International relations in the 30s. I. Definition of the topic, goals and objectives of the lesson

Questions in a paragraph

1. Think about the reasons for the international recognition of the USSR?

Reasons for recognizing the USSR: the need to build economic and trade ties, solving the problem of royal debts, solving political issues of the post-war world.

2. What are the reasons for the change in the position of the victorious countries towards Germany? Think about whether these countries were united in their desire to support the German economy?

The need to preserve the economic integrity of Europe, as the devastation in Germany had a negative impact on the trade and economic relations of European countries. Also, the division of attitude towards Germany, as to the defeated side, contributed to the growth of nationalist and revanchist sentiments.

Not all countries were united. For example, France was still afraid of the strengthening of Germany and sought to prevent the revival of its economic power, especially in the field of military production. At the same time, the United States and Great Britain were more interested in the speedy economic recovery of Germany.

3. Remember what were the causes of the world economic crisis that broke out in 1929. How did it develop and which countries affected the most? Think about the impact he had on the development of international relations.

The causes of the economic crisis of 1929 were: the crisis of overproduction, because mass production was not matched by mass demand, speculation on the stock exchange and a sharp drop in the value of securities.

The crisis developed rapidly and affected almost all countries of the world, especially those associated with the US economy: first of all, these are European countries: England, France, Germany, which became debtors to the United States after the First World War. As well as China, which enjoyed the economic support of the United States, Japan, which also took cheap American loans. As a result, the crisis had a significant impact on international relations, as economic difficulties exacerbated political and territorial differences between countries.

4. What, in your opinion, are the reasons for the policy of "appeasement" pursued towards Germany?

The reasons for the policy of appeasement were: the cost of a new arms race, the desire to prevent a new European war at the cost of concessions to the aggressor, as well as the belief in the possibility of reaching an agreement with the leader of Germany.

5. What explains the sharp position of Poland and Romania towards the USSR?

The sharp position of Poland and Romania towards the USSR is explained by fears of being under Soviet control, which meant significant changes in the life of these countries, as well as the conviction that England and France are more reliable allies.

Questions at the end of the paragraph

1. What changes in the system of international relations took place in the 1920s?

In the 1920s in international relations the following changes took place: the recognition of the USSR began, the approach of the victors of England and the United States to defeated Germany changed (they sought to restore the country as soon as possible), in 1925 the Locarno Conference was held, which was designed to resolve territorial disputes and confirm European borders. In 1928, the countries of the world tried to abandon war as a means of politics by concluding the Briand-Kellogg Pact.

2. What issues of international relations remained unsettled by the Versailles system of treaties? Under what circumstances were these "gaps" revealed in the post-war period?

The Treaty of Versailles did not settle territorial disputes in Europe, especially Germany's borders with Poland and Czechoslovakia. This dispute manifested itself at the Locarno Conference, which was supposed to resolve territorial issues and guarantee post-war borders. As a result, Germany had the opportunity to challenge the borders established at Versailles with its eastern neighbors. Attempts by Great Britain and France to persuade Germany to conclude non-aggression pacts with Czechoslovakia and Poland were unsuccessful.

3. List the "axis countries". What were the goals and objectives of the foreign policy of these states? (Refer to the previously studied paragraphs for an answer to this question.)

"Axis countries" - Germany and Italy, Japan. Germany's goals were: the revision of the Treaty of Versailles, the restoration of Germany as a great power, the conquest of dominance in Europe, the conquest of living space in the East. Italy - establishing control over mediterranean sea. Establishing control over the countries of Asia under the slogan "Asia for Asians"

4. How relations between countries developed Western Europe with the Soviet Union in the interwar period? What are the reasons for this change?

relations between the countries of Western Europe and the USSR developed ambiguously. By the mid 1930s. The USSR and France, where the Popular Front was in power at that time, came to an agreement on the creation of a system collective security in Europe. Having concluded an agreement on mutual assistance, each country also concluded such an agreement with Czechoslovakia. Great Britain was not ready for such a rapprochement with the USSR. However, the political change in France and the British policy of "appeasement" separated the three countries in relation to European events. The USSR offered to join forces against Germany, while England and France hoped to come to terms with it. Only in 1939 did the three countries try to conclude a military alliance, but due to mutual distrust they could not come to a consensus

5. What are the events that indicate that the world in the 30s. 20th century approaching a new world war.

1935 introduction of universal conscription in Germany

1936 entry of German troops into the Rhineland

1937 Japanese invasion of China

1938 Anschluss of Austria and the annexation of the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia to Germany

1939 capture of Czechoslovakia and Klaipeda (from Lithuania) by Germany

1938 and 1939 Soviet-Japanese clashes on Lake Khasan and the river. Khalkhin Gol.

