Page 1 of 3

The armies of many states, along with self-propelled and towed anti-aircraft missile systems and cannon anti-aircraft artillery, are man-portable anti-aircraft missile systems close range. Their main purpose is to fight low-flying targets. The Red Eye complex is the first of the NATO countries to enter service. It includes a launcher (gun), a battery-cooler unit and an anti-aircraft guided missile (SAM). The launcher is a pipe made of molded fiberglass in which the missile is stored. The pipe is sealed and filled with nitrogen. Outside, it has a telescopic sight and devices for preparing and launching a rocket. In combat conditions, after launch, the pipe is not reused. The telescopic sight has a 2.5x magnification, its field of view is 25". (GOS).

The block of the battery-cooler is designed to supply electricity to the on-board equipment of the rocket (cooling system with gaseous freon for the sensing element of the seeker). This block is connected to launcher through a special plug-in socket. It is disposable and must be replaced in case of a failed launch.

The FIM-43 rocket is single-stage, made according to the "duck" aerodynamic configuration. Solid propellant engine. Aiming at the target is carried out by a passive IR homing head. The fuse of the warhead is impact, slow-acting, with a safety-actuating mechanism and a self-liquidator.

The main disadvantages of the Red Eye complex are, firstly, its inability to hit targets on a collision course, and secondly, the absence of “friend or foe” identification equipment in the air defense system. Currently in the ground forces and marines The US Red Eye complex is being replaced by the Stinger air defense system. However, it remains in service with the armies of some NATO countries.

The Stinger air defense system is capable of hitting low-flying air targets in conditions of good visibility, not only on overtaking, but also on a collision course. The complex includes identification equipment "friend or foe". The FIM-92A rocket is made according to the "duck" aerodynamic configuration. There are four aerodynamic surfaces in its bow part. The rocket is launched from the container with the help of a detachable booster, which, due to the inclined arrangement of the nozzles relative to the SAM body, informs it of the initial rotation.

Aerodynamic rudders and stabilizers are revealed after the rocket takes off from the container. In order to maintain the rotation of the SAM in flight, the planes of the tail stabilizer are set at an angle to its body.

The main engine is solid propellant, with two thrust modes. It turns on when the missile moves away from the launch site by 8 m. In the first mode, it accelerates the missile to its maximum speed. When switching to the second mode, the thrust level decreases, remaining, however, sufficient to maintain supersonic flight speed.

The rocket is equipped with an all-angle IR homing head operating in the 4.1-4.4 micron wavelength range. The radiation receiver is cooled. The alignment of the axis of the optical system of the head with the direction to the target in the process of tracking it is carried out using a gyroscopic drive.

The transport and launch container, which houses the rocket, is made of fiberglass. Both ends of the container are closed with lids that break at launch. The front cover is made of a material through which infrared radiation passes. The shelf life of a rocket in a container is 10 years.

The Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA), funded by the US Department of Defense, released a report on the eve of the start of the NATO summit on what measures should be taken to protect the Baltic states from Russia. First of all - the so-called Suwalki corridor, which separates the Kaliningrad region from the territory of Belarus.

The authors of the report note, in particular, the significantly increased ability of the Russian armed forces to maneuver on the battlefield, the ability to conduct disinformation campaigns. These skills are Russian armed forces they hone in numerous exercises - one of the most ambitious was the West-2017 maneuvers, which were carried out, among other things, on the territory of Belarus and Kaliningrad region.

According to CEPA analysts, the escalation in the Baltics (and a hypothetical attack by Russia through the Suwalki corridor) will also be accompanied by an aggravation of all conflicts in post-Soviet space, starting from the Donbass and Transnistria and ending with Nagorno-Karabakh.

However, apart from Russia's desire to "create a land bridge" across the Suwalki and thus strengthen its political influence in the region, no other clear motives for such a scenario (fraught with a full-scale nuclear war, given the provisions of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty) are given in the report. It should be noted that General Ben Hodges, who until recently was the commander of the NATO Allied Forces in Europe, acts as the author.

As measures to deter Russia, it is proposed, firstly, to strengthen the protective component in the Baltic States and redeploy closer to the Suwalki corridor and the Kaliningrad region short-range anti-missile systems M1097 Avenger. Secondly, to ensure the operational capabilities of NATO units in the region, create advanced logistics points and fuel depots so that it is possible to quickly transfer additional troops to the Baltic states from Germany and Poland.

