Topics in English to prepare for the exam. The relationship between man and animals. Good essay sample

You will learn what an essay is and what are its features. I’ll tell you how material is written in this genre and what formats it comes in. Also, let's not do without examples. Let's look at both good and bad examples.

Essay (from French essai "attempt", "trial", "essay") is a literary genre of prose writing of small volume and free composition. It expresses the individual impressions and thoughts of the author on a specific occasion and does not claim to be an exhaustive interpretation of the topic.

You can be as subjective as you want here. You do not have the task to cover the topic in its entirety. You do not claim to be the ultimate opinion. These are just your thoughts on a particular topic.

Michel Montaigne is considered the founder of this genre. His book " Experiences» just consists of essays on the most different topics. For example, about honor, conscience, money, morality and so on.

The successors of the tradition were Denis Diderot, Voltaire and André Maurois. But these are classics.

André Maurois

Dmitry Likhachev

Dmitry Bykov

Yuri Olesha

Essay is also an artistic and journalistic genre, which is widely used in modern world, press and literature.

Instead of facts, the originality of the author's thinking comes to the fore. Now you do not need to run around the Internet in search of topics and information occasion. There is a reason here too. But it is rather just a thought, some topic that you seized on and decided to speculate.

Here you show your intellect and emotions. This is an option to show your style, because you are not limited to a particular style. You can use any expressions and all the colors of the language.

There are no limits here!

This is a great form to show your intelligence and erudition. This is one of the ideal formats for a blog. If you look at blogs and websites, most often they consist of articles and essays.

Form and types of essay

There are certain types of essays and their forms. Here is a small classification of this genre.

Main types:

• Subjective ( personal) - a certain side of the author's personality is revealed
• Objective - refers to some idea or subject of description. For example, some specialist writes material on a certain topic.

• Spiritual and religious
• philosophical
• Artistic and journalistic
• Literary-critical
• artistic
• Historical and other

Literary form:

• Letter
• A page from a diary
• Lyric miniature
• And so on

It also happens:

• Analytical
• descriptive
• critical
• narrative
• reflective and so on.

How to write an essay

Now let's talk about how to write an essay correctly and interestingly.

First, let's look at the criteria for this genre:

• Small volume and specific topic
• Personal approach to disclosure, subjectivity
• Free composition: impressions, memories, associations
• Free use of the lexical composition of the language
• Atmosphere of trust, conversation
• "I am in the world" and "the world is in me"

Essay volume and topics

The volume of essays for scientific materials is within 2 - 3 thousand characters. As a rule, it is for students and professionals. Rarely seen anymore. It might just be even less.

The only exception is the literary genre. In it, the size of the essay can be any, because it is a free genre. It can consist of a single phrase or an entire book.

The size should be such that you can speak. To have time to say the most important thing before the reader gets bored.

The next sign is a specific topic.

We do not write essays on the topic " world peace". You do not need to get the diaries of a village philosopher after a bottle of moonshine. You need to limit yourself to a specific topic and problem.

Approach and composition

It is also a personal approach to the disclosure of the topic. What do you personally think about it. What are your emotions and feelings? Subjectivity is a sign of an essay.

The next one is free composition.

There are no rules about where to start and where to end. You not only describe your impressions. But you can also describe memories and associations.

For example, you write about how you went to a Moscow bakery. On the street they saw how a young man decided to help an elderly man cross the road.

This prompted you to think about the morality of today's youth. To your memories of Moscow not today, but in 1943. Then you were a child and also observed a similar situation.

That is, in the essay genre, you can go into time and space. Something to remember and talk about some associations. It will be a free composition.

Phrases for an essay

Another sign is the free use of the lexical composition of the language. These are all those essay phrases that Word emphasizes to us.

Microsoft Word is a document editor. Therefore, he often emphasizes words with bright expressive coloring. Old Russian and expressive words fall here ( cracked, spluttered, ranted).

When writing an essay, this should not worry you! After all, in this genre you can use all the richness of the lexical language.

Atmosphere and rules for writing an essay

There is also an atmosphere of trust here. This is such a heartfelt conversation with the reader over a cup of tea in the kitchen.

In the essay we try to show ourselves in the world and the world in us. These are two facets of the genre. What you see and how you feel. And also, what place do you occupy in relation to this event.

Essay writing rules:

1. Write about what is interesting
2. About what you think or feel
3. Write the way you want

It turns out that writing in this genre means trying to be free. But writing freely does not mean random.

In order for what is written to be interesting to other people, you need to enliven everything with your interest. Learning to write is delicious and fun. Learn to fly freely.

Essay on the topic of

Many are faced with the problem of how to write an essay on a topic that is right for me. As a rule, there would be no topic, there would be only desire.

I will say that for each of us an infinite number of topics are in store. All of them are hidden in our own inattention.

Therefore, first of all, you need to learn to notice the amazing in the inconspicuous - something that you want to write about.

