Variety of peasant types in the poem. The variety of folk types in the poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Who lives well in Russia. Essay on literature on the topic: The variety of peasant types in Nekrasov's poem “Who should live well in Russia”

The main place in the poem is occupied by the position of the Russian peasant under serfdom and after the “liberation”. “Liberation” is in quotation marks, since the poet speaks of the essence of the royal manifesto in the words of the people:

You are good, royal letter,
You are not written about us.

The poet touched upon the topical problems of his time, condemned slavery and oppression, glorified the freedom-loving, talented, strong-willed Russian people. Pictures of folk life are written with epic breadth, and this gives the right to call the poem an encyclopedia of Russian life of that time.
Already in the prologue we get acquainted with the peasants-truth-seekers. These are typical representatives of the estate. They live in villages with telling names: Zaplatovo, Dyryavino, Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neelovo, Neurozhayka. Seven peasants are united by poverty, unpretentiousness and the desire to find a happy man in Russia. While traveling, truth-seekers meet different people, evaluate them, determine their attitude towards the priest, towards the landowner, towards the peasant reform, towards the peasants.
Truth-seekers are wise: they are not satisfied with the word of the nobility, they need "the word of the Christian."

Give me a Christian word! Noble with a scolding,
With a push and with a dent, That is unsuitable for us!

They have self-respect. So, in the chapter “Happy”, they angrily see off the courtyard, who boasted of his servile position: “Get out!”
Truth seekers are hardworking, always striving to help others. Hearing from a peasant woman that there are not enough working hands to remove the bread in time, the peasants offer their help.
The seven seekers of truth are an image of the desire for truth that is emerging among the people. Even more interesting to Nekrasov are the images of peasant “fighters” who do not grovel before the masters, do not reconcile themselves to their slavish position. Yakim Nagoi from the village of Bosovo lives in dire poverty. He works to death, escaping under a harrow from heat and rain.

The chest is sunken; like a depressed belly;
at the eyes, at the mouth Bends like cracks
On dry land...

Reading the description of the peasant, we understand that, all his life, toiling on a gray, barren piece, he himself became like the earth. Yakim admits that most of his labor is appropriated by "shareholders" who do not work, but live on the labors of peasants like him.

You work alone, and a little work is over
Look, there are three equity holders:
God, king and lord!

All my long life Yakim worked, experienced many hardships, went hungry, went to prison and, "like a peeled velvet," returned to his homeland. But still, he finds the strength in himself to create at least some kind of life, some kind of beauty - he decorates his hut with pictures. Naked - the image of a peasant of a new type, a rural proletarian who has been in the seasonal trade. And his voice is the voice of the most resolute peasants.

Every peasant has
The soul is a black cloud
Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary
Thunders rumble from there,
Pour bloody rain...

The writer treats his hero Yermil Girin with great sympathy, the village headman, fair, honest, intelligent, who, according to the peasants:

At seven years of a worldly penny
Didn't squeeze under the nail
At the age of seven, he did not touch the right one,
Didn't let the guilty
I didn't bend my heart...

Only once did Yermil act out of conscience, giving the son of the old woman Vlasyevna instead of his brother to the army. Repentant, he tried to hang himself. According to the peasants, Yermil had everything for happiness: peace of mind, money, honor, but his honor is special, not bought “neither by money, nor by fear,” but by strict truth, intelligence and kindness. The people, defending the worldly cause, in difficult times help Girin to save the mill, showing exceptional trust in him. This act confirms the ability of the people to act together, in peace. And Yermil, not afraid of the prison, took the side of the peasants during the riot. He is a defender of peasant interests. If the protest of Yakim Nagogoi is spontaneous, then Yermil Girin rises to a conscious protest.
Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, is also a fighter for the cause of the people. His life was hard. In his youth, he, like all peasants, endured cruel bullying from the landowner Shalashnikov, his manager. But Savely cannot accept such an order and rebels along with other peasants: he buried the German Vogel in the ground. “Twenty years of strict hard labor, twenty years of settlement” received the hero for this. Returning to his native village as an old man, Savely retained good spirits and hatred for the oppressors. “Branded, but not a slave!” he says about himself. Savely to old age retained a clear mind, cordiality, responsiveness. In the poem, he is shown as a national avenger: his ax lies only “for the time being”, but he contemptuously calls passive peasants dead and lost. Nekrasov calls Savely the Holy Russian hero, raising him very high, emphasizing his heroic character, and also compares him with the folk hero Ivan Susanin. The image of Savely embodies the desire of the people for freedom.
The story about Savelia is given together with the story about the life of Matryona Timofeevna not by chance. The poet shows together two heroic Russian characters. Matrena Timofeevna goes through all the trials that a Russian woman could ever go through. She lived freely and cheerfully in her parents' house, and after marriage she had to work like a slave, endure the reproaches of her husband's relatives, and the beatings of her husband. She found joy only in work and in children. She experienced hard the death of her son Demushka, the persecution of the master's manager, the year of hunger, and begging. But in difficult times, she showed firmness and perseverance: she fussed about the release of her husband, who was illegally taken as a soldier, she even went to the governor himself. She pulled out Fedotushka when they decided to punish him with rods. Recalcitrant, resolute, she is always ready to defend her rights, and this brings her closer to Savely. About herself Matrena Timofeevna says:

I bow my head
I carry an angry heart!
For me insults are mortal
Gone unpaid...