Thirdly, it is proposed to reduce the response time to potential threats to Russia, as well as to strengthen the exchange of intelligence data between NATO member countries, as well as between NATO and partner countries that are not members of the alliance, such as Finland, Sweden and Ukraine. At the same time, the importance of restoring the competences of the member countries of the alliance in the field of Russian language proficiency and understanding of regional problems is emphasized. It is also proposed to instruct the units of the NATO Special Operations Forces stationed in the Baltic States to train local law enforcement tactics to counter Russia's subversive actions.

Plus, they propose to place on the borders with Russia, instead of rotating every 90 days, a full-fledged field headquarters in the states of the division, which should "send a signal to contain Russia." In addition, it is proposed to establish a new NATO Close Operations Command (REOC), as well as give more authority to the NATO multinational division in the northeast, in Szczecin, Poland, in order to "transfer the decision-making initiative in the event of a Russian attack into the hands of the commanders of the units located right in the Baltics.

Anxious, and sometimes even alarmist, notes regarding NATO's potential to confront Russia in the Baltics have already become a familiar leitmotif of a significant part of publications on the topic of Russian-American relations in the Western media. Thus, in the American press, they complain that NATO troops, in the event of a conflict with Russia, may lose the first phase of the war due to bad roads and bureaucracy. While the main parts of the North Atlantic Alliance will get to the eastern borders, Russian army will occupy the entire Baltic, which became clear from the analysis of the latest exercises of the forces of the Saber Strike alliance.

Thus, US heavy equipment was returning from exercises to its place of permanent deployment in Germany for four months by rail, and the soldiers of the unit at that time were left without vehicles. At the same time, it is specified that the equipment had to be unloaded and reloaded, since the rails on the railways in the Baltic states are wider than those in Western Europe. The movement was slowed down by the detention of the American military by the Hungarian border guards due to improper coupling of armored personnel carriers with wagons.

The build-up of NATO military activity in the EU can already be observed. International military exercises of the alliance Saber Strike 2018 ("Saber strike") began in Latvia. About three thousand soldiers from 12 countries take part in them, including the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Latvia, Albania and others. According to the Latvian Ministry of Defense, the purpose of the maneuvers, which will last until June 15, is to improve the quality of cooperation between members of the alliance and NATO's regional partners.

Atlantic Resolve, for which the Pentagon received four times more funds in 2017 - $ 3.4 billion - it is planned to expand the presence of NATO troops, in particular the United States, on the "eastern flank" to "intimidate" and contain Russia. At the end of the past 1750 soldiers and 60 aircraft units of the 10th Combat Aviation Brigade have already arrived in Germany to counter Russia, from where the units were distributed to Latvia, Romania and Poland.NATO plans to strengthen the groupings of troops along the entire western border of Russia - in Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia , Poland, Bulgaria and Romania.

According to the European press, NATO also intends to increase the contingent of the rapid reaction force deployed mainly in Eastern Europe, - representatives of 23 EU states signed a declaration of intent to take part in "permanent structural cooperation on security and defense issues", while the final decision on the composition of the group will be made in December this year. In particular, it is assumed that the task force will be equipped with 30 thousand military personnel, it will also include several hundred combat aircraft and ships. It is worth noting that on this moment international rapid response teams stationed in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland are under the control of Germany, Great Britain, the USA and Canada.

According to a number of European military analysts, the increase in the degree of anti-Russian sentiment on the eve of the start of the 29th NATO summit is an attempt to torpedo Trump's course to increase the share of European spending in the alliance's budget structure - since at the moment the main financial burden of the military bloc is borne by the United States. The current American administration is inclined to change this order. Immediately, however, the bogey of the "Russian threat" reappears on the horizon, which can capture all nearby countries and spread its "authoritarian influence"...

On this day:

Toughie

On October 24, 1702, Peter the Great, with an army and fleet, captured the Swedish fortress of Noteburg, which was originally Russian and was previously called Oreshek. The first information about it is in the Novgorod Chronicle, which tells that "in the summer of 6831 ... (i.e., in 1323) a wooden fortress called Orekhova was built by the Novgorod prince Yuri Danilovich, the grandson of Alexander Nevsky."

Toughie

On October 24, 1702, Peter the Great, with an army and fleet, captured the Swedish fortress of Noteburg, which was originally Russian and was previously called Oreshek. The first information about it is in the Novgorod Chronicle, which tells that "in the summer of 6831 ... (i.e., in 1323) a wooden fortress called Orekhova was built by the Novgorod prince Yuri Danilovich, the grandson of Alexander Nevsky."

