After a long journey, every tourist needs a good rest. The place where the participants of the campaign rest, eat, sleep and gain strength is called tourist bivouac. It will shelter you from bad weather and give you the opportunity to sit by the fire.

Beyond duration bivouacs are divided into the following types:

• small and lunch halt;
• daytime;
• overnight stay.

The main rule in organizing a bivouac is right choice places. Equally important in this matter is to protect the bivouac from bad weather, prepare a site for a tent and build a fire.

How to choose the right places to rest

Small halt

For this type of bivouac, flat, dry areas are good, such as clearings, roadsides or edges. Great if you can find it nearby. source from where you can bring drinking water.

The forest strip will perfectly protect the resting place from strong winds. If there are no trees nearby, then bushes and coastal slopes will do. We must not forget about the presence of insects- pay attention to it. In summer, it is better to halt in the shade, but in winter, stop in places that are lit by the sun.

Dinner bivouac, day and night

A good place for a day or night will be a flat area for placing tents, nearby there must be a reservoir (river, lake) and dry brushwood for fuel.

in winter, when choosing a place to stay, pay attention to availability of good fuel. At this time of the year, snow can be used as drinking water, just melt it on fire.

In summer it is better to stop near the river, near the village . In this case, it is better to choose a site for the camp a little upstream from the settlement, fords and watering places. Choose places where the river has a sandy bottom, a convenient descent and a calm surface.

When choosing a site for spending the night, consider the time of illumination of this place by the sun. In such cases, perfect east side river bank or hillside. This choice will ensure that the tent and dew on the grass dry quickly.

If the route passes through forest parks or protected natural areas, the camp can be set up only in places that are specially reserved for this .

Safety conditions for the place of halt and overnight stay

When planning to set up a parking lot in mountainous areas, it is important to take into account the peculiarities of the weather and terrain.

• To avoid landslides, avalanches, rock falls, mudflows, do not stop under eaves, at the foot of rocks or in avalanche couloirs.
• When you see a thunderstorm, you don't have to choose places on top hills, ridges or passes to protect yourself from being struck by lightning.
• To avoid fire it is impossible to set up a tourist camp in areas with dry bushes or in a thicket of coniferous forests. Be aware of a sudden change in the weather, a lightning strike or a flurry that has flown in can knock down rotten trees, and this also applies to cut trees.

How to organize a bivouac

Organization of a small halt

The leader chooses a place that is suitable for a halt, then stops the team and divides the responsibilities between the participants. In most cases, it is enough for one person to entrust the delivery of drinking water, and the other to distribute sandwiches, etc. The rest of the hikers rest for 5-10 minutes after taking off their backpacks. You can rest on fallen trees, stumps, dry soil. It is useful to lie down and lift your legs up, placing them comfortably on a backpack. After rest, it is recommended to do a light workout.

In winter, immediately after stopping, you should put on a warm thing, it can be a padded jacket or a jacket. Also, to warm up, if possible, it is good to drink hot coffee or tea. In winter, a small halt should not last longer than 5 minutes. Do not use your backpack for seating, you can easily crush your belongings and food.

Organizing a lunch break

Several people are already involved in organizing the lunch break. Two bring water, one kindles a fire, the other builds a fire, all the rest go for fuel. When there is already water, firewood and a fire, duty officers are appointed. These are the participants who have to keep the fire going and cook the food. All the rest at this time pick berries or mushrooms, if possible, fish, or just relax or play various sports games.

Lunch break lasts about 2-4 hours. If the weather is sunny, you can dry your equipment and clothes, in rainy weather, you must first choose a site for tents, put all the backpacks in a separate place and cover them with a film or raincoat.

The lunch bivouac in winter is shorter than in summer, its duration depends on how quickly the fire is made and the food is prepared by the attendants. First, the whole group, without removing the lick, needs to trample down the snow on the site where the camp will be. After that, the leader distributes the work to each member of the group. One makes the flooring or digs a pit for the fire, the other is responsible for the brushwood, and the third kindles the fire.

In a winter halt, the main thing is to involve all members of the group in the active participation, this will not allow you to overcool and shorten the duration of the halt.

Organization of day and night in the field

The organization of this type of bivouac is similar to the organization of a lunch break, but already involves more people on duty. Additional tourists on duty are needed to equip the camp. Their function is to prepare fuel for the fire, they also clear the camp area. For a well-equipped camp, benches, dryers and hangers are built. All this is done from improvised materials. Part of the attendants clears the descent to the water if necessary and digs a hole for garbage.

AT winter time the attendants also dig a pit for a scarf and ram the path from the fire to the tents. In case of strong wind, a wind protection system is built. Two or three tourists provide the group with "small-format" firewood to keep the tent warm at night, for this they use camping stoves. Organization of a winter hike takes more time (about 3 hours), so you need to make a stop before it gets dark.

Day and night mode

The main thing in the campaign is the correct mode, which will give a normal rest and, importantly, good dream. It is very nice, especially if you have a good company, to sit by the fire, but it is important not to forget about sleep. Do not sit up until the morning and feel tired the next day. A competent leader should announce the end time in advance, approximately around 22:00. After lights out in the camp, you can not make a lot of noise and talk loudly, so as not to interfere with other participants to rest.

In addition to rest and sleep, in the organization of days and overnight stays, there should be a distribution of time for social work, repair and inspection of clothing and equipment. You also need time for entertainment, exercise, games, training, picking berries and mushrooms. During the day it is good to conduct walks and excursions, they help to get to know the area better.

Breaking camp

The team starts by packing backpacks.

