| Bivouac location and organization bivouac work

Fundamentals of life safety
6th grade

Lesson 5
Determination of a place for a bivouac and organization of bivouac work

Presentations for the lesson

When preparing for a hike, special attention should be paid to choosing a place for a big halt - setting up a bivouac (bivouac - camping for tourists). The place of the bivouac should be protected from the wind and be on a flat, dry place near water and firewood. In addition, it is impossible to set up a bivouac near settlements, cattle yards, near reservoirs with stagnant flowering water, on the way of herd driving.

If the hike is in the mountains, then you need to determine if the place you have chosen for the bivouac is in the rockfall zone. You can not set up a bivouac near a mountain river, and even more so in the dry part of its channel. In case of rain, the river will turn into a turbulent stream and can wash away the camp.

Campfire

A campfire site is chosen in an open, but protected from the wind place, preferably near water. Take care of nature: build a fire on a trampled down piece of land, on old fires, after removing the turf on the site chosen for the fire. Dry leaves, grass, needles, branches that can catch fire should be removed from the fire by 1 - 1.5 m.

Need to remember that a fire cannot be made directly near trees, in young coniferous forests, in areas with dry reeds, reeds, moss or grass, in clearings where there are remains of forest combustible materials (dry branches, leaves, etc.), on peat bogs, and also in the forest on stony placers. The fire should not be left unattended. Leaving the place of the bivouac, it is necessary to fill the fire.

Making a campfire in dry weather is no big deal.. It is more difficult to kindle it after the rain, when the firewood is damp. In any case, going on a hike in nature, you must have matches, a candle stub and a lighter with you. Before the trip, each box of matches must be packed in a double plastic film, for which it is necessary to run a hot knife blade along the film with a box of matches around its perimeter. You can also place the matchbox in a vial with a hermetically ground stopper or put it in a rubber bag. It is also convenient to use metal cases for matchboxes, which protect them from getting wet and mechanical damage.

Before lighting a fire, it is necessary to prepare kindling from small dry spruce twigs, birch bark, resin coniferous trees, dry moss, grass, lichen, shavings, splinter. AT wet weather kindling is made from the middle part of the dead wood split with an ax. The prepared kindling is placed under a small dry brushwood folded in a hut or well and set on fire, and thicker firewood is carefully placed on top as it burns.

AT rainy weather a fire is lit under the cover of a cape or cloak held by two tourists. The stronger the wind or rain, the denser the kindling and firewood are laid on the fire.

In raw cold weather you can (if the supply of firewood allows) lay out two fires. The first is for cooking, the second is for drying clothes and equipment (sticks are placed next to it, on which you can hang wet things). Near this fire, it is imperative to put a duty officer who will maintain the fire and make sure that things do not burn out.

Shoes are put on the fire inside(not sole). After drying, shoes should remain slightly damp and soft, but they should not be brought to a hard state.

Procurement of fuel

When harvesting fuel, you should be aware that damp and rotten wood gives a lot of smoke, but little heat; small brushwood burns out in the first two to three minutes; aspen and fir firewood are bad because they shoot sparks too much.

If you need to build a large fire, then the best firewood will be from pine, cedar and spruce deadwood.

Working with an ax

Anyone who goes on a campaign must be good with an ax. The ax blade must be protected: do not cut the roots of bushes and trees, do not sharpen pegs on stones or on the ground, but only on pieces of wood. Especially it is necessary to take care of the toe and heel of the ax (these are the ends of the blade, which are needed for small work).

If logs are chopped, at least some of them must be split lengthwise into two parts, and if the log is thick, then into four. Split logs flare up faster.

A sharp ax is no less dangerous than a loaded gun.

Most often, ax wounds are inflicted on the leg when the ax slides off the trunk of a tree or a thin branch is cut with force. In the parking lot, the ax should be stuck into a stump or a lying trunk (but not into a growing tree!). You need to carry it in a special case. When working in the forest, you need to look around - whether neighboring branches and trunks will interfere.

Cooking on the go

Arrange the fire for cooking so that it does not blow out, and the flame evenly heats the pot.