At the end of the 15th century, Veliky Novgorod with its possessions became part of the Muscovite state, which began to strengthen all the former Novgorod fortresses.

The old Nut Fortress was demolished to its foundations, and a new powerful defensive structure was built in its place, meeting all the requirements for protection during a siege with the help of artillery. Along the perimeter of the entire island rose stone walls twelve meters high, 740 meters long, 4.5 meters thick, with six round towers and one rectangular. The height of the towers reached 14-16 meters, the diameter of the interior - 6 meters. All towers had four battle tiers, the lower of which was covered with a stone vault. Loopholes and special openings for lifting ammunition were located in different tiers of the towers. Inside this fortress there is another fortification - a citadel with three towers, between which there were vaulted galleries for storing food and ammunition and a combat move - "vlaz". Canals with folding bridges that skirted the citadel not only blocked the approaches to it, but also served as an inner harbor.

The Oreshek fortress, located on an important trade route along the Neva to the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea, blocked the entrance to Lake Ladoga, the Swedes' constant rivals. In the second half of the 16th century, the Swedes made two attempts to capture the fortress, but both times were successfully repulsed. In 1611, the Swedish troops captured Oreshok after a two-month blockade, when as a result of hunger and disease, no more than a hundred of the 1300 defenders of the fortress remained.

During the Northern War (1700-1721), Peter the Great set the capture of the Noteburg fortress as a top priority. Her island position required the creation of a fleet for this. Peter ordered to build thirteen ships in Arkhangelsk, of which two ships - "Holy Spirit" and "Courier" - were dragged through the swamps and taiga by Zaonezhsky men from the White Sea to Lake Onega, where they launched the ships, and then along the Svir and Lake Ladoga came to the sources of the Neva.

The first Russian detachments led by Peter I appeared near Noteburg on September 26, 1702, the next day the siege of the fortress began. October 11, Art. Art., after a ten-day bombardment, the Russians launched an assault that lasted 13 hours. Noteburg again became a Russian fortress, the official transfer took place on October 14, 1702. Regarding the capture of the fortress, Peter wrote: "It is true that this nut was very cruel, but, thank God, it was happily gnawed." By royal decree, in memory of the capture of Noteburg, a medal was knocked out with the inscription: "He was with the enemy for 90 years." The fortress of Noteburg was renamed by Peter Shlisselburg, which means "Key City" in German. For more than 200 years, the fortress performed defensive functions, then it became a political prison. Since 1928 there has been a museum here. During the Great Patriotic War The Shlisselburg Fortress heroically defended itself for almost 500 days and withstood, preventing the blockade around Leningrad from closing. The garrison of the fortress also contributed to the liberation of the city of Shlisselburg, which in 1944 was renamed Petrokrepost. Since 1966, the Shlisselburg Fortress (Oreshek) has again become a museum.

Scout Nadezhda Troyan

October 24, 1921 Nadezhda Viktorovna Troyan was born (d. 2011), Soviet intelligence officer and nurse of the Storm partisan detachment, Hero Soviet Union, candidate of medical sciences, senior lieutenant of the medical service.

Scout Nadezhda Troyan

Nadezhda Viktorovna Troyan (d. 2011) was born on October 24, 1921, a Soviet intelligence officer and nurse of the Storm partisan detachment, Hero of the Soviet Union, candidate of medical sciences, senior lieutenant of the medical service.

Her childhood was spent in Belarus. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, being in the territory temporarily occupied by German troops, she participated in the work of an underground organization in the city of Smolevichi, Minsk region. Members of the underground Komsomol organization, created at the peat plant, collected intelligence about the enemy, replenished the ranks of the partisans, provided assistance to their families, wrote and posted leaflets. From July 1942 she was a liaison, scout, nurse of the partisan detachments "Stalin's Five" (commander M. Vasilenko), "Storm" (commander M. Skoromnik), the brigade "Uncle Kolya" (commander - Hero of the Soviet Union P. G. Lopatin) in Minsk region. She participated in operations to blow up bridges, attack enemy carts, and participated in battles more than once. On the instructions of the organization, she took part, together with M. B. Osipova and E. G. Mazanik, in the operation to destroy the German Gauleiter of Belarus Wilhelm Kube. About this feat Soviet partisans told in the feature film "The clock stopped at midnight" ("Belarusfilm") and the TV series "Hunting for the Gauleiter" (directed by Oleg Bazilov, 2012). The title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the award of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal (No. 1209) was awarded to Nadezhda Viktorovna Troyan on October 29, 1943 for her courage and heroism shown in the fight against the Nazi invaders.