Summer 1939 unsuccessful negotiations between England-France-USSR. German-Soviet non-aggression pact.

Questions to the source

1. Analyze the text of the agreement. Show how it strengthened Germany's position and helped her prepare for war.

This agreement strengthened the position of Germany in that the Western countries agreed with the weakening of their ally - Czechoslovakia. The agreement showed the readiness of Western countries to make concessions to German demands.

2. Compare the texts of the Soviet-German non-aggression pact and the secret protocol to it. Can we assume that the parties were striving for a just peace in Europe?

No, because the parties sought to redraw the map of Europe and resolve their territorial issues at the expense of independent countries.

For the first time in the years of so-called peaceful existence, the USSR struggled to establish more or less acceptable diplomatic relations with the capitalist countries. In the 1930s, the Soviet government actively developed relations with fascist Germany, which grew into vigorous activity in organizing a collective rebuff to the aggressive fascist states.

The Soviet Union in the face of growing military danger. In the mid-1930s, the Soviet state demonstrated its peacefulness and interest in peaceful coexistence with the capitalist countries. However, the terrorist methods of leadership in domestic political life that were gaining strength in these years Soviet Union were reflected in his international policy. international position The country continued to have a catastrophic impact on the avalanche of mass repressions brought down by the Stalinist leadership on party and military cadres, diplomats, scientists and artists. During the days of crisis for European politics, the Stalinist terror machine continued to function in the USSR. prewar years in the socio-political and spiritual life of the country, the complete dominance of the ideological and political-educational activities of the party was established. An ideological dictation was established, based more and more on Stalin's personal views.

Munich Agreement and the position of the USSR. The Soviet Union was determined to make a significant contribution to preventing German aggression against Czechoslovakia. On September 29-30, a conference of Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy was held in Munich, culminating in a four-power deal to break away from Czechoslovakia and join the Reich with a wide strip of territory along the entire German-Czechoslovak border. As a result of the Munich deal, Czechoslovakia lost a significant part of its territory and population, including areas of exceptional economic importance. At the conclusion of the Munich Agreement, the ruling circles of Great Britain and France attached particular importance to its anti-Soviet sharpness.

International relations of the USSR with England, USA and France. At the end of the 1930s, England and its allies took an openly hostile position towards the USSR. Despite the failure of the Munich agreement and the forced entry into the war with Germany, the policy of the Anglo-French bloc and the United States of America that supported it was sharply anti-Soviet.

Soviet-Finnish war. Starting from 1917, the Soviet Union pursued a loyal policy towards all small states and the national outskirts of the former Russian Empire, including in relation to Finland. The close proximity of the border to the strategic, political and economic center of the country, the hostility expressed by the Finnish leadership towards the USSR, the real possibility of Hitler attacking our state from the territory of Finland, all these circumstances created a real threat to the security of the Soviet Union and had to be eliminated. From April 1938 to November 1939, the USSR tried to find a way out of the situation in a peaceful way. In early December 1939, the Finnish government turned to the League of Nations with a request for help. This organization made a decision obliging the Soviet Union to stop hostilities and start peace negotiations. The Stalinist leadership rejected this prescription, because of which the USSR was expelled from the League of Nations. Thus, despite some positive results, which can be called the removal of the border from the economic and strategic centers of the country and the possibility of building Soviet military bases in northern waters, Soviet-Finnish war in many ways hindered successful preparations for the war with Germany, was a tragedy for both peoples, undermined the international prestige of the USSR and, on the whole, it must be assessed negatively.