If the weather is bad and it's raining or it's winter time, then backpacks are collected in a tent. If the weather is good, warm and sunny, all things are removed from the tent, while leaving the entrance open so that it dries out, and a backpack is collected outside.

No need to break benches, tables and barriers - they may be needed by other tourist groups. But wooden racks and stakes are placed next to the remains of firewood near the fire.

Collect all rubbish and take it with you. Paper can be burned in a fire. Then put out the fire by flooding it with water, throwing snow or earth at it.

Readiness check

Before leaving the place of spending the night or day, the leader checks the composition of the group, the presence of all things, whether something has been forgotten, whether the place of rest has been removed, whether the fire has been extinguished.

Tip: don't forget to rest on the route! Stick to the regime: 45 minutes on the road - 5 minutes of rest.

Determination of a place for a bivouac and organization of bivouac work

In preparation for the hike Special attention should pay attention to the choice of a place for a large halt - a bivouac ( bivouac- tourist parking). The place of the bivouac should be protected from the wind and be on a flat, dry place near water and firewood. In addition, you can not set up a bivouac near settlements, cattle yards, near reservoirs with stagnant flowering water, on the way of herd driving.

If the hike is carried out in the mountains, then it is necessary to determine whether the place that you have chosen for the bivouac is located in the rockfall zone. You can not set up a bivouac near a mountain river, and even more so in the dry part of its channel. In case of rain, the river will turn into a turbulent stream and can wash away the camp.

Campfire

A campfire site is chosen in an open, but protected from the wind place, preferably near water. Take care of nature: make a fire on a trampled down piece of land, on old fires, after removing the sod on the site chosen for the fire. Dry leaves, grass, needles, branches that can catch fire should be removed from the fire by 1-1.5 m.

It must be remembered that a fire cannot be made directly near trees, in young coniferous forests, in areas with dry reeds, reeds, moss or grass, in clearings where there are remains of forest combustible materials (dry branches, leaves, etc.), on peat bogs , as well as in the forest on stony placers. The fire should not be left unattended. Leaving the place of the bivouac, it is necessary to fill the fire.

Building a fire in dry weather is no big deal. It is more difficult to kindle it after the rain, when the firewood is damp. In any case, going on a hike in nature, you must have matches, a candle stub and a lighter with you. Before the trip, each box of matches must be packed in a double plastic film, for which it is necessary to run a hot knife blade along the film with a box of matches around its perimeter. You can also place the matchbox in a vial with a hermetically ground stopper or put it in a rubber bag. It is also convenient to use metal cases for matchboxes, which protect them from getting wet and mechanical damage.

ORGANIZATION OF BIVACKS AND THEIR COLLAPSE

PLAN

INTRODUCTION

Parking for overnight and day stays

bivouac work

Rolling up the camp

CONCLUSION

LIST OF SOURCES

INTRODUCTION

Travelers spend about two-thirds of the hiking time on halts, that is, most of the route falls on parking.

A tourist bivouac is a resting place where travelers rest, eat, spend the night, prepare for a further journey; this is the base camp for the radial organization of the route; this is a shelter from bad weather, this is a fire, a hearth, a center for communication, comprehension of the past and planning for the future path. A bivouac is a house in which we live during a hike.

The duration is divided into small halts (for rest, dressing, repairs), lunch halts, overnight stays, and days.

In one-day trips, only small and lunch breaks are arranged. On two-day and longer trips, they also spend the night in bivouacs, and also arrange day trips when they do not move further along the route: they rest, swim, pick berries, mushrooms, fish, take walks, excursions.

The organization of a halt is, first of all, the correct and competent choice of a place, good preparation of the site, distribution of work, setting up tents, making a fire or kindling stoves or stoves and, most importantly, ensuring the safety of the parking lot from natural forces and troubles created by the person himself.

On halts, in addition to rest and eating, they repair clothes and equipment, observe nature according to a certain program, keep diary entries (observations, sketches, notes about the route, nature, surroundings). At rest stops, they sing songs, have fun, play sports or train. During halts and days, they gather mushrooms, berries, fish, get acquainted with the surrounding area in more detail, conduct walks and excursions.

In short, most of the camping life is spent on halts.

Small halts - the shortest and simplest pauses and stops along the way - are made mainly for rest after 1-2 hours of travel. Therefore, the place for small halts is determined mainly by the time of transitions. Of course, it is good if small halts fall on fairly flat and dry areas in glades, edges, roadsides and trails. It is good to be located at a source of drinking water - a well, a key or a clean stream. When it is windy, it is good to stop in a shelter (a strip of forest, thickets of bushes, a coastal slope, etc.). If time and place contribute to the expanse of mosquitoes and other midges, then it is better to stop in windy areas. In winter, it is better to stay in the sun, and in summer, when it is hot, in the shade.

On a small halt, it is good to eat sour candy, take vitamins, refresh your face, rinse your mouth with cold water; you can drink a few sips of hot tea or coffee from a thermos. You can relax on hiking trips on dry ground, fallen trees, stumps.

In water trips, on the contrary, it makes sense to do a physical workout, run, jump, stretch. A place for a small halt in a water trip, if possible, is chosen in a place convenient for mooring ships, with a dry platform on the shore.

In winter, before stopping, it is necessary to reduce the pace of movement, if it was fast, in order to cool down somewhat. In cold weather, after stopping, you need to put on a warm jacket and sweater. The backpack can be lowered onto plastic wrap, hung on a bough, put on a log, put on your skis. It is desirable to load backpacks so that they can be sat on if necessary without crushing any of the items of equipment or food.

The time of small halts can vary from a few minutes to half an hour.

Lunch breaks are longer stops for rest and food. A place for a lunch break is chosen more carefully than for a small one.