Having told about her difficult life to wanderers, she says that “it’s not a matter of looking for a happy woman among women!” - and sums up the parables about the keys to female happiness:

Keys to female happiness
From our free will
abandoned, lost
God himself.

But Nekrasov is sure that the "keys" must be found. The peasant woman will wait and achieve happiness. The poet speaks about this in one of Grisha Dobrosklonov's songs:

You are still in the family as long as a slave,
But the mother is already a free son! ..

With great love, Nekrasov painted images of truth-seekers, fighters, who expressed the strength of the people, the will to fight against the oppressors. However, the writer did not turn a blind eye to dark sides the life of the people. The poem depicts peasants who are corrupted by the masters and have become accustomed to their slavish position. In the chapter "Happy" the peasants-truth-seekers meet with a "broken on his feet, courtyard man" who considers himself lucky because he was Prince Peremetiev's favorite slave. The courtyard is proud that his daughter, along with the young lady, studied both French and all sorts of languages, that “she was allowed to sit down in the presence of the princess.” And the courtyard himself stood for thirty years at the chair of the Most Serene Prince, licked the plates after him and drank the rest of the overseas wines. He is proud of his closeness to the masters and his "honorable" disease - gout. Simple freedom-loving peasants laugh at a slave who looks down on his fellow peasants and does not understand all the baseness of his lackey position.
Another type of "slave" - ​​the courtyard of Prince Utyatin Ipat - did not even believe that the "freedom" was announced to the peasants:

And I am the Utyatin princes
Serf - and the whole story here!

From childhood to old age, the master, as best he could, mocked his slave Ipat. All this the footman took for granted: let him buy in the hole for the sake of a whim, but he would bring vodka and plant the unworthy one next to him.
The obedient slave is also shown in the image of “an exemplary serf - Jacob the faithful”. Yakov served with the cruel Mr. Polivanov, who beat him in the teeth casually. Despite such treatment, the faithful slave protected and gratified the master until his old age. The landowner severely offended his faithful servant by recruiting his beloved nephew Grisha. Yakov “fooled”: first he “drank the dead”, and then he brought the master into a deaf forest ravine and hung himself on a pine tree above his head. The poet condemns such manifestations of protest in the same way as servile obedience.
With deep indignation, Nekrasov speaks of such traitors to the people's cause as the headman Gleb. He, bribed by the heir, destroyed the freedom given to the peasants before his death by the old master-admiral.
For images of courtyard peasants who became slaves of their masters and abandoned true peasant interests, the poet finds words of angry contempt: a slave, a serf, a dog, Judas. Nekrasov concludes the characteristics with a typical generalization:

People of the servile rank -
Real dogs sometimes:
The more severe the punishment
So dear to them, gentlemen.

Creating various types of peasants, Nekrasov claims that there are no happy ones among them, that even after the abolition of serfdom, the peasants are still destitute and bled, only the forms of oppression of the peasants have changed. But even among the people there are people capable of conscious, active protest. And he believes that with the help of such people in the future in Russia will come good life for the Russian people.

More Russian people
No limits set:
Before him is a wide path.

1. Best human qualities, embodied in the images of people from the people.
2. The image of Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina.
3. Gol and serfs.
4. "Peasant sin."

In his poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia,” N. A. Nekrasov shows a vast panorama of folk life, characters and destinies. The motive of the wandering of seven peasants, who set out to find out who “lives freely, cheerfully in Russia”, the author introduced into the poem not by chance. After all, on the way, wanderers meet a variety of people. The images of the traveling men are not drawn as carefully as the portraits of those they meet on the road. However, it should be noted that the image of the wanderer is also taken by Nekrasov from life. The culture of wandering was highly developed among the Russian people. Journeys could be made with a trading purpose or have the character of a pilgrimage to holy places. It should be noted that there was a special social group wanderers - holy fools, wretched, as well as full-fledged physically and mentally people who moved from one holy place to another. Among the people, such people enjoyed great respect: the wanderer could count on a warm welcome not only in a peasant's hut, but also in many rich merchant and noble families. Nekrasov, trying to truthfully show the life of the people, of course, could not pass over in silence such a phenomenon as wandering. Some wanderers were a kind of "walking book": in the families where they stayed, these people told many stories - both about what they themselves saw and what they heard from others.

Approximately the same in the poem is the role of the seven men who went to look for happy people. After all, the stories that their casual acquaintances tell the wanderers are combined into one large poetic canvas. Nekrasov shows the noble, wholesome characters that are found among ordinary people. For example, Yermil Girin, who through honest work achieved both wealth and the respect of his fellow villagers. In his youth, Ermil served as a clerk in the office of the manager of the estate of Prince Yurlov. The position, of course, is the smallest, Yermil could not exert influence on the course of affairs, but nevertheless he tried to help the peasants as much as possible. Compiled the necessary papers for them for free, helped with advice:

You approach him first,
And he will advise
And he will provide information;
Where there is enough strength - will help out,
Don't ask for gratitude
And if you give it, you won't take it!
A bad conscience is needed -
Peasant from peasant
Extort a penny.

Knowing how honest Yermil is, the peasants trust him unconditionally: they elect him as a mayor, they lend him money to purchase a mill. Only once did this man act against his conscience: instead of his brother, he handed over another peasant to the soldiers. No one, except the mother of the ill-fated recruit, condemned Yermila. But he himself could not endure the pangs of conscience and voluntarily repented before all the people, corrected the consequences of his misdeed and refused the post of steward, considering himself unworthy of the people's trust.

