The image of secular society in the novel "Eugene Onegin" and the comedy "Woe from Wit". Abstract. Communicative qualities of "good speech" Eugene Onegin as a representative of high society

Interests and occupations of noble youth (based on the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin") .

The novel "Eugene Onegin" is one of the best works of A.S. Pushkin.

In it, the poet paints pictures of life and secular society, and the provincial nobility, and the peasantry. The novel "Eugene Onegin" by V.G. Belinsky called it "an encyclopedia of Russian life." This work is also about the mental life of noble youth, whose typical representatives are the heroes of the novel Eugene Onegin, Lensky, Tatyana and Olga Larina.

In the person of Onegin, Pushkin portrayed the type of enlightened nobility that developed in the 20s of the 19th century. Onegin was born into the family of a wealthy nobleman. His father "gave three balls every year and finally squandered." Like all aristocratic youth of that time, Onegin was brought up at home and educated under the guidance of a French tutor. He leads an idle life typical of the "golden youth": balls every day, walks along Nevsky Prospekt. But Onegin, by his nature, stands out from the general mass of young people. Pushkin notes in him “an involuntary devotion to dreams, an inimitable strangeness and a sharp, chilled mind”, a sense of honor, nobility of soul. And Onegin could not help being disappointed in secular life. He is critical of the way of life of the noble society. For people like Onegin, it led to "spiritual emptiness", depriving their life of a lofty goal. Belinsky said beautifully about Onegin and thus about people of this type: “The inactivity and vulgarity of life choke him, he doesn’t even know what he wants, but he ... knows very well that he doesn’t want what he is so pleased with, so happy proud mediocre".

On the example of Onegin, Pushkin showed the path along which a part of the noble intelligentsia of his time walked. Pushkin condemned this path, which makes the hero socially useless, "an extra person."

A different path, along which some part of the noble youth of the 1920s went, is revealed on the example of the life of Lensky. Lensky was educated and raised in "Germany foggy". From there, he brought "liberal dreams ... and shoulder-length black curls." Pushkin points to Lensky's "noble aspiration and feelings and thoughts of the young, tall, tender, daring." Lensky perceives people and life as a romantic dreamer. Misunderstanding of people, enthusiastic daydreaming lead Lensky to a tragic end at the first encounter with reality. He sees the purpose of life in love for Olga, considers her perfection, although she is an ordinary girl. “Always modest, always obedient”, she does not think deeply about anything, but follows the accepted rules of life. Her feelings do not differ in depth and stability. She “cried for a short time” about Lensky and soon got married.

Olga's sister, Tatyana, was distinguished by her stability and depth of feelings. Tatyana Larina was brought up on French novels, so she was just as romantic as Lensky. But Tatyana is close to the people. Tatyana dreams of such a person who would be similar to the heroes of her favorite novels. Such a person, as it seems to her, she found in Onegin. But he rejects Tatyana's love. Her fate is tragic, but her character has not changed.

The novel "Eugene Onegin" is of great historical and social significance. Belinsky predicted historical immortality for the novel: “Let time goes by and brings with it new needs, new ideas: let Russian society grow and overtake Onegin: no matter how far it may go, it will always love this poem, it will always stop its eyes full of love and gratitude ... ".

Bibliography

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The first chapter can also be called an exposition of the novel, in which a young man is described in the most expressive and complete form, who is a typical representative of the metropolitan noble environment of the 10-20s. XIX century. Once the Onegin family was rich, but due to the careless and riotous life of the landowner father, she went bankrupt. Onegin was brought up by a French tutor, as it was supposed to be according to the traditions of secular society. In other words, such an upbringing was protected from any influence of something national, truly Russian. That is why the reader does not find any mention of either the serf or the nanny who followed Onegin.

As for the hero's education, the lines "We all learned a little something and somehow" do not at all speak of Onegin's miserable education. Otherwise, the pronoun "We" would not have been used here. After all, it is known that Pushkin took self-education quite seriously and was one of the most educated people of his time.

The reading circle of the hero himself is also wide enough, who, according to the author, knew both ancient and modern history. Onegin has a negative attitude towards such ancient Greek poets as Homer and Theocritus, the first of which sings of kings, and the second depicts reality in idyllic colors. Both were alien to the critically thinking youth of the era. Along with this, among the authors he prefers is the name of the famous progressive political economist - the Englishman Adam Smith. It is impossible not to notice that among the books he prefers there is not a single one written by a Russian author. But the existing list is enough to understand: love of freedom is felt in his worldview.

Onegin’s circle of interests also includes “... the science of tender passion, which was sung by Nazon ...”, characteristic of the secular youth of that era. But despite the typical red tape, Onegin belongs to the type of more meaningful young representatives of secular society. Otherwise, the positive attitude of the author to his bitter jokes and gloomy epigrams would not have been felt.

The author devotes a lot of space to the image of one day of the hero. Various episodes of this day are conveyed so vividly that in the reader's imagination the image of Onegin seems to come to life. In one of the episodes, the reader learns that Onegin's friend is Kaverin, a young hussar officer who in life was Pushkin's friend and was a member of the Welfare Union. He was also a close friend of the Decembrist N.I. Turgenev. Here, it turns out, what kind of friends Onegin has.

One of the magnificent passages in the first chapter is Pushkin's depiction of the performance attended by Onegin. The picture of the end of the performance is conveyed with special dynamism through one complex sentence, which amounted to 14 lines. The reverent attitude of the poet to Russian ballet and theater is felt.

It is noteworthy that in depicting the life of a secular society, Pushkin does not leave ordinary people out of sight. The gentlemen sit in armchairs and enjoy the performance, while the serf servants are forced to wait for them in the cold. But before the galleries were visited by a very democratic public.

After the ballet, Onegin returns to his room and begins to prepare for the ball. From the description of the room it follows that it is furnished according to the latest fashion. One can feel the bitter sarcasm of the poet about the fact that overseas impractical decorations are exchanged “for timber and bacon…”.