In summer, it is good to choose a flat area on the banks of a river or lake, where there is dry fuel - brushwood, deadwood, windfall, deadwood. It is desirable to stop on the river above the villages, livestock farms, watering places, fords. The ideal case, which is desirable to strive for, is a calm stretch with convenient descents to the water, with a sandy bottom, without snags.

One of the main conditions for choosing a place for a lunch break is the availability of clean drinking water: a well, a spring, a key. Water from most rivers in the densely populated part of the country is now unsuitable for drinking (drainage from industrial enterprises, livestock farms; washout from fields treated with mineral fertilizers).

In water trips, the same conditions: a convenient berth, a flat, dry area protected from the wind or, conversely, a place that is blown (in the presence of midges).

Good fuel is especially necessary at the place of winter rest. The presence of a source of drinking water (stream, spring, well) is desirable if hot food is prepared, but water can also be obtained from snow.

When stopping for lunch, one or two people go for water, several people procure fuel, one person sets up a fire pit and kindles a fire. The attendants cook dinner, the rest are free - they rest, fish, swim, pick mushrooms, berries.

In sunny weather, at this time, you can dry clothes, tents, and other things.

The duration of the halt in summer is at least an hour. In winter, with a short daylight hours, they try to make the lunch break shorter. Its duration depends on the speed of making a fire and cooking. Responsibilities (preparing fuel, making a fire, cooking) are already assigned in advance. All tourists participate in bivouac work in winter, so as not to freeze.

If they dine without a fire (tea, coffee from thermoses, sandwiches, dried fruits), which often happens in winter conditions, especially on multi-day hikes (due to saving daylight hours), then lunch lasts less than an hour.

Parking for overnight and day stays

Many years of practice has allowed us to develop criteria that an average parking lot should meet. The parking lot should have the following “fantastic” characteristics:

1. To be deserted and located as far as possible from the villages (“we went camping to be in nature, and not to push among ...”);

to be near the village (“milk would be...”, “apples would be...”);

2. There should be enough fuel in the parking lot, and not just any, but dry spruce.

4. This is a place where one could put up a tent in such a way that during the day it was in the shade, and in the morning the sun illuminated it (do not wait until it dries from the dew in the wind).

5. Nearby there should be a river with clear water and a sandy beach, as well as a high bank overgrown with pines, and under it full of fish.

6. Shouldn't be around high mountain with the threat of a landslide, so that in the event of rain or loud enthusiasm about the caught roach, nothing would happen.

7. Nearby - a spring, in the worst case - a stream with cold water; but that in case of heavy rain it does not turn into a stormy river.

8. Berries - a must!

9. Mushrooms - by all means!

10. Nuts - of course!

11. Bushes - bad without them!

12. But so that no mosquitoes, no midges, no gadflies, no flies, no ticks, tarantulas, phalanges, no king cobras or vipers.

13. The view from the parking lot should please the eye and caress the soul.

And there should be 113 such points.

Let's not hide the harsh truth: an ideal parking lot that would satisfy all the points is hard to find, and maybe even impossible.

Therefore, if you come across a parking lot that scores 77 points, choose it without hesitation, 41 points - and this one will do. Thirteen-point is also not worth neglecting. Finally (which does not happen) a parking lot may turn up that does not satisfy a single point - stop, because you still need to spend the night ...

It is clear that the above “conditions” are an unattainable ideal, to some extent a caricature, a joke, but nevertheless, in every joke ...

In the central zone of the country, the main requirement for a bivouac site - safety - is almost always easily satisfied. It is more difficult to choose a place convenient and, if possible, picturesque, with the presence of water and firewood. In summer, water is more important in the middle lane; in autumn, winter and spring - firewood, since at this time it is easier to get clean water (any forest puddle is cleaner than a river). It is undesirable, as already noted, to be located on the river bank below large villages, near industrial enterprises, roadways, power lines, near reservoirs with stagnant water.

The place for the camp should be primarily dry.

It is not easy to find such a site in moss taiga forests. It is best to be located near a stream or river, in open places. The breeze blowing through the camp site will protect against midges. In steppe and desert places, on the contrary, it is desirable to set up a camp where there is any vegetation. It is better not to put up tents under a tall sprawling tree, as during a thunderstorm it can easily be struck by lightning. With an impending thunderstorm, do not stop at the ridges, hilltops, passes. You should not set up camp on flooded river banks, in the beds of dry streams, on low-lying islands.

The bivouac is located very well if the camp is set in a picturesque place, with convenient approaches to the water, if there is good firewood nearby, the place is protected from the wind in winter and blown in summer (in hot weather or in the presence of mosquitoes). It is not bad if the place of the bivouac is covered and the tents can be stretched between the trees. There should not be tall, rotten trees near the bivouac - they can fall down and fall on people, a fire, tents. It is good if the camp is lit by the sun in the morning (eastern slopes of the hill, eastern edge of the forest, river bank, etc.). Condensation and dew on tents dry out faster here. Of course, it is nice to stay in a picturesque place and where you can also swim.

In winter lodging, the main thing is protection from cold, wind, and moisture. It is important to ensure proper rest and sleep. You can spend the night in tents, near fires, in snow huts or caves.

A place for a bivouac, especially in the mountains, must be chosen before dark. In case of a forced stop in the dark or in fog, it is necessary to examine a place within a radius of 200-300 m to make sure it is safe. Before going to bed, you need to check how the tents are strengthened, how property is sheltered from wind and rain.

