We study the human body for children. Children about the human body. Tales of the human body

Of course, every day I myself, no worse than a book, explained to them about the correctness of healthy food, but at this age, visibility is important for children, and the pyramid of food on the first spread hit them in their memory better than any words. Then in our house one could often hear something instructive, such as "... this is harmful ..." or addressed to my husband - a big sweet tooth: "Enough eating sweets")))

We quickly studied the book and then I thought, what would be so interesting to come up with next time. My why-children bombarded me with questions in two voices every day, and I decided to prepare thoroughly.

Books were bought at different times, some 2.5 years ago. The “Little Doctor” from Azbukvarik became a hit among children, in which it was necessary to answer questions after studying the topic by poking a thermometer in the right place. .Children liked to poke so much that they knew all the answers even before studying the topic). They like to read the book "The Human Body. My First Encyclopedia" from Makhaon, although I don't like it artistically. There are more beautiful books.

And for myself, I bought a large heavy "Human Anatomy", creepy and more than detailed. The book presents computer images of a three-dimensional model of the human body in great detail. The model was 20 years old, and the model is based on 7 thousand cross-sectional images of male and female bodies frozen in a hardening agent and dissected horizontally into layers of 0.3 mm (!) . Brrr... But this is just what you need for those who lack spatial imagination, and knowledge of anatomy is very vague.

Here are some great books that are still on sale:

2) My body. From the crown to the heels ()

5) Human Anatomy 360°. Illustrated Atlas (Labyrinth.ru)

The prices for many books are simply broken, so I advise you to purchase during promotions.

2. Our classes.

Internal organs and skeleton.

I circled Nastenka and Yulichka on a roll of wallpaper. They left Yulia, because Nastya was spinning and it turned out crooked.

Then I cut out the internal organs and the skeleton from thin cardboard. That's what they had to deal with. It could have been easier, but I wanted more detail and accuracy, so I went the long way. I glued a pimply film on the lungs, in which the equipment is wrapped, and put all parts of the skeleton in bags and glued it inside with adhesive tape so that they would not move.

Veins and arteries made of thread. There was only white yarn, so I gave the children gouache dye in the right colors. By the way, in the same way, you can lay out the lymphatic and nervous systems.

Nastenka liked the skeleton costume. There is a funny song on YouTube about this topic The Skeleton Dance - Super Simple Songs.

But the children feed the skull with honey)

After going through the topic, I showed the studied organ on Jerry's skeleton from the book "Assemble the human body. 3D puzzle", and the children laid out the home-made organs as a puzzle on our layout. By the way, children can clearly demonstrate real organs when you cook in the kitchen, for example, liver, and even cut it together. And for those with a sweet tooth, you can bake cookies and draw funny skeletons on it with icing.

And here is our pasta skeleton. Ordinary pasta did not seduce children, but colored pasta is a completely different matter!

She dyed pasta like this: spread it in small containers in cold water food coloring. (I had Wilton for icing), I took a lot, the water turned out to be cloudy. She threw pasta in the container and left it for 20 minutes. Then she threw all the pasta into a colander in turn and laid it out on trays previously covered with foil. The main thing is not to mix pasta of different colors, but put each batch separately. Left to dry for a day. Food colorings they are good because the product painted by them is bright and does not paint in the hands.

Teeth.

We studied the mouth and types of teeth, once again talked about the need for brushing your teeth. Last year, I had to draw a mouth with teeth many times. All teeth smiled if they “put” in the mouth healthy food, and wept and turned black, if harmful. And this year, the kids sculpted Mr. Critter's teeth. We learned how to drill holes and make fillings and braces.

But in the photo, all of Zubastik's teeth fell out, because he ate a lot of sweets and did not brush his teeth)

Arms.

Children, especially Nastya, do not like it when I smear their hands with green paint. And in a playful way, they gladly made “cuts”, treated and sealed with a plaster.

cut their nails

painted with varnish

painted decorations - we are girls)

Brain.

Yulia painted the hats - the brains, and I glued them together.

I signed everything in Russian, in the original in English.

Tatyana Chernysheva
Abstract of the OD "The structure of the human body" for preschoolers with a presentation

Software tasks.

1. Give children ideas about building your own body, expand ideas about your body, about its building.

2. Encourage children to speak up. Strengthen the habit of correct building and the use of complex sentences.

3. Expand knowledge preschoolers about nutrition, its importance, the relationship between health and nutrition.

4. Cultivate the desire to be beautiful and healthy.

Preliminary work.

Examination of illustrative material about the body human, posters, schemes; reading encyclopedic literature, making riddles; talk about body structure, about the body, about the benefits healthy eating; conducting exercises, didactic games.

