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Features of feeding working horses. Horse feeding. The need of working horses for energy, nutrients and biologically active substances
Features of feeding horses
Rated feeding of working horses is a necessary condition for maintaining high efficiency, health and fertility. The horse has significant differences in the structure of the digestive organs compared to ruminants. The stomach volume of a horse is 7-8 times less than that of cattle. One of the main tasks of proper feeding of horses is to ensure the highest level of digestive processes. This is controlled by the dry matter content of the feed ration. Sufficient feeding is also judged by the fatness of horses.
With proper feeding, regardless of the nature of the work, the fatness of horses should be good. The main nutrients that serve as a source of energy for muscular work are carbohydrates and fats. The use of protein as an energy source leads to severe exhaustion and weakening of the body, in connection with which the horse's performance is significantly reduced.
Feed and feeding technique
Horses eat good-quality meadow hay, as well as hay of legumes and cereal legumes without any preparation. Good hay contains in its composition a complete protein, a complex of vitamins and mineral salts, it favorably affects the course of the digestive process. Some of the hay in the workhorse's diet can be replaced with good spring straw. Straw is fed to horses in a steamed form, flavored with powdered powder. Roughage in the horse's diet is used in the range of 1.5-3 kg per 1 kg of horse weight, depending on the nature of the work performed.
With hard work, reduce the amount of roughage and increase the cottage of concentrates. For working horses, foals and suckling mares, corn silage, sugar beets, fodder carrots, and potatoes are good succulent feeds. Giving succulent feed in the diet of horses can be recommended from 2 to 4 kg per 1 quintal of live weight. From concentrated feed, horses are fed oats, corn, barley, rye, grains and legumes, bran and various cakes. It is recommended to feed corn and other hard grains in crushed form, barley, and especially rye, should be fed no more than 1/3 of the grain feed, as they are highly hygroscopic and often cause colic in horses.
For working horses, the All-Union Research Institute of Horse Breeding has developed feed norms for various work intensity, which should be followed in the preparation of feed rations.
In addition to the feed ration, the horse should receive table salt. It should be given in the amount of 5-7 g per 1 kg of animal weight during light work, 7-9 g for medium work, and 8-10 g for heavy work. Pregnant mares, if they are used at work, should receive additionally 1.5-2.0 feed units. Lactating mares need to increase the norm in the first 3 months of lactation by 4 feed units, and in the subsequent months of lactation - by 2-3 feed units. All of these supplements should contain 100 g of digestible protein per feed unit.
During the day, horses should be fed at least 3 times. The time of morning feeding is set depending on the start of work in such a way that the horse eats all the given food 1-1.5 hours before going to work.
The order of feeding horses is as follows: roughage, succulent feed and concentrated feed, which are recommended to be fed after the horse has been watered. It is advisable to water the horse after each giving of roughage and before distributing concentrates. You can not water the horse immediately after work, when it has not cooled down yet. When watering horses during work, it is necessary to work on them after watering for about 30 minutes. After that, the horses can be put to rest and feed.
Feeding is one of the main factors that determine the horse's performance. To perform work, the horse spends a certain amount of energy. Therefore, the diet of such a horse must contain the necessary amount of nutrients to maintain life and compensate for the body's energy costs for muscle activity. Feeding norms for working horses are established taking into account their live weight and the amount of work they perform. Every month the animals are weighed and their fatness is determined. Horses of reduced fatness per 1 kg of live weight gain are recommended to be given 5-6 feeds in addition to the established norms. units
Diets for working horses should consist mainly of cheap carbohydrate feed and be balanced in protein, vitamins and minerals. When compiling diets, the palatability of the feed, their palatability, as well as the age and fatness of the animals, the amount of work they perform are taken into account. Eliminate any food from the diet or add a new one to it should be gradual.
From roughage, horses eat well good-quality hay - meadow hay or mixtures of sowing grasses; from humic - oat straw and chaff (better after steaming). It is recommended to introduce potatoes, beets, carrots into the diet. Of the concentrates, oats are considered the best. However, oats alone cannot fully meet the nutritional needs of the horse's body. Therefore, in addition to it, mineral and vitamin supplements are included in the diets. Instead of oats, barley and corn can be included in the diets. It is good to give horses steamed porridge from oats and bran with the addition of a decoction of flaxseed. When using these feeds, horses quickly restore body condition.