In winter, the bivouac is located where there is fuel, deadwood. The best firewood is spruce and pine dried on the vine. Good hardwood sushi is rare, as it rots quickly. Coniferous dry trees are protected from decay by resin. However, it is easy to make a mistake in coniferous dead wood: dead pine may not have time to dry and will burn poorly. In a deciduous forest, it is more difficult to find good firewood for a large fire, which is necessary in winter for a warm overnight stay.

It is necessary to stop in winter before dark in order to choose good sushi and bring them down in the light. It is good if the place of the winter bivouac is protected from the wind by dense undergrowth - better than a spruce forest.

In winter, snow is often cleared to the ground for making a fire, less often for setting up tents; make passages to the fire and the toilet, build a windproof wall of snow, etc.

After choosing a place for a bivouac, immediately decide where the fire will be, if one is planned: then places for tents will be immediately determined. Tents are set up no closer than 4-5 m from the fire, so that sparks do not fall on them.

Bonfires, of course, are not bred on peat bogs, under the crowns of trees and on their roots, near stacks of hay or straw, near buildings. It is advisable to make a fire in the place of the old fireplace. Campfires cannot be made in forest parks and suburban areas, recreation areas, on the territory of wildlife preserves and nature reserves.

Organization of accommodation in summer and winter takes up to two hours; choose a place so you have to before dark. This is especially important in the mountains, since at dusk and at night it is impossible to determine the avalanche danger of the place chosen for the bivouac. In the forest zone in the mountains, one should be located away from avalanche clearings. In an open treeless valley, a bivouac can be arranged under the protection of rocky walls, on a side terrace under rocky ridges or on southern rocky slopes free of snow, on the middle part of the glacier away from the avalanche-prone northern slopes, under a snow-free slope. If you stop on a closed glacier, then you need to protect the area where cracks are possible. It is better not to be located in crevices with a narrow entrance between stones - it can be littered with snow in a blizzard. To protect from the wind, it is good to set up a tent under a large stone or rock, but without an overhanging snow eaves.

In the mountains, it is necessary to take into account the features of the relief and weather in order to avoid falling under rockfalls, avalanches, landslides, and mudflows. It is forbidden to set up a bivouac on protruding parts of ridges, under cornices and steep slopes, in couloirs and mouth parts of their cones, on fresh (or lying on ice slopes) screes, between seracs and in glacier cracks in the zone of active ice movement.

The bivouac must be designed for a sudden worsening of the weather. On the eve of a thunderstorm, all metal objects must be placed in a 25-30 m parking lot.

It is very tempting to protect the tent from the wind by setting it up under a steep slope, the bank of a stream or river. However, see if a snow cornice hangs over the slope? In bad weather, in conditions of poor visibility, the desire to hide from the wind dulls caution. It is better to build a snow protective wall in an open place, in the wind, in a blizzard, than to be crushed by a collapsed cornice.

In treeless northern regions, in the tundra, on ice (Polyarny Ural, Bolshezemelskaya tundra, etc.), when staying overnight in tents, one always has to build a windproof wall around the tent from snow blocks (blizzard often begins suddenly). Therefore, it is not necessary to stop in places where the snow is blown away or its depth is insufficient to obtain snow “bricks”.

There are different opinions about the distance of the wall from the tent. Nevertheless, the wall installed close to the tent protects it better from the wind, while it will be shorter, but an additional wall must be laid out on the windward side to protect the entrance of the tent.

In the mountains, when choosing a place to stay for the night, the most heated southern and western slopes during the day are preferred. Here you need to choose a relatively flat area, preferably in the forest, sheltered from the wind. In the forest in cold weather, the temperature is several degrees higher, and the wind strength is less than in open places. By morning, the difference in temperature and humidity in the forest and in open areas is even greater.

In all depressions of the relief, cold air accumulates at night. It is better to put tents, sheds, huts on elevations so that the tent is not flooded when it rains.

You should not spend the night in the floodplain of the river. A strip that is flooded with flood waters can be identified by a pile of logs, branches, roots, and grass polished by water. Especially dangerous are the islands between the channels, spilling over a wide floodplain. In mountain gorges, blockages from trunks, branches, and roots can form. The water accumulating behind them breaks through the blockage and rushes down a shaft several meters high. The rate of rise in the water level, even in the lower reaches of the gorge, is such that it is impossible to get away from the flood, especially when arranging an overnight stay on the island.

When forced to choose a place to sleep on the slopes, it is necessary to adhere to the sites on the ridges, but not in the hollows, where the falling stones are possible. In winter, these places are prone to avalanches. The places where stones fell are usually marked by dents in trees, traces of blows to executions with stone chips and dust around.

Before a thunderstorm (development of striped cumulonimbus clouds, stuffiness, calm) do not stop on the crests of the ridges and under tall trees protruding above the background of the forest.

In a dense forest, it is better to avoid places where many tree trunks are burned by lightning; more often than other trees, lightning strikes oaks and chestnuts, much less often - beeches, hornbeams, maples.

It is necessary to carefully examine the trees near the place of the proposed bivouac, to identify dry and unstable trunks, dry overhanging branches. Strong gusts of wind can break branches, branches, trees.

The source of water should be close to the bivouac site. In dry time (July - September) the springs may be dry. During prolonged drought, the middle and lower reaches mountain rivers in places of gravel-pebble deposits it can dry up completely, water goes in the thickness of sediments.

Water can be found in shady gorges, where the bed of streams is made by rocky soil. More often, the springs are located at the head of the hollows.

The place of seepage of groundwater - the hollow can be dug out with a sharp object (ice ax) and wait for the water to settle.

Near the source, the brightness of the foliage is greater. Moisture-loving plants - reeds, cattails - can indicate water.

If the water level is lower than it can be dug up, the adsorption water can be collected with a film.