Ermil Girin is not the only example of a worthy person among the people. Here is how the author characterizes another hero of his poem:

Vlas was a kind soul,
I was sick for the whole vakhlachin,
Not for one family.

Like Yermil, Vlas cannot go against his conscience. He refused the post of steward, so as not to kowtow to Prince Utyatin, who had gone out of his mind.

Grisha Dobrosklonov, the son of a village deacon, is also heartbroken about the people, about the downtrodden “Vakhlachin”. Grisha greedily reaches for knowledge - "rushes to Moscow, to the new city", not content with the education that he received in the seminary. However, the young man did not treat his countrymen condescendingly, as illiterate people. Grisha sincerely respects ordinary workers, tries to help them with his knowledge to the best of his ability. Grisha, his father and brother are no richer than most peasants, they work on a par with them. The peasants, in turn, are very kind to the deacon and his sons, sharing their supplies with them.

In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia,” Nekrasov also showed the high virtues of a Russian woman - patience, fidelity, diligence. These qualities are inherent in both Domna, Grisha's late mother, and the peasant woman Matryona Timofeevna, whose fate is given a significant place in the poem. A simple peasant woman had to endure a lot without a murmur: hard work, the hostile attitude of her husband's relatives, numerous births and the death of children ... It was not easy for Matryona to defend her human dignity. "You are a serf woman!" - this is how Saveliy, her husband's grandfather, explained to her the essence of her powerless position. But Matryona is a brave and decisive person: she fearlessly rejects the harassment of the manager Sitnikov, goes to seek justice from the governor in order to return her husband, who was illegally recruited. Matryona had to endure the death of her beloved son, whom she remembers many years later. This woman is capable of deep, strong feelings: she fondly remembers her parents, loves her husband and children. However, Nekrasov, drawing portraits of people from the people, shows the reader other characters. The image of a rogue and a rogue, which is found in folk art, in the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" was embodied in the personality of Klim Lavin, a drunkard, a braggart and a lazy person. Outwardly, Klim, however, makes the most favorable impression on those who are not familiar with him:

Klim has a conscience of clay,
And Minin's beards,
Take a look, you'll think
Why not find a peasant
Gradually and sober.

Klim willingly fools Utyatin, who has lost his mind. For a cunning rogue, this is both entertainment and an opportunity to feel their own importance. Nekrasov, through the mouth of Vlas, characterizes Klim as "the last man", but in fact, Klim has many valuable qualities. He is literate, eloquent, enterprising, witty. No matter how bitter his mockery of his fellow villagers sounds, they contain the undoubted truth:

Laughing at the workers:
From work, no matter how you suffer,
You won't be rich
And you will be a hunchback!

Klim appreciates fun, not work. His nature is alien to worries and anxieties. But this reckless man, although he agreed to bow and assent to the master, understands the value of freedom. Klim is a reveler, a slacker, impudent, but not a serf, like Ipat, who is indignant at the news of the peasant will. Ipat is not the only serf depicted in the poem. The former courtyard of Prince Peremetyev sincerely considers himself a happy man, since he served his master for forty years, licked up plates with expensive dishes, and even got gout - a noble disease. Faithful Yakov takes revenge on his master in a servile way - he hangs himself on a tree in front of the owner.

But even worse are serfs who have forgotten about human dignity, traitors to the interests of the people. This was the headman Gleb, who for the sake of money burned the will of his master, in which he freed all his peasants from serfdom. But Gleb himself from common people, in whose memory he remains an eternal criminal:

God forgives everything, but Judas sin
Doesn't forgive.

Nekrasov strove to show in the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” all the variety of human characters that are found among the common people. Of course, not all of them are able to arouse sympathy. But in general, the poet believed that the brightest, most worthy features were preserved among the people:

The strength of the people
mighty force -
Conscience is calm

The truth is alive!

Everything that I know about the people, - N. A. Nekrasov wrote about his work on the main poem in his life, - everything that I happened to hear from his lips, and I outlined “Who should live well in Russia” ... This will be an epic modern peasant life ... "

Before us is a whole gallery of images, a variety of characters, a variety of views on life. Pass before the eyes of the reader, like the living, the righteous and scoundrels, hard workers and lazybones, rebellious and dish-lickers, rebels and serfs. The poet tells about someone in detail and vividly, someone is depicted in one expressive stroke. Even our truth-seeking peasants from places with such

speaking names

tightened province,

empty parish,

From different villages

Nesytova, Neelova,

Zaplatova, Dyryavina,

Burners, Golodukhina,

Crop failure too -

Let's mow!"

Seven women gave them braids.

Wake up, flare up

forgotten habit

Not white women are tender,

And we are great people.

At work and in the party!

So, with dignity, Russian men say about themselves. Let the state not appreciate their feats of arms:

Well, from the redoubt, from the first number

Well, with George - around the world, around the world!

And a full pension

Didn't work, rejected

One of the heroes of the poem will say about himself bitterly and accurately:

"In the village of Bosov

Yakim Nagoi lives

Drinks half to death!”