Another important part is to be able to save the found theme. Therefore, it is better to write it down in advance than to just try to remember it.

In general, it is very easy to choose a topic here.

You can write about whatever comes to mind. Or about what you are most interested in in life. You can even write about your fear or dream.

Developments

The theme can be events. This is what is happening around us. Large, small and even barely noticeable. Each of them has its own theme. And if you yourself participate in this event, then you can see it from the inside.

It is very useful to write about an event in hot pursuit.

If something happened recently, then you can remember the details, which then begin to be forgotten. And if you add fantasy to the event, then it can become a great topic for a fairy tale.

situations

The theme lies in the situation. You gradually stop noticing any usual state of affairs. But you can look at any situation anew if you find a new point of view.

In the literature, this approach is called estrangement"from the word" strange».

Look at the usual through the eyes of a Martian who first flew to Earth. You can also look at the situation through the eyes of a child and even a cat.

Impression

It seems to be easier to get a topic from new impressions. But even in the old ones you can find something important that was not considered important before.

If something was etched into memory, then it was because of something. Therefore, once again work through all your impressions. I'm sure you'll find something interesting for yourself.

experiences

This is an even more fruitful layer to write an essay on the desired topic. Each experience immerses you in some theme.

Experiences are internal events. They are even deeper than external and any other impressions. You just need to think about what genre is best suited to write about this or that experience.

People

Each of those people who are close to us is also a treasure trove of themes. The other person has his own events, impressions and experiences. Therefore, you need to communicate with such people. Ask them or listen.

Talking to people, you can learn about the amazing twists and turns in life. And the man himself is also a special topic.

Try to peer at a stranger who is not far from you. Imagine who he works and what his character is. What unusual things happened in his life.

Items

Objects are also used for themes. You can write an essay on a topic from a subject that you accidentally got. Everything seems to want to be unraveled.

For example, it looks like an ordinary stone.

But if you touch it with your imagination, it can become a meteorite. It can also be an alchemist's magic stone or a souvenir from distant lands.

Structure and outline of the essay

Now let's figure out what the essay plan should be and what to write here. Here is the structure of writing material:

1. Introduction
2. Main reasons
3. Additional reasons
4. denouement
5. Conclusion

Perhaps some of you don't know how to start an essay. But don't worry! There is nothing complicated here. AT first part (administered) it is enough to indicate how you are going to solve the problem.

Especially here do not paint!

The entry should be small. Just describe in general terms the solution to the problem. Or you can immediately ask the reader a question, and already in other parts to reveal it.

It would be even better if you put intrigue at the beginning of the essay. This will very well warm up interest in the material. This is especially useful for some specific and complex topics.

AT parts 2 and 3 you must demonstrate to the reader that you understand the topic. Here you need to show that everything is balanced.

For example, in the second part there will be reasons that support what is in the fourth part. It will be "For". And in the third part there will be reasons against what is in the fourth part.

But this is only a conditional division.

In the second part, you may have the strongest reasons for and against. And in the third part, some additional reasons.

The main way to write good material is to write according to a plan. But it shouldn't be too detailed. There were schemes where they prescribed from and to. But the compositions in such cases were not the best.

Essay writing plan is an understanding of what you should not tell at the very beginning. This is the ability to leave main idea just for the connection. That is for the fourth part.

denouement is what you affirm and state very clearly. It must be something from the second or third part. Add some personal information. It is important for your essay and statement. Therefore, the fourth point is the denouement.

As a rule, this will be the most voluminous part of the entire material. In it, you again list facts supported by quotations. It is clear, logical and in order only that which is relevant to the question.

Paragraph 5, like 1 should be small. It follows logically from the fourth point. This is the inference from what has been said before.

Essay examples

Let's look at some essay examples. At the same time, we will analyze the mistakes that many authors make. To better pin the topic, you will be provided with both good options, and bad ones.

Bad Options

Let's start with the bad stuff. Here is just a small part of the material.

It was an attempt at an essay on the theme of the concert.

The world itself is not shown. There are only emotions that overwhelm the author. But we do not share them because we ourselves did not understand what kind of event it was. We didn't see anything. Therefore, we are not interested.

Here is a second example on the same informational occasion.

There is only an event. This may be appropriate as a start. Another such example may be suitable for a story or article.

But this is not an essay at all!

Why? Because there is no emotion at all. Here only the world is shown. Our job is to keep the balance.

Good essay sample

Let's look at some good examples. The first essay sample is the material of Avdotya Smirnova " Farewell Slavyanka". It is dedicated to the theme of spirituality.

First, there is a malicious and trusting tone. Used phrases and images that would be clearly out of place in the article.

Let's just look at the end of the material. That is, how the author addresses managers, accountants, deputies, and so on.

It can be seen that this is enough, freestyle and associations.

At the very beginning of the text there was an appeal to readers ( it is not necessary). It's just like a way to create the effect of a conversation.