Reading the first chapter, various aspects of life in Russia flash before the reader's eyes. So, one cannot but agree with Belinsky, who called Alexander Sergeevich's novel "an encyclopedia of Russian life."

Now the hero is dressed and ready to go to the ball. The dandy outfit of Onegin reminds the poet Chaadaev. Let this association be purely external, but it is noteworthy that the names of Chaadaev, the addressee of Pushkin's famous message, and Onegin are pronounced side by side.

After the ball, Eugene returns home as usual in the morning. The reader is presented with a picture of the capital awakening from a night's sleep. After the image of secular Petersburg, this morning, everyday labor capital is a pronounced contrast.

Onegin lies down in the afternoon, and after waking up, everything repeats again. Even from the hero's visit to the theater, the reader felt that this monotonous life was beginning to bother Eugene. Fatigue and disappointment took possession of the hero. He appears more and more reluctantly in the circle of secular beauties and tries to turn to books. But this does not bring the desired relief. Both beauties and books are left.

Soon the news of deadly disease uncles forces Evgeny to leave for the village and take possession of his uncle's estate. But even solitude in the bosom of the beauties of nature could not drive away his deadly longing.

Thus ends the first chapter, which tells about the origin, upbringing and education of Onegin; about the environment that shaped his outlook on life; about the range of his interests; determined the attitude of the author himself to the hero of the work. It becomes clear that the life of the people is obscured from Onegin by the idleness of his existence. The author makes it clear that this is the main trouble of Eugene. But along with all this, something else is also clear: carefree and deprived labor activity life also does not satisfy the hero. This makes you sympathize with Onegin.

Exercise 1. Formulate a definition of a literary language, name its features. Compare your definition with the existing ones:

1) “A normalized language serving the diverse cultural needs of the people, the language of fiction, journalistic works, periodicals, radio, theater, science, government agencies, schools, etc.” ( D.E. Rosenthal);

2) "It is a form of social (sociocultural) existence of the national language, accepted by its speakers as exemplary." ( IN AND. Maksimov);

3) “The modern Russian literary language, although it can be considered as a language from A. S. Pushkin to the present day, does not remain unchanged. It is constantly changing and, therefore, needs to be rationed.” ( E.N. Shiryaev);

4) "This codified subsystem; it is characterized by a more or less stable norm, uniform and obligatory for all speakers of literary language, and this norm is purposefully cultivated" ( Belikov V.I.,L.P. Krysin)

Based on these definitions of the norm, list its main features. Write them down. What other signs could you name?

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Exercise 2.Fill in the gaps in the table. Determine the relationship between language units:

Exercise 3Name the basic units of the language, give them a definition.Determine which language level the speech errors in sentences belong to:

A. Phonetic. B. Lexical. B. Morphological.

D. Syntactic

1. According to the stories of Pechorin, the noble society is filled with hypocrisy, anger, lies. 2. What is involved in the artistic means used by Pushkin to recreate the impression of the authenticity of the depicted reality. The story is a memoir. 3. Anna Sergeevna was such a person who allowed her opinion to be expressed in front of him.

4. This is a free novel from all frames and norms of literary style. 5. The timbre of our life is much higher than the timbre of the life of our ancestors. 6. True artists of the word create grandiose epic canvases on the pages of their works. 7. Looking at him, there is an image of rudeness and negligence. 8. The president himself came to the opening of the German language center. 9. Events take place in the village that turned the whole worldview of the hero upside down. 10. Initially, it was not conceived as a single composition, but was created and published in parts.

Exercise 4According to the basic levels of language and scopewhen using language tools, entertypes of norms in the table:

Rules	Norms
Stress setting
Pronunciation
Use of words
The use of stable combinations
Word formation
Formation of grammatical forms
Formation of phrases and proposals
spelling words
Punctuation marks punctuation in a sentence
The use of language units in functional styles

Exercise 5Determine which norms are violated in the sentences:

1. Onegin belongs to the category of people of a noble society. 2. He achieved such results by presenting the novel to us in the form of notes from Grinev's diary. 3. Pecherin indulges in passion with the savage Bella. 4. The author is trying to steer readers in a slightly different direction. 6. As MK has written more than once, the current pyramid of Russian power is geared towards Putin. 7. Guest worker Ira Filippova, who came from Ukraine to work on concert numbers in one of the many tents in St. Petersburg. 8. Apparently at these speeds, matter ceases to be itself disintegrates. 9. I was also surprised that the multi-colored threads with which the image was embroidered did not fade and did not lose their strength for more than five centuries. 10. In the language of actors, "numbered" meant the ability to sing, play, tell, improvise, imitate someone. 11. Since 2002, the People's Faculty has been working at the Novosibirsk State Technical University.

Exercise 6. Read excerpts from the works of L.N. Tolstoy and M.Yu. Lermontov. Determine what is not up to date.

1. The Rostovs praised her taste and dress, and, taking care of their hair and dresses, at eleven o'clock they got into carriages and drove off. 2. The diplomatic corps and the sovereign were supposed to be at the ball. 3. Everything essential had already been done: the legs, arms, neck, ears were already especially diligently, in a ballroom style, washed, perfumed and powdered; shod already were silk fishnet stockings and white satin shoes with bows ... 4. He wanted to get up, but Vera continued with an even more refined smile. 5. Don't talk nonsense ... - said Prince Andrei, smiling and looking into Pierre's eyes. 6. Having drunk tea, she went to the hall, which she especially fell in love with for its strong resonance, and began to sing her solfeji.

7. Pechorin rushed to the door ... a pink coat flashed in front of him for four people, boots shuffled ... a footman planted a pink coat in a shiny compartment, then a bear's coat climbed into it ... 8. When she got into the carriage, her father began a long dissertation about the young people of this century. 9. Frequent walks brought Georges and Verochka even closer; despite the crowd of madams and aunt's children, they somehow always found a way to be together: a very easy way, however, if both wanted it.