Radiated like cracks

On dry ground;

And myself to mother earth

He looks like: a brown neck,

Like a layer cut off with a plow,

brick face,

Hand - tree bark,

However, Yakim Nagoi is not a dark, downtrodden man, he managed to maintain a pure, clear soul and individuality. Rescuing popular prints during a fire, he lost the money accumulated "for a whole century", but he did not "come to his senses", did not change his dream of beauty. Knowing how to talk with the people, to speak figuratively and vividly, it is Yakim who formulates the essence of the peasant protest, noting its great latent strengths and weakness of expression:

Every peasant has

Soul that black cloud -

Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary

Thunders rumble from there,

pouring bloody rain

And everything ends with wine.

Yakim Nagoi stands at the very beginning of the path leading to the realization of his own dignity, his strength, the need for unity in front of a common enemy.

The image of Ermila Girin became a symbol of the highest authority among the people, upholding justice and peasant solidarity in the poem. When they want to take away the mill from him and the merchant Altynnikov, in collusion with officials, demands that money be paid for it immediately, the people, knowing Girin's honesty, help him out by collecting the necessary amount at the fair.

Yermilo is a literate guy,

No time to write down

Put on a full hat

Tselkovikov, Lobanchikov,

Burnt, beaten, ragged

Peasant banknotes.

Yermilo took - did not disdain

And a copper nugget.

Still, he would begin to disdain,

When I got here

Other hryvnia copper

More than a hundred rubles!

So people repaid him with kindness for his honest work as a clerk. For honesty, people chose Yermila as burgomaster. And he

At seven years of a worldly penny

Didn't squeeze under the nail

At the age of seven, he did not touch the right one,

Didn't let the guilty

I didn’t bend my heart…

And when Yermila stumbled a little - he saved his younger brother from recruitment, he almost hanged himself because of remorse, managed to return his son Vasilyevna, who was recruited instead of Yermila's brother, atoned for his guilt and resigned from his post.

At the mill

I took it for a prayer in good conscience,

The people did not detain -

clerk, manager,

Matrena Timofeevna says about herself:

For me - quiet, invisible -

People of the servile rank -

Real dogs sometimes:

The more severe the punishment

So dear to them, gentlemen.

This is a former footman who boasts at the fair that he licked the master's plates and acquired a "master's disease" - gout, and the eternal "serf of the Utyatin princes" footmen Ipat, and the exemplary servant Yakov the faithful. This is the “fake” steward Klim, the most useless man who voluntarily agreed to play this unseemly role in front of the Last. Of particular note is the image of the headman Gleb, who destroyed the will of the late admiral for money, who gave his serfs freedom.

For decades, until recently

Eight thousand souls were secured by the villain,

With a family, with a tribe, what a people!

What the people! with a stone into the water!

God forgives everything, but Judas sin

Doesn't forgive.

Oh man! man! you are the worst of all

And for that you always toil!

The poem by N. A. Nekrasov “To whom it is good to live in Russia” is remarkable in that it shows real life- a variety of peasant types, two ways "among the world of the valley." And next to the “road of the road”, along which the crowd “greedy for temptation” goes, there is another way:

The road is honest

They walk on it

Only strong souls

loving,

To fight, to work

For the bypassed

For the oppressed.

N. A. Nekrasov says that

Russia has already sent a lot

His sons, marked

The seal of the gift of God,

On honest paths

I cried a lot...

In the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov, who

Fate prepared

The path is glorious, the name is loud

people's protector,

Consumption and Siberia,

we clearly recognize the features of Nekrasov's colleague - Nikolai Dobrolyubov. Grigory Dobrosklonov is a poet who has embarked on the path of civil service to the fatherland, who has firmly decided to whom he will give his whole life and for whom he will die. He, fed with bread in half with tears, brought up on mournful songs about the bitter lot of vakhlachina, combined in his soul love for a poor mother with love for the motherland, laying down for her the Sounds of the radiant hymn of the noble - He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people! .. It was thanks to reality and optimistic coloring of the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov, you perceive the poem by N. A. Nekrasov not only as an indictment state structure of that time, but also as a hymn to the courage and fortitude of the Russian people. Following the poet, I want to repeat:

More Russian people

No limits set:

There is a wide path ahead of him.