Course progress.

Educator.

High, low, far, close,

Giants, gnomes, kids,

Weak and strong

Blondes, brunettes, brown-haired,

And all the natives

And dads, and moms, and children -

There are no relatives in the world.

Everyone seems to be different in appearance, But everyone has arms, and legs, and a mouth, Two ears, two eyes and a nose. But no matter how different we are, we are still similar in our physique. Guys, let's remember again what parts the body consists of human.

The child says the words and shows the named part of the body in the diagram "Body human» .

Everyone should have

Very smart head.

I give her the best I can

The head sits on the neck.

Belly, back, chest,

They are collectively called the torso.

I ate all the food, and now

My stomach filled up.

Don't forget to walk

Cover the chest from the wind.

Hands - to caress, work,

Drink water from a mug.

Boys sit on the arm

Very friendly fingers

Run along the path

Sharp legs.

Stumbled across Genka

And he hurt his knee.

Play What parts of the body did you not name?

Children. Shoulders, pelvis, hip, foot.

Play well done you know human body structure. Can you find the named part by touch? body?

The game "Find by touch the named part body» .

Children become pairs, one child from a pair closes his eyes, and he must find the part named by the teacher body. Then the children change places. Well, you have done well with this task.

There are four assistants in your service,

Without noticing, you use them jokingly:

Eyes are given to you to see

And ears serve to hear

Tongue in the mouth to understand the taste

And the nose - to distinguish the smell.

The game "Part and Whole"

Whole - face human(in a circle). Parts - petals (ear, mouth, nose, eye, laid out in the form of a flower.

And now we will rest and start playing again.

Fizminutka.

Boys live - funny fingers.

Naughty legs walk along the path.

Neck turns its head

Repeat everything after me.

Right, left turn,

Show me your belly.

Our body has tightened up

And it leaned forward a little.

Like a birch slim

I got a straight back.

And now everybody's pulled up

And they smiled at each other.

Repeat 2 times.

Play Know the structure of our body means to know yourself. The more you learn about yourself, the better. Inside bodies are organs that help man, grow and develop.

Guys, put your hand on your chest, like me. Let's sit quietly and listen to ourselves. Do you feel something knocking inside?

Play What is it?

Children. This is the heart. The heart is a very important organ.

Children. Correctly. We cannot see it, but we can hear it if we put our hand to it. chest just like they did.

Play What does a heart look like?

(the child shows the organ - the heart in the diagram)

Play Heart human slightly larger than his fist. Clench your fist and we'll see who has what heart.

Guys tell me how the heart works?

Children. The heart works day and night without rest. It is like a pump that pumps blood throughout the body.

Knock-Knock

beating heart,

Similar,

Like a motor.

If that's how your heart beats

Means, the person is healthy.

Play Yes, the heart is an important organ.

Now let's stop and listen to our body. What else do you feel and hear.

Children. We hear our breath.

Play At human there is another important organ that, like the heart, works without interruption.

What is this organ?

Children. These are the lungs there are two of them. (shown in diagram)

Play Can man live without breathing?

Let's try holding our breath for a few seconds. Does not work. Means, human cannot live without breathing.

Guys, while inhaling, we inhale a certain amount of air. It is different for everyone and depends on the volume of the lungs. In adults it is more, and in children it is less.

Want to see how much lung capacity you have.

The balloon will help us with this. Draw more air into your lungs, and then exhale it into a balloon and immediately pinch.

(Children do the task)

Now we know who has what lung capacity.

Play To the body man did a good job everyone should eat. Every day person eats food. From the plate, food falls into the spoon and goes into the mouth. This is where the amazing journey of food begins.

Who will tell me about this journey.

Children. There are teeth in the mouth. They grind and grind food into small pieces. Saliva moistens food so that it can more easily pass its further path, through the esophagus to the stomach.

Play Right. What does the stomach look like?

(children show the organ - stomach in the diagram)

Play Correctly. In the stomach, food is digested and converted into nutrients that are useful to our body. Food from the stomach

enters the intestines, from where in the form of residues naturally comes out.

There are many more organs in our body and one of them is the kidneys.

(the child in the diagram shows the organ - the kidneys)

Children. At human two kidneys.

Play For what man needs kidneys?

Children. The kidneys purify the blood.

Play Correctly.

Now I suggest you sit down at the table and find a place for each organ.

(Children lay out the organs inside the contour human: heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, kidneys).

Play Now you see that human The body is very complex and everything in it is interconnected.

Play Who knows what the body needs to the person was healthy, grew and developed.

Children. Human should use healthy foods containing various vitamins.