Salt add to food according to your taste. For a mug of cereals, you will need about a teaspoon of salt, for milk and sweet cereals - half a teaspoon. Soup concentrates, cereals and stews already contain salt.

Porridge first, until thickened, boil (with stirring) over high heat, and then over low heat. If you forgot to put salt in the thickened porridge, then you need to dilute the salt in boiling water and pour the solution into the porridge.

To get rid of the bitter taste of millet porridge, washed millet should be poured with boiling water, quickly bring the water to a boil and drain it. Then pour clean water and cook porridge.

To cook rice, you need to put it in cold water, bring to a boil, and then, draining the boiling water, pour cold water again.

Pasta for cooking is thrown into boiling salted water and boiled: 8 - 10 minutes - vermicelli, 15 - 20 minutes - noodles, 20 - 25 minutes - horns, pasta. The liquid is then drained off.

Buckets, cauldrons hanging over the fire must be moved or removed with a mitten or a rag so as not to get burned.

Kissels, milk mixtures, cocoa powder are first diluted in a bowl until the lumps disappear, and then boiled.

Dishes from food concentrates are prepared as written on the package.

Test yourself

■ What precautions should be taken to make sure fires and food are prepared in inclement weather?
■ Go camping with your parents on the weekend. Practice on your own and with the help of your parents in preparing fuel, making a fire, cooking.
■ Come up with your own answer to the question: “Why is it necessary to observe fire safety measures in the forest?”

After lessons

1. Write down the basic fire safety requirements for making a fire in a safety diary. Learn these rules.

2. On a large scale topographic map locate a large halt for a one-day trek. Explain your choice.

On your day off, go camping with your parents.. Practice on your own and with the help of your parents in preparing fuel, making a fire, cooking.

It is forbidden! You can not set up a bivouac near settlements, stockyards, near reservoirs with stagnant flowering water, on the way of herd driving. If the hike is carried out in the mountains, then it is necessary to determine whether the place that you have chosen for the bivouac is located in the rockfall zone next to the mountain stream, and even more so in the dry part of its channel. (If it rains, the river will turn into a torrential stream and may wash away the camp.)

Working with an ax The blade of an ax must be protected: do not cut the roots of bushes and trees, do not sharpen pegs on stones or on the ground, but only on pieces of wood. use the ax only for chopping wood (left), store it in a special case (right) Especially it is necessary to take care of the toe and heel of the ax (these are the ends of the blade that are needed for small work). Remember! A sharp ax is no less dangerous than a loaded gun.

Dinner Fire Place the dinner fire in such a way that it does not blow out, and the flame evenly heats the pot. Buckets, cauldrons hanging over the fire must be moved or removed with a mitten or a rag so as not to get burned Ways to place the cauldron over the fire

Cooking Add salt to your food according to your taste. Approximately for a cup of cereal, you will need a teaspoon of salt, for milk and sweet cereals, half a spoon. Soup concentrates, cereals and stews already contain salt. Porridge is boiled until thickened (with stirring) over high heat, and then over low heat.

Porridge Groats Number of cups of water per cup of cereals (pcs.) Duration of cooking on a fire (min) Oatmeal Buckwheat Barley 290 Millet Rice

Questions 1. On a large-scale topographic map, locate a large halt for a one-day hike. Explain your choice. 2. What precautions should be taken to ensure that ostros are kept and food is prepared in inclement weather? 3. Why is it necessary to observe fire safety measures in the forest? 1 What are the basic requirements for fire safety when making a fire.

ABC of tourism. Choosing a bivouac site

Mastering the technique of bivouac work occupies a special place in the preparation of a tourist. And that's why. During the day, the time of tourists is distributed approximately as follows: 8 hours of transition + 8 hours of sleep + 8 hours for bivouac work. The first two terms are irreducible quantities. This means that everything interesting that a tourist wants to do on a hike (visiting ancient monuments, performing socially useful tasks, picking berries and bathing, the opportunity for conversations and songs around the fire, etc.), he must do by reducing the time of bivouac work . Unfortunately, very often young tourists, especially those traveling in large groups, carry out bivouac work so lazily and randomly that they, together with gathering, take even more than 8 hours a day.