After the war in 1947 she graduated from the 1st Moscow Medical Institute. She worked as director of the Scientific Research Institute of Health Education of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, associate professor of the Department of Surgery at the 1st Moscow Medical Institute.

Special Forces Day

October 24, 1950 Minister of War of the USSR Marshal of the Soviet Union A.M. Vasilevsky issued a directive on the formation of 46 companies special purpose with a staff of 120 people each.

Disaster at the start

On October 24, 1960, an experimental R-16 intercontinental rocket exploded at the launch site in Baikonur. As a result, 74 people died, including the chairman of the state commission, Chief Marshal of Artillery Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin.

Information exchange

If you have information about any event related to the subject of our site, and you want us to publish it, you can use the special form:

The first flight of the Tu-22M3M long-range supersonic bomber-missile carrier is scheduled for August this year at the Kazan Aviation Plant, RIA Novosti reports. This is a new modification of the Tu-22M3 bomber, put into service in 1989.

The aircraft demonstrated its combat viability in Syria, striking terrorist bases. They used Backfires, as they called this formidable car in the West, and during the Afghan war.

As the senator points out Viktor Bondarev, ex-commander-in-chief of the Russian Aerospace Forces, the aircraft has great potential for modernization. Actually, this is the whole line of Tu-22 bombers, the creation of which began in the Tupolev Design Bureau in the 60s. The first prototype made its launch flight in 1969. The very first serial machine Tu-22M2 was put into service in 1976.

In 1981, the Tu-22M3 began to enter the combat units, which became a deep modernization of the previous modification. But it was put into service only in 1989, which was associated with the refinement of a number of systems and the introduction of new generation missiles. The bomber is equipped with new NK-25 engines, more powerful and economical, with electronic system management. The on-board equipment has been largely replaced - from the power supply system to the radar and weapons control complex. The aircraft defense complex has been significantly strengthened.

As a result, an aircraft with a variable sweep of the wing appeared with the following characteristics: Length - 42.5 m. Wingspan - from 23.3 m to 34.3 m. Height - 11 m. Empty weight - 68 tons, maximum takeoff - 126 tons Engine thrust - 2 × 14500 kgf, afterburner thrust - 2 × 25000 kgf. The maximum speed near the ground is 1050 km / h, at an altitude of 2300 km / h. Flight range - 6800 km. Ceiling - 13300 m. Maximum missile and bomb load - 24 tons.

The main result of the modernization was the arming of the bomber with Kh-15 missiles (up to six missiles in the fuselage plus four on the external sling) and Kh-22 (two on the suspension under the wings).

For reference: Kh-15 is a supersonic aeroballistic missile. With a length of 4.87 m, it fit into the fuselage. The warhead had a mass of 150 kg. There was a nuclear version with a capacity of 300 kt. The rocket, having risen to a height of up to 40 km, when diving on a target in the final section of the route, accelerated to a speed of 5 M. The range of the X-15 was 300 km.

And Kh-22 - supersonic cruise missile, the range of which reaches 600 km, and maximum speed- 3.5M-4.6 M. Flight altitude - 25 km. The missile also has two warheads - nuclear (up to 1 Mt) and high-explosive-cumulative with a mass of 960 kg. In this connection, she was conditionally nicknamed the "killer of aircraft carriers."

But last year, an even more advanced Kh-32 cruise missile, which is a deep modernization of the Kh-22, was put into service. The range has increased to 1000 km. But the main thing is that the noise immunity has significantly increased, the ability to overcome the zones of active action of the complexes electronic warfare enemy. At the same time, the dimensions and weight, as well as warhead remained the same.

And this is good. The bad thing is that in connection with the cessation of production of X-15 missiles, they began to be gradually removed from service since 2000 due to the aging of the solid fuel mixture. At the same time, the replacement of the old rocket was not prepared. In this connection, now the Tu-22M3 bomb bay is loaded only with bombs - both free-falling and adjustable.

