How do fish live in salt water? How long can a dendrobena live in the salt water of the Mediterranean Sea? Starfish, hedgehogs, lilies

1. 1. LIFE IN THE CRADLE OF LIFE If we look at our earth from space, we will see that it is not earth at all, but water - the World Ocean. The oceans account for 73% of the planet's surface, and land for only 27%. The World Ocean consists of five water giants: in addition to the largest Pacific, there is also the Atlantic, Indian and Arctic. So it would be more correct to call our planet not the Earth, but the Ocean. Life on our planet began not on land, but in the ocean. ocean water bitter-salty in taste, it contains everything chemical elements and their compounds necessary for the existence and development of all life on the planet. Taste a drop of your sweat - it's salty. Lick the blood when you get hurt - it's salty too. This is the influence of the ocean, from which all terrestrial living beings once emerged. Human body 63% water, our blood is 92% water. There is no life without water. What are the seas? These are, in essence, coastal bays of the World Ocean. Russia can be called a great maritime power. In the south, the Russian land is washed by the Black and Azov seas, in the west - by the Baltic, in the north - by the seas of the Arctic Ocean (Barents, White, Kara, Chukchi), in the east - by the seas of the Pacific Ocean (Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese). The Caspian, which has no outlet to the World Ocean, stands apart. Life in the sea and ocean waters rich and varied. All types of the animal world are represented in salt water, and out of more than six dozen classes of animals, about sixty live in water. On our planet, there are two environments in which life is possible: air and water. We live in the air - in the atmosphere. The water environment is called the hydrosphere. The hydrosphere is populated by more than
2. 2. 4 EXPLORE THE WORLD LIFE IN THE CRADLE OF LIFE 5 have lost the ability to live out of water. Only breath atmospheric air connects now both those and others with the former homeland - the air environment. The former are pinnipeds, and the latter are cetaceans. Pinnipeds live and feed in the water, and they choose to rest and breed on the shore or ice. Therefore, their legs gradually transformed into flippers. Pinnipeds are divided into two characteristic groups according to the degree of adaptation to life in the aquatic environment. The legs of the animals of both groups are shortened and turned into rowing limbs. And the hind ones have changed in connection with life in the water in different ways. Thus, walruses move on land, relying on both their forelimbs and their hind limbs - a reminder that their ancestors were once denser and more even than the atmosphere. And dili live on dry land. And in real seals, of course, there are not one, but two groups of living creatures in it. Some of the sti have completely lost the ability to support the body of them, they are primary water, others are secondary water. on land: when the Caspian seal moves along the su Primary waters are those that are in the process of evolution, only the front flippers are involved in this, the rear luci have never left the hydrosphere. Their character is folded, raised, the body drags on the belly. thorn trait - the ability to breathe oxygen dissolved in water. In secondary aquatic species, say, a seal or a walrus, the ancestors lived and evolved on land, and then again adapted to life in the hydrosphere. Primary aquatic organisms include, say, the Antarctic sponge; looking at it, you won’t even immediately understand whether it is an animal or a bright underwater flower. Some of the marine animals even have "plant" names, such as the sea lily. Anemones - varieties of sea corals - also look like amazing flowers of the sea. We will return to all these inhabitants of the seas, but for now let us turn to the secondary water population of the hydrosphere. Let's start with aquatic mammals, whose ancestors certainly lived on land. Some of these animals once, a long time ago, lived on the coasts, and then chose two environments at once as their habitat, ----- air and water, and some have adapted so much to life in the aquatic environment that at all
3. b EXPLORE THE WORLD LIFE IN THE CRADLE OF LIFE 7 dolphins blue whale The most perfect adaptation to the life of the fin whale in the aquatic environment, of course, is among cetaceans - they completely lost contact with the shore, and their development proceeded differently than in pinnipeds: the hind limbs make up a group of toothed whales - these are sperm whales, the bones disappeared, and the tail (absent in the swallowtail whale, dolphins. Others lost their teeth, instead of them they died) turned into a powerful caudal fin, special plates grew - whale whiskers, through which their purpose and shape resembles such a whale captured in a huge mouth is the fin of fish, only located not in the water version, while all living things are the smallest crustaceans, in the tickal, but in the horizontal plane. flocks of fish remaining in his mouth make up the whales are also divided into two groups. Some whales feed him. A huge blue whale, for example, reaching during the transition to life in the aquatic environment, retained its teeth and head of 30 meters in length and 130 tons in weight, completely
4. 4. 8 EXPLORE THE WORLD LIFE IN THE CRADLE OF LIFE 9 is adapted to feeding on tiny marine crustaceans, which, however, concentrate in flocks of hundreds of thousands of individuals in the sea. The fin whale behaves in the same way, capturing entire flocks of herring, capelin, and other small fish into its filtering apparatus. Talking about the inhabitants marine environment Let's talk about birds... Some of them gradually connected their lives with water. It's about about those birds that forage only in the aquatic environment, which means that they can successfully pursue prey in the water. Undoubtedly, penguins are record holders for adaptation to life in the aquatic environment - they have completely lost the ability to fly, their wings have turned into perfect flippers. The penguin moves in water at a speed of 10 meters per second, capable of diving to a depth of 130 meters. There are 16 species of these underwater birds, they are all excellent swimmers, even the most fast fish. The second most adaptable feathered inhabitant sea ​​water can be called petrels, especially those species that live in southern hemisphere. Their whole life (except for the period of incubation of eggs) passes by the sea. These birds sleep on the waves, drink salty sea water. They are usually active at night, when the smallest crustaceans, and after them the squids that feed on them, rise to the surface. Diving petrel uses its wings as fins, stays under water for up to 2 minutes, swimming up to 300 meters during this time, dives