That is why, until young tourists have learned to spend one and a half to two hours on morning and evening bivouac work, before the trips in which they participate, it is pointless to set any other goals than climbing the route and mastering tourist equipment. It makes no sense to entrust such a group with the execution of any tasks. She can carry them out only by reducing the time of sleep or passing the route.

As long as the fuss with the bivouac can drag on for an indefinite period, the life of the group is built on the principle: "We will leave when we can, we will come where we can." The group that owns bivouac equipment lives according to a different principle: "We will leave when we plan, we will come where we need to." With such a group, it is already possible to make exciting trips, take on interesting tasks, and make equally bold plans.

So, let's consider the issues related to mastering the bivouac technique. This will include choosing a place for a bivouac, organizing bivouac work, setting up a tent, folding a bivouac. Essentially, this should also include making fires, drying clothes and shoes, and cooking. But making fires (in view of the importance of this issue) is devoted to a separate chapter, and the last two issues are considered in the chapters "Equipment" and "Food on a hike."

The bivouac site must meet several requirements. The first of these is safety. Of course, this requirement fully applies to long-distance and difficult trips. In the conditions of central Russia, security issues are not so acute, and they are most often forgotten altogether. However, they should not be completely ignored. It is not recommended, for example, to camp downstream near large villages, cattle yards, slaughterhouses, settlements with industrial enterprises. Water taken from a river in such a place may be spoiled. You should not, unless absolutely necessary, set up camp near reservoirs with stagnant flowering water. True, in principle, such water can be neutralized: filtered through the soil. (For this, a small hole is dug at a distance of 1-1.5 m from the water. When it is filled with water, the water is scooped out with a mug. This operation is repeated several times until clean water flows into the hole)

But still it is better to go an extra couple of kilometers and stop near running water. You should not camp near villages and roads, especially if the trip is made on holidays. An outside company is unlikely to bring much joy, even if it is quite friendly. An accidental run-in by a dog that will "review" meat products in backpacks, a herd of cows that passed through the camp in the morning - all these possible cases do not speak in favor of choosing a bivouac site near the village, although they are not related to security issues.

The next requirement for a bivouac site is the availability of water and firewood. It is difficult to say which of these requirements is more important. It all depends on the specific conditions of the trip. Usually in the hot summertime in central Russia it is more important to find water. It is easier with firewood, but in early spring, when the melt water has not yet come down, this problem comes to the fore.

So, safety, provision of water and firewood - these are the main requirements for a bivouac site. All of them are taken into account first of all when the bivouac site is marked on the map, and then when it is chosen on the ground.

The remaining requirements for a bivouac site should be considered desirable but not mandatory. Among these requirements is the convenience of a place for deploying bivouac work. It is desirable that for water it was not necessary to climb into a deep ravine or sip in a mug from a barely noticeable spring, so that it would not be necessary to go far for firewood, so that the bivouac site was protected from the wind, and if there are a lot of mosquitoes in the forest, then, on the contrary, so that the place be ventilated so that tents can be pitched on trees rather than on special stakes, etc. If the bivouac does not meet these requirements, this will delay the camping work and require more effort from tourists, but, ultimately, in In such conditions, you can ensure yourself a good rest.

Aesthetic requirements for the place of the bivouac and the appearance of the camp are also among the additional requirements. Of course, ceteris paribus, it is better to camp in some beautiful, eye-pleasing place. It is not for nothing that experienced tourists who have traveled a lot around their native land try to remember such places and, if necessary, bring newcomers there. But, of course, the aesthetic requirements for a bivouac site should not be given preference over the main ones. The same can be said about appearance camps. Of course, it is beautiful if the tents are set up at the same distance from the fire or if the dining “table” is decorated with a bouquet of wildflowers. But in no case should it become an end in itself. Meanwhile, an inexperienced leader often forgets about this. And so, in order to put the tents in one line, the camp is not set up in the forest, where it is protected from the wind and partly from the rain, where the firewood is literally at hand, but somewhere on the edge of the field, near the road, open to everyone rains and winds, from where you need to walk three hundred meters for firewood. And for the sake of a bouquet of flowers decorating the "table", lunch is delayed for half an hour, and everyone eats cold food. In a word, when choosing a place for a camp, one should not forget about what is the main and what is secondary.