Sending the truth-seeking peasants on their way, N. A. Nekrasov does not just show us people of different classes, composing a portrait of Russia in the second half of the 19th century at one of the turning points in its development - the maturation and implementation of the reform of 1861. The main task of a poet who writes for the people and speaks on their behalf is to show the Russian people as they are. “I decided to present in a coherent story everything that I know about the people,” wrote N. A. Nekrasov about his work on the main poem in his life, “everything that I happened to hear from his lips, and I outlined“ To whom in Russia live well”… It will be the epic of modern peasant life…”
Before us is a whole gallery of images, a variety of characters, a variety of views on life. Pass before the eyes of the reader, like the living, the righteous and scoundrels, hard workers and lazybones, rebellious and dish-lickers, rebels and serfs. The poet tells about someone in detail and vividly, someone is depicted in one expressive stroke. Even our truth-seeking peasants from places with such
Speaking names -
tightened province,
empty parish,
From different villages
Nesytova, Neelova,
Zaplatova, Dyryavina,
Burners, Golodukhina,
Crop failure too -
Not a homogeneous faceless mass, but people with their past, their passions. Having abandoned the house and their affairs for the sake of a great goal - to find the meaning of peasant life, to find out who lives happily, freely in Russia - they cannot imagine life in idleness. Not only do they pay for the confession of Matrena Timofeevna with work - work becomes a need:
The strangers could not stand it:
“We haven’t worked for a long time,
Let's mow!"
Seven women gave them braids.
Wake up, flare up
forgotten habit
To work! Like teeth from hunger
Works for everyone
Agile hand.
Men are moving away from looking for happy people among priests, landlords and other representatives of the hierarchical elite, perhaps because they do not respect loafers who do not distinguish between “rye and barley ears”.
We are a little
We ask God:
honest deal
do skillfully
Give us strength!
Working life -
Direct to friend
Road to the heart
Away from the threshold
Coward and lazy!
Pictures of the life of the long-suffering Russian people are made up of boastful stories at fairs, from songs composed by the people, from legends told by wanderers and pilgrims, from confessions - as if walking in front of us, bastard and barefoot, with backs bent from overwork, with faces burned by the sun, with with calloused hands, with a groan and a song in the soul, all of Russia.
Not white women are tender,
And we are great people.
At work and in the party!
So, with dignity, Russian men say about themselves. Let the state not appreciate their feats of arms:
Well, from the redoubt, from the first number
Come on, with George - around the world, around the world!
And a full pension
Didn't work, rejected
All the wounds of the old man.
The doctor's assistant looked
Said, “Second-rate!
According to them and a pension!.
Full issue is not ordered:
The heart is not shot through
But they are respected and pitied by ordinary people.
Let merchants and contractors profit from peasant labor, shouldering an unbearable burden, taking valiant strength, undermining health, let it seem like happiness after working in a foreign land
Get to your home
To die at home
Their native land itself will support them.
One of the heroes of the poem will say about himself bitterly and accurately:
“In the village of Bosov
Yakim Nagoi lives
He works to death
Drinks half to death!”
The whole story of Yakim Nagogoy is the fate of a talented craftsman, hard worker, rebel and poor fellow, told in a few lines:
Yakim, poor old man,
Lived once in St. Petersburg,
Yes, he ended up in jail.
I wanted to compete with the merchant!
Like a peeled Velcro,
He returned to his home
And took up the plow.
Since then, it's been roasting for thirty years
On the strip under the sun
Saved under the harrow
From frequent rain
Lives - messes with the plow,
And death will come to Yakimushka -
Like a clod of earth will fall off,
What is dry on the plow.
N. A. Nekrasov describes Yakim as a tortured sufferer:
Chest sunken, as if depressed,
Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth
Radiated like cracks
On dry ground;
And myself to mother earth
He looks like: a brown neck,
Like a layer cut off with a plow,
brick face,
Hand - tree bark,
And hair is sand.
However, Yakim Nagoi is not a dark, downtrodden man, he managed to maintain a pure, clear soul and individuality. Rescuing popular prints during a fire, he lost the money accumulated “for a whole century”, but did not “come to his senses”, did not change his dream of beauty. Knowing how to talk with the people, to speak figuratively and vividly, it is Yakim who formulates the essence of the peasant protest, noting its great latent strengths and weakness of expression:
Every peasant has
Soul that black cloud -
Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary
Thunders rumble from there,
pouring bloody rain
And everything ends with wine.
Yakim Nagoi stands at the very beginning of the path leading to the realization of his own dignity, his strength, the need for unity in front of a common enemy.
The image of Ermila Girin became a symbol of the highest authority among the people, upholding justice and peasant solidarity in the poem. When they want to take away the mill from him and the merchant Altynnikov, in collusion with officials, demands that money be paid for it immediately, the people, knowing Girin's honesty, help him out by collecting the necessary amount at the fair.
Yermilo is a literate guy,
No time to write down
Better count!
Put on a full hat
Tselkovikov, Lobanchikov,
Burnt, beaten, ragged
Peasant banknotes.
Yermilo took - did not disdain
And a copper nugget.
Still, he would begin to disdain,
When I got here
Other hryvnia copper
More than a hundred rubles!
So people repaid him with kindness for his honest work as a clerk. For honesty, people chose Yermila as burgomaster. And he
At seven years of a worldly penny
Didn't squeeze under the nail