Summing up, it is necessary to note the main results of the foreign policy of the Soviet Union in the pre-war decade. As a result of the actions of the USSR in the foreign arena, they achieved the following positive results:

1) a non-aggression pact, with all its negative traits, somewhat delayed the entry of the Soviet Union into the war;

2) the relative safety of Leningrad, Murmansk, bases was ensured Baltic Fleet, the borders are removed from Minsk, Kyiv and some other centers;

3) it was possible to split the capitalist camp and avoid the unification of the major powers in the fight against the USSR and avoid a war on two fronts.

However, the foreign policy of the USSR of this period had many negative consequences and, in general, the task of preventing war and creating a system of collective security was not fulfilled.

Soviet foreign policy of the prewar period was controversial. This inconsistency is explained by the peculiarity of the international situation of that time and the peculiarities of the bureaucratic system of the party-state leadership that developed in the USSR, which neglected the moral criteria and criteria of international law in its activities, including foreign policy.

For almost two decades, the leadership headed by Stalin proceeded from the thesis that there was a threat from the capitalist encirclement. Although if we keep in mind our immediate neighbors, then none of them at the end of the 30s was ready and had no intention of fighting against the Soviet Union.

Germany's demand to reconsider Versailles-Washington contract. The policy of "appeasement" of Germany and the direction of the threat to the East against the "communist threat" Occupation by Germany of the Saar region. in 1935. The capture of the Rhine region in 1936. Each country acts alone. The return of the US to the policy of isolation. Start Japanese aggression against China. Cause of the collapse of the Versailles system. Relative stability in Europe. The tranquility of the European powers.

October-November 1936 - signing by Japan, Germany, Italy of the "Anti-Commintern Pact", the creation of the fascist axis "Berlin-Rome-Tokyo" in September 1938 "Munich Conspiracy". German occupation of Czechoslovakia. March 1939, the establishment of a pro-fascist regime in Romania. Seeing the impotence of the League of Nations and the indifference of the leading countries, the complete courage of the aggressor countries. Support by Germany and Italy of Franco in Spain. March 1938 German Anschluss of Austria. Why was the League of Nations unable to prevent the aggression? 1931 The League of Nations demands the withdrawal of Japanese troops from Manchuria. Answer! Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations Italian aggression against Ethiopia. The complete impotence of the League of Nations to prevent aggression.

An attempt at negotiations between the USSR, France and Britain in 1939 ended in nothing. The USSR was isolated. On August 23, 1939, the forced signing of a non-aggression pact between the USSR and Germany. The Munich Agreement put an end to the Eastern Pact. France's refusal to help Czechoslovakia put the USSR in a difficult position. April 1939 Italian occupation of Albania. An attempt to unite against fascist aggression d, joining the League of Nations of the USSR d. The "Eastern Pact" between the USSR and France on collective security in Europe.

In the 30s, the foreign policy of the USSR went through 3 main stages

1928-1933 in Europe allied relations with Germany. Expansion of contacts with other states. In the east, advance to China, intensification of relations with Afghanistan and Iran. In 1929, there was a conflict on the East China railway, which was under joint Soviet-Chinese control. Parts of the Chinese army, with the support of Russian emigrants, tried to capture the CER, invaded Soviet territory, but were defeated by a special Far Eastern army under the command of Blyukhin.

1933-1939 compliance with England, France and the United States on an anti-German and anti-Japanese basis. A plan for creating collective security in Europe. The desire to maintain spheres of influence in the east. And avoid direct confrontation with Japan.

1933 Central Committee of the CPSU. Decided to fight for collective security. He proposed to conclude a collective pact on mutual assistance of a wide range of European states. In 1934 the USSR was admitted to the League of Nations. When Germany introduced universal conscription. The rapprochement between France and the USSR began. In 1935, a Soviet-French treaty of mutual assistance was signed in the event of an attack by a European state. In September, a similar agreement was signed with Czechoslovakia. From October 1936, the USSR began to provide significant military assistance to the Soviet Spanish Republicans. At the same time, Austria was annexed to Germany in the west. In 1938, the "Munich Pact" was carried out, according to which Czechoslovakia was annexed to Germany. These events finally convinced the USSR to change the course of its foreign policy. In the summer of 1938, part of the Japanese army crossed the Soviet border in the area of ​​Lake Khasan. But during fierce battles they were driven out of the territory of the Soviet Union. In May 1939, Japan attacked the Mongolian People's Republic in the region of the Khalkhengol River. In August Soviet troops under the command of Zhukov defeated Japan.