5. 10 EXPLORE THE WORLD LIFE IN THE CRADLE OF LIFE 11 dive to a depth of 5 meters, swimming in water over 100 meters. They paddle with their wings. Edges dive for herring from a height and dive to 30 meters, rowing under water with wings and legs. The guillemots dive to the same depth, they swim very quickly, and their wings are equally well adapted to both air and water environments. They roll in the water with their paws. Polar loons swim more than 20 km under water per day, sometimes diving to a depth of 10 meters. These birds have not lost touch with the land, they multiply on land. But it is on land that they are very clumsy - their body is adapted to hunting in the aquatic environment. to move on land, one has to raise the body high, but in the water, these ~e legs provide a dead end with a rapid movement, to a depth of 9 meters. Cormorants also dive to the same depth. Petrels and eiders are not afraid of either storms or surf. They pierce the billowing waves, grabbing their prey on the fly. Gaga can ~" ~.
6. 6. swim ashore, spray from them form puddles on the low banks, moisten the stones. The second floor is called the littoral (from the Latin littoralis - "coastal"). Under the influence of the attraction of the Sun and the Moon, the surface of the sea rises and falls. Tidal currents twice a day either advance on the shore or roll away from it. In the Black Sea, this fluctuation in the water level is only 13 cm, and in the ocean it can be from 2 to 16 m. Some algae, crabs, mollusks, sea worms have adapted to live on these two floors. INVERTED SKYSCRAPER When we take up the study of the sea, it turns out that its inhabitants are far from being indifferent to where exactly they are. Some plants and animals are located near the surface, while others prefer deeper zones. And there are those that live at the very bottom, it turns out to be huge, inhabited. a skyscraper, only as if turned upside down, going into the depths, and each floor has its own population. On the first floor there is a surf zone. Under the influence of the wind, sea waves roll rhythmically
7. 7. 14 DISCOVER THE WORLD The third floor of the sea skyscraper will be that coastal area that is not exposed at low tide. This floor extends in depth to the level where the thickets of plants end. This floor is the most inhabited by marine organisms; there is enough light and food here. The depth of the lower level of this floor depends on the transparency of the water in the sea. In the Barents Sea, in many tropical seas, the lower boundary of this level is at a depth of 250 m. There are no plants on the fourth floor - here is the kingdom of echinoderms and sponges. This floor goes to a depth of 400m. From the fifth floor, the deep-sea region of the sea begins - up to one kilometer. There are many attached animals resembling plants. The lower the floors, the less populated they are. Of the 140 thousand species of marine animals known to science today, most live on the first four floors, on the fifth there are no more than 600-700 species, and at a depth of 10 km - no more than 120. Sponges are found up to a depth of 7000 m, sea ​​stars- up to 7230 m, shrimps - up to 9000 m, sea anemones and mollusks - up to 9300 m. Polychaete worms, brittle stars, holothurians dominate on the lowest floors. Fish inhabit all but the last floors, but, of course, deep-sea fish are not at all like those that inhabit the first four floors. At present, the deepest depth from which it has been possible to catch fish is just over 7 km. Plants in our skyscraper are located only on the first three floors, mainly on the second and third. Why? Because plants need light to survive. And light penetrates into the water to a relatively shallow depth, which is the smaller, the lower the transparency of the water in the given area. In the Pacific Ocean, the limit value of transparency is 60, in the Indian Ocean - 50, in the Baltic Sea - not. over 13 meters. At a depth of 1000-1500 m there is a twilight zone, and then complete darkness reigns.
8. 8. FOOD PYRAMID OF THE SEA Sea meadows and forests All seaweeds are divided into three groups - green, brown and red. The biomass of planktonic algae in sea water has been calculated by scientists; it is an astronomical figure of one and a half billion tons. 3a day, algae create the same biomass that they themselves have. Naturally, with such gigantic productivity, they provide food for a huge number of animals. Diatoms are single-celled organisms surrounded on the outside by a shell of silica. The shape and structure of these shells is amazing; it resembles the creation of a skilled artist, precious jewelry. For the first time, this beauty was seen in the 18th century, when the microscope was invented. These algae live singly or in colonies. different forms- threads, ribbons, stars are sometimes so large that they are visible to the naked eye. Diatoms reproduce by division, swim near the surface, usually no deeper than 100 m. Other microscopic algae are also present in the plankton of the ocean. Brown algae are multicellular plants, but among them there are very tiny ones, indistinguishable without magnifying instruments, and giants up to 50 m long. These algae are common in all seas from the Arctic to the Antarctic. The most famous of these algae is kelp. It usually grows on the littoral floor, prefers cool waters with a strong current. Laminaria, especially kelp of the eastern seas (Okhotsk, Japanese), are used for food. They are preserved like "seaweed", sent for chemical processing to obtain iodine and other valuable drugs. "
9. 9. 18 EXPLORE THE WORLD FOOD PYRAMID OF THE SEA 19 Thallasiophyllum thallus resemble fan leaves of palm trees - they are dotted with small holes. Agarum has the same perforated thalli. These algae are common in the Pacific Ocean. in macrocystis, the structure is more complicated: a branched trunk, on the “branches” - something that looks like leaves and air bubbles. The length of these "branches" reaches 50 m. The main part of them, thanks to bubbles-floats, sways near the surface. This algae is a valuable raw material for the chemical industry. Different types of algae Sargassum Fucus has branched thallus usually with air bubbles and grows in the northern and eastern seas of Russia, even in the desalinated water of the Baltic Sea. Fucuses are used as fertilizers, as feed for livestock, fodder meal, and various chemical products are made from them. A group of sargasso stands apart among brown algae. These algae abound in the area Atlantic Ocean called the Sargasso Sea. This sea is a huge accumulation of intertwined algae, which slowly rotate under the influence of the current at the surface. And under these thickets - a depth of 4-6 km. Sailing ships in light winds got stuck in the Sargasses, and even today not all ships are able to break through these underwater jungles. Red algae, purple algae, are predominantly saline plants. They contain special red and blue pigments that give them