When choosing a place for a bivouac in water trips, it is desirable that the river bank is convenient for mooring and taking out ships, there is a platform for placing ships, tents, and a fire. It is advisable to look for a site in blown places (in the presence of midges) and at a sufficient height (3-4 m) above the water level, if its rapid rise is possible. This should be taken into account when you want to stay on the island. To choose a place for a bivouac, the attendants begin half an hour before the planned end of the working day, examining the place from the shore. It is advisable to use the old parking lots and bonfires. Even following all the above tips, in order to avoid misunderstandings and false insults, you need to remember that the desire for a better parking will haunt you throughout your tourist life, but it is almost impossible to achieve the ideal. The fact is that when choosing a parking lot, there are several absolute laws discovered by Felix Quadrigin. The basic law of parking is harsh and simple, as all the laws of nature are harsh and simple: the best parking is five hundred meters away.

There are several other secondary laws that also cannot be neglected. The first of them is the law of "half past seven", which means that the best parking comes across at half past six in the evening. The law has two more conclusions: a parking lot that comes across at half past seven will be a little worse, and after half past eight parking lots disappear altogether. In cycling trips, if the group is provided with tents, bicycles are attached next to the tent in one dense group. The second one leans against the first car so that the rear wheel of the second one is next to the front wheel of the first one, and so on. In inclement weather, cars can be covered with foil.

For safety, bicycles must be locked with special locks. You can also stretch a chain between the racks of the trunks or the frames of the extreme cars and hang a lock on its ends.

If a city tour is provided, it is still better to spend the night in the countryside, before reaching the city. In the morning you can already be in the city, and then, after exploring the sights, leave it to spend the night “in nature” again.

In motorcycle trips, it is advisable to choose a place to stay for the night. so that after the rain you can go on the road without assistance. Preferred hillocks in pine forest where the soil is usually sandy and always dry. It is desirable that when leaving the road it is not necessary! had to overcome the clay slope. It is good to have a rest away from the noisy round-the-clock highway. It is better to avoid fords, however attractive the place on the other side may be; it may rain at night and it will be difficult to overcome the water in the morning.

In car trips, if the group travels in 4-5 cars, you can stop for the night at any place by setting up a watch. You can stop near housing, on the territory of a road foreman, school, police station, fire station. It is best to stay in campsites, where there is security and a number of amenities - a hearth for cooking, a shower, a toilet. The campsites have inspection pits and car washes.

It is necessary to kindle a fire, stove or stove further from the car, so that the wind blows from the car to the fire.

It is better to explore the city on foot, leaving the cars for storage.

bivouac work

Work on the bivouac should take the minimum possible time. The sooner they are completed, the more time will be left for rest and movement, that is, for the trip itself. At the same time, there is no need to save time due to the quality of work, the convenience of rest, and the reduction of sleep.

The weight of the work at the bivouac (preparing firewood, water, setting up tents, making a fire, lighting a stove or stove, cooking) is highly desirable to be carried out in parallel, that is, simultaneously.

As soon as the fire is lit, buckets of water are hung over the fire. If a bivouac is without a fire, but with stoves or stoves, then pots or buckets are immediately placed on them.

Each of the works at the bivouac is carried out by the participants who are entrusted with it. Separate works are usually entrusted to those who “specialized” in them, for whom they are better and faster. But if any type of work is harder than others, then it is better to do them in turn, for example, preparing firewood for a winter campfire. In multi-day hikes, when the conditions are approximately the same, it is better to distribute work in advance so that all participants “pass” through all types of work. For example, today two people are on duty - they kindle and maintain a fire, work with a stove or stoves, cook food; tomorrow they procure fuel (“loggers”), and the day after tomorrow they set up tents (“house builders”). Thus, everyone does everything, learns all the tourist work, no one has a reason to be offended. Naturally, women should not be engaged in heavy work, such as felling, cutting and carrying trees.

With good organization, work at the bivouac is usually completed by the time dinner is ready. At the same time, there is enough time for rest and sleep.

It is necessary to distribute work at the bivouac immediately upon arrival at the place or even earlier. The order of work depends on the type of tourism and specific conditions, on the number of people in the group and their experience. In a similar group, there is no special need for the Leader to distribute work and manage it; experienced tourists immediately see what needs to be done first of all in each case.

If there is little dead wood and fallen trees on the site of the bivouac, then more people prepare firewood; if it is coming or it is already raining, then immediately put up tents.

In ski trips in treeless areas, first of all, they prepare snow bricks and blocks for a windproof wall, put up a tent and build a wall around it, taking into account the expected weather (on the windward side or surrounding the entire tent with it to the maximum height). In winter taiga hikes, the priority work is procuring fuel and setting up tents or equipping a place to sleep (arranging a camp - compacting a site for a tent, preparing a fire and paths to it and a toilet, installing awnings, flooring, etc.). In water trips, first of all, ships are unloaded and carried ashore.

In a similar group, all work goes on without too much fuss and, as it were, slowly. Nevertheless, setting up the camp from the moment of stopping until the end of all evening work takes no more than two, and sometimes one and a half hours, which is quite good. The same time should take the folding of the camp in the morning (from the rise to the exit). In such a group, people do not sit idle while others work, but look for it, helping others, until the work is completed. It is necessary to make it a rule not to rummage through other people's backpacks (you are still unlikely to find the right thing), but to return what was taken from a friend to his hands.

The attendants who prepare food in the morning (preferably the same ones that cooked the night before) get up half an hour (or more) before the general rise. Everything you need to build a fire or kindle stoves and stoves (kindling, firewood, water, food) is prepared in the evening. Firewood must be covered at night from rain or dew; water, if winter, prepare in the evening, and if the source is far away, then in summer too.