At the age of seven, he did not touch the right one,
Didn't let the guilty
I didn’t bend my heart…
And when Yermila stumbled a little - he saved his younger brother from recruitment, he almost hanged himself because of remorse, managed to return his son Vasilyevna, who was recruited instead of Yermila's brother, atoned for his guilt and resigned.
At the mill
His
I took it for a prayer in good conscience,
Didn't stop the people
clerk, manager,
Wealthy landowners
And the poorest men
All queues obeyed
The order was strict!
Thanks to all this, Ermila Girin had
Honor enviable, true,
Not bought by money
Not fear: strict truth.
Mind and kindness!
Even the authorities were aware of his great authority among the people and wanted to use him for their own purposes when she rebelled
Votchina
Landowner Obrubkov,
frightened province,
County Nedykhaniev,
The village of Stolbnyaki…
The authorities hoped that the former mayor Girin would help them, be able to pacify the rebels, but Yermila did not go against his conscience, as a result of which he ended up in prison, like most other fighters for truth and justice. The poem increasingly repeats the motive of rebellion, anger, the impossibility of continuing life in the old way - in humility and fear.
To not endure - the abyss,
Endure - the abyss! -
With these words begins the story of the life of Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, who for a long time, together with his fellow villagers, resisted the landowner, and then buried alive in the ground the German manager who mocked him. We saw, albeit spontaneous, but already organized resistance, a call to revolt - the word thrown by Savely: “Naddai!” After serving hard labor, the peasant returns home unbroken (“branded, but not a slave!”), Not losing his sense of dignity, not resigned to the vanity, greed, petty nitpicking of the family, retaining a kind soul and the ability to understand and support the young daughter-in-law. It is symbolic that outwardly it reminds Matryona of a monument to Ivan Susanin. But even peasant women, “multiple twisted”, “long-suffering”, do not look downtrodden and submissive. In Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina, there is not only the strength to endure all the trials, overwork, family bullying, but also the readiness to protect her children, her husband at any moment, to accept the punishment, reproaches of her husband's relatives:
Inside of me
No broken bone
There is no unstretched vein,
> Blood is not unspoiled -
I endure and do not grumble!
All the power given by God
I believe in work
All in children love!
Matrena Timofeevna says about herself:
For me - quiet, invisible -
The storm has passed,
She considers herself an "old woman" at thirty-eight and is sure that
It's not a matter - between the women
Happy looking!
Noting the ability of the heroine to deal with circumstances, the desire to be the hostess herself own destiny, Nekrasov shows the irresistible force of the system, which generates a lot of evil. All the more dear to us are the words of a peasant woman who managed to save a living soul in this world:
I bow my head
I carry an angry heart!
Among the recalcitrant and freedom-loving peasants - the heroes of the poem, one should also note the episodic image of the intractable Agap (the chapter "Latter"), who hated the landowners so much that he could not even stand the "comedy" of punishment, when, to please the Last, Prince Utyatin, he was drunk in a barn and forced to scream as if he was undergoing a cruel flogging - he died from the humiliation he experienced. There are other characters in the poem:
People of the servile rank -
Real dogs sometimes:
The more severe the punishment
So dear to them, gentlemen.
This is a former footman who boasts at the fair that he licked the master's plates and acquired a "master's disease" - gout, and the eternal "serf of the Utyatin princes" the footman Ipat, and the exemplary servant Yakov the faithful. This is the “fake” steward Klim, the most worthless man who voluntarily agreed to play this unseemly role in front of the Last. Of particular note is the image of the elder Gleb, who for money destroyed the will of the late admiral, who gave his serfs freedom.
For decades, until recently
Eight thousand souls were secured by the villain,
With a family, with a tribe, what a people!
What the people! with a stone into the water!
God forgives everything, but Judas sin
Doesn't forgive.
Oh man! man! you are the worst of all
And for that you always toil!
N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” is remarkable because it shows real life - the diversity of peasant types, two ways “among the world of the valley”. And next to the “road of the road”, along which the crowd “hungry for temptation” goes, there is another way:
The road is honest
They walk on it
Only strong souls
loving,
To fight, to work
For the bypassed
For the oppressed.
N. A. Nekrasov says that
Russia has already sent a lot
His sons, marked
The seal of the gift of God,
On honest paths
I cried a lot...
In the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov, who
Fate prepared
The path is glorious, the name is loud
people's protector,
Consumption and Siberia,
We clearly recognize the features of Nekrasov's colleague - Nikolai Dobrolyubov. Grigory Dobrosklonov is a poet who has embarked on the path of civil service to the fatherland, who has firmly decided to whom he will give his whole life and for whom he will die. He, fed with bread in half with tears, brought up on mournful songs about the bitter lot of vakhlachina, combined in his soul love for a poor mother with love for the motherland, laying down for her the Sounds of the radiant anthem of the noble - He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people! It is thanks to the reality and optimistic coloring of the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov that you perceive the poem by N. A. Nekrasov not only as an indictment of the state system of that time, but also as a hymn to the courage and fortitude of the Russian people. Following the poet, I want to repeat:
More Russian people
No limits set:
There is a wide path ahead of him.