In autumn, the main food for working horses can be freshly cut green grass. In their free time, especially at night, working horses are recommended to be kept on pastures. If necessary, they are fed with concentrates, especially during hard work. In order to avoid indigestion, grazing horses should be transferred gradually. When kept in a stable, working horses are fed 3 times a day - in the morning, at lunchtime and in the evening, and during the period of long work - every 3 hours. Half of the daily rate of roughage is given at night, and the rest - equally in the morning and at noon . Concentrates are fed in equal proportions in the morning, afternoon and evening. Horses are fed at a certain time according to the daily routine, which contributes to better digestibility and assimilation of feed. First give roughage, and then concentrates.
During hard work, especially in hot weather, the horse sweats a lot. With sweat, a lot of water and salts are excreted, especially sodium chloride, so horses should be given 40-60 g of lick salt daily. Every day, horses consume from 40 to 60 liters of water, and in hot weather and during hard work - up to 80 liters. Horses are recommended to be watered 3 times a day, during work for 20-30 minutes. before the break for rest and at least 1 hour before the resumption of work. Excited horses should not be immediately watered, only with acute thirst they can be given 3-4 sips of water to drink. To avoid colic, animals should not be watered immediately after eating oats or green fodder. In the evening, horses are watered to their heart's content.
In the summer, the hours of work and rest must be distributed so that during the hottest time of the day the horses rest and feed. Work should begin at earlier hours, finish at later hours, lengthening the lunch break.
Timely brushing is essential to the health of a working horse. Horses are cleaned every morning before work begins. To do this, use a brush, and to clean the brush from hair and dust - a comb.
A good hygienic remedy in the summer for cleaning the skin of a horse is a 10-15-minute bath at a water temperature of 14-16 ° C. Water removes dried sweat, refreshes the body, relieves lethargy and muscle fatigue. After bathing, the metabolism increases, the general vitality increases, as a result, the performance of the horse increases.
After work, it is useful to rub the horse with a straw bundle, especially in the places where the collar and saddle fit. In order for the horse to work well, timely trimming and shoeing of hooves is necessary. Upon returning from work, the horse's hooves are cleaned of dirt with a wooden knife so as not to injure the frogs. Reforging of working horses is carried out every 30-45 days. In cases where horses are not shod, it is necessary to trim and trim the hooves once a month so that they have the correct shape.
With year-round use of working horses, they are kept in stables designed for 20, 40 and 60 places. Working horses are kept in stalls, deep-throated mares, mares with suckling foals, and stud stallions are kept in stalls. Two-row placement of stalls and stalls is used, the width of the common aisle is 2.6-3 m. No more than 12 stalls or 30 stalls are placed in one continuous row. To ensure the optimal temperature and humidity conditions and the gas composition of the air, the stables are equipped with a flow-exhaust ventilation system.
The partitions between the stalls are made of rolls (cymbals) 10–12 cm thick at a height of 1 m in the front of the stall, and 0.65 m in the back. Horses in the stalls are kept on halters (it is possible on rope or belt ties). Feeders in stalls and stalls are made in the form of troughs 1-1.2 m long, 0.6 wide at the top, 0.4 at the bottom, 0.3 m deep, the distance from the floor to the top of the feeder is 1.1 m. In the trough, a compartment 0.4 m long is arranged for concentrated feed. The rest of the feeder is closed with a lifting grate with 0.3 m gaps for roughage, the feeding front for adult horses is 1 m, for young animals - 0.6 m per animal.
FGOU VPO Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine
and Biotechnology them. K.I. Scriabin.
Coursework on feeding on the topic:
"The system of rationed feeding of pregnant mares"
Performed:
3rd year student of FZTA
Komarova Yulia Sergeevna
Teacher:
Koval Zinaida Dmitrievna
Moscow 2009
Main part
1. Definition of a rationed feeding system and its main elements
2. Horse nutrition and energy requirements
3. Feeds and supplements used in diets. Daily feeding rates. The value of reserve nutrients in the system of rationed feeding, prevention of metabolic and reproductive disorders, diseases
4. Feeding a mare with a foal. Diet Requirements
5. Features of feeding technique
6. Practical methods for monitoring the usefulness of feeding
Settlement part
Conclusion on the settlement part
List of used literature
Main part
1. Definition of a rationed feeding system and its main elements
Under rationed feeding system(SNK) understand a set of scientific and economic measures, the introduction of which into the practice of animal husbandry ensures high productivity and good health of animals with economical use of feed.