1939-June 1941 the USSR moved closer to Germany and Japan. In the summer of 1939, the Anglo-Russian-French negotiations failed. And the USSR made a choice in favor of Germany. In August 39, a non-aggression pact was concluded between Germany and the USSR. (Molotov-Rebintrop). The secret appendix to the pact divided the spheres of influence of Germany and the USSR. According to this annex, Germany introduces its troops into Poland on September 1, 39. USSR annexes western Ukraine and western Belarus (September 17). And in September, a treaty of friendship was concluded.

21. The era of the Napoleonic wars. Patriotic War of 1812.

At the very beginning of the XIX century. Russia adhered to neutrality in European affairs. However, Napoleon's aggressive plans forced Alexander I to oppose him. In 1805, the 3rd coalition was formed against France: Russia, Austria and England. The outbreak of the war was extremely unsuccessful for the allies. In November 1805, their troops were defeated near Austerlitz. Austria withdrew from the war, the coalition collapsed.

Russia, continuing to fight alone, tried to create a new alliance against France. In 1806, a 4th coalition: Russia, Prussia, England and Sweden. However, the French army forced Prussia to capitulate within just a few weeks. Once again, Russia found itself alone in the face of a formidable and powerful enemy. In June 1807 she lost the battle of Friedland. 7This forced Alexander I to enter into peace negotiations with Napoleon.

Summer 1807 in Tilsit Russia and France signed a peace treaty, and then an alliance treaty. According to its terms, the Duchy of Warsaw was created from the Polish lands torn away from Prussia under the protectorate of Napoleon. This territory in the future became a springboard for an attack on Russia. The Treaty of Tilsit obliged Russia to join the continental blockade of Great Britain and break off political relations with it. The rupture of traditional trade ties with England caused significant damage to the Russian economy, undermining its finances. The nobles, whose material well-being largely depended on the sale of Russian agricultural products to England, showed particular dissatisfaction with this condition and Alexander I personally. The peace of Tilsit was unfavorable for Russia. At the same time, he gave her a temporary respite in Europe, allowing her to intensify her policy in the eastern and northwestern directions.

Causes and nature of the war. Patriotic War 1812 is the biggest event in Russian history. Its emergence was caused by the desire of Napoleon to achieve world domination. Despite the Treaty of Tilsit, Russia continued to oppose the expansion of Napoleonic aggression. Napoleon was especially annoyed by her systematic violation of the continental blockade. Since 1810, both sides, realizing the inevitability of a new clash, were preparing for war.

In a military conflict between the two sides, Napoleon became the aggressor. He began hostilities and invaded Russian territory. In this regard, for the Russian people, the war became a liberation war. Patriotic. It was attended not only by the regular army, but also by the broad masses of the people.

balance of power. Preparing for the war against Russia, Napoleon gathered a significant army of up to 678 thousand soldiers. These were well-armed and trained troops, hardened in previous wars. The vulnerability of his army was its multinational composition (Germans, Spaniards, Poles, Portuguese).

Active preparations for the war, which Russia has been conducting since 1810, have brought results. The troops were led by talented military leaders M.I. Kutuzov, M.B. Barclay de Tolly, P.I. Bagration and others. They were distinguished by great military experience and personal courage. The advantage of the Russian army was determined by the patriotic enthusiasm of all segments of the population, large human resources and food supplies.

Side plans. Napoleon planned to seize a significant part of Russian territory up to Moscow and sign a new treaty with Alexander in order to subjugate Russia. He intended to prevent the dispersed Russian forces from connecting and decide the outcome of the war in one or more frontier battles. On the eve of the war, the Russian emperor and his entourage decided not to make any compromises with Napoleon.

