of the famous Baikal omul or Baikal sturgeon? Two unique species of viviparous fish, representatives of a family endemic to Lake Baikal - the big and small golomyanka - are known to ichthyologists all over the world. The pyramid of the lake ecosystem is crowned by a mammal of typically marine origin - the Baikal seal.

Lake Baikal with its basin is a unique and very fragile natural ecosystem that provides the natural process of formation of waters, famous throughout the world for its transparency and purity. There are few places left on Earth where you can drink water, just scooping it up from the shore. The transparency of this water reaches 40 meters.

For Siberia, the climate of the Baikal coasts is relatively mild, and the amount sunny days per year in some places higher than in many Black Sea resorts.