The main elements of the SNC are:
1. Feeding rate- the optimal amount of nutrients in the diet, necessary to obtain from animals the appropriate level and type of product with economical use of feed, the preservation of their health and normal reproduction.
2. Type of feeding- is determined mainly by the content of a particular food in the diet.
3. diet- set and amount of feed consumed by animals for a certain period of time.
4. Animal feeding technology– organization and technique of animal feeding.
2. Horse nutritional and energy requirements
In order to correctly compose the feed ration, it is necessary to know the norms of the horse's need for nutrients and biologically active substances.
The value of the horse's need for dry matter, energy, fiber, minerals and vitamins depends on the age, sex, live weight, physiological state of the animal (mares single, foals, lactating, breeding stallions with a non-lubricating, pre-lubricating and breeding period), work performed and its intensity (outside work, light, medium and heavy load), breeds (trotter, riding and heavy), economic use (breeding, working, sports, mares of koumiss farms, stages of rearing, fattening and fattening the body for meat), etc.
The need for dry matter and energy. Currently, the energy nutritional value of feed is expressed in energy feed units (EFU) differentially for each animal species.
One feed energy unit (FEU) is equal to 10 MJ of metabolizable energy (ME).
Adult working horses require an average of 1.07-1-6 ECU, depending on the work performed, young animals - 1.3-1.07 ECU. per 100 kg live weight. This need for breeding horses is somewhat different and averages 0.9 - 1.4 ECU. Feed quantity units in the diet characterizes underfeeding or overfeeding of the horse: with insufficient nutrition, the animal loses weight, with excess fat.
Rationing the dry matter content in the feed determines the volume of the diet, the fullness of the digestive canal of the horse and its satiety. The need for working horses in dry matter is on average 2.2-3 kg per 100 kg of live weight. For working foals and lactating mares, this rate is increased by an average of 20% for the growth of the offspring and the formation of milk.
Both the lack and excess of dry matter in the diet adversely affect the motor and secretory activity of the digestive organs, the digestibility and assimilation of feed nutrients and, in general, the health of the horse.
The need for dry matter in young working and breeding horses is the same (on average 2.4 - 2.8 kg per 100 kg of live weight). In colts under two years old, it is 10% higher than in fillies. Depending on the type of horse being bred (heavy-drawn, riding-draft), the dry matter consumption rates can be changed up or down by about 10%.
The level of energy nutrition of a horse is determined by the amount of metabolic energy per 100 kg of live weight or per head per day and is expressed in megajoules - MJ. The need for metabolic energy in adult working horses is on average 18-25 MJ, in young animals - 21-28 MJ per 100 kg of live weight. In violation of energy metabolism in the body, efficiency decreases, growth is delayed, and other negative consequences are observed.
The need for protein.
It is necessary for the growth of young animals, the renewal of worn-out tissues of an adult horse, the formation of milk in lactating mares, for the formation of semen in breeding stallions, as well as for the synthesis of enzymes, hormones, immune bodies, etc. The optimal need for working horses is on average 170-240 g, in young animals - 180-280 g per 100 kg of live weight.
Need for fiber. Although the horse receives the main amount of energy from carbohydrates, nevertheless, the need for easily digestible carbohydrates (starch and sugar), as well as fat, is not standardized. Only fiber is regulated. Moreover, the need for fiber is minimal, since its excess reduces the digestibility of feed nutrients. The optimal fiber content in diets should not exceed 16% of the dry matter of the feed. The optimal requirement for adult working horses is 400-480 g, for young animals 450-480 g per 100 kg of live weight.