It makes sense to assign duty officers “to this bivouac”, then both in the evening and in the morning they know where everything is and how best to use it. It is better to start duty with lunch, and end with breakfast.

All participants, except those on duty, can almost be “packed up”, and the camp is mostly closed before breakfast. When breakfast is ready, all work is interrupted so as not to delay the attendants and the exit in general. It is desirable that past or future attendants wash the buckets after eating, since today's duty officers already have a lot to do.

Leave the bivouac in such a way that others will want to stay here and they would not have to look for another site, build a fire in a fresh place and re-equip everything. Burn the garbage, bury the burnt cans, put the pegs from the tents and the remaining firewood near the fire. After cleaning the bivouac, be sure to fill the fire with water or cover it with earth, even if the fire is lit away from trees and forests. This rule must not be violated, because, having violated it once, it is easy to allow yourself to be violated again.

An unextinguished fire in the forest is a criminal offense.

Leaving, inspect the bivouac - if things are forgotten. The bivouac is inspected by those on duty or those who are entrusted with it, otherwise everyone can rely on others.

Accommodations

In summer they usually spend the night in tents or under awnings, in winter they can spend the night by a fire, under a canopy or tent, on a fire pit, in a tent without a stove, in a tent with a stove for heating, in a tent with primus stoves for cooking (in treeless areas).

Each of these lodging options has its own advantages and disadvantages.

When camping for the night by the fire, the weight of the equipment for the overnight stay is small (awning, axes, saws, buckets), but the work on setting up a winter bivouac is very laborious - harvesting thick logs for a fire requires a lot of effort, and the overnight stay is not very comfortable and warm.

An overnight stay in a tent with a stove adapted for heating and cooking gives the best rest, the greatest comfort, but requires special equipment - a stove, the manufacture of which is not possible for everyone. At the same time, the preparation of firewood does not take much time and effort: one medium-sized dry land is enough to provide the stove with fuel for the evening, night and morning.

In treeless areas, there is nothing to make a fire from and there is nothing to “feed” the stove with either. This can happen not only in uninhabited tundra, steppe or desert regions, but also vice versa, in densely populated places where on the banks of picturesque rivers, lakes and reservoirs near big cities, numerous vacationers have long burned all dry dead wood, dead wood and dry branches of trees (and some where even the living trees themselves). In these cases, tourists have to take with them camp stoves (“bumblebee”, “tourist”) with a supply of gasoline, less often - gas stoves.

For a group of 9-11 people, two “bumblebee” primus stoves and gasoline are enough from an approximate calculation of 1 liter per day in winter and 0.7 liters in summer and autumn. If you cook on stoves in a large tent, then even. in winter, when it is frosty, there will be a positive temperature in the tent while the stoves are working. In the tent, a special corner is set aside for primus stoves - the kitchen, under which it is desirable to have a small threshold from above and from the sides. In a tent where a stove is heated or stoves are working, a hole is made in the upper part for ventilation, smoke and water vapor to escape. When kindling, installing and removing buckets, the stove always smokes a little, buckets and pots, when water boils in them and food is cooked, always soar a little, especially with the lids removed. Therefore, if you do not make holes, then it will be smoky in the tent, and the walls will sweat.

Some designs of tents, including large collective ones, and stoves for heating and cooking are described in the section on bivouac equipment.

When using stoves and stoves, safety measures must be observed. The pipe from the stove passes through a hole in the roof or wall of the tent. Around the pipe, the canvas of the tent is replaced with non-combustible asbestos or fiberglass by 15-20 cm. A spark arrester-deflector is put on the pipe outside the tent. In tents made of nylon fabric, stoves cannot be used: despite the presence of spark arresters, a small part of the sparks can fall on the nylon and burn it through.

Primuses and gas stoves must be carefully adjusted before the trip. On the route, their work is always monitored by one participant, who has studied them well and adjusted them before the trip. He must teach everyone else the proper handling of stoves and gas stoves.

It is desirable to kindle stoves outside the tent or, in extreme cases, in the winter in the “kitchen”, behind the canopy.

Rolling up the camp

This activity takes place every time after an overnight stay and should be organized in such a way that it does not take more than two hours, including at this time washing, breakfast, washing dishes, rolling up tents, packing backpacks and cleaning the territory. When packing a backpack, the main thing is not to forget anything, it is unlikely that you will be able to return for a forgotten thing.

The fire on which breakfast was prepared must be carefully filled with water. It must be remembered, among other things, that people who leave a fire in the forest unextinguished are subject to criminal liability.

Before laying the tents, if necessary, they should be thoroughly dried, otherwise the tent fabric will get wet in one season and the tent will become unusable. It is inconvenient and long to fold the tent alone, it is best to do it together.

There are several ways to fold a tent.

1. The tent must be taken by the ridge eyes and raised so that it is completely suspended. Then you need to take about the ears at the corners of one of the wings (slopes) of the tent and connect them to the ridge ones. Then, from the same side of the tent, take hold of the ears of the floor and connect them too.

With the second side of the tent, you must do exactly the same. All stretch marks must be thrown into the middle - between the ridge and the roof slope, and the front and back walls should be tucked inward.

After that, the tent must be put on the ground and straighten all the folds. You will get a long strip, half the width of the tent floor. It will need to be rolled up from both ends, towards each other into two rollers. Then these two rollers are placed vertically in the backpack - they will take a very comfortable position for carrying.

They begin laying in exactly the same way as in the first two methods, but after the tent is laid out on the ground and straightened, it is folded several times in width, starting from one end or from both (Fig. 47).