D/W: Prepare answers to the questions:

1. What is meant by language codification?

2. What norms are called codified?

Name the main ways of codifying a language.

What is the danger of establishing only rigid, unshakable norms?

Give examples of the historical variability of norms.

What is the main task of the culture of speech.

In the novel "Eugene Onegin", Pushkin outlined the nobility with light strokes - the people in whose society Eugene Onegin revolved, and with whom, in addition to the main characters, he had to maintain relations and communicate. The metropolitan nobility was strikingly different from the provincial landowners who lived in the outback. This gap was all the more noticeable the less often the landowners traveled to the capital. The interests, level of culture, education of both were often at different levels.

The images of the landowners and the high-society nobility were only partly fictitious. Pushkin himself revolved in their environment, and most of the paintings depicted in the work were peeped at social events, balls, and dinners. The poet communicated with the provincial society during his forced exile in Mikhailovsky and during his stay in Boldino. Therefore, the life of the nobility, in the countryside, in Moscow and St. Petersburg, is depicted by poets with knowledge of the matter.

Provincial landed nobility

Along with the Larin family, other landowners also lived in the province. The reader gets acquainted with most of them at name days. But some touches-sketches to the portraits of neighbors-landlords can be seen in the second chapter, when Onegin settled in the village. Simple in their mental make-up, even a few primitive people tried to make friends with the new neighbor, but as soon as he saw the droshky approaching, he mounted his horse and rode off the back porch so as not to be seen. The maneuver of the newly-minted landowner was noticed, and the neighbors, offended in their best intentions, stopped their attempts to make friendship with Onegin. Pushkin interestingly describes the reaction to the replacement of corvée with dues:

But in his corner pouted,
Seeing in this terrible harm,
His prudent neighbor;
The other smiled slyly,
And in a voice everyone decided so,
That he is the most dangerous eccentric.

The attitude of the nobles towards Onegin became hostile. Sharp-tongued gossip began to talk about him:

“Our neighbor is ignorant; crazy;
He is a pharmacist; he drinks one
A glass of red wine;
He does not fit the ladies' hands;
All Yes Yes No; won't say yes, sir
ile no with". That was the general voice.

Invented stories are able to show the level of intelligence and education of people. And since he left much to be desired, Lensky was also not enthusiastic about his neighbors, although out of courtesy he paid them visits. Although

Lords of neighboring villages
He didn't like feasts;

Some landowners, whose daughters were growing up, dreamed of getting a "rich neighbor" to be their son-in-law. And since Lensky did not seek to fall into someone's skillfully placed networks, he also began to visit his neighbors less and less:

He ran their noisy conversation.
Their conversation is prudent
About haymaking, about wine,
About the kennel, about your family.

In addition, Lensky was in love with Olga Larina and spent almost all his evenings in their family.

Almost all the neighbors came to Tatyana's name day:

With his stout wife
The fat Trifle has arrived;
Gvozdin, an excellent host,
Owner of poor men;

Here Pushkin is clearly being ironic. But, unfortunately, among the landowners there were many such Gvozdins, who ripped off their peasants like sticky.

Skotinins, gray-haired couple,
With children of all ages, counting
Thirty to two years;
County dandy Petushkov,
My cousin, Buyanov,
In down, in a cap with a visor
(As you, of course, know him),
And retired adviser Flyanov,
Heavy gossip, old rogue,
A glutton, a bribe taker and a jester.

XXVII

With the family of Panfil Kharlikov
Monsieur Triquet also arrived,
Wit, recently from Tambov,
With glasses and a red wig.

Pushkin does not need to spend long stanzas on characterizing the guests-landlords. The names spoke for themselves.

The celebration was attended not only by landlords representing several generations. The older generation was represented by the Skotinins, the gray-haired couple, they were clearly over 50, the retired adviser Flyanov, he was also well over 40. In each family there were children who made up the younger generation, who were happy with the regimental orchestra and dancing.

The provincial nobility tries to imitate the capital by arranging balls and holidays, but here everything is much more modest. If in St. Petersburg dishes prepared by French chefs from overseas products are offered, then in the provinces their own stocks are put on the table. The oversalted fatty pie was prepared by yard cooks, tinctures and liqueurs were made from berries and fruits picked in their own garden.

In the next chapter, which describes the preparation for the duel, the reader will meet another landowner

Zaretsky, once a brawler,
Ataman of the gambling gang,
The head of the rake, the tribune of the tavern,
Now kind and simple
The father of the family is single,
Reliable friend, peaceful landowner
And even an honest person.

This is him, Onegin is afraid, not daring to offer Lensky reconciliation. He knew that Zaretsky could

Friends quarrel young
And put them on the barrier
Or make them reconcile,
To have breakfast together
And then secretly defame
A funny joke, a lie.

Moscow noble society

Tatyana came to Moscow not by chance. She came with her mother to the bride fair. Close relatives of the Larins lived in Moscow, and Tatyana and her mother stayed with them. In Moscow, Tatyana came into close contact with the society of the nobility, which was more archaic and frozen than in St. Petersburg or the provinces.

In Moscow, Tanya was received warmly and sincerely by her relatives. The old women scattered in their memories, the “young graces of Moscow”, looking closely at the new relative and friend, found a common language with her, shared the secrets of beauty and fashion, talked about their heartfelt victories and tried to extort her secrets from Tatyana. But

the secret of your heart,
Treasured treasure and tears and happiness,
Keeps silent meanwhile
And they don't share it with anyone.

Guests came to Aunt Alina's mansion. In order not to appear overly distracted or arrogant,

Tatyana wants to listen
In conversations, in general conversation;
But everyone in the living room takes
Such incoherent, vulgar nonsense;
Everything in them is so pale, indifferent;
They slander even boringly.