There is a reflection of our reality of the 90s and the author's emotions on this topic. Agree, it was interesting to read such material.

Another good essay example.

Here it is no longer as caustic and figurative as in the previous sample.

It can be seen that somewhere it looks like

Essay Topics

Philosophy

1. "Sometimes in order to become immortal, you have to pay the price of a lifetime" (F. Nietzsche).

2. “Learning without thinking is a waste of time, thinking without learning is dangerous” (Confucius).

3. “The teacher touches eternity: no one can say where his influence ends” (G. Adams).

4. “Genius is the capacity for endless labor” (T. G. Huxley).

5. “The danger is not that the computer will one day begin to think like a person, but that a person will begin to think like a computer” (S. D. Harris).

6. “Freedom comes with responsibility. That is why many are afraid of her ”(B. Shaw).

7. “A person has freedom of choice, otherwise advice, exhortations, edifications, rewards and punishments would be meaningless” (F. Aquinas).

8. “A person outside of society is either God or a beast” (Aristotle).

9. "Society is a set of stones that would collapse if one did not support the other" (Seneca).

10. "Be attentive to your thoughts - they are the beginning of actions" (Lao Tzu).

11. “Science is truth multiplied by doubt” (P. Valery).

12. "Activity is the only way to knowledge" (B. Shaw).

13. “Nature creates a person, but develops and forms his society” (V. Belinsky).

14. "All knowledge originates from the mind and comes from the senses" (F. Patrici).

15. “Man is not a thing, but a living being, which can be understood only in a long process of development. At any moment of his life, he is not yet what he can become and what he, perhaps, will become ”(E. Fromm).

16. “They say the world arose out of chaos. We must take care that he does not end up where he started ”(V. Zhemchuzhnikov).

17. “For the eyes to be beautiful, they must radiate goodness, and for the lips to be beautiful, speak kind words” (O. Hepburn).

18. "Progress is the father of problems" (Chesterton).

19. “Progress is the desire to raise a person to human dignity” (N.G. Chernyshevsky).

20. “We can do as much as we know. Knowledge is power” (F. Bacon).

Social Psychology

29. “Education and instruction begin from the very first years of existence and continue until the end of life” (Plato).

22. “It is much more useful to study not books, but people” (La Rochefoucauld).

23. “People are like clouds. Separately, they are interesting and mysterious, but they will gather in a cloud - wait for the storm! (S. Balakin).

24. “You will never be able to create wise men if you kill naughty children” (J. J. Rousseau).

25. “The issue of education for modern societies is a matter of life and death, a question on which the future depends” (E. Renan).

26. “There is no more insignificant, stupid, despicable, miserable, selfish, vindictive, envious and ungrateful animal than the Crowd” (W. Hazlitt).

27. “When individual people form a mass, the dignity of each of them individually perishes under the feet of the crowd” (W. Schwebel).

28. “Everything great in the world has been accomplished only thanks to the genius and firmness of one person who is shouting against prejudice” (Voltaire).

“It is much easier to know a person in general than any person in particular” (F. La Rochefoucauld).

30. “Wine destroys the bodily health of people, destroys mental strength, abilities, destroys the well-being of families and, worst of all, destroys the souls of people and their offspring” (A.N. Tolstoy).

31. "Alcoholism gives more devastation than three historical scourges combined: famine, plague and war" (W. Gladstone).

32. “They are born an individual, they become a person, they defend individuality” (A.G. Asmolov).

33. “The personality of a person is in no sense a precursor to his activity, like his consciousness, it is generated by it” (A.N. Leontiev).

34. "People exist for each other" (Marcus Aurelius).

35. “How many languages ​​you know - so many times you are a person” (folk proverb).

36. “True national self-consciousness can only be creative, it is directed forward, not backward” (N. Berdyaev).

37. “A nation is a society of people who, through a common destiny, acquire a single character” (O. Power).

38. “Love for the Motherland begins with the family” (F. Bacon).

39. “The majority of votes is not irrefutable evidence in favor of truths that are not easily discoverable, for the reason that such truths are more likely to come across an individual than a whole people” (R. Descartes).

40. “The genius, spirit, character of the people are manifested in its proverbs” (F. Bacon).

Economy

41. “Teach a parrot to say “demand” and “supply” - and in front of you is an economist” (unknown author).

42. “What must not be forgotten is the simple truth: everything that the government gives, it first took away” (J. S. Coleman).

43. “It is not the very possibility of planning that raises doubts, but the possibility of successful planning” (unknown author).

44. “The ability to learn faster than your competitors is the only reliable source of superiority over them” (A. de Geus).

45. “Making a lot of money is courage; save - wisdom, and skillfully spend - art ”(A. Berthold).

46. ​​"Trade has not yet ruined a single people" (B. Franklin).

47. "Business is the art of extracting money from another person's pocket without resorting to violence" (M. Amsterdam).