10. 10. 20 EXPLORE THE WORLD FOOD PYRAMID OF THE SEA 21 unique coloring. They are found in the seas along But with the sea, with salt water, they are connected not only tra everywhere, they settle on hard surfaces, you. In the surf zone along tropical shores, their own and sometimes on other algae grow. figurative low trees - rhizophora and other coralline algae are part of this family. They form a special kind of marine runoff composition in the formation of coral life ri - mangroves. All of them in the full sense - trees fov. They are found everywhere. Phyllophosa and en amphibians, they are sometimes flooded with sea water, then - in felcia - valuable algae, their fishing is carried out at low tide - they stand out of the water. They differ neo in Black, White and Far Eastern seas, of which the usual method of reproduction is live birth: they extract agar - a valuable substance for food, the steam sprouts in the fruit, still hanging on the tree. The fruit of the fumery, pharmaceutical industry. plants spiky, sometimes up to 1 m long. Through the most numerous group - this is green six months to a year, seedlings come off under the force of gravity, algae, there are about 20 thousand species. fly down and, like spears, pierce into the mud. Those that are not Most green - both unicellular, colo could firmly pierce, are carried away by a tidal wave, nial, and multicellular - are common And can rush along the waves for a year until they stumble upon fresh water. In all seas from the Arctic to the Tropi stranded. Mangrove trees are superbly adapted as microscopic ulvae to life on the border of the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. seaweed. the lion has a larger size, its lamellar thallus reaches several centimeters. This is one of the common algae in the shallow waters of the Black and Japan Seas. The locals call it sea lettuce. We will also take a brief look at the higher flowering marine plants, which are secondary aquatic organisms. Very few of the flowering plants descended into the sea water from land. This is the former devgozostera, OR VZMORNIK, seagrass. Its roots go deep into the ground, and the ribbon-like leaves sway in the water. It grows at a depth of 1 to 10 m. After drying, Zostera leaves are used to stuff mattresses, upholstered furniture, and in Mexico, Zostera is used as food. It is very similar to Zostera Posidonia, which grows in the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Ruppia, a completely nondescript plant with thin leaves-strings, also belongs to sea grasses. Its flowers are pollinated by water. Sea ruppia has grown in abundance in the reservoirs of the salty springs of Staraya Russa. A number of species live along the Pacific coast.
11. 11. APARTMENTS ON ALL FLOORS We will begin our study of the animal world of our inverted skyscraper from the first floor - from the surface. And, as with algae, the first object of our attention is tiny creatures that can only be seen at high magnification. But they are very beautiful and play an important role in the food chain. marine life. People, as you know, eat a wide variety of food, but it all comes down to three factors: water, salt, solar energy. It is thanks to solar energy that all life on the planet is provided with food, and plants create this food by capturing carbon from the atmosphere or water. They use this element to build their own tissues, creating what scientists say is primordial biomass. This biomass created by plants under the influence sunlight and feeds on all living things on the planet. You can build a simple food chain, as scientists call it: plants ~ herbivorous animals ~ predators. Few people eat predators: each organism tries to shorten the food chain, to get closer to the original food creators, plants. In the sea, the food chain will be somewhat longer than on land: plants photosynthesize biomass, small marine animals that feed on fry feed on it; larger fish feed on fry, and these fish are eaten, for example, by cod. And each of us ate cod, right? So it turns out that through a series of stages we feed on solar energy, which plants on our planet can capture. We will begin the description of the inhabitants of the seas and oceans with unicellular animals and plants.
12. 24 EXPLORE THE WORLD APARTMENTS OF ALL FLOORS 25 Radiolarians Meet the radiolarians, or rays of Foraminifera ki. Their sizes are from 50 microns to 1 mm. They have a skeleton that surrounds the central part, and it is surrounded by the thinnest threads with which this tiny creature catches food - even smaller protozoa, the smallest algae. Radiolarians form the basis of plankton. Many planktonic rays have inclusions in their body in the form of algae, which trap the carbon dioxide released by the animal. The ray of cirrus flagellates, no more than 2 mm in diameter, receives oxygen for respiration from the algae. They have one feature: when irritated (from excitement, such a combination, for the mutual benefit of different seas, for example), the nightlight flares up brightly. During the day, organisms are called symbiosis and the spread of arachnlkorus of course, these outbreaks are invisible, but at night, thousands are strange among the inhabitants of sea waters. The radios of these babies begin to glow. This phenomenon is found not only in the surface rays, the name “glow of the sea”, but it occurs in waters, but also at depth, in the Kuril-Kamchatskaya can be when the oars hit the water, when moving in a warm depression they were found at the bottom - 4 km from yes, even from splashes. Some nightlighters settle on the surface. on radiolarians and exist in symbiosis with them. Another most massive tiny inhabited. Another inhabitant of the sea, which is very fond of sea water, are foraminifers. mitive structure, are sponges. They don't swim. They also have shells. Planktonic handicap is free, but fixed on something solid. Sa minifers have long shells around them, but these animals can only be seen when examining the tees that provide them with buoyancy. From shells in laboratories, but their skeletons are quite noticeable of these crumbs, and sea silt also consists. us. They are found both in the intertidal zone and on the plankton, and there is one more in great depths. crackle - night light. Often its osprey The sizes of sponge skeletons vary from a few to be seen in the Black Sea. These pankih millimeters up to 2-2.5 m, they are painted in euhumonic yellow, green, red and other bright colors, but there are also whitish, even transparent ones. The surface of the body of the sponges is riddled with pores - make the lumoner smaller with holes where water with food is absorbed; the central part of the skeleton has a wider opening for ejection of undigested particles. Scientists know more than 3,000 types of sponges, divided according to the composition of the skeleton into calcareous, ordinary and glass. Sponges are immobile animals. They reproduce either by budding, like a branching plant, or sexually: a larva-ball of an acanthometer emerges from the egg.