All this was not interesting to a romantically inclined girl, who, deep down, might have been waiting for some kind of miracle. She often stood somewhere on the sidelines, and only

Archival young men in a crowd
They stare at Tanya
And about her among themselves
They speak unfavorably.

Of course, such "archival young men" could not interest the young lady. Here Pushkin used the Old Slavic form of the adjective to emphasize the belonging of "young men" to the "last century". Late marriages were not uncommon in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Men were forced to serve in order to make a certain fortune, and only then did they get married. But they chose young girls as brides. So marriages of unequal age were not uncommon at that time. They looked down on the provincial young lady.

Together with her mother or cousins, Tatyana visited theaters, she was taken to Moscow balls.

There is tightness, excitement, heat,
The roar of music, the sparkle of candles,
Flashing, whirlwind of fast couples,
Beauties light dresses,
People full of choirs,
Brides a vast semicircle,
All the senses strike suddenly.
Here they seem dandies note
Your impudence, your vest
And an inattentive lorgnette.
Holiday hussars come here
They rush to appear, to thunder,
Shine, captivate and fly away.

At one of the balls, her future husband drew attention to Tatyana.

Nobles of St. Petersburg

In the first part of the poetic novel, the secular society of St. Petersburg was described in light sketches, a look from the outside. About Onegin's father, Pushkin writes that

Serving excellently nobly,
His father lived in debt
Gave three balls annually,
And finally screwed up.

Not one Onegin Sr. lived in this way. For many nobles, this was the norm. Another stroke of the secular society of St. Petersburg:

Here is my Onegin at large;
Shaved in the latest fashion
How dandy London dressed -
And finally saw the light.
He's completely French
Could speak and write;
Easily danced the mazurka
And bowed at ease;
What do you want more? The world decided
That he is smart and very nice.

Description, Pushkin shows what interests and worldviews aristocratic youth have.

No one is embarrassed that the young man does not serve anywhere. If a noble family has estates and serfs, then why serve? In the eyes of some mothers, perhaps Onegin was a good match for the marriage of their daughters. This is one of the reasons why young people are accepted and invited to balls and dinners in the world.

He used to be in bed:
They carry notes to him.
What? Invitations? Indeed,
Three houses for the evening call:
There will be a ball, there children's holiday.

But Onegin, as you know, did not seek to tie the knot. Although he was a connoisseur of the "science of tender passion."

Pushkin describes the ball to which Onegin arrived. This description also serves as a sketch to characterize Petersburg customs. At such balls, young people met, fell in love

I was crazy about balls:
There is no place for confessions
And for delivering a letter.
O you venerable spouses!
I will offer you my services;
I ask you to notice my speech:
I want to warn you.
You also, mothers, are stricter
Look after your daughters:
Keep your lorgnette straight!

At the end of the novel, St. Petersburg secular society is no longer as faceless as at the beginning.

Through the close row of aristocrats,
Military dandies, diplomats
And proud ladies she glides;
Here she sat quietly and looked,
Admiring the noisy crampedness,
Flashing dresses and speeches,
Apparition of slow guests
In front of the young mistress ...

The author introduces the reader to Nina Voronskaya, a dazzling beauty. Pushkin gives a detailed portrait of the secular society of the capital in the description of dinner at Tatyana's house. Here gathered, as they said then, all the cream of society. Describing the people present at the dinner, Pushkin shows how high Tatiana climbed the hierarchical ladder, marrying a prince, a military officer and a veteran. Patriotic War 1812.

capital color,
And to know, and fashion samples,
Everywhere you meet faces
Necessary fools;
There were old ladies
In caps and roses, they look evil;
There were a few girls
Not smiling faces;
There was a messenger who said
About state affairs;
There he was in fragrant gray hair
The old man, joking in the old way:
Superbly subtle and smart
Which is kind of funny these days.

Here he was greedy for epigrams,
Angry sir to everything:

But, along with representatives of high society, the dinner was attended by several random people who came here for various reasons.

There was Prolasov, who deserved
Known for the meanness of the soul,
In all albums blunted,
St.-Priest, your pencils;
At the door another ballroom dictator
He stood like a magazine picture,
Blush, like a willow cherub,
Tightened, dumb and immovable,
And the vagrant traveler,
Overstarched impudent.

Noble status made very high demands on its representatives. And in Russia there were many truly worthy nobles. But in the novel "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin shows, along with brilliance and luxury, vices, emptiness and vulgarity. The propensity to spend, living beyond one's means, and the desire to imitate, unwillingness to serve and benefit society, the impracticality and carelessness of secular society are shown in full in the novel. These lines were intended to make readers think, most of whom represented this very nobility, to reconsider their way of life. It is not surprising that "Eugene Onegin" was received by the reading public ambiguously, and not always favorably.

Features of the influence of the noble society on the fate of Eugene Onegin based on the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

The formation of the personality of Eugene Onegin and his subsequent actions are due to the influence of the noble society of the 19th century.

The main purpose of the article is to reveal the features of the character of Eugene Onegin, to show his spiritual evolution.

The subject of consideration and analysis in this work are the features of the influence of the noble society on the fate of Eugene Onegin based on the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". The question of the formation of a person's personality is one of the central ones in world literature. Over the seven years during which the novel was being created, much has changed in Russia and in Pushkin himself, and all the changes could not but be reflected in him. As L. Tolstoy said about the novel: "Amazing skill in two or three strokes to describe the features of life of that time."

Relevance research work is that "Eugene Onegin" belongs to "eternally living and moving phenomena that continue to develop in the minds of society." Each new generation looks for its own motive and itself in it, measures it by “space”. The novel in verse assumed the variability of the reader's perception and encouraged him to co-create.