48. “Wealth is not in the possession of treasures, but in the ability to use them” (Napoleon).

49. "Money is like manure: if they are not scattered, they will not be of any use" (F. Hayek).

50. “Moderation: is the wealth of the poor, greed is the poverty of the rich” (P. Sir).

51. “Even the most generous person tries to pay cheaper for what is bought daily” (B. Shaw).

52. “It is not the art of acquiring that should be learned, but the art of spending” (J. Droz).

53. “Budgeting is the art of distributing disappointment evenly” (M. Stins).

54. “Least of all, the economy can create a new person. The economy refers to the means, not to the goals of life” (N. Berdyaev).

55. "Economy is the art of satisfying unlimited needs with limited resources" (L. Peter).

56. "If money does not serve you, they will dominate you" (F. Bacon).

57. “The main goal of capital is not to get as much money as possible, but to ensure that money leads to a better life” (G. Ford).

58. “There are no free breakfasts” (B. Crane).

59. “The whole advantage of having money lies in the ability to use it” (W. Franklin).

60. “Taxes are money levied by the authorities from a part of society in the interests of the whole” (S. Johnson).

Sociology

61. “A nation is a collection of people, different in character, tastes and views, but interconnected by strong, deep and comprehensive spiritual ties” (D. Gibran).

62. "A brilliant education without morality is a threat to the existence of society" (Eisenhower).

63. “Nations are the wealth of mankind, these are its generalized personalities: the smallest of them carries special colors” (A. Solzhenitsyn).

64. “With agreement, even small things grow into big ones; with disagreement, even big ones fall apart” (Sallust).

65. "The most a wise man the one who is most annoyed by the loss of time ”(Dante).

66. “The brighter individuality manifests itself. the more it strives for unity with all that exists” (R. Tagore).

67. “We create rules for others, exceptions for ourselves” (Sh. Lemel).

68. "Take the place and position that befits you, and everyone will recognize it" (R. Emerson).

69. "A nation does not need cruelty to be steadfast" (F. Roosevelt).

70. “I am too proud of my country to be a nationalist” (J. Wolfr).

71. "Agreements prevent conflict" (X. McKay).

72. "The family is more sacred than the state" (Pius XI).

73. “A society without stratification with real equality of all its members is a myth that has never become a reality in the entire history of mankind” (P. Sorokin).

74. “The greatness of a people is not at all calculated by its number, just as the greatness of a person is not measured by its growth” (V. Hugo).

75. “Youth is happy that it has a future” (N. Gogol).

76. “The rich are not harmful because they are rich, but because they make the poor feel their poverty” (V. Klyuchevsky).

77. “Who knows how to cope with conflicts by recognizing them, takes control of the threads of history” (R. Dahrendorf).

78. “Every day we take exams for humanity” (unknown author).

79. “Time is a precious gift given to us in order to become smarter, better, more mature and more perfect in it” (T. Mann).

80. “Books are intertwined people” (A.S. Makarenko).

Political science

81. “The truth does not always belong to the majority. But it belongs to the minority even less often” (S. Dovlatov).

82. “Where the great sages have power, the subjects do not notice their existence. Where small sages rule, the people are attached to them and praise them. Where even lesser sages rule, the people fear them, and where there are even lesser ones, the people despise them” (Lao Tzu).

83. "I don't do politics." - You know, it's like saying: "I'm not busy with life" (K. Renard).

84. “The monarchy perishes when the sovereign reduces the state to his capital, the capital to his court, and the court to his person” (Ch. Montesquieu).

85. “Even when the true ruler comes to power, humanity can only be established in a generation” (Confucius).

86. "The heart of a statesman must also be in his head" (Napoleon) 87. "We are all people and government" (Bismarck).

88. "Never lie so much as during the war, after the hunt and before the elections" (Bismarck).

C9.89. "Wars are not won by generals, wars are won by schoolteachers and parish priests" (Bismarck).

90. “School teachers have the power that prime ministers can only dream of” (W. Churchill).

91. "Revolutions are a barbaric way of progress" (J. Jaurès).

92. “Politics requires great flexibility of mind from people involved in it: it does not know the unchanging rules given once and for all ...” (V. Klyuchevsky).

93. “Politics should be no more and no less than applied history” (V. Klyuchevsky).

94. "Good politics is no different from good morality" (G. Mably).

95. “The true equality of citizens lies in the fact that they are all equally subject to the laws” (D "Alembert).

96. “There will be no freedom if the judiciary is not separated from the legislative and executive powers” ​​(C. Montesquieu).

97. “Morality without politics is useless, politics without morality is inglorious” (A. Sumarokov).

98. “Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely” (J. Acton).

99. “Democracy is a bad form of government, but mankind has not come up with anything better” (W. Churchill).

100. “Only a strong state provides freedom to its citizens” (J.J. Rousseau).