What are the main disadvantages of the new weapon variant? First, to precision weapons listed bombs are not included. Secondly, in order to completely "unload" the ammunition, the aircraft must carry out bombing in the very heat of the enemy's air defense.

Previously, this problem was solved optimally - at first, Kh-15 missiles (among which there was an anti-radar modification) hit the radar of air defense / missile defense systems, thereby clearing the way for their main strike force - a pair of Kh-22s. Now bomber sorties are associated with increased danger, unless, of course, the collision occurs with a serious enemy who owns modern air defense systems.

There is another unpleasant moment, because of which the excellent missile carrier is significantly inferior, if possible, to its counterparts in the Long-Range Aviation of the Russian Air Force - the Tu-95MS and Tu-160. On the basis of the SALT-2 agreement, equipment for refueling in the air was removed from the "twenty-second". In this connection, the combat radius of the missile carrier does not exceed 2400 km. And even then only if you fly light, with a half rocket and bomb load.

At the same time, the Tu-22M3 does not have missiles that could significantly increase the aircraft's strike range. The Tu-95MS and Tu-160 have such, this is the Kh-101 subsonic cruise missile, which has a range of 5500 km.

So, work on upgrading the bomber to the level of the Tu-22M3M goes in parallel with much more secret work on the creation of a cruise missile that will restore the combat effectiveness of this machine.

Since the beginning of the 2000s, the Raduga design bureau has been developing a promising cruise missile, which was declassified only last year to a very limited extent. And even then only in terms of design and characteristics. This is the "product 715", which is intended primarily for the Tu-22M3M, but can also be used on the Tu-95MS, Tu-160M ​​and Tu-160M2. American military-technical publications claim that this is almost a copy of their subsonic and most distant air-to-surface missile AGM-158 JASSM. However, this would not be desirable. Since these, according to Trump's characteristics, "smart missiles", as it recently turned out, are smart to the point of self-will. Some of them, during the last unsuccessful shelling of Syrian targets by the Western allies, which has become famous all over the world, against the will of the owners, actually flew to beat the Kurds. And the range of the AGM-158 JASSM is modest by modern standards - 980 km.

An improved Russian analogue of this overseas missile is the Kh-101. By the way, it was also made in KB "Rainbow". The designers managed to significantly reduce the dimensions - the length decreased from 7.5 m to 5 m or even less. The diameter was reduced by 30%, "losing weight" to 50 cm. This turned out to be enough to place the "product 715" inside the bomb bay of the new Tu-22M3M. Moreover, immediately in the amount of six missiles. That is, now, finally, in terms of tactics combat use we again have everything the same as it was during the operation of the Kh-15 missiles being decommissioned.

Inside the fuselage of the modernized bomber, the missiles will be placed in a revolver-type launcher, similar to the cartridge drum of a revolver. During the launch of the missiles, the drum turns step by step, and the missiles are sequentially sent to the target. This placement does not impair the aerodynamic qualities of the aircraft and, therefore, allows you to save fuel, as well as to maximize the possibilities of supersonic flight. Which, as mentioned above, is especially important for the "single-refueling" Tu-22M3M.

Of course, the designers of the "product 715" could not even theoretically, while simultaneously increasing the flight range and reducing the dimensions, also achieve supersonic speed. Actually, the Kh-101 is not a high-speed missile either. On the marching section, it flies at a speed of about 0.65 Mach, at the finish line it accelerates to 0.85 Mach. Its main advantage (in addition to range) is different. The missile has a whole set of powerful tools that allow you to break through the enemy's missile defense. Here and stealth - RCS of the order of 0,01 sq.m. And the combined flight profile - from creeping to a height of 10 km. And effective complex electronic warfare. In this case, the circular probable deviation from the target at a full distance of 5500 km is 5 meters. Such high accuracy is achieved due to the combined guidance system. In the final section, an optoelectronic homing head operates, which guides the missile along a map stored in memory.

Experts suggest that in terms of range and other characteristics, the "product 715", if inferior to the X-101, is insignificant. Estimates range from 3,000 km to 4,000 km. But, of course, the striking power will be different. X-101 has a warhead mass of 400 kilograms. So much in new rocket"won't fit".

As a result of the adoption of the "product 715", the bomber's high-precision ammunition load will not only increase, but will also be balanced. So, the Tu-22M3M will have the opportunity, without approaching the air defense zone, to pre-process radars and air defense systems with “babies”. And then, coming closer, strike at strategic targets with powerful Kh-32 supersonic missiles.