Play Vitamins are very important for health. There are a lot of them, but the most important are vitamins A, B, C, D.

(Children are given a drawing human body. Around are letters - denoting the vitamins contained in the products. A labyrinth line runs from each vitamin to a specific organ).

Play Spend the paths of the labyrinth, and you will find out which vitamin affects this or that organ more.

(Children draw lines)

Vitamin A - vision.

Vitamin B is the heart.

Vitamin C - respiratory organs.

Vitamin D is the skeleton.

Play Let's make a vitamin table. We will select pictures with products that contain essential vitamins necessary for the body human.

What foods contain vitamin A?

What foods contain vitamin B?

(Children choose the right pictures)

What foods contain vitamin C?

(Children choose the right pictures)

What foods contain vitamin D?

(Children choose the right pictures)

Tell me again what foods to eat

Remember the simple truth

The only one who sees better

Who chews raw carrots

Or drinking blueberry juice.

Very important early

Have oatmeal for breakfast.

Black bread is good for us

And not just in the morning.

Fish oil is the healthiest

Though nasty - you have to drink

He saves from diseases

Without diseases - it is better to live!

For colds and sore throats

Oranges help.

Well, it's better to eat a lemon

Although it is very sour.

I never get discouraged

And a smile on your face

Because I accept

Vitamins A, B, C, D.

Now you will always know which foods are best to eat.

The human body is a complex mechanism, unknown and unusual. The mechanism is keenly sensitive and has the ability to think. Understanding the structure of the human body is not only important, but also extremely interesting!

Let's try to reveal the secrets of the structure of the human body.

Of the six billion people who inhabit our planet, not even two are absolutely similar to each other. Although one hundred trillion microscopic cells that make up the body of each person make all people on Earth 99.9% similar in structure.
All our cells, feelings, bones, muscles, heart, brain must work without errors. Nature has arranged everything wonderfully.

Leather.

Outside, we are protected by a velvety layer of protein-rich cells - our skin.

The skin is the largest organ of our body. The skin protects us from mechanical damage, thanks to it we are able to feel pain and gentle touches. The skin on the palms, feet, tongue and lips is especially sensitive.

Also, the skin is a heater and a cooling system that maintains a constant body temperature. To do this, more than 2 million microscopic skin pores per hour are capable of producing about 2 liters of sweat. Sweat evaporates from the surface of the skin and cools the body.
In one month, a person's skin changes completely. Old skin particles die off, and new skin is constantly growing. We shed up to 700 grams of skin per year.

Kilometers of blood vessels stretch to skin cells. And every square centimeter of skin is inhabited by hundreds of bacteria.
An amazing substance is produced in the skin - melanin. The amount of melanin determines the color of the skin, hair and even eyes. The more melanin, the darker the skin. When we sunbathe, our skin darkens precisely from the increase in the amount of melanin under the action of sunlight.

Eyes.

The eyes are one of the most important human organs. The eyes make it possible to notice and follow everything that interests us.

The outer part of the eye is called cornea. The cornea captures light, and in order for it to do its job better, we moisten it every few seconds. How do we do it? We blink for this and the eye does not dry out.

The cornea sends a beam of light through the pupil to the retina. The retina processes the signal and sends it along the nerve endings to the brain. So we can see!

Ears.

But even if you have perfect eyesight, everyone needs ears. Our ears, like locators, pick up the surrounding sounds. However, this is not the only function of the ears.

They do not just hear - the ears are also responsible for balance. Jumping, running or even normal walking is impossible without a device hidden by nature in the depths of the ear - vestibular apparatus. Thanks to this device, a person learns to skate or bike and not fall.

Voice.

Man is endowed with a unique gift - the ability to speak. This opportunity is provided by the vocal cords.

Vocal cords- these are two plates located in the throat. They vibrate like guitar strings. With muscles, we change the position of the vocal cords. When the exhaled air stirs these strings, the sound of the voice is produced.

Breath.

The real reason air comes out through the mouth is the breath.

It is difficult to overestimate breathing. Man can only live for a few minutes without air. In one breath, we draw in half a liter of air and so 20,000 times a day.

Passing through the throat, the air enters the right and left lungs. Here the air is filtered from dust and harmful substances. Through the lungs, oxygen from the air enters our bloodstream. Then exhalation follows, turning oxygen into carbon dioxide, we exhale the exhaust air.
And when we breathe with the help of receptors in the nose, we can pick up odors. A person is able to distinguish up to 1000 aromas.

The respiratory system allows you to make sounds, recognize odors. Each breath provides our body with energy and makes the heart beat.

Heart and circulatory system.