Jurisprudence

103. “Everyone does it” (L. Tolstoy).

104. "Laws owe their strength to mores" (K. Helvetius).

105. "Some unwritten laws are stronger than all written ones" (Seneca).

106. “The essence of law is the balance of two moral interests: personal freedom and the common good” (V. Solovyov).

107. "We must become slaves of the laws in order to become free" (Cicero).

108. “A country devoid of laws and freedom is not a kingdom, but a prison; in it the captives are the peoples ”(F. Glinka).

109. When laws and decrees multiply, robberies and robberies grow” (Lao Tzu).

110. "The rigidity of laws prevents their observance" (Bismarck).

111. “The true equality of citizens lies in the fact that they are all equally subject to the laws” (D "Alembert).

112. "Whoever uses his right does not violate anyone's right" (principle of Roman law).

113. "The biggest crime is impunity" (B. Shaw)

114. "Justice without force is useless, force without justice is despotic" (Latin saying).

115. “To be free, you must obey the laws” (ancient aphorism).

116. “Freedom is the right to do everything that is permitted by law” (C. Montesquieu).

117. “Freedom consists in being dependent only on laws” (Voltaire).

118. “Not everything that the law allows, conscience allows” (Plato).

119. “My glory is not that I won forty battles ... That which will never be forgotten will live forever, this is my Civil Code” (Napoleon).

120. “The most sworn enemy of law is privilege” (M. Ebner).

The percentage of literate and illiterate remains constant, only in our time the illiterate can read.

Alberto Moravia

We live in the world of Newton, where Einstein's physics and Frankenstein's logic operate.

David Russell

Common sense is the sum total of the prejudices of its time.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Every truth is born as heresy and dies as prejudice.

Thomas Huxley

Everyone hears only what they understand.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Mathematics and technology live in complete harmony and will continue to live like this in the future, because there is nothing in common between them.

David Gilbert

Scientific work is not suitable for a person who has both feet on the ground and reaches for dollars with both hands.

Marty Larney.

To know something, you must already know something.

Stanislav Lem.

In mathematics there are no symbols for obscure thoughts.

Henri Poincare.

The most incomprehensible thing in the world is that it is comprehensible.

Albert Einstein.

Words are the most powerful drug of all that mankind has invented.

Rudyard Kipling.

The soul is the source of worries. Man lost paradise the minute he found his soul."

S. Maugham.

Know yourself and you will know the gods and the whole world.

Inscription above the entrance to the Temple of Apollo at Delphi

It is in me, and not in the writings of Montaigne, that what I read in them is contained.

B. Pascal

The miracle is not against nature, but against what we know about nature.

Augustine Aurelius

If hell exists, it is certainly computerized.

Stanislav Lem.

The world needs to be changed, otherwise it will begin to change us in an uncontrolled way.

Stanislav Lem.

Why are you not afraid of a machine that is a thousand times stronger than you, but horrified by the thought of a machine that is many times more intelligent than you.

Stanislav Lem.

The window to the world can be closed with a newspaper.

Stanislav Jerzy Lec.

Thanks to television, the world has become one big village, and a fair amount of broadcasts revive village gossip.

Marshall McLuhan

Section 3. Philosophical anthropology Practical work on philosophy No. 8 on the essence of man

Exercise 1.

The question of the essence of man, his place in the world and his destiny has always been at the center of philosophical reflections.

Get acquainted with the following positions and write a short essay on the topic "What is a man?", containing comments on all three, or a reasoned defense of one of them.

Man - that sounds great!

A.M. Bitter.

The worm gave birth to a worm. The worm crawled and crawled a little and died. Here is a man and a human life.

V.V. Rozanov.

Man is the most insignificant blade of grass in nature, but a thinking blade of grass. You don't have to arm the entire universe to crush it. To kill it, a small evaporation, one drop of water, is enough. But let the universe crush him, man will become even higher and nobler than his murderer, because he is aware of his death, while the universe does not know its superiority over man.

… What is a man in nature? Nothing compared to the infinite, everything compared to nothingness, the middle ground between nothing and everything.

B. Pascal.

Task 2.

The German philosopher M. Heidegger gives two approaches to understanding what a real person is:

“From what and how is the essence of man determined? Marx demands to know and recognize the "human man", der menschliche Mensch. He discovers it in society. The social man is for him "natural man." “Society” accordingly ensures the “nature” of a person, that is, the totality of his “natural needs” (food, clothing, reproduction, economic well-being). The Christian sees the humanity of man, his humanitas in his relation to the deity.

Please comment on these approaches. What do you think human "humanity" consists of?

Task 3.

The English philosopher T. Hobbes in his work "Leviathan" wrote:

“The value or value of a man, like all other things, is his price, that is, as much as can be given for the use of his power, and therefore is not an absolute thing, but dependent on the need for him and the assessment of another.”