Essay on literature on the topic: The variety of peasant types in Nekrasov's poem “Who should live well in Russia”

Other writings:

1. The images of peasant women depicted by the poet in works written before the poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” seem to be only sketches for a full-length portrait of Matrena Timofeevna. If in the 40s, and even later, Nekrasov portrays mainly patience in peasant women, Read More ......
2. The poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” is a work about the people, their life, work and struggle. The poet of peasant democracy, an ally of Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, Nekrasov could not pass by those who selflessly, sparing no effort and life, fought for the freedom of the people. Images Read More ......
3. The name of N. A. Nekrasov was forever fixed in the mind of a Russian person as the name of a great poet who came to literature with his new word, managed to express the high patriotic ideals of his time in unique images and sounds. Poem Who lives well in Russia Read More ......
4. The Russian people are gathering strength And learning to be a citizen… N. A. Nekrasov One of the most famous works of N. A. Nekrasov is the poem “Who Lives Well in Russia”, glorifying the Russian people. It can rightly be called the pinnacle of Nekrasov's work. Written by Read More ......
5. The limits have not yet been set for the Russian people: The worldly path is before them. N. A. Nekrasov In the life of every poet, there come days when his talent is generously revealed to people, and he himself defiantly enters literature. Time passes, and his work becomes Read More ......
6. In his poem, N. A. Nekrasov creates images of “new people” who came out of the people's environment and became active fighters for the good of the people. Such is Yermil Girin. In whatever position he may be, whatever he does, he strives to be useful to a peasant, Read More ......
7. 1. Seven wanderers seeking happy person. 2. Ermil Girin. 3. “Serf woman” Matrena Timofeevna. 4. Grigory Dobrosklonov. The theme of the search for a happy fate and “mother truth” occupies a significant place in the folklore tradition, which N. A. Nekrasov relied on when creating the poem “To whom in Russia Read More ......
8. The poem by N. A. Nekrasov “To whom it is good to live in Russia” is a work that depicts with the maximum degree of completeness an entire era in the life of the people. The author explores the life of the people before and after 1861, after the formal abolition of serfdom. At the center of the work is the problem Read More ......