Oxygen is required for every cell in our body. It is the blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. About four liters of blood run through the arteries, veins and capillaries. There are very, very many such vessels, large and very tiny, in humans. The length of all human vessels reaches 96,000 kilometers. This is our circulatory system.

But what makes the blood run such a long path? Of course, heart!

This indefatigable pump pumps periodically all the blood through the body, saturating every cell of the body with oxygen. And then the blood flows back through the veins, taking from each cell harmful substances, and thus cleanses the human body. All the blood passes through the body in less than a minute without stopping for a moment
If you add up all the strength of the heart in one day, then this strength is enough to lift a school bus.

Sometimes the blood flows even faster. This happens when we burn more oxygen. For example, we run, jump or dance. And while eating, more oxygen is required for our stomach. Even while reading, the brain needs more oxygen.

However, blood does more than just carry oxygen. Each drop of blood contains up to 400,000 white blood cells that fight the body's enemies. They are constantly on guard - they track down viruses and bacteria. These heroic blood cells are called - leukocytes.

But we need not only air, but also fuel - food.

Digestion.

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals - all the substances we need are taken by the body from food. The main goal of digestion is to take away all the most valuable from each piece of food eaten.

The process of digestion begins even before food enters our mouths. One has only to think about food or see a delicious sandwich, saliva begins to be produced. Saliva contains special substances - enzymes They are the first to break down food. The human body produces half a liter of saliva in one day.

The tongue pushes the food chewed by the teeth into the esophagus and through the esophagus the food in the form of a paste enters stomach. In the stomach, very caustic gastric juice acts on food, and the walls of the stomach mix it, turning it into a liquid porridge. The stomach itself absorbs very few substances, it only prepares and transfers food to small intestine. Already there, within five hours, useful substances will be squeezed out of food, which will enter the bloodstream through the walls of the intestine. Almost all useful substances will be delivered to the largest internal human organ - in liver. Here they are sorted and sent to all the cells of the body so that they grow and work well.

The next 20 hours in the large intestine will absorb the remaining beneficial substances. And what cannot be digested will leave our body.

Muscles.

In our body, from the tips of the fingers to the top of the head are about 650 different muscles. They make up almost half the mass of the human body and allow us to move various parts of the body, often without even thinking about it. Without muscles, we couldn't run, blink, talk, or smile. When we pronounce even one single word, we have more than a hundred different muscles working. And for walking, almost 200 muscles of the body are required. Imagine how many muscles work when you dance, swim or play tag.
But the muscles could not hold the body without a reliable frame - the bones.

Skeleton, bones.

206 amazing bones are distributed throughout the human body, forming a perfect skeleton. The bones are extremely strong and at the same time very light. Bones grow and the size of the human body depends on the size of the bones. Joints connect bones and allow bones to move from side to side, up or down.

Brain.

All parts of the body and its organs are very complex, but they are all controlled from one center - everything is controlled by brain.

With the help of nerves stretched throughout the body, the brain monitors all parts of the body - the ears, eyes, skin, bones, stomach - the brain is responsible for absolutely everything. Thanks to the electrical and chemical impulses of the brain, we think, remember, feel, act.
It is the brain that makes us human. Perhaps this is the most unexplored and mysterious part of our body.

Even when we fall asleep, all the organs of the body continue to work - we breathe, the heart beats, new cells are born. We live!

How is a person? For children, this question is not so easy to answer. And to understand this complex mechanism - and even more so. But everything in the human body is subject to certain patterns.

body device

How the body works is a multicellular organism. From the point of view of taxonomy, this is a representative. At the stage of embryonic development, it has a chord, a neural tube and gill slits in the pharynx. Developing, they are transformed into the skeleton, spinal cord and brain, and the lungs become the respiratory organs. Like all mammals, a person feeds his young with milk, has milk, sweat and sebaceous glands, hairline and horny skin formations.

How is a person made? His body is made up of cells that combine to form tissues. The totality of the latter, in turn, forms organs. However, each of them individually is not able to perform the complex functions of the implementation of vital processes. Therefore, organs are combined into physiological and functional systems.

Features of animal cells

The cells of the human body have a structure typical of animals. They are eukaryotic because they have a nucleus. This permanent cellular structure contains the genetic information contained in DNA molecules. According to the type of nutrition, a person is a heterotroph. For this reason, its cells are deprived of green plastids of chloroplasts, in which the process of photosynthesis takes place. The main organelles are mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoskeleton and centrioles.

How a person works: the main types of body tissues

Groups of cells that have a unity of structure and function are called tissues. There are four types of tissues in the human body:

1. Epithelial - consists of small, tightly adjacent cells. It forms the integument of the body, internal organs, its special variety is the basis of the glands. It practically does not contain epithelial tissues that perform the function of protection and metabolism with the environment.