Comment on the statement. Do you agree that the value of a person can be considered from the standpoint of utilitarianism?

Task 4.

Thinking about his own essence and purpose, a person actually thinks about the essence of a person in general. But at the same time, a person does not leave the conviction of the originality and uniqueness of his own personality and his own path.

In this regard, comment on the following statement by the Russian philosopher L. Shestov:

"There is Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Alexander the Great, the groom of Alexander the Great, but each of them differs from the other in a much greater degree than from a rhinoceros, a baboon, a cypress, or a head of cabbage."

Task 5.

The requirement "Know thyself", inscribed at the entrance to the temple of Apollo at Delphi, has since ancient times been recognized as the most difficult task of man. This is what the famous lines from the “Ballad of Omens” by the French poet of the Late Renaissance Francois Villon are about.

"I know how flies land on honey,

I know death that prowls, ruining everything,

I know books, truths and rumors

I know everything but myself."

In another of his works, under the taciturn title "The Ballad of the Poetic Competition in Blois," Villon speaks of the inconsistency of human nature, which is probably the reason for the impossibility of knowing oneself. Read this book and try to answer the following questions:

1. Is self-knowledge possible?

2. What hinders self-knowledge?

3. Is it possible to overcome the internal split that Villon writes about and achieve at least relative harmony with oneself?

4. Is this internal split a consequence of the influence of the era, the characteristics of a particular person, or is it a manifestation of the universal situation of a person?

I'm dying of thirst over the stream.

I laugh through my tears and work hard while playing.

Wherever I go, everywhere is my home,

A foreign land for me is my native country.

I know everything, I know nothing.

Of all the people I understand the most,

Who calls the swan a raven.

I doubt the obvious, I believe in a miracle.

Naked as a worm, I am more magnificent than all masters.

I am stingy and wasteful in everything.

I wait and expect nothing.

I am a beggar, and I boast of my goods.

The frost is cracking - I see the roses of May.

The valley of tears is more joyful to me than paradise.

They light a fire - and the shivers take me,

Only ice will warm my heart.

I remember the joke and suddenly I forget

To whom is contempt, and to whom is honor.

I am accepted by everyone, expelled from everywhere.

I do not see who wanders under the window,

But I can clearly see the stars in the sky.

I am awake at night, and I sleep only during the day.

I walk the earth with fear,

I don’t trust milestones, but I trust the fog.

The deaf will hear and understand me.

I know that wormwood is worse than honey.

But how to understand where is the truth, where is the whim?

How many truths? Lost them count.

That's gone new year holidays and for everyone who is in grades 9 and 11, it's time to think about the upcoming exams. It's time to start preparing for them now. The first thing to do is to repeat the studied vocabulary, that is, the topics on English language.

So, the main task for the next six months is to turn the entire vocabulary that lies passively in the head from passive to active.

Passive vocabulary- words that you understand by reading texts and listening to audio recordings. Active vocabulary- words that you know how to use in speech and writing.

Your attention is invited list of topics in english, vocabulary for which you need to activate in order to pass the exam well. Although this year the format oral exam has changed (see), but the essence remains the same: you need to know the words and be able to speak on given topics: ask questions, describe photographs, analyze, compare, find differences, argue, etc. Presentations below contain tasks for all types of speech activity and will help you prepare and successfully pass USE exam in English language. Here is the content of the article:

The designation in brackets (for example, a letter - 13, 18) means that the corresponding topic can be repeated by writing a letter (task No. 13, 18), which are given in the presentation "Personal Letter".

Topics in English in grade 11 when completing assignments for the oral and written parts of the Unified State Examination (based on FIPI materials)

A Daily life and everyday life, distribution of household duties in the family. (writing - 13, 18) Shopping (writing -5, speaking -3) B Life in the city and countryside. Problems of the city and the countryside (speaking - 23) AT Communication in the family and school (writing -11), family traditions (speaking -18), interpersonal relationships with friends and acquaintances (writing - 8.14, 16.17.20, speaking -21) G Health and care (letter - 10, essay - 3) well-being, medical services. healthy image life (writing -7, speaking - 6, 22) D The role of youth in modern society(essay-7), her interests and hobbies (speaking -6, 10, writing-4, 6, 12) E Youth leisure: visiting circles, sports sections, interest clubs (essays -15, speaking -9,). Correspondence AND Native country (speaking -11) and countries of the language being studied. Them geographical position, climate, population, cities and villages, sights(separate article SOON). W Traveling in your country and abroad, sightseeing (essays – 16) And Nature and problems of ecology (essay -9) K Cultural and historical features of their country and the countries of the language being studied(separate article COMING SOON). L The contribution of Russia and the countries of the studied language to the development of science (essay-1) and world culture (speaking -13) M Modern world of professions, labor market (speaking-19) H Opportunities for continuing education in high school(essays - 10) O Plans for the future, the problem of choosing a profession (speaking -19, writing -19) P Ownership Role foreign languages in the modern world (letter-9) R School education (essay-11). Studied subjects, attitude to them. Holidays (speaking -5, 20) FROM Scientific and technological progress, its prospects and consequences (essays -20) T New information technologies (essays -20) At Holidays and significant dates in various countries of the world (speaking -4, 14)

Source: Codifier of content elements and requirements for the level of graduate training educational organizations for a unified state exam in ENGLISH in grade 11 in 2015

Personal letter in English in the 11th grade. Topics

Below we offer 20 topics that meet the specifications from the FIPI website. Pay special attention to the highlighted topics that are included in the content of the subject speech. You can find assignments for these topics in the presentation below.