The innovation of the novel in verse was manifested, first of all, in the fact that Pushkin found new type problematic hero - "hero of time". Eugene Onegin became such a hero. His fate, his relationship with people is determined by the totality of the circumstances of modern reality, outstanding personal qualities and the circle of "eternal", universal problems that he faced.

The appearance of Eugene Onegin was preceded by such an image as A. A. Chatsky (“Woe from Wit” by A. S. Griboedov), after him was Pechorin (“A Hero of Our Time” by M. Yu. Lermontov), ​​but there is a colossal difference between them. As V. G. Belinsky emphasized: "their dissimilarity among themselves is much less than the distance between Onega and Pechora." Also, the choice of the name of the hero was not accidental. Eugene means noble, and the surname Onegin indicates the literary nature of the hero, since some surnames came from the names of places that a person owned, and it is impossible to own the Onega River.

In our research work, we put forward a hypothesis that the formation of the personality of Eugene Onegin and his subsequent actions are due to the influence of the noble society of the 19th century.

The main purpose of the work is to reveal the features of the character of Eugene Onegin, to show his spiritual evolution, for this we should answer the following questions:

1. How was the character of Eugene Onegin formed?

2. Has it changed over time?

3. If so, what were the circumstances, or who changed it?

4. What is the role of fate in the novel?

In this work, the following methods were used:

Complex text analysis.

Work with critical and reference literature.

Comparison method (comparative).

The study of literary articles.

The story of Onegin is the story of the rebirth of a hero who learns to live with feelings again. The novel touches upon many problems: the problems of the meaning of life, love and friendship, good and evil, relationships in society, the problem of finding a life path for noble youth, pressure on a person by public opinion, in this case"high light".

Features of the life path of Eugene Onegin

Education and family

Eugene Onegin - main character The novel belongs to the best part of the noble youth of the 19th century. We get to know him when he goes to his dying uncle. Eugene is honest with himself, he is a hypocrite and does not deny this, and is even cynical at times:

What low deceit

Amuse the half-dead

Sigh and think to yourself:

When will the devil take you!

His uncle was a stranger to him in every way. And what can be common between Onegin, who is already -

Equally yawned

Among fashionable and ancient halls, and between a respectable landowner who, in the wilderness of his village,

For forty years I quarreled with the housekeeper,

Looking out the window and squashing flies?

The initial formation of a person and his personality occurs in childhood, directly in the family. What do we know about Onegin's family? He had a father and an uncle.

Father: Serving excellently, nobly,

His father lived in debt

Gave three balls annually

And finally screwed up.

For a not too rich nobleman (father Eugene), who did not have daughters, three balls a year is an unjustified luxury. It is not surprising that Yevgeny's father has accumulated so many debts. But the fate of Eugene kept, and without regret he gave the inheritance to pay off his father's debts.

Yu. M. Lotman, in the comments to the novel “Eugene Onegin”, explains what it means to live in debt: “The theme of wealth turns out to be connected with the motive of ruin. Debts and interest on pledges, remortgaging already mortgaged estates were by no means only the lot of poor or on the verge of collapse landowners . Moreover, it was the small and medium-sized provincial landlords, who were less in need of money to buy luxury items and expensive imported goods and were content with “household supplies,” who were less likely to go into debt and resort to ruinous operations. One of the reasons for the general debt was the idea that "true noble" behavior is not just big spending, but spending beyond one's means.

But we don’t know much about the uncle, or rather, almost nothing, only that, perhaps, the uncle had the only heir, Eugene.

Eugene, hating litigation,

Satisfied with his lot,

Inheritance granted to them, (lender)

Big loss in not seeing

Ile foretelling from afar

The death of an old uncle.

The upbringing of Eugene took place in an atmosphere of constant fun and idleness. That is why the first characteristic of the hero is "a young rake." Why did he become one? In the explanatory dictionary of I.V. Dahl, we will see the following definition: a rake is a naughty, a varmint, a prankster, a frisky and often annoying prankster, an impolite, impudent naughty.

Eugene had two teachers: Madame, Monsieur l'Abbe. In his note “On Public Education,” Pushkin wrote: “In Russia in the 19th century, home education was the most inadequate and immoral; the child saw nothing but sad objects, was self-willed, did not receive any concepts of justice, of the mutual relations of people, of true honor. His education was limited to the study of two or three foreign languages and the initial foundation of all the sciences taught by some hired teacher ”A characteristic figure in home education was a French tutor who rarely took his duties seriously:

Monsieur l'Abbe poor Frenchman,

So that the child is not exhausted,

Taught him everything jokingly

I did not bother with strict morality,

Slightly scolded for pranks

And he took me for a walk in the summer garden.

Pushkin also calls Onegin a pedant. A pedant is a strict and precise person, picky about trifles. But here again we sense the irony. Onegin seems smart in what he is completely ignorant of. He knew Latin, but it went out of fashion and was not included in the circle of secular noble education.

Relations with the world, success in it. One day in the life of Onegin

As we can judge from the first chapter, Onegin's relationship with the world developed quite successfully:

What do you want more? The world decided

That he is smart and very nice.

Why did society decide this? He knew French, knew how to dance the mazurka, and bowed unconstrainedly. All these are the main signs of a person from high society, distinguishing him from "strangers".

In these lines we see the superficial attitude of society towards the human soul. Light is not interested in the spiritual qualities of a person, only his position in society and wealth. Onegin feels like a stranger and superfluous, because he understands the worthlessness of society.