If you want the tent to take up as little space as possible, laying should begin in the same way as in the first case, but one of the stretch marks should be released and left outside. Once again, fold the tent straightened on the ground in half in length and roll it into one mulberry roller. With a free stretch, you can tightly tie the roller (Fig. 46).

It is very convenient to carry a tent folded into a rectangle under the backpack flap.

4. The fourth method of laying the tent is used in cases where the side slopes of the tent got wet during the night, and the floor remained dry. The tent must be taken by the middle of the floor and raised up (just as in the first method it was raised by the ridge). Move the side walls and slopes to the sides and down, trying to straighten them so that they take up as little space as possible and do not gather in folds (Fig. 48).

After that, the tent needs to be folded in half in width. Having straightened the folds, the tent is folded in width again. Then it is twisted from one or two ends. A dry floor will come into contact with wet slopes with only a small area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe fabric.

To pack a tent in a backpack in the rain, when there is no way to dry it, you need to have a bag made of polyethylene or any other waterproof material so as not to wet or dirty other things in the backpack. So, the dishes are washed, the tents are folded, the backpacks are packed. May I go? No, not everything is done after spending the night at the bivouac. It is necessary to put in order the place where the group spent the night.

Clotting base camp it is advisable to plan for large blocks in advance, even before setting up, with personal responsibility for documents, equipment, radio, rescue fund, primus stove. Of course, the plan is adjusted just before the start of the curtailment, but the main distribution of responsibilities remains. Personal responsibility to the team disciplines. Thus, the participant responsible for packing up and dropping down the club tents will keep their condition under control during the existence of the base camp. Time should be clearly allocated. There are usually no ambiguities in the purely technical side of collection and packaging.

CONCLUSION

After departure, the base camp site should be the same or cleaner than before arrival. Sorting and personalization of equipment, all mutual settlements according to descriptions, photos of routes, personal equipment should be completed at the camp; after returning down, lack of time and forgetfulness will lead to losses and unnecessary reproaches. If during the work of the offsite event one of the leaders or participants came into contact with the local population, then when the work is curtailed, a farewell ritual is obligatory. It is good if the expedition can also present memorable gifts in the form of badges, pennants, etc.

LIST OF SOURCES

http://freetourist.info/

hibaratxt.narod.ru/crib-tourist/ bivouac i/index01.htm

http://tourlib.net/books_tourism/spravochnik06.htm

http://freeturist.info/camp_end.php

When preparing for a hike, special attention should be paid to choosing a place for a large halt - setting up a bivouac (bivouac - camping for tourists). The place of the bivouac should be protected from the wind and be on a flat, dry place near water and firewood. In addition, it is impossible to set up a bivouac near settlements, cattle yards, near reservoirs with stagnant flowering water, on the way of herd driving.

If the hike is carried out in the mountains, then it is necessary to determine whether the place that you have chosen for the bivouac is located in the rockfall zone. You can not set up a bivouac near a mountain river, and even more so in the dry part of its channel. In case of rain, the river will turn into a turbulent stream and can wash away the camp.

Campfire

A campfire site is chosen in an open, but protected from the wind place, preferably near water. Take care of nature: make a fire on a trampled down piece of land, on old fires, after removing the sod on the site chosen for the fire. Dry leaves, grass, needles, branches that can catch fire should be removed from the fire by 1 - 1.5 m.

It must be remembered that a fire cannot be made directly near trees, in young coniferous forests, in areas with dry reeds, reeds, moss or grass, in clearings where there are remains of forest combustible materials (dry branches, leaves, etc.), on peat bogs , as well as in the forest on stony placers. The fire should not be left unattended. Leaving the place of the bivouac, it is necessary to fill the fire.

Building a fire in dry weather is no big deal. It is more difficult to kindle it after the rain, when the firewood is damp. In any case, going on a hike in nature, you must have matches, a candle stub and a lighter with you. Before the trip, each box of matches must be packed in a double plastic film, for which it is necessary to run a hot knife blade along the film with a box of matches around its perimeter. You can also place the matchbox in a vial with a hermetically ground stopper or put it in a rubber bag. It is also convenient to use metal cases for matchboxes, which protect them from getting wet and mechanical damage.

Before kindling a fire, it is necessary to prepare kindling from small dry spruce twigs, birch bark, resin coniferous trees, dry moss, grass, lichen, shavings, splinter. AT wet weather kindling is made from the middle part of the dead wood split with an ax. The prepared kindling is placed under a small dry brushwood folded in a hut or well and set on fire, and thicker firewood is carefully placed on top as it burns.

AT rainy weather a fire is lit under the cover of a cape or cloak held by two tourists. How stronger wind or rain, the denser the kindling and firewood are laid on the fire.

In raw cold weather it is possible (if the supply of firewood allows) to lay out two fires. The first is for cooking, the second is for drying clothes and equipment (sticks are placed next to it, on which you can hang wet things). Near this fire, it is imperative to put a duty officer who will maintain the fire and make sure that things do not burn out.

Shoes are put on the fire inside(not sole). After drying, shoes should remain slightly damp and soft, but they should not be brought to a hard state.

Procurement of fuel

When harvesting fuel, you should be aware that damp and rotten wood gives a lot of smoke, but little heat; small brushwood burns out in the first two to three minutes; aspen and fir firewood are bad because they shoot sparks too much.

If you need to build a large fire, then the best firewood will be from pine, cedar and spruce deadwood.

Working with an ax

Anyone who goes on a campaign must be good with an ax. The ax blade must be protected: do not cut the roots of bushes and trees, do not sharpen pegs on stones or on the ground, but only on pieces of wood. Especially it is necessary to take care of the toe and heel of the ax (these are the ends of the blade, which are needed for small work).