1. Teenage Jobs
2. Fashion
3. Hobbies. music
4. Pets
5. Clothes
6. Parties
7. Keep fit
8. family relationship
9. Learning English
10. Health
11. birthday party
12. Household Chores
13. Exams
14. Teenage problems with friends
15. Teenage problems
16. Household Chores
17. future profession
18. Teenage problems with parents

Personal letter in English in the 11th grade. Tasks

Essay in English in grade 11. Topics

Below we offer 20 topics that meet the specifications from the FIPI website. Pay special attention to the highlighted topics that are included in the content of the subject speech:

1. space exploration
2. Teenagers Today
3. Healthy and unhealthy foods
4. Watch TV
5. school trips
6. Stray Animals
7. school management
8. Car as a means of transport
9. environmental problems
10. Higher Education
11. school education
12. Teenage Jobs
13. Appearance and Fashion
14. Pocket Money
15. free time
16. Traveling
17. School Magazine
18. home work
19. Experiments on Animals
20. Technology and Science

Essay in English. Tasks

Below we offer 24 speaking topics, which correspond to the specification from the FIPI website. Pay special attention to the highlighted topics that are included in the content of the subject speech:

Topics in English to prepare for the exam (activation of monologue speech)

• TV Programs (1.2)
• Clothes & Fashion (3)
• Holidays (4)
• Favorite Subject (5)
• Sports (6)
• Favorite Film (7)
• Favorite Book (8)
• Free Time (9)
• Hobbies (10)
• The Place Where I live (11)
• Weather (12)
• Famous Person (13)
• public holidays (14)
• Mobile Phones (15)
• My Favorite Place (16)
• Pets (17)
• My Family (18)
• My Plans for the future (19)
• My School (20)
• My Best Friend (21)
• Healthy Food (22)
• City Life and Country Life (23)
• Mass Media (24)

You will find tasks for activating speaking skills in the presentation:

Thus, you can repeat in writing (in the form of a letter or essay) or orally (in the form of monologues) the learned vocabulary on all topics and, thus, successfully pass the exam in English. Good luck in learning English and preparing for the exam!

Many people assume that an essay is a regular essay. However, it is not.

Essay is a prose literary genre. Translated from French means "essay" or "sketch". The essay reflects the individual experiences of the author, his view on a particular issue. It does not give an exhaustive answer to a specific question, but reflects one's own opinion or impression.

When writing an essay, logic develops perfectly, the ability to argue one's opinion, and correctly present information. The style of presentation is more conversational.

Characteristic features of an essay

To write an essay correctly, one should take into account the specific features that distinguish it from other genres.

The main features of the essay:

1. The presence of a specific narrow topic that contains a problem and prompts the reader to think.
2. Subjective author's position. The essay is distinguished precisely by the presence of the author's view of the existing problem, his attitude to the world, speech and thinking.
3. Conversational writing style. Complex wording, too long sentences should be avoided. It is important to maintain a casual style in order to establish contact with the reader. At the same time, it is important not to overdo it by turning the essay into a low-quality text full of slang. The correct emotional coloring of the text will be given by short, simple and understandable sentences, the use of different intonation in sentences.
4. Detailed analysis of the problem. Your own point of view must be argued based on factual material.
5. Relative brevity of presentation. There are no restrictions on the number of pages, but the essay is notable for its small volume.
6. Free building. The essay is in the nature of a presentation that does not fit into any specific framework. The construction is subject to its own logic, which the author adheres to, trying to consider the problem from different angles.
7. Presentation logic. Despite the free composition, the essay must have internal unity, consistency of the author's statements expressing his opinion.

Thus, the essay is distinguished by a special style of narration, its purpose is to encourage the reader to think. The author does not insist on his point of view, but, as it were, invites the reader to consider and discuss it.

How to write an essay?

The correct writing of an essay is to understand the features of the genre. Compliance with the basic principles and recommendations for writing will allow you to create an interesting essay.

How to choose a theme

If there is no list of topics among which you can choose one, and only a general direction is given, then you need to consider what audience the essay is intended for. The options may be different: a teacher at a university, a commission, a literary community, an employer. If an essay is written for delivery to a teacher, then it is necessary to consider what qualities will be assessed. Based on this, the topic should be chosen so that it is possible to show the abilities that the verifier expects from the author: originality, the ability to logically build sentences, literacy, professional quality etc.