But Eugene's main talent was "the science of tender passion." He knew how to "seem new", to flatter, to "achieve" the girl he liked. But this science also disappointed him. The author gives us definitions of Russian melancholy, that is, disappointment in life. Onegin's "Russian melancholy" stems from the hero's critical attitude towards his circle. The author understands Onegin and sympathizes with him. Eugene himself is dissatisfied with society and this brings him closer to the author. Onegin's character was formed in certain social conditions, in a certain historical era. Consequently, Onegin is comprehended as a national-historical type of Russian life. His skepticism and disappointment are a reflection of the general malady of the “newest Russians”, which at the beginning of the 19th century engulfed a significant part of the noble intelligentsia. "Russian blues" is a lack of interest in life or premature old age of the soul. The image of a disappointed hero penetrated literature along with echoes of "Byronism" and, reflected in southern poems, caused criticism from the Decembrists. Muravyov-Apostol wrote to Yakushin: “Byron has done a lot of harm by introducing artificial disappointment into fashion, which cannot be deceived by someone who knows how to think. They imagine that they show their depth by boredom, so be it for England, but here, where there is so much to do, even if you live in the country, where it is always possible to alleviate the lot of the poor peasant, it is better to let them experience these attempts, and then talk about boredom." Despite the criticism of the Decembrists, Pushkin, while working on the first chapter, shared their views. As we can see, the main thing in the image of Onegin was the definition of the intellectual level of the hero. The difference in education and the depth of political interests determined the possibility of an ironic approach to the character, which, in turn, caused the “separation” of the hero from the author. Thus, the factor that forms the character is not the environment, but the consciousness of the hero.

Disappointment in life and in themselves is characteristic only of people who, desiring "a lot", are not satisfied with "nothing". Let us turn to the description (in Chapter VII) of Onegin's office: Eugene is shown here. Particularly striking is the exclusion from disgrace of two or three novels

In which the century is reflected

And modern man

Depicted quite right

With his immoral soul

Selfish and dry

A dream betrayed immeasurably,

With his embittered mind,

Boiling in action empty.

Onegin's life is filled with an atmosphere of endless fun and carelessness. His day is similar to Famusov's day from Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit":

Onegin's Day: Famusov's Day:

Three balls for the evening are called: On Tuesday I am called on trout

There will be a ball, there is a children's party. On Thursday I'm called to the funeral

Where will my prankster go?

Who will he start with? does not matter

The difference between Onegin and the world is that he cannot live in hypocrisy and lies. Most of the nobles accepted such a life, empty and idle, and did not yearn for it. The human significance of Onegin is that he was not satisfied with either his life or himself - and was not happy. His soul was waiting for other relationships than those on which society was based. The excellent inclinations of Onegin are suppressed by the social environment in which he lived and grew up. The image in the first chapter is based not on the social characteristics of the environment, but on the intellectual and political (the second is considered as a consequence of the first) assessment of the hero.

test of friendship

The change of scenery from the city to the village did not help him, he still misses, but he tries to occupy himself with something (he read books, tried to write, but the work was stubbornly sick to him). The hero's problem is not outside, but inside.

First conceived our Eugene

Procedure for establishing a new one:

Yarem he is an old corvee

I replaced the quitrent with a light one

Quit is considered a lighter form of serfdom.

That he is the most dangerous eccentric.

Our neighbor is ignorant, crazy;

Relations with the provincial nobles Onegin did not work out. Firstly, he violated a long-standing tradition: he replaced the corvée with dues. Secondly, he did not show respect for the landlords, as soon as the local nobles drove up to him, he immediately left the backyard.

Onegin was not interested in talking about haymaking, kennels, wine and relatives.

But after a while, a new landowner appears in the village - Vladimir Lensky. A friendship develops between the characters.

Western culture (Germany) defined the mood of Lensky's thoughts as romantic and far from Russian life, like Onegin, he meets the hostility of the neighbors-landowners and is subjected to strict analysis. And Eugene treated Vladimir with indulgence, like a child, but Lensky's genuine sincerity surprised, amused and enlivened him. This difference brought them closer, and soon they became inseparable:

They agreed. Wave and stone

Poetry and prose, ice and fire

Not so different from each other.

First, mutual differences

They were boring to each other;

Then they liked it; after

Riding every day

And soon they became inseparable.

They became friends because everyone else was completely unsuitable for friendship, because each was bored in his village, having no serious occupation, no real business, because the life of both, in essence, was not filled with anything.

Lensky introduced Onegin to the Larin family (which we will talk about later) and persuaded him to go to Tatyana's name day, where Eugene courted Olga - Vladimir's lover - there was a quarrel.

Duel

The duel is the culmination of the development of the main conflict in the soul of the hero - dependence on public opinion and the inability to live according to these rules.

Lensky's ideas are biased towards the ideal. He looks at the world through the prism of age and literature. Lensky decided to "save" Olga, but from whom? From Eugene - a libertine, and Olga - an innocent victim. But she herself accepted the courtship of Eugene. Onegin, by virtue of his age, experience, could not make peace with Lensky or not give rise to a quarrel at all?

One of the reasons for the tragedy (Lensky's death) was Yevgeny's inability to live with feelings, not for nothing that the author, commenting on the state of the hero before the duel, notes:

He could find feelings

Don't bristle like a beast

And at Tatyana's name day and before the duel, Onegin showed himself to be a "ball of prejudice", deaf to the voice of his own heart, and to the feelings of Lensky. His behavior at the name day is ordinary secular anger, and the duel is the result of indifference and fear of the evil speaking of the “old duelist” - Zaretsky and neighbors. Onegin did not notice how he became a prisoner of the "old idol" - public opinion.

It should be noted that almost all the rules were violated during the duel: Onegin was late, his second was a servant, but Zaretsky, the “old duelist”, turned a blind eye to all these violations.

Onegin was seized by "anguish of heartfelt remorse." Only tragedy could open to him a previously inaccessible world of feelings:

Killing a friend in a duel

Having lived without a goal, without labor

Up to twenty six years old

The reality is sad and unfavorable if in people, even in mature ones, neither a share of naivety nor innocence is preserved, if doubt, unbelief, and lack of ideality dominate in society. Pushkin pities the poet who died early and appreciates in him "hot excitement", "noble aspiration", "cherished dreams", "thirst for knowledge", "fear of vice and shame".