13. 26 DISCOVER THE WORLD APARTMENTS ON ALL FLOORS 27 seas. A wide belt of sponge settlements was found around Antarctica at a depth of up to 500 m. Lime sponges usually prefer shallow water, glass sponges prefer deep water. Sponges often develop in symbiosis with other sea creatures. They settle on shells in which hermit crabs live. The cancer moves, the sponge gets a new feeding area. Yes, and the remains from his table also fall into the sponge. And she masks the house of cancer. There are crabs that cut off a sponge and, holding it with their back pair of legs, carry it on their backs. This is also done for camouflage purposes. Over time, the sponge grows to the shell. There are also quite outlandish symbioses: a sponge grows to the crab's back, already sitting on the shell of a hermit crab. So two claws of the hands live, connected by a sponge. no more than 2 mm in diameter. For some time the larva settles in the central canal of the sponges. The shrimp swims, and then attaches itself to the bottom, where it develops ki. That's where they breed. In Japan, it is accepted as an independent individual. give a glass sponge with shrimp for a wedding Sponges often form continuous thickets at the bottom, inside: these shrimp (necessarily a pair, a male and himself, for example, in the Sea of ​​​​Japan. They are found in mass) penetrate the sponge even at the stage of larvae, off the coast Barents Sea. Fishermen try to avoid these places, as sponges clog nets. The most diverse and colorful sponges in the tropical Sponges spreading h-asha Nenmun.
14. 14. 28 EXPLORE THE WORLD APARTMENTS OF ALL FLOORS 29 and then they can't go out and spend their whole lives THEY are up to 30 m long, and the bubble itself is In a sponge. rarely exceeds 30 cm. Feelers Sponges secrete poisonous substances that kill tsa usually directed downwards, but in small animals, and have an unpleasant odor. There are realities they are moving sponges, drilling corals, shells of mollusks. stretching for the physalia under the top There is a whole group of "toilet" sponges - their skeletonity, collecting all life from the population, is devoid of sharp needles, elastic and soft, still ancient of the lazy upper floor of the ocean. the Greeks used these elastic seafood instead of mo. Some tentacles goad, a pair of chalk. Fishing for these sponges is still ongoing. Even while licking their prey, others involved plantation sponges are specially created: the skeleton of 'tua' in digestion. The food of the flying physalia,> the sponges are cut and lowered to the bottom, are varied over time - whole sponges grow from diatoms and it from pieces. radiolarians to shrimp and mal coelenterates are other multicellular fish coves. organisms that live in water. Their body consists of Physalia - the inhabitants of the tropisac, in the cavity of which digestion takes place, occasionally it brings them into the ability to eat, hence the name of the type of these animals. river waters. Their poison is similar to poison. The dimensions of the intestinal cavity range from 2 mm to the cobra - it acts on the nerve 2 m (not counting the thirty-meter tentacles). Often a new system. Poisonous ost they exist in the form of colonies. An overwhelming number of physalia, discarded species live in the sea from waves to the shore and even the tops to the deepest dried ones. Physalia is sometimes called physalia Glass sponges in some places. Each individual vault "Portuguese ships animal has the shape of either a lump": its crest has a bend in a polyp or a jellyfish. in the form of the Latin letter "8", which, as it turned out, poses pheronem allows her to maneuver under the wind like a sail On the border of an airship. Along with the physalia, a sailboat also drifts on the surface and in the aquatic environment. This is also a colony of marine life with a beautiful bubble of blue or reddish color. Pu here, having a high triangular outgrowth-sail rus on an air bladder. The oval bubble of the bubble is filled with gas, atmospherically close in composition, the disk reaches 12 cm. Sailboats are usually blue, they are hardly noticeable on the water. Pita mu, and swollen like a balloon. The sailboat is covered with plankton, and on _ -- - ----- napYCHl< верху шара находится слег­ верхней его стороне путешест­ ка извилистый гребень ­ это физалия. Может пока­ вуют мелкие голубые крабы. На парусниках откладывают икру заться, что это своеобразное животное, но на самом деле некоторые летучие рыбы, а три вида моллюсков питаются ими. это целое сообщество поли­ Одним словом, парусник, в отли­ пов и медуз. Щупальцев у чие от физалии, не защищен. физалии много, достигают
15. 15. 30 DISCOVER THE WORLD APARTMENTS OF ALL FLOORS 31 In all our seas, except for the Black and Azov Seas of the Caspian, one can often meet the root-eared jellyfish, or Aurelia. mouth. Its dimensions are up to 40 cm. Its umbrella is flattened, up to in diameter, and the coloring is 40 cm in diameter, pinkish whitish with a blue violet border, on the upper side. The tentacles of the cornerot are not - there are no four darkish circles, and the oral lobes behind the bald spots (sex glands), end with eight cores from under the umbrella, like donkey ears with unlike outgrowths, protrude four (hence the name). Short mouth lobes. The strong musculature Aurelia feeds on plankton, it swims sluggishly, ra, it constantly actively throws strong excitement swims, squeezing the dome and the mass of these jellyfish to the shore. The calmer the sea, the closer Aurelia is thrown from under the umbrella to the surface. Reproduces water. Touching it with the cross of the aurelia, laying eggs; larvae swim near the bottom causing severe burns. up to 7 days, then sit on the bottom, like polyps. They feed At shallow depths of the Pacific coast, they, too, like polyps, pushing water to the mouth of the tentacles, sometimes found in large quantities with crosses. After some time, milk buds. This jellyfish got its name from the cruciform jellyfish. different pattern, which is clearly visible In the cold waters of our seas, cyanea, similar to its yellowish-brown dome, which has a dia on Aurelia, lives. Its dome reaches 2 m in diameter up to 30 mm. Touching this jellyfish is very re, in the center it is yellowish, red at the edges. Schu is dangerous - it first causes burns and chills, then finger pains in cyanide are long (up to several meters), with joints and numbness of the extremities, cough and udu are bred in 8 groups, hanging like a net. Stinging sewing. The cells are especially sensitive to poisonous secretions, when touched they cause a strong pit of jellyfish eyes. The cross hunts in a peculiar way. burn, palpitations. From the depths, the jellyfish quickly goes to the surface; having reached it, it turns over, spreads out numerous tentacles, and begins to slowly sink into the water. At depth, it turns over again and rushes to the surface. In tropical waters there are many deadly jellyfish (sea wasp, chiropsalmus and others), as well as their larvae, and it is better to stay away from these gelatinous creatures, although jellyfish are eaten in Japan and China. If jellyfish swim freely and only their larvae, like those of Aurelia, settle on the ground during development, then the opposite happens in coral polyps:
16. 32 EXPLORE THE WORLD APARTMENTS ON ALL FLOORS 33 they lead a fixed lifestyle, and the larvae of most of them are free-swimming. Nicella is usually red, Colonial Gorgonian coral polyps lives on a small very plant-like. Gorgonian colonies up to 5m deep. This species is attached to rocks, stones, solid ground, but is successfully contained in this, they prefer to settle outside the surf zone. Gore marine aquariums. gonarii are called horn corals. Today, up to 1200 species of sea pen skeletons are known. They prefer moderately unbranched, consist of warm and tropical waters, there are few of them in the Arctic, all from a soft trunk, from which 30 species are found in Antarctica. the height of the "trees)) is up to 2 m. So that that branch. The trunk - this sprawling colony does not collapse, it also has a thick trunk, the body of the primary along the axial skeleton, which resists the currents. This skeleton, processes - from the bud of years has a high concentration iron oxides, which have fallen off secondary.To the bottom of which its color varies from pink to red-black.feathers do not grow, they When the horny substance of gorgonines predominates, the skeleton at the base of the trunk can be white, and brown, and black. swollen end, I stick "off the coast of Cuba in the surf zone, there is a fan in soft ground, like Venus with a very strong skeleton up to 2 m in height and an anchor. If necessary, 1.5 m wide. The skeleton is flexible and swaying sea feathers can move to another area flying under the influence of the surf, like a fan. bottom, which is facilitated by a well-developed muscle system. About 300 species of these polyps are known. There are very few of them in the polar zones, and almost half of the noble corals known live in the shallow waters of the tropics. There are, however, deep-sea species that descend to a depth of 6 km. At night, some of these polyps glow. Most of them are up to 60 cm in size, but at the North Pole station)) they managed to get a specimen 260 cm high. The bright red colonies of pennatula, common in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans- it has lateral branches similar to leaves. When irritated, they begin to glow blue and violet, light waves beautifully run through the entire colony. Anemones are also corals, only soft, without a visible skeleton and leading a predominantly solitary life. They are often compared to the amazing flowers of the sea and are called sea anemones.
17. 17. 34 DISCOVER THE WORLD APARTMENTS OF ALL FLOORS 35 Their cylindrical body, into an axis, turns into a slime sole, secreting a lump. Stinging mucus, with which the stomach of the cell immobilizes before it is attached to a solid bull, can also burn the hand of objects. Oral disc of human races. placed at the top of the cylinder. Most anemones are surrounded by tentacles with shallow water but stinging cells. some live in the deep. On some tentacles, from 6 to 10 kilometers, there are swellings where there is a ditch. Lifestyle is deeply centered especially a lot aquatic species so far studied stinging cells. The eggs are weak. The serpentine apemope is widely represented in some sea anemones; sea anemones are developed in the oceans in special Kama waters, but several holes are inside the mother body. The larvae of spawning species have adapted to low-salinity and live, enter, swim for 7-8 days in plankton, and then, for example, in Cherny and even in Azov and the Baltic, they settle on the bottom. seas. They are not always immobile. Anemones feed interestingly - among them there are sea anemones more often at night, and this is done both by predators and those who consume organic methods: they pull out, for example, the sole, suspension in the water. When they settle on the tentacle of the latter, they fix themselves, pull up the rest of the body; having bent the edible particles, the cilia drive this piece through, are fixed by the tentacles, are again separated to the top, and then the tentacle is bent and brings the sole and fixes it in a new place; lie down on a piece to the mouth. If the settled piece is inedible, the side separates the sole and the cilia move in jerks under the soles, nevertheless they also drive it to the top, howl forward. And there are also burrowing sea anemones: they move and then the tentacle bends in the other direction, and they are not wave-like movements like a worm. the edible piece is washed off. Predatory sea anemones Plankton sea anemones have an air bubble that capture food with their tentacles and bring it to their mouths. on the soles and hang on the surface with tentacles. Their prey is mollusks, crabs, and fish. Hungry ak down. Some sea anemones guard their hunting tines, they sit motionless, they have a special bag of goads, spreading their tentacles wide; which is directed towards the uninvited guest, having felt movement in another sea anemone. If the salvo was fired<<при подхо­ де, она начинает шевелить де», гостья, хоть и ра­ щупальцами, искать добычу. неная (в месте пораже­ Б удержании крупной добы­ ния ткани мертвеют), чи участвуют все щупальца, старается уползти. При с мелкой справляются одно сильном залпе на близ­ или несколько. Сытая акти­ ком расстоянии акти­ ния, а также испуганная, втя­ ния-пришелец может гивает щупальца, съеживает­ погибнуть.