1 Writing on the board. "Organization of bivouac work"

Outdoor activities are hiking trips that are becoming increasingly popular among urban residents. Modern man is aware of the need to communicate with the natural environment, which helps to improve health and get a supply of vigor for everyday life and work.

What types of hikes do you know?

(Hiking, skiing, water, cycling trips, weekend trips, multi-day trips).

Bivouac sites are marked on the map ahead of time when a route is selected, while a specific parking place is determined directly during the trip.

What do you think it should be like?

It must be dry

safe, protected from the wind,

Of course, we must not forget about the location drinking water

and sources of fuel for the fire.

It is ideal to stop on an elevated bank, in a forest clearing or edge, in a coniferous forest. It is advisable to provide that in the morning the halt is illuminated by the sun. You need to stop for the night at least two hours before dark in order to finish all the preparatory work before dark - stock up on firewood and water for the entire stay, put up tents, cook dinner. It is rational to do these works at the same time, distributing responsibilities among the members of the group.

The site is cleared of stones and branches. Special attention you need to pay attention to the areas where the tents will be located. To make it softer and warmer to spend the night, dry coniferous branches, reeds, straw or grass are laid under the tents. To the head of the bedding is made thicker. The branches laid out in this way create something like a mattress. In winter, such a litter is simply necessary. A tent is set up on top of the bedding, usually with an entrance to the east, to the fire. In windy weather, the tent is set up with the entrance in the direction of the wind.

If rain is planned, then the tent is dug in with a groove for water flowing from the roof. In any case, the tent must be pitched firmly, regardless of the excellent evening weather, at night it may rain or wind rise, and then a poorly pitched tent will cause a lot of trouble to everyone.

During short trips in wooded areas, in the warm season, a hut, a canopy, a dugout, a wigwam, an igloo can easily replace a tent - use what is at hand when choosing the type of shelter.

We will talk about them in the next lessons.

Of course, a bivouac is not complete without a fire. Bonfire is fire. Fire can be friend and foe. Therefore, the first rule of making a fire ...

1) The site is chosen in an open, but protected from the wind place, preferably near the water.

Build a fire on a trampled piece of land, or on old fireplaces.

Remove the sod. Sod is the top fertile layer of the earth...

It is impossible near conifers, young growth, areas with reeds, reeds, moss or lichens, where there are residues of combustible substances.

Textbook work! Consider Fig. On page 25. What are the implications?

(children's answers)

Types of fires page 168:

Star;

Practical work №1

Make types of fires from logs ...

And firewood is needed!

Damp and rotten firewood gives a lot of smoke, little heat.

Aspen and fir shoots strong sparks;

A deadwood of birch and alder, burns evenly and almost without smoke.

Practical work №2

Figure 1 (textbook page 26)

Ax work.

Reading p.29 (Showing an ax in a case)

We made a fire, and now we need to take care of dinner. Arrange the fire for cooking dinner so that it does not blow out, and the flame evenly heats the pot.

Slide "Ways to place the pot over the fire."

Nutrition is the source of energy that we use to move, navigate, and make decisions. And for this you need to try to choose products so that the food is not only high-calorie and healthy, but also tasty and quite varied, and also contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins.

Because:

Proteins are construction material for the whole organism, serve as the basis for the creation of tissues, such as muscle fibers.

Fats - protects the internal organs, provides them with energy, protects the body from colds and helps it absorb certain vitamins.

Carbohydrates are a fast-acting energy material. It is quickly and easily absorbed and used by the body, quickly covering the costs of physical and mental activity.

"Kitchen utensils and utensils for cooking on a hike."

What utensils are used on the trip?

Pots, bowls;

Buckets with a lid;

Board for cutting products;

Kitchen knives, spoons, ladle.

It is also advisable to have an oilcloth, 1x1 m in size, on which the attendants will lay out bread, sausage, sugar, in a word - “set the table”.

“Safety Rules for Cooking Food on a Campfire”.

Read the safety rules for cooking over a fire.