When choosing a topic for writing an essay from the proposed list, you should choose one that has certain knowledge, considerations, or just a strong interest.

If the essay is focused on the employer, then it is desirable that both the topic and the content of the essay reflect the character of the author, his sincerity, originality, humanity and individuality.

How to start an essay

It often happens that a person who has sufficient eloquence and the ability to express his thoughts on paper has difficulty in starting a composition, including an essay. Thinking about the beginning can stretch for quite a while. long time, which greatly overshadows the process of creative work. Check out our tips on how to start an essay.

Tip 1. Before you start writing an essay, you need to formulate an idea, define a goal and find sources of information for work.

Tip 2. Use the freewriting technique (free writing). Its essence is to write down all the thoughts that come to mind without editing it and without following grammar, punctuation, style, etc. A great way to help deal with a creative block and find an extraordinary idea.

Tip 3. It is important not to dwell on the introductory part. The introduction can be written after the main part is written. In this case, it is already clear what the essay is about, so it is easier to write the introduction.

Tip 4. One of the fairly common options is to write an essay, starting with a question, the answer to which is given later.

How to plan an essay

You should not strive to draw up a perfect plan right away. It can be edited while working. It is generally not necessary to make a plan when writing an essay, as well as stick to an already written plan. The absence of restrictions and rigid frameworks is the advantage of this genre. If it is easier for the author to stick to a strict plan, then it is worth taking the time to compile it.

All the main thoughts should be reflected in the form of points of the plan. Then, detail it as much as possible, breaking each item into sub-items.

What is the structure of an essay

The order of writing an essay usually comes down to three steps.

1. Introductory part

Like any written work, an essay contains an introductory part or introduction.

A well-written introduction makes the reader interested and read the essay to the end. The introductory part may contain the formulation of the problem and its essence, a rhetorical question, a quote, etc. it is important to create a special emotional mood and bring the reader to the problem under consideration.

1. Main part

In the main part, you can give different points of view on the problem under consideration, touch on the history of the issue.

Usually the main part consists of several subparagraphs, each of which consists of three sections: thesis(arguable proposition), justification(arguments used to prove the thesis), subconclusion(partial answer to the main question).

Arguments are judgments made in order to convince the reader of the truth of a certain point of view. It can be various situations from life, opinions of scientists, evidence, etc.

The argument can be built in the following sequence:

1. Statement.
2. Explanation.
3. Example.
4. Final judgment.
5. Conclusion

The conclusion unites all the conclusions made on each thesis presented in the main part. The reader must come to a logical conclusion based on the arguments given. In conclusion, the problem is re-stated and a final conclusion is made.

If the purpose of the introductory part is to interest the reader, then the purpose of the last sentences is to add integrity to the overall picture, leave the work in the reader’s memory and prompt reflection.

The difference between an essay and an essay

The correct writing of an essay is different from writing a regular essay. Therefore, if the task is to write an essay, then you need to consider character traits genre that sets it apart from the rest.

Unlike an essay that analyzes a work of art, an essay contains the author's point of view and his position on the problem under consideration.

Also, one of the distinguishing features of an essay from a composition is its paradoxical nature, that is, the goal is to surprise the reader, to impress him using vivid images, aphorisms, paradoxical statements.

Writing Tips:

1. When writing an essay, you should alternate short phrases with long ones. In this case, the text will be dynamic enough to be easy to read.
2. Do not use complex and incomprehensible words, especially if the meaning of the word is unfamiliar.
3. Use as few general phrases as possible. The essay should be unique, individualized, reflecting the personality of the author.
4. Humor must be used with great care. Sarcasm and brashness can annoy the reader.
5. Reflection personal experience, memories and impressions is a great way to confirm your point of view and convince the reader.
6. It is necessary to stick to the theme and the main idea, without deviating from it and without describing unnecessary details.
7. Having finished the essay, you should re-read it, making sure that the logic of the presentation is maintained throughout the story.
8. The use of facts and research results in an essay is a great option to give credibility.

Common mistakes when writing an essay

Knowing the most common mistakes will help you avoid them when writing your own essay.

Mistake 1. The fear of being misunderstood or not making the right impression contributes to the fact that the author removes everything superfluous, outstanding from the essay. Due to this, the essay can lose its individuality and originality.

Error 2. Lack of detail work. A common mistake is the presence of a statement that is not supported by a sufficient number of arguments in the form of examples and evidence.

Mistake 3. Misunderstanding of the essence of the problem stated in the essay or incorrect interpretation of the topic.

Mistake 4. Enumeration of other people's opinions, without indicating their authorship and the absence of their own point of view.

Download Sample Essay

How to write an essay - all the rules from "A" to "Z" updated: February 15, 2019 by: Scientific Articles.Ru