18. 18. 3b EXPLORE THE WORLD APARTMENTS OF ALL FLOORS 37 Now let's move on to modrepore corals, thus, which are probably known to everyone. They also have another scientific name - scleroactinia (from the Greek word scleros - "hard"). These are also sea anemones, only very small ones. These small anemones are capable of building huge reefs and even islands in the ocean. The coral polyp secretes calcareous threads around its body and gradually becomes surrounded by a mesh. On this mesh, new portions of lime are released in droplets, balls, until a solid structure appears, inside which the polyp itself sits on a special cup. The shapes of the resulting structures are visible in the drawings bushes, flat lattices, "cauliflower", balls. The brain coral creates a structure similar to the human brain. Modrepore corals are found in the World Ocean everywhere and at different depths. But in the subpolar and moderately warm waters at a depth they are shallow, inconspicuous. Another thing is in the tropics - there the coral forests are very impressive. This is facilitated by the best conditions for the development of corals, which need oceanic, salty water. The corals withstand the increase in salinity, but the decrease in nitrogen and phosphorus in digestible compounds. It leads to their death. There have been cases when polyps cannot extract these elements from sea water from a strong source. The algae, in turn, receives a downpour that hits the coral reef during the carbon dioxide from animals and some organics during low tide, the corals immediately died. The death of some substances. And in order for this animal-growth of the ralli reef to be an ecological disaster, since numerous body symbiosis is dying along with the corals, light is needed for the photo of the inhabitants of the reef. The second condition for the well-being of algae synthesis. In addition, the algae inside the polyp is protected from those who want to eat it. corals - warm water: at 200 C, corals begin In the tropical zone, the calcareous skeleton of corals does not freeze. This is one of the reasons why most are destroyed. For millions of years, huge corals have formed. They live in tropical waters and do not like depth. The third condition is absolutely clean lime deposits, which are now being successfully exploited. Houses are built from coral skeletons, port movable (thanks to the surf) water: from turbidity and undergrowth, dams. In tropical countries, they pave the streets of oxygen, corals die. Finally, the four of them, they make filters for water purification, they are according to the first condition - corals need light. The thing is, wood is polished, metal is polished. For these purposes, algae live in the body of corals. They supplement only old corals, recently dead corals supply the polyps with oxygen, and besides,
19. 19. APARTMENTS OF ALL FLOOR 39 are not suitable due to the porous structure. But they are also used - for decorating grottoes in parks, for decorating aquariums, and selling them as souvenirs. Among the intestinal cavities, symbiosis with other organisms is widely developed. Often the skeletons of polyps are overgrown with bryozoans, sessile crustaceans. Sometimes large beautiful sea squirts are fixed on them. Polyps, in turn, often themselves envelop algae - sponges and the same ascidians. Yes, and polyps sometimes settle on each other. Yellow gorgonians attract yellow sea anemones with their color. And blue anemones settle on brown-blue colonies of another gorgonian. Anemones love to travel in underwater "taxi" - they will visit new places, and they will intercept part of the food from their horse. Deep-sea anemones settle near the mouth opening of holothurians (we will talk about them below). Often anemones ride around on shells in which mollusks live. Sometimes the mollusk is no longer in the shell - hermit crab has taken its place. On such shells, anemones even change their usual color, acquiring the same as that of the head and chest of the crayfish. The sea anemone not only feeds on crumbs from the cancer meal, but also protects it with its stinging weapons. corals
20. 40 EXPLORE THE WORLD APARTMENTS OF ALL FLOORS 41 But the Mediterranean crab has built its own from its living seaweed. About such a symbiosis to mutual wearing with sea anemones in a different way. In every claw, we have already spoken of the benefits. At low tide, he collects sea anemones and, instead of being himself in the sun in large green spots: a cluster to seize prey, puts forward these sea anemones, does not allow the worms to dry out without water, and dark algae. Those, of course, grab all living things with their tentacles, intensively photosynthesize with their tentacles. and paralyze him. And the crab takes the prey and eats it. to say that these worms recharge their batteries. Anemones are assigned the role of a service dog here: and ry. Symbiosis with algae causes distribution of the protector, and the getter for the host. ciliary worms: they live in the high tide zone. The relationship of sea anemones with fish is also peculiar, but at low tide, in coastal waters. Deeper than 1000 m we will talk about this later. And finally, these worms are not found on all this. seas live on the surface of our inverted skyscraper. Other no less interesting worms live in sea waters. Eyelash worms and worms are not resembling animals - thin and long nemerteans. live. Some planktonic forms of worms are similar. The length of some species reaches 10-15 m or more. on disks, others have an elongated shape. Many Most, however, do not grow longer than 20 cm. Of these, they feed on diatoms, but there are also predators. They live in the coastal zone, under stones, in the Oxipostia cleft, for example, they feed exclusively on nah, sometimes in tubes formed by the secretions of other ciliary worms (it lives far away on the skin. Nemerteans are predators: they are fast on the eastern seas). :K:onvomota has the shape of a candy wrapper, they catch prey, grab it with rings, like a boa constrictor, and for sweets, but it lives in the Atlantic Ocean. they strike her with a trunk, at the end of which there is a sharp thorn. The sizes of these worms are small, the giant among them, since nemerteans have chemical receptors, with the help of the pian anaperus, has a length of up to 1.2 cm. Crawling, she leaves on the research of the external environment, and primitive eyes. the plant has sticky mucus, other chalk sticks to it. The largest nemerteans are found in berekie animals. Bumping into such a prisoner, the Kongs of England. Lineus is long - such is its scientific weight that it runs into it with the front part of the body and, according to the name - usually reaches 10-15 m, but it has been found fattening. :K:onvomota has a brownish color: in the body of worms almost 30 m long. The spike at the end of the trunk is not poisonous, so you need to be careful with them. sea ​​worm n-emermun How beautiful these worms are can be seen in the pictures. The body of annelids is distinctly divided into head, body, and anal lobe. The eyes are located, of course, on the head, but can also be on the body, on the tentacles, on the tail. The body consists of rings-segments, on the sides of each segment of the parapodia are special outgrowths, organs of locomotion (parapodia in Greek means “leg-like”). The parapodia of marine polychaetes are tufts of bristles. Polychaetes are found everywhere in the oceans and on all its floors. In the Barents Sea, on one square meter of the bottom, scientists counted 90 thousand polychaetes