Onegin survived only physically, morally he was broken. The prejudices of the environment, which he despised, turned out to be stronger than his sincere desires and chilled feelings.

love test

In relations with Tatyana Onegin proved himself to be a noble and mentally subtle person. Having received a letter from her, he behaved delicately. He immediately informs her that he does not share her feelings. But at the same time, he leaves her hope with his coquetry:

I love you brother love

And maybe even softer.

The meaning of Onegin's speech is that, unexpectedly for Tatyana, he did not behave like literary hero(“savior” or “tempter”), but simply as a well-bred secular person who “acted very nicely with sad Tanya.” Onegin behaved not according to the laws of literature, but according to the norms, according to the rules that guided a worthy person of Pushkin's circle in life. This discouraged the romantic heroine, who was ready for “happy dates” and “death”, but not for switching her feelings to the plane of decent secular behavior.

Onegin understands that Tatyana, sending him a letter, behaves like a heroine of a novel, however, the real everyday norms of behavior of a Russian noble lady of the early 19th century made such an act unthinkable: and the fact that she enters into correspondence with him, almost a stranger, without the knowledge of her mother, and the fact that she was the first to confess her love to him, made her deed located on the other side of decency. If Onegin had divulged the secret of the letter, Tatyana's reputation would have suffered irreparably. But he managed to discern in the “maiden in love” genuine and sincere feelings, live, and not bookish passions. Tatyana, trying to unravel Onegin, calls him either a "guardian angel", or "an insidious tempter."

“Onegin is not at all a monster, not a depraved person, although at the same time he is not at all a hero of virtue. Among the great merits of Pushkin is the fact that he brought both the monsters of vice and the heroes of virtue out of fashion, drawing simple people instead.

So, Eugene did not pass the test of love. He was not ready for the love that Tatyana gave him, he could not answer her with mutual feelings. The fact is that Onegin listened not to the voice of the heart, but to the voice of reason - and suppressed the excitement experienced at the sight of Tatyana.

Even in the 1st chapter, the author noted in the hero a "sharp, chilled mind" and an inability to have strong feelings. Onegin is a cold, sensible person. This spiritual disproportion became the cause of the drama of failed love. He does not believe in love and is unable to love. The meaning of love is exhausted for him only in the "science of tender passion" or "home circle", limiting the freedom of man.

The hero is by no means a victim of circumstances. By changing his lifestyle, he took responsibility for his own destiny. His determination, will, faith determine his actions. However, having abandoned the secular fuss, Onegin became not a doer, but a contemplator. The feverish pursuit of pleasure gave way to solitary reflections. The two tests that awaited Eugene in the countryside - the test of love and friendship - showed that external freedom does not automatically entail liberation from false prejudices and opinions. Eugene is spiritually exhausted and can no longer be in the village, in the place where he killed Vladimir. He went on a trip to Russia.

Traveling in Russia

While traveling in Russia, Onegin visited Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan, the Caucasus, Tauris, and Odessa.

Traveling, he sees life in all its diversity: in Novgorod - pearls, wine, herds of horses, in the Caucasus - Terek, deer, camels, but everywhere longing. But this is a different feeling than boredom.

Anguish - constraint of the spirit, languor of the soul, excruciating sadness, mental anxiety, anxiety, fear, boredom, grief, sadness.

Boredom is a painful feeling from an idle, inactive state of mind; the languor of inaction.

I am young, my life is strong;

What should I expect? Longing, longing!

“What a life! Here is the suffering, about which so much is written both in verse and in prose, about which so many complain, as if they really knew it; here it is, true suffering, without outline, without stilts, without drapery, without phrases, a suffering that often does not take away sleep, or appetite, or health, but which is often all the more terrible!”

Return to Moscow

After traveling through Russia, Onegin returns to Moscow. He gets to the ball, where he learns that Tatyana has become the wife of the prince.

In the eighth chapter, Pushkin showed a new stage in spiritual development Onegin. Having met Tatyana in Moscow, Onegin was completely transformed. There is nothing left of the former cold and rational person in him - he is an ardent lover, not noticing anything except the object of his love (and this reminds him of Lensky). Eugene experienced a real feeling for the first time, but it turned into a new love drama: now Tatiana was unable to answer his belated love.

So, Onegin meets a renewed Tatyana: a cold, brilliant secular lady. It awakens sincere feelings for her. He, like a boy, "counts the clock", "will not wait for the end of the day." (Onegin's impatience was expressed in the fact that he left not only without delay, but also as soon as possible). Pushkin does not embellish his hero at all. He admits that Eugene was thinking about the indifferent princess, and not about the "timid girl." And yet Tatyana attracted him not by her magnificent position, but by the spiritual strength that Onegin saw and felt in her. How did she turn from a tender girl into a majestic legislator of the hall? Society has changed her "outward side" - manners, behavior. But she retained her former spiritual qualities, fidelity to love for Onegin and her conjugal duty.

But how to believe in Eugene's love? Tatyana does not understand the feelings of the hero, seeing in his love only a secular intrigue, a desire to drop her honor in the eyes of society. But Onegin is in love without memory. He spends whole days in "anguish of loving thoughts." As before, the relationship between reason and feelings is in the foreground. Now the mind has been defeated - Onegin loves, "the mind does not heed the strict penalties." "What almost drove me crazy / or did not become a poet."

Onegin is tormented, exhausted from love and writes a letter to her, in which he prays for a meeting and declares his love:

Follow you everywhere

The smile of the mouth, the movement of the eyes

Catch with loving eyes

Listen to you for a long time, understand

Soul all your perfection

Freeze before you in agony,

To fade and fade is bliss.

In these lines we see that Onegin is in love without memory and his soul has truly changed.