2. Connective - is the basis of which human organs consist. It consists of large cells that are located in a large amount of intercellular substance. Its varieties are bone, cartilage, fatty, blood.

3. Muscular - consists of fibers capable of contraction. It performs the function of moving individual organs and the whole organism in space.

4. Nervous - formed by neurons with numerous processes that transmit different kinds information, providing the relationship of the organism with the outside world.

Human organs and systems: organization features

Each organ is made up of several types of tissues. For example, the heart is formed by muscle tissue surrounded by a connective tissue sheath. But the largest organ is considered to be the skin. After all, its total area is up to 2 square meters. Why is the skin an organ? Because it consists of several tissues: epithelial and connective.

To understand how a person works, it is necessary to get acquainted with the concept of the organ system. Examples of such structures are known to all: digestive, circulatory... Each of them is a collection of organs united by performing a single function. Consider these structures of the human body in more detail.

Musculoskeletal system

The very first lesson in the course of anatomy is devoted to this system. How is the human body arranged? First of all, it is based on the skeleton. It is represented by several departments. This is the skeleton of the head, torso, belts and free upper and lower limbs. Unlike other animals, humans tend to walk upright. The ability to move is provided by the muscles that are attached to the bones with the help of ligaments.

Respiratory and circulatory system

We continue to consider how the human body works. Its existence is impossible without gas exchange. This function is provided by two systems at once. Respiratory is represented by the lungs. When you inhale, they take in oxygen from the air. From the pulmonary vesicles, this gas enters the smallest capillary vessels. The blood carries oxygen to every cell in the body. AT reverse direction the movement of carbon dioxide occurs, which is also removed from the body through the lungs.

The system is represented by a four-chambered heart and vessels: arteries, capillaries and veins. The type of this system in a person is closed, since the blood in his body does not mix with the cavity fluid, but circulates only inside the vessels.

Digestive and excretory system

Human life is impossible without the exchange of substances with the environment. The intake, breakdown and assimilation of nutrients is carried out by the digestive system. How is the human body, and specifically this set of organs? It is represented by the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, which open into the anus. it digestive system through type. But the implementation of its functions would be impossible without specialized glands that secrete enzymes that break down complex organic substances into simple ones. These include the salivary glands, pancreas, and liver.

Represented by paired bean-shaped kidneys, ureters, bladder channel opening outwards. With its help, the body gets rid of excess water, salts and toxic metabolic products.

Features of the structure of the reproductive system

Consider how a person is arranged in terms of reproductive function. It is a dioecious organism with a type of development - direct. Both the female and male reproductive systems are represented by glands, ducts and cells. However, they have significant differences. In men, these are the testes, their ducts and mobile small gametes - spermatozoa. These cells are always active and capable of the fertilization process.

The female reproductive system is represented by paired ovaries, oviducts and immobile, relatively large gametes. For fertilization, they need to move from the gonads to fallopian tube. This process occurs only in a certain period menstrual cycle called ovulation. When the gametes fuse, a zygote is formed. It divides and gradually forms a multicellular structure, which will later turn into a fetus. Intrauterine development the embryo provides reliable protection for a small organism during pregnancy and viability in the first months of life.

Features of the human nervous system

Only man is a biosocial being. This is largely achieved through high level development of the nervous system. It consists of the spinal cord and brain, as well as the nerve fibers that depart from them. A person is born with a certain set of unconditioned reflexes and animal instincts. However, in the course of life, acquired reactions are also formed in him. How is the human brain arranged? More difficult than other chordates. It distinguishes the cerebral cortex and a large number of convolutions, which significantly increase its area. Only humans are characterized by meaningful speech and abstract thinking. He lives in society and to a certain extent obeys social laws.

Function regulation

Naturally, in such a complex system, regulation of functions is necessary. This happens in two ways at the same time. With the help of the nervous system, the human body receives information about various changes in conditions in environment and almost instantly responds to them. Much of this is done by sensory systems. A person has five. These are sight, touch, smell, hearing and the ability to perceive smells. Some scientists single out another one, which they call the "sixth sense", or intuition. However, neither the structure nor the mechanism of this system has been discovered and explained so far by anyone. And the endocrine glands, releasing special substances into the blood - hormones, regulate the processes of growth, development and homeostasis. This concept implies maintaining the constancy of the internal environment.

This is how the human body works. This is a complex system that consistently combines cells, tissues, organs and their systems. Each of these structures is characterized by a high degree of specialization and is coordinated by the nervous and humoral systems of regulation.