Although sea ​​fish they drink a lot of water, their freshwater relatives drink almost nothing. The root of this difference lies in the need of fish to maintain a normal balance of salt and water in the body.

The water in the ocean is three times saltier than the own liquid environment of ocean-dwelling fish. As a result of a natural process known as osmosis, water from the body of marine fish rushes out through the skin and gills. To replace the lost fluid, saltwater fish are forced to absorb large amounts of sea water.

The concentration of salt in the body of freshwater fish exceeds that in the surrounding aquatic environment, so freshwater fish do not drink like marine fish, but constantly absorb water through the skin. They excrete excess fluid in the form of profuse urination.

1. The amount of water that marine fish absorb depends on the degree of salinity. The saltier the water, the more the fish will drink.

2. The gills of fish that live in salt water absorb some salt.

3. Under the influence of osmosis, fish can pass a large amount of water through the gills.

4. Excess salt is excreted in the urine.

5. Water swallowed by saltwater fish is absorbed by the intestines.

freshwater fish excrete salt and absorb water through their skin, so they do not need to drink water. The level of salt in the body of freshwater fish is replenished with food and ions (salt) deposited in the gills.

1. Driven by the force of osmosis, water enters the body of the fish through the gills.

2. Part of the salt is lost by the gills as a result of osmosis.

3. Freshwater fish have excess water, which they excrete in the form of very dilute urine.

If the fish are swapped

In their habitual home, marine fish maintain a normal water-salt balance by drinking large amounts of water and excreting excess salt. In fresh water, marine fish absorb water, diluting it with the liquid medium of their body. Unable to retain salt or get rid of excess water, the fish dies.

Normally, freshwater fish regulate the level of salt in their body tissues by absorbing salt and excreting water. In salt water, fish lose water they cannot replace; the salt content in her body rises to lethal levels.

Fickle natures

Several species of fish are diadromous, meaning they can live in both salt and fresh water, adjusting their body fluids to suit environmental conditions. They drink water - or abstain from it - depending on the concentration of salt in their habitat. In addition, their gills and kidneys are able to quickly change from processing salt water to fresh water, and vice versa. Salmon that live in the ocean but spawn in rivers, as well as sturgeons, shads and lampreys that live in estuaries, are also among the easily adaptable fish. Some species of diadromous fish are shown in the illustration above.

About 35 grams of salt are dissolved in one liter of sea water, mostly table salt. However, in the blood and tissue fluid of most marine fish, the concentration of salts is three times lower.

This creates a strong osmotic pressure (that is, the pressure that occurs between solutions of different concentrations when they come into contact). It "sucks" the water out of the body of the fish. And although its covers prevent the outflow of fluid, a certain amount of water is still lost through gills, mucus, excrement, etc. Compensating for this loss, fish drink sea water and “desalinate” it inside the body, removing excess salts - partly through the intestines, but mostly through the gills.

And even more...

The so-called Case-Wilmer cells are responsible for this, in the membranes of which there are special proteins that carry salt ions into the external environment. Since this transfer is carried out towards sea water (where the concentration of salts is higher), it requires energy. In freshwater fish, the same proteins act in the opposite direction, capturing ions from outside. In anadromous fish that migrate from seas to rivers for spawning or vice versa, these proteins switch from one mode to another.

Osmotic pressure is the force acting on a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations of dissolved substances and directed from a more concentrated to a more dilute solution. Osmotic pressure can be very significant. In a tree, for example, under the action of osmotic pressure, plant sap rises from the roots to the very top. But in a tree, the movement of a concentrated solution, which is vegetable juice, is not limited in any way. If such a solution is in a closed space, for example, in a blood cell, then the osmotic pressure can lead to a rupture of the cell wall. It is for this reason that drugs intended for administration into the blood are dissolved in an isotonic solution containing as much sodium chloride (table salt) as necessary to balance the osmotic pressure created by the cellular fluid. If infused drugs were made with water, osmotic pressure would force water into the blood cells and cause them to rupture. If a too concentrated solution of sodium chloride is introduced into the blood, then the water from the cells will come out, and they will shrink.

The magnitude of the osmotic pressure created by the solution depends on the amount, and not on the chemical nature of the substances dissolved in it (or ions, if the molecules of the substance dissociate). The greater the concentration of the solution, the greater the osmotic pressure created by it. This rule, called the law of osmotic pressure, is expressed by a simple formula, very similar to the ideal gas law.

The law of osmotic pressure can be used to calculate the molecular weight of a given substance.

1. The amount of water that marine fish absorb depends on the degree of salinity. The saltier the water, the more the fish will drink.
2. The gills of fish that live in salt water absorb some salt.
3. Under the influence of osmosis, fish can pass a large amount of water through the gills.
4. Excess salt is excreted in the urine.
5. Water swallowed by saltwater fish is absorbed by the intestines.

Freshwater fish excrete salt and absorb water through their skin, so they don't need to drink water. The level of salt in the body of freshwater fish is replenished with food and ions (salt) deposited in the gills.

1. Driven by the force of osmosis, water enters the body of the fish through the gills.
2. Part of the salt is lost by the gills as a result of osmosis.
3. Freshwater fish have excess water, which they excrete in the form of very dilute urine.

If the fish are swapped

In their habitual home, marine fish maintain a normal water-salt balance by drinking large amounts of water and excreting excess salt. In fresh water, marine fish absorb water, diluting it with the liquid medium of their body. Unable to retain salt or get rid of excess water, the fish dies. Normally, freshwater fish regulate the level of salt in their body tissues by absorbing salt and excreting water. In salt water, fish lose water they cannot replace; the salt content in her body rises to lethal levels.

Fickle natures

Several species of fish are diadromous, meaning they can live in both salt and fresh water, adjusting their body fluids to suit environmental conditions. They drink water - or abstain from it - depending on the concentration of salt in their habitat. In addition, their gills and kidneys are able to quickly change from processing salt water to fresh water, and vice versa. Salmon that live in the ocean but spawn in rivers, as well as sturgeons, shads and lampreys that live in estuaries, are also among the easily adaptable fish. Some species of diadromous fish are shown in the illustration above.

sources

Pike belongs to the order of predatory fish. It feeds on perch, minnows and other fish that live in fresh waters. In addition to fish, pike can eat moulting crayfish and their eggs.