“Onegin's letter to Tatyana burns with passion; there is no longer irony in him, no secular moderation, no secular mask. Onegin knows that he may be giving occasion for malicious merriment; but passion smothered in him the fear of being ridiculous, of giving arms to the enemy.

He read Gibbon, Rousseau,

Manzoni, Herdera, Chamfort,

Madame de Stael, Bisha, Tissot

“The stanza characterizes Onegin's reading circle. G. A. Gukovsky emphasized the significance of this stanza: “this list is wonderful; for a contemporary it was understandable. In it, only one name evokes the idea of fiction as such - Manzoni. The rest are philosophers, historians, publicists and natural scientists, physicists, doctors.” Onegin from superficiality, secular semi-ignorance, brightened up by the ability to talk about everything, seriously plunges into the world of knowledge, strives to become enlightened with the century on a par.

The last meeting of Onegin and Tatyana

Onegin is capable of a quick change of value orientations - readiness for action, for an act. He arrives at the prince's house and finds Tatyana sobbing over the letter.

In anguish of insane regrets

Eugene fell at her feet.

She shuddered and was silent

And looks at Eugene.

Being a married woman, she, loving Onegin, does not respond to his feelings and remains faithful to her husband, not because she respects her husband, but also out of respect for herself. She cannot sacrifice her honor, her personal dignity. And this shows her closeness to the patriarchal foundations, this is the noble honor of a provincial girl.

Undead feelings, awakening conscience became the key to the rebirth of the soul of Eugene. He is in love with Tatyana like a child. Previously imperturbable, now he knew love and real suffering, he began to live with feelings, when he found the ideal, he again rushed to read and read with “spiritual eyes”.

But the meaning of the drama is not in the choice between Onegin's love and fidelity to her husband, but in the corrosion of feelings that occurred in the heroine under the influence of secular society. She lives with memories and is not able to at least believe in the sincerity of a person who loves him. The disease, from which Onegin was so painfully freed, struck Tatyana. The empty light is merciless to living human feeling.

The role of fate

Onegin's fate could have turned out differently, nothing strange in the fact that if he repeated the fate of his uncle, he could become one of the Decembrists. One can also imagine that Eugene would have turned out to be Tatyana's husband. After all, Pushkin said through the mouth of his heroine:

And happiness was so possible

so possible

But out of various possibilities, the hero, like every person, falls out of one fate, which turns out to be both natural and accidental. How would the fate of the heroes have developed if there had not been a duel, Tatyana's letter, and the death of Uncle Yevgeny? The author does not give us an answer, just as he does not answer the question of what will happen to Onegin next: will he come to terms with the “lesson of Tatyana” or will he seek her love, will he die in some duel (which he will go only out of despair) Or will Eugene and Tatyana be together? We can only guess and speculate.

The most important thing in the life of Eugene Onegin has already happened: he is now able to sharply and sincerely feel, experience, he is now tormented not by blues, but by love passion.

Summing up all of the above, it should be noted the evolution of the character and personality of Onegin.

Like every person, Eugene was shaped by his environment, primarily the noble society. He had to live by their unspoken rules. But the soul of Eugene was waiting for other relationships than those on which society was based. He was an educated and well-read person. But this noble upbringing alienated him from real life. High level The mental and cultural development of Eugene Onegin allows him to rise above the environment, to doubt the truth of some life values ​​approved by this environment, the problem arises: can a person resist the environment, that is, the problem of inner freedom - he is a prisoner of public opinion.

Onegin's life is shown in development - his personality has not yet been fully formed. But still, he has such inclinations that do not allow him to put up with the imposed laws of high society.

Yevgeny's seclusion - his undeclared conflict with the world in the first chapter and with the society of rural landowners in the second - sixth chapters - only at first glance seem to be a "fad", caused by purely individual reasons: boredom, "Russian blues", disappointment in the science of tender passion. Pushkin emphasizes that Onegin's "inimitable strangeness" is a kind of protest against social and spiritual dogmas that suppress a person's personality, depriving him of the right to be himself. The emptiness of the hero's soul was the result of the emptiness and lack of content of secular life. Onegin is looking for new spiritual values ​​in a different environment. In the village, the need for lively communication increases, a feeling of attachment to Lensky arises; the village formed the need to reflect, to live life, enjoying the grandeur and beauty.

The duel between Onegin and Lensky shows that the hero had only external freedom, but in fact he depends on public opinion and prejudices and therefore kills Vladimir. A force enters into the quarrel between Onegin and Lensky, which can no longer be turned back - the force of "public opinion". Pushkin does not blame Onegin, but explains him to us. Not the ability and unwillingness to think about other people turned into such a fatal mistake that now Eugene is executing himself. And he can no longer stop thinking about what he did. He cannot but learn what he did not know before: to suffer, to repent, to think. So the death of Lensky is the impetus for the rebirth of Onegin. But it is still ahead.

In love, the hero is also unhappy. When he became ready for sincere real feelings, Tatyana could not answer his belated love. She did not believe him and unfairly accused him of insincerity. The former Onegin, such as she used to know, could court the princess from such petty, unworthy motives. The former Eugene, indifferent and selfish, would not have understood her torment. Now he understands everything - Onegin is not able to continue to pursue the princess, nor to abandon her at all. In such a "minute, evil for him," Pushkin leaves his hero.

Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn from the above:

Onegin was shaped by his environment, i.e. his family, his upbringing and noble society, but he had exceptional inclinations that did not allow him to put up with the unspoken laws of secular society.

Eugene has certainly changed over time. From a cold, indifferent and callous nobleman, he turned into a person who is able to empathize, understand others and love.

The death of Lensky was the impetus for the transformation of the hero, but he really changed when he met Tatyana, no longer a simple girl from the village, but a noble princess. It finally awakens sincere, real feelings.

The role of fate in the novel is very important. The fate of Eugene kept, and his entire life path was to a large extent predetermined by it.