The beginning of the war. On the morning of June 12, 1812, French troops crossed the Neman and forced a march into Russia.

The 1st and 2nd Russian armies retreated, evading the general battle. The two main tasks faced by the Russian troops were to prevent them from being defeated one by one and to establish unity of command in the army. The first task was solved July 22, when the 1st and 2nd armies joined near Smolensk. Thus, Napoleon's original plan was thwarted. 8 August Alexander appointed M.I. Kutuzov Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army. This meant the solution of the second problem. M.I. Kutuzov took command of the combined Russian forces on 17 August. He did not change his retreat tactics. Therefore, he gave the order to look for a position for a pitched battle. It was found near the village of Borodino, 130 km from Moscow.

Battle of Borodino. M.I. Kutuzov chose defensive tactics and deployed his troops accordingly. Napoleon adhered to offensive tactics. He intended to break through the defenses of the Russian army on the flanks, surround it and finally defeat it.

Early on the morning of August 26, the French launched an unsuccessful offensive on the left flank. The Russians retreated in an organized manner and took up a position at the Semenovsky ravine. Napoleon directed the main blow to the center. M.I. Kutuzov ordered the Cossacks and the cavalry corps to raid behind French lines. Napoleon was forced to interrupt the battery assault for almost 2 hours.

The offensive impulse of the French army dried up. Losses on both sides were huge. Borodino was a moral and political victory for the Russians: the combat potential of the Russian army was preserved, the Napoleonic one was significantly weakened.

Or Moscow to Maloyaroslavets. After Borodino, Russian troops began to retreat to Moscow. On September 1, a military council of the Russian command was held in the village of Fili. M.I. Kutuzov, decided to leave Moscow. The French army entered it on September 2, 1812.

The occupation of Moscow did not benefit Napoleon. Abandoned by the inhabitants, it blazed in the flames of fires. It had no food or other supplies. Its decomposition was so strong that Napoleon had only two options, either immediately make peace, or start a retreat. But all the peace proposals of the French emperor were unconditionally rejected by M.I. Kutuzov and Alexander.

On October 7, the French left Moscow. On October 12, another bloody battle took place near the city of Maloyaroslavets. The French were stopped and forced to retreat along the devastated Smolensk road.

Expulsion of Napoleon from Russia. The retreat of the French army was like a rout. It was accelerated by the unfolding partisan movement and the offensive actions of the Russian troops.

At the final stage of the war, M.I. Kutuzov chose the tactics of parallel pursuit. Serious damage was inflicted on the French near the city of Kraev in early November, when more than half of the 50 thousand people of the retreating army were taken prisoner or fell in battle. Fearing encirclement, Napoleon hastened to transport his troops on November 14-17 across the Berezina River. The battle at the crossing completed the defeat of the French army. Napoleon abandoned her and secretly left for Paris. Order M.I. Kutuzov in the army on December 21 and the Tsar's Manifesto on December 25, 1812 marked the end of the Patriotic War.

The meaning of war. The Patriotic War of 1812 is the greatest event in Russian history. In its course, heroism, courage, patriotism and selfless love of all sectors of society and especially ordinary people for their homeland were clearly manifested. However, the war caused significant damage to the Russian economy, which was estimated at 1 billion rubles. About 2 million people died. Many western regions of the country were devastated. All this had a huge impact on the further internal development of Russia.

Theme of the lesson: "International relations in the 2030s of the twentieth century."
Type of lesson: combined, lesson of learning new material.
Lesson Objectives:



contribute to identifying the causes and consequences of the emergence of policies
peace and collective security,
causes and essence of the foreign policy of the USSR, establishing the causes of the Second World War
wars;
promote the adoption of a value orientation based on the denial of aggression
as a way to resolve conflicts.
Lesson equipment: textbook, laptop, presentation.
Lesson plan:
1. introductory word teachers.