That is, a pike can become infected from any fish, crayfish or caviar. Eating infected fish, pike becomes a carrier of all kinds of helminths. The probability of infecting a pike with worms is 100%.

Classification of pike infection with helminths:

Unfortunately, many people underestimate, or do not attach importance to, the danger that comes with helminth infection. A disease not diagnosed in time can not only “give” a bouquet of diseases, but also lead to life-threatening complications, up to and including death.

Getting into the human body, for its development and life, the worm takes all the substances necessary for itself. This leads to digestive disorders, hypovitaminosis, loss of proteins, carbohydrates, a drop in hemoglobin, a decrease in minerals, blockage of blood vessels, bile ducts, etc.

The products of its vital activity cause all kinds of allergic reactions, reduce immunity, nullify the effectiveness of vaccinations, lead to destabilization of the whole organism as a whole, and lead to complications in the form of cancers.

Let's consider what consequences the diseases of a person who eats river fish, pike, usually infected with helminth larvae, have.

What is the danger of opisthorchiasis

If the disease is not treated, the following consequences are possible:

• the work of the digestive tract is disrupted;
• often there are bronchitis, pneumonia, asthmatic manifestations;
• joint arthritis develops;
• cardio - vascular activity is disturbed;
• leads to nervous disorders;
• causes liver cancer;
• causes pancreatic cancer.

Even after a complete cure, which lasts a very long time, irreversible processes remain in the pancreas and liver.

What is the danger of diphyllobothriasis

The broad tapeworm is the largest tapeworm. Its length reaches 10 - 15 meters. It can live in the human body for more than 20 years.

In case of diphyllobothriasis:

• the digestive system is affected;
• a severe form of anemia occurs;
• hypovitaminosis is formed;
• it is possible to develop atrophy and necrosis of tissues to which the helminth is attached;
• a large accumulation of worms can lead to intestinal obstruction.

A plus in the diagnosis of this disease is the presence of segments in the feces of a person that are visible to the naked eye.

Chinese fluke

The Chinese fluke is a type of flatworm. Its length is 10 - 20 mm. Lives in the human body for about 30 years.

Clonorchiasis disease can have the following complications:

• stones in the gallbladder;
• yellowness of the skin;
• liver abscess;
• cirrhosis of the liver.

When children become ill with clonorchiasis, not only the destruction of the internal organs of the child occurs, but developmental delays are also possible.

The trematode Metagonimus yokogawai belongs to the class of flukes. The worm has a length of 2 to 2.5 mm.

In the case of metagonimiasis, a complete sensitization of the body occurs. This worm can spontaneously leave the body under the influence of the immune system, but can also lead to such complications:

• enteritis;
• heart failure;
• granulomatous inflammation
• blockage of cerebral vessels.

Do not expose yourself and your family to the risk of these formidable diseases! Eat only well-cooked pike.

eastern fluke lanceolate fluke liver fluke Siberian fluke pinworms roundworm head lice Giardia Siberian fluke cat fluke blood flukes bovine and porcine tapeworm

Pike caviar contains larvae of the same formidable diseases as the fish itself. You can become infected with worms if the caviar is poorly processed: not salted enough, not treated with boiling water before salting, and sufficient heat treatment has not been performed.

Dried, salted, smoked pike, as a rule, is a source of infection with helminths. Never give it to children!

When eating dried, low-salted, smoked pike, think about whether the momentary pleasure of eating is worth the treatment of dangerous helminthic diseases.

Do not neglect the information provided in this article. Don't be careless!

👉 Opinion of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation about the drug

Yesterday, I completed the experiment and nevertheless tested the dendrobene for survivability in the salt water of the Mediterranean Sea, and at the same time tested the dung beetle. A video about the passage of the experiment is presented to your attention, and you will find the conclusions in this article.

Background of the experiment

Not so long ago I got a Dendroben worm, and the main reason for choosing this bait was the information that this worm is able to live for several hours, both in salt water and fresh. Various Internet resources claim that she is able to live in salt water for several hours, some sites write that this time even reaches 6. But is it really so?

On the Internet, I found only one sensible video in which an experiment is conducted with dendrobene in the salt water of the Black Sea, as a result of which it turned out that this worm on a hook is able to keep signs of life in it for about an hour. Here it is.

But the problem is that the salinity of the Black Sea water is 18 ppm, and the Mediterranean is 38, which is almost 2 times more. For this reason, I decided to conduct my own test and check for survivability in this water of two types of worm, dung and dendrobene, which has been living with me for about 2 months.

My video is about how long a dendrobena and a dung worm can live in the salty water of the Mediterranean Sea.

Results:

• The active phase of life of both worms in salt water was approximately 5-6 minutes.
• The total time of manifestation of the activity of the dung beetle is 8 minutes.
• The total time of manifestation of dendrobene activity is 15 minutes.

But, despite the fact that the dendrobena remained alive much longer than the dung worm, about 9 minutes out of 15, she practically did not move, but only shook her head, which, in my opinion, will not greatly affect her performance as a bait, I don’t think that these sluggish movements are able to attract fish. I'll try to test it out soon.

For the first 5-6 minutes, both worms look more than worthy. Of course, this behavior is certainly not what it could be on the hook, but still.

But already hooked. Lifetime results are quite different.

conclusions. The probability of a bite increases for the first time 5-6 minutes after casting and falls catastrophically after this time. It remains only to test all this in practice, in the Mediterranean Sea. So the series of experiments has just begun.

P.S. There is still a chance that there are other varieties of dendrobene that are able to live in salt water for a longer time. However, I think that this probability is negligible, the salinity of the waters of the Mediterranean Sea is too high.

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What are your thoughts on this? Leave your comments with criticism and suggestions, as well as ideas for the next experiments.