If logs are chopped, at least some of them must be split lengthwise into two parts, and if the log is thick, then into four. Split logs flare up faster.

A sharp ax is no less dangerous than a loaded gun.

Most often, ax wounds are inflicted on the leg when the ax slides off the trunk of a tree or a thin branch is cut with force. In the parking lot, the ax should be stuck into a stump or a lying trunk (but not into a growing tree!). You need to carry it in a special case. When working in the forest, you need to look around - whether neighboring branches and trunks will interfere.

Cooking on the go

Arrange the fire for cooking so that it does not blow out, and the flame evenly heats the pot.

Add salt to your food to taste. For a mug of cereals, you will need about a teaspoon of salt, for milk and sweet cereals - half a teaspoon. Soup concentrates, cereals and stews already contain salt.

Porridge is first boiled until thickened (with stirring) over high heat, and then over low heat. If you forgot to put salt in the thickened porridge, then you need to dilute the salt in boiling water and pour the solution into the porridge.

To get rid of the bitter taste of millet porridge, washed millet should be poured with boiling water, quickly bring the water to a boil and drain it. Then pour clean water and cook porridge.

To cook rice, you need to put it in cold water, bring to a boil, and then, draining the boiling water, pour cold water again.

Pasta for cooking is thrown into boiling salted water and boiled: 8 - 10 minutes - vermicelli, 15 - 20 minutes - noodles, 20 - 25 minutes - horns, pasta. The liquid is then drained off.

Buckets, cauldrons hanging over the fire must be moved or removed with a mitten or a rag so as not to get burned.

Kissels, milk mixtures, cocoa powder are first diluted in a bowl until the lumps disappear, and then boiled.

Dishes from food concentrates are prepared as written on the package.

Test yourself

■ What precautions should be taken to make sure fires and food are prepared in inclement weather?
■ Go camping with your parents on the weekend. Practice on your own and with the help of your parents in preparing fuel, making a fire, cooking.
■ Come up with your own answer to the question: “Why is it necessary to observe fire safety measures in the forest?”

Sources

http://xn----7sbbfb7a7aej.xn--p1ai/obzh_06/obzh_materialy_zanytii_06.html

Choosing a bivouac site

The bivouac site must meet several requirements. The first of these is safety. Of course, this requirement fully applies to long-distance and difficult trips. In the conditions of central Russia, security issues are not so acute, and they are most often forgotten altogether. However, they should not be completely ignored. It is not recommended, for example, to camp downstream near large villages, cattle yards, slaughterhouses, settlements with industrial enterprises. Water taken from a river in such a place may be spoiled. You should not, unless absolutely necessary, set up camp near reservoirs with stagnant flowering water. True, in principle, such water can be neutralized: filtered through the soil?,

(? For this, a small hole is dug at a distance of 1-1.5 m from the water. When it is filled with water, the water is scooped out with a mug. This operation is repeated several times until clean water begins to flow into the hole.)

through a cloth and then boil or drop a few crystals of potassium permanganate. But still it is better to go an extra couple of kilometers and stop near running water. You should not camp near villages and roads, especially if the trip is made on holidays. An outside company is unlikely to bring much joy, even if it is quite friendly. An accidental run-in by a dog that will “revise” meat products in backpacks, a herd of cows that passed through the camp in the morning - all these possible cases do not speak in favor of choosing a bivouac site near the village, although they are not related to security issues.

The next requirement for a bivouac site is the availability of water and firewood. It is difficult to say which of these requirements is more important. It all depends on the specific conditions of the trip. Usually in the hot summertime in central Russia it is more important to find water. It is easier with firewood, but in early spring, when the melt water has not yet come down, this problem comes to the fore.

So, safety, provision of water and firewood - these are the main requirements for a bivouac site. All of them are taken into account first of all when the bivouac site is marked on the map, and then when it is chosen on the ground.

The remaining requirements for a bivouac site should be considered desirable but not mandatory. Among these requirements is the convenience of a place for deploying bivouac work. It is desirable that for water it was not necessary to climb into a deep ravine or sip in a mug from a barely noticeable spring, so that it would not be necessary to go far for firewood, so that the bivouac site was protected from the wind, and if there are a lot of mosquitoes in the forest, then, on the contrary, so that the place be ventilated so that tents can be pitched on trees rather than on special stakes, etc. If the bivouac does not meet these requirements, this will delay the camping work and require more effort from tourists, but, ultimately, in In such conditions, you can ensure yourself a good rest.

Aesthetic requirements for the place of the bivouac and the appearance of the camp are also among the additional requirements. Of course, ceteris paribus, it is better to camp in some beautiful, eye-pleasing place. It is not for nothing that experienced tourists who have traveled a lot around their native land try to remember such places and, if necessary, bring newcomers there. But, of course, the aesthetic requirements for a bivouac site should not be given preference over the main ones. The same can be said about appearance camps. Of course, it is beautiful if the tents are set up at the same distance from the fire or if the dining “table” is decorated with a bouquet of wildflowers. But in no case should it become an end in itself. Meanwhile, an inexperienced leader often forgets about this. And so, in order to put the tents in one line, the camp is not set up in the forest, where it is protected from the wind and partly from the rain, where the firewood is literally at hand, but somewhere on the edge of the field, near the road, open to everyone rains and winds, from where you need to walk three hundred meters for firewood. And for the sake of a bouquet of flowers decorating the "table", lunch is delayed for half an hour, and everyone eats cold food. In a word, when choosing a place for a camp, one should not forget about what is the main and what is secondary.

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