Sending the truth-seeking peasants on their way, N. A. Nekrasov does not just show us people of different classes, composing a portrait of Russia in the second half of the 19th century at one of the turning points in its development - the maturation and implementation of the reform of 1861. The main task of a poet who writes for the people and speaks on their behalf is to show the Russian people as they are. “I decided to present in a coherent story everything that I know about the people,” wrote N. A. Nekrasov about his work on the main poem in his life, “everything that I happened to hear from his lips, and I outlined“ To whom in Russia live well”… It will be an epic of modern peasant life…” Before us is a whole gallery of images, a variety of characters, a variety of views on life. Pass before the eyes of the reader, like the living, the righteous and scoundrels, hard workers and lazybones, rebellious and dish-lickers, rebels and serfs. The poet tells about someone in detail and vividly, someone is depicted in one expressive stroke. Even our truth-seeking peasants from places with such telling names - Tightened province, Empty volost, From different villages - Nesytov, Neyolova, Zaplatova, Dyryavina, Burners, Golodukhin, Crop failure, too - are not a homogeneous faceless mass, but people with their past, their addictions . Having abandoned the house and their affairs for the sake of a great goal - to find the meaning of peasant life, to find out who lives happily, freely in Russia - they cannot imagine life in idleness. They pay not only for the confession of Matrena Timofeevna with work - labor becomes a need: The wanderers could not stand it: “We haven’t worked for a long time, Let’s mow it down!” Seven women gave them braids. Woke up, flared up Habit forgotten To work! Like teeth from hunger, Everyone has a nimble hand. Men are moving away from looking for happy people among priests, landowners and other representatives of the hierarchical elite, perhaps because they do not respect loafers who do not distinguish "a rye ear from a barley one." We ask God a little: An honest thing To do skillfully Give us strength! Working life - A direct road to the heart, Away from the threshold, Coward and lazy! Pictures of the life of the long-suffering Russian people are made up of boastful stories at fairs, from songs composed by the people, from legends told by wanderers and pilgrims, from confessions - as if walking in front of us, bastard and barefoot, with backs bent from overwork, with faces burned by the sun, with with calloused hands, with a groan and a song in the soul, all of Russia. Not gentle white-handed women, But we are great people In work and in revelry! So, with dignity, Russian men say about themselves. Let the state not appreciate their feats of arms: Well, from the redoubt, from the first number Well, with George - around the world, around the world! And the full pension did not work out, all the wounds of the old man were rejected. The doctor's assistant looked, He said: “Second-rate! According to them and a pension!. It is not ordered to give out the full: The heart is not shot through, but they are respected and pitied by ordinary people. Let merchants and contractors profit from peasant labor, shouldering an unbearable burden, taking valiant strength, undermining health, let it seem like happiness after working in a foreign land To get to their homeland, To die at home - their native land itself will support. One of the heroes of the poem will say bitterly and accurately about himself: “Yakim Nagoy lives in the village of Bosovo, He works to death, Drinks half to death!” The whole story of Yakim Nagogoy is the fate of a talented craftsman, hard worker, rebel and poor fellow, told in a few lines: Yakim, a miserable old man, Once upon a time lived in St. Petersburg, Yes, he ended up in prison: I thought of competing with a merchant! Like a peeled velvet, He returned to his homeland And took up the plow. Since then, it has been roasting for thirty years On a strip under the sun, Under a harrow, escapes From frequent rain, Lives - fiddling with a plow, And death will come to Yakimushka - As a clod of earth falls off, What dried up on a plow. N. A. Nekrasov describes Yakim as a tortured sufferer: The chest is sunken, as if depressed, the Belly; at the eyes, at the mouth Radiated like cracks On the dry earth; And he himself looks like mother earth: his neck is brown, Like a layer cut off by a plow, Brick face, His hand is tree bark, And his hair is sand. However, Yakim Nagoi is not a dark, downtrodden man, he managed to maintain a pure, clear soul and individuality. Rescuing popular prints during a fire, he lost the money accumulated "for a whole century", but did not "come to his senses", did not change his dream of beauty. Knowing how to speak with the people, to speak figuratively and vividly, it is Yakim who formulates the essence of the peasant protest, noting its great latent strengths and weakness of expression: Every peasant has a Soul that is a black cloud - Anger, formidable - and Thunders should thunder from there, Rains of blood should be poured A everything ends in wine. Yakim Nagoi stands at the very beginning of the path leading to the realization of his own dignity, his strength, the need for unity in front of a common enemy. The image of Ermila Girin became a symbol of the highest authority among the people, upholding justice and peasant solidarity in the poem. When they want to take away the mill from him and the merchant Altynnikov, in collusion with officials, demands that money be paid for it immediately, the people, knowing Girin's honesty, help him out by collecting the necessary amount at the fair. Yermilo is a literate guy, Yes, there is no time to write down, Have time to count! They put on a hat full of Tselkoviks, shawls, Burnt, beaten, ragged Peasant banknotes. Yermilo took - did not disdain And a copper penny. He would have begun to disdain, When here came across Another copper hryvnia More expensive than a hundred rubles! So people repaid him with kindness for his honest work as a clerk. For honesty, people chose Yermila as burgomaster. And at seven years he didn’t hold a worldly penny Under the nail, At seven years he didn’t touch the right one, He didn’t let the guilty, He didn’t twist his soul ... And when Yermila stumbled a little - he saved his younger brother from recruitment, he almost hanged himself because of remorse, managed to return his son Vasilievna, who was recruited instead of Ermila's brother, atoned for his guilt and resigned. At his mill He took for grinding according to his conscience, He did not detain the people - The clerk, manager, Rich landowners And the poorest peasants - All queues obeyed Strict order! Thanks to all this, Ermila Girin had an enviable, true honor, Not bought either by money or fear: by strict truth. Mind and kindness! Even the authorities were aware of his great authority among the people and wanted to use it for their own purposes when the Estate of the Landowner Obrubkov, the Frightened Province, the Nedykhaniev Uyezd, the Village of Stolbnyaki, rebelled ... The authorities hoped that the former mayor Girin would help them, be able to pacify the rebels, but Yermila did not go against conscience, as a result of which he ended up in prison, like most other fighters for truth and justice. In the poem, the motive of rebellion, anger, the impossibility to continue life in the old way - in humility and fear is increasingly repeated. To endure is an abyss, To endure is an abyss! - with these words, the story begins about the life of Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, who for a long time, together with his fellow villagers, resisted the landowner, and then buried alive in the ground the German manager who mocked him. We saw, albeit spontaneous, but already organized resistance, a call to revolt - the word thrown by Savely: “Naddai!” After serving hard labor, the peasant returns home unbroken (“branded, but not a slave!”), Not losing his sense of dignity, not resigned to the vanity, greed, petty nitpicking of the family, retaining a kind soul and the ability to understand and support the young daughter-in-law. It is symbolic that outwardly it reminds Matryona of a monument to Ivan Susanin. But the peasant women, “multiple twisted”, “long-suffering”, do not look downtrodden and submissive either. In Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina, there is not only the strength to endure all the trials, overwork, family bullying, but also the readiness to protect her children, her husband at any moment, to accept punishment, the reproaches of her husband's relatives: There is no unbroken bone in me, There is no unstretched vein, > There is no uncorrupted blood - I endure and do not complain! All the power given by God, I put into work, All the love in children! Matrena Timofeevna says about herself: For me - quiet, invisible - A spiritual storm has passed, she considers herself an “old woman” at thirty-eight years old and is sure that it’s not the case - between women To look for a happy one! .. Noting the ability of the heroine to deal with circumstances, the desire of herself to be the mistress of his own destiny, Nekrasov shows the irresistible power of the system, which gives rise to much evil. All the more dear to us are the words of a peasant woman who managed to save a living soul in this world: I have a downcast head, I carry an angry heart! Among the recalcitrant and freedom-loving peasants - the heroes of the poem, one should also note the episodic image of the intractable Agap (chapter "Latter"), who hated the landowners so much that he could not even stand the "comedy" of punishment when, to please the Last, Prince Utyatin, he was drunk in a barn and forced to scream as if he was undergoing a cruel flogging - he died from the humiliation he experienced. There are other heroes in the poem: People of the servile rank - Real dogs sometimes: The heavier the punishment, The dearer they are to the Lord. This is a former footman who boasts at the fair that he licked the master's plates and acquired the "master's disease" - gout, and the eternal "serf of the Utyatin princes" footmen Ipat, and the exemplary servant Yakov faithful. This is the “fake” steward Klim, the most useless man who voluntarily agreed to play this unseemly role in front of the Last. Of particular note is the image of the elder Gleb, who for money destroyed the will of the late admiral, who gave his serfs freedom. For dozens of years, until recently Eight thousand souls were secured by a villain, With a clan, with a tribe, what a people! What the people! with a stone into the water! God forgives everything, but Judas sin is not forgiven. Oh man! man! you are the sinner of all, And for that you will always suffer! The poem by N. A. Nekrasov “To whom it is good to live in Russia” is remarkable because it shows real life - the variety of peasant types, two ways “among the world of the valley”. And next to the “road of the road”, along which the crowd “greedy for temptation” goes, there is another way: The honest road, Only strong, loving souls go along it, To fight, to work For the circumvented, For the oppressed. N. A. Nekrasov says that a lot of Russia has already sent its Sons, marked with the Seal of the gift of God, On honest paths, Wept a lot of them ... In the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov, for whom Fate prepared the Glorious Path, the loud name of the People's Intercessor, Consumption and Siberia, we clearly recognize the features of Nekrasov's colleague - Nikolai Dobrolyubov. Grigory Dobrosklonov is a poet who has embarked on the path of civil service to the fatherland, who has firmly decided to whom he will give his whole life and for whom he will die. He, fed with bread in half with tears, brought up on mournful songs about the bitter lot of vakhlachina, combined in his soul love for a poor mother with love for the motherland, adding for her the Sounds of the radiant hymn of the noble - He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people! .. It was thanks to reality and The optimistic coloring of the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov perceives the poem by N. A. Nekrasov not only as an indictment of the state structure of that time, but also as a hymn to the courage and fortitude of the Russian people. Following the poet, I would like to repeat: The Russian people have not yet set limits: Before them is a wide path.