1. Buckets and pots, move or remove over the fire, only after putting on a mitten.

2. You can not work at the fire without clothes that protect the body from burns.

3. You can not put dishes with hot food on the ground next to people. Dishes with cooked food should be placed on a special stand.

4. It is necessary to constantly monitor the fire.

Choosing a place for a bivouac.

Ideal parking spots are rare. Often you have to be content with what you have. But still, we must try to carefully choose a place for a bivouac. The main selection criteria: safety, availability of water and fuel, convenience.

Safety.

It is impossible to set up a bivouac under steep cliffs due to possible landslides.

In dangerous proximity to the camp there should not be standing rotten trees - they can fall when strong wind. If they are, then they must be dumped before the camp is set up. Beware of large trees blown down by the wind but hanging on the branches of neighboring trees. Such a tree can collapse at any moment.

You can not put up tents in the dry channels of mountain streams and rivers. With heavy rains in the upper reaches, these channels are filled with water and mud instantly. There is also a danger of a mudflow. In the upper reaches, a dam of fallen trees, stones and mud can form. When the dam breaks, a powerful stream will rush down, sweeping away everything in its path with great speed.

Do not set up tents on the gently sloping banks of rivers and islands - during rains, the water can rise very quickly.

You can not put up tents on animal trails, especially wild boar, in watering places.

It is undesirable to set up a camp near settlements, especially after the group passed through the village, when the locals saw you. Many cases are known when local residents came to the parking lot in order to profit from alcohol or to rob wealthy city tourists. You should not become a camp next to outside companies.

Do not stand near the well-traveled roads - you do not know who can come and why.

If the water for cooking is taken from the river, do not camp at locality downstream. Waste water may enter the river.

Do not stand under a free-standing tall tree. During a thunderstorm, there is a danger of being struck by lightning.

Look around for wasps. The proximity of a hornet's nest is fraught with bites and spoiled rest.

Water.

It is good if there is a clean stream or spring near the camp - the water in them is cleaner than in rivers. Do not take water or bathe in stagnant water, especially pasture water. If you are standing by the river, arrange a toilet for a large group downstream. In winter, the issue of water is not as relevant as in summer - you can melt snow or ice.

Firewood.

When choosing a place, pay attention to the presence of dead trees, it is better if they are conifers: pine, cedar. Hardwoods are often rotten and damp, especially birch. In winter, the availability of good firewood near the camp is more important than in summer. Preference should be given to pine, as spruce shoots corners. Don't count on fallen trees - they will almost certainly be damp and rotten. An exception can only be in hot, dry weather, as well as in the southern regions. For example, in the lower reaches of the Volga, spring floods bring down thousands of trunks. When the water subsides, they find themselves on the shore and dry out perfectly during the summer.

In winter, one of the main criteria for choosing a place is firewood, and in summer - water.

Convenience.

The place must be dry. It is desirable to have a convenient access to the water.
In summer, it is preferable to camp on the edges of the forest and small clearings so that the wind drives away mosquitoes and midges. In winter, on the contrary, it is desirable to hide from the wind behind trees and dense undergrowth.
If you plan to use an awning, there should be trees nearby to which you can tie a rope. If possible, the camp should be set higher - fog gathers in the lowlands at night and dew falls. Give preference to the east and south sides - in the morning the dew will dry faster under the rays of the sun.

Place under the tent should be flat. When setting up tents, remove natural debris from the ground: cones, stones, branches. If there are bumps and pits - cut and fill. If the surface is slightly sloping, position the tent so that the head is lower than the legs. With this arrangement, the blood will drain from the legs, which will make it possible to better rest and recover after a pedestrian transition. And yet, you will not slide down in a dream. Sleeping bags and mats glide perfectly along the bottom of the tent. Tents should be located no closer than 4-5 meters from the fire, so that the embers and sparks do not damage the awning. It is better to place the entrance of the tents in the direction of the fire - in the evening it will be clear where to go.

Bonfires cannot be lit on peat bogs and dry turf. If there is an old fire pit, then make a fire in it. If not, before making a fire, remove the sod within a meter radius from the fire. This will reduce the risk of fire. When you leave, put the turf back in place.