5. Munich Agreement 1938
During the classes:
In 2009, a tragic date was celebrated - exactly 70 years ago the most
bloody, most destructive, most brutal of all wars - World War II
war. What happened 70 years ago, when the world, still reeling from the horrors of the first
world war, was drawn into the crucible of the second world? Why?
Modeling the situation to determine the objectives of the lesson and formulate the problem
tasks.
 Which states, under the terms of the Versailles-Washington system, felt
themselves humiliated and destitute? (Germany and Italy).
 And what about those who have a lot of space? (The desire to keep the benefits for
yourself).
 Which states emerged victorious from the First World War? (England, France,
USA)
Teacher's word: I think that the simulated situation will help to better understand which
moods dominated the public consciousness of various countries in the 2030s. What
led to World War II? Could it have been prevented? To this question you
give the answer at the end of the lesson.
2. The collapse of the Versailles-Washington system.
International relations in the 1930s were different from those on the eve of the First World War. At 30
th years, only a small group of countries aspired to war, while most of this did not
wanted. There was a real opportunity to extinguish the hotbeds of war, everything depended on
the ability of the world community to organize joint action. First check
this ability was the economic crisis. He was the world, and fight him

the consequences were wiser together. However, an inability to jointly
action: US set highest customs duties, UK
set the exchange rate of the pound, which created the conditions for the expansion of exports
British goods. Other countries followed suit. The real
customs and currency war, which disrupted world trade and deepened
a crisis.
Before the start of the global economic crisis in 1929-1933. relative
stability in relations between states. But in the early 1930s, there were
significant changes in international relations. And they were bound to break
conditions of the Versailles-Washington system.
Each group has cards on the tables: "Japan", "Italy", "Germany".
It is necessary to choose one of the cards and answer the question: How does this
state guilty of violating the terms of the Versailles-Washington system?
Japan - expansion program Far East under the slogan of creating a zone
prosperity.
Germany revision of the Treaty of Versailles and the abolition of all military
restrictions. Promotion of "equality" and "justice".
Thus, by 1936 the path to rearmament was cleared.
3. Failure of the League of Nations.
In the Charter of the League of Nations, Art. 16 provides for a system of sanctions against the country of the aggressor. But
was the League of Nations able to use this article? When Japan in 1931 captured
Manchuria, the League of Nations demanded the withdrawal of Japanese troops. But Japan left the League
Nations.
In 1935, Italy committed aggression against Ethiopia, and the League of Nations again found itself
powerless in the face of aggression.
And nothing was done when Germany and Italy openly supported the fascist
Franco's revolt in Spain. And did not oppose the annexation of Austria to Germany
(Anschluss) in 1938, although this was forbidden.
4. Military-political bloc "Berlin - Rome Tokyo".
The three powers that have embarked on the path of aggression have concluded military-political
agreements.
October 1936 - Italo-German agreement (Berlin Protocol) axis "Berlin
Rome".
November 1936 - German-Japanese agreement to fight against communism
(Anti-Comintern Pact). Italy joined in 1937. This is how the military was formed
political triangle.
5. Munich Agreement 1938

The accession of Austria to Germany was only the beginning of the policy of reunification.
The next target of aggression was Czechoslovakia. Germany demanded to give
Sudetenland, where most of the ethnic Germans lived, threatening
disagreement with the war.
September 2930, 1938 in Munich heads of government: Chamberlain (Great Britain),
Daladier (France), Hitler (Germany), Mussolini (Italy) signed an agreement on
dismemberment of Czechoslovakia.
6. Failure of the idea of ​​collective security.
In 1934, after the withdrawal of Germany and Japan from the League of Nations, he was invited to join it
Soviet Union.
In the spring of 1939 the situation in Europe became more complicated. Czechoslovakia occupied,
fascist Franco regime in Spain, France is surrounded by three fascist
states. Italy took over Albania.
Stalin was distrustful of England and France, and this plays into the hands of Germany.
On August 23, 1939, the Soviet-German non-aggression pact was signed, which
provided for the neutrality of the USSR and Germany in the event of military conflicts of one of
sides. But this was a forced step for the USSR, because. unleashed hands on
the Baltics and Finland, and the division of Poland.
On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. September 3, 1939 England and
France declared war on Germany. The Second World War- the most
bloody, the most cruel, covering 61 states of the world, where 80% of
the population of the earth. The death toll was 6566 million people.
Could World War II have been prevented?
Homework: history textbook § 77.