Need for minerals. The mineral nutritional value of feed is characterized by the presence of microelements in them - calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, etc., as well as microelements - iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese, iodine, etc.
sodium and chlorine. The main source is table salt, 100 g of which contains 39 g of sodium and 60 g of chlorine. An adult horse requires an average of 5-9 g of salt, young horses - 5-7 g, sports horses during training and performances - 12 g per 100 kg of live weight.
calcium and phosphorus. With a deficiency, rapid fatigue, decreased performance and osteodystrophic diseases (swelling of the joints of the extremities, etc.) are observed. the consequences of insufficiency in the diet of calcium and phosphorus are exacerbated by a violation of the correspondence of these elements, which should normally be 1: 0.75. The need for calcium in adult horses is 4-12 g, in young animals - 13-21 g; in phosphorus in adults - 3-9 g, in young animals - 12-15 g per 100 kg of live weight.
Magnesium. With a lack of horses become very excitable (especially sports). The need for magnesium in adult horses is 2.5-4 g, in young animals - 3-4 g per 100 kg of live weight.
Iron. Copper. Cobalt. In terms of their importance in feeding horses, these elements are closely related. Prolonged deficiency of one or more of them in the body causes various forms of anemia. The iron requirement for adult working horses is 80-120 mg; in copper in adult horses - 15-25 mg, in young animals - 21-27 mg; in cobalt - in adults - 1-1.8 mg, in young animals - 1.5-2 mg per 100 kg of live weight.
Zinc. Lack of diet dramatically slows down the growth of the horse and delays puberty, disrupts taste (horses gnaw wood) and smell, sometimes skin diseases appear. The need for zinc in adult horses and young animals is on average 55-96 mg per 100 kg of live weight (depending on the work performed).
Manganese. With a deficiency in the diet, there is a delay in puberty, irregular ovulation, the birth of dead and non-viable offspring, poor sperm quality in breeding stallions. The need for manganese in breeding horses is 60-120 mg per 100 kg of live weight.
Iodine. Lack in the diets of working horses contributes to their rapid fatigue and reduced performance; in the diets of pregnant mares, it often causes the birth of weak, non-viable foals with a pronounced painful enlargement of the thyroid gland, sparse hair, and sometimes naked. The need for iodine is: in adult working horses 0.8-1.4 mg (depending on the work performed), in young animals - 1.5-2 mg (depending on age) per 100 kg of live weight.
3. Feeds and additives used in diets. Daily feeding rates. The value of reserve nutrients in the system of rationed feeding, prevention of metabolic and reproductive disorders, diseases
The diet of horses should include a wide variety of feed of plant and animal origin, as well as all kinds of additives. Of the plants most of all they are fed with green, rough and grain feeds, and less - root crops, silage and the remains of industrial production. Feeds of animal origin in the diets of horses occupy no more than 10% (in terms of nutrition). To increase the usefulness of diets and their balance, mineral, vitamin supplements and premixes are used.
Green fodder.
It contains a large amount of physiologically bound water. Young grass in terms of the content of digestible protein and general nutritional value approaches grain feeds, but significantly exceeds them in terms of the biological value of proteins. Green fodder is rich in carotene, vitamins, minerals, aromatic and estrogenic substances, and is a universal causative agent of the digestive glands.
In summer, grass, compared to other feeds, most fully satisfies the horses' need for nutrients and should form the basis of summer feeding.
Adult horses eat up to 50-60 kg of good pasture grass, one-year-old foals - up to 30-40 kg per day, and on average - about 6-10 kg per 100 kg of live weight.
Grass should be given to horses often, in small portions, if possible fresh, recently mowed.
Hay. During the period of stall keeping, the basis of the diet of horses is good hay, which is the best source of a significant part of the protein, minerals and vitamins. In winter, hay takes up to 40-50% of the total number of feed units of the ration.
According to the standard, hay is divided into sowing (legume, cereal and legume-cereal) and natural lands (meadow, forest, swamp, bluegrass, herbs, etc.). For horses from sowing hay, timothy and clover-timothy are most suitable, from hay of natural lands - meadow hay. Good bean hay is fed at half the full rate of hay. When feeding hay ad libitum, adult horses eat up to 4 kg per 100 kg of live weight. However, it is better not to give them large portions, as this burdens the animals, makes it difficult for them to breathe, and interferes with their work. Depending on the intensity of work, the type of horse and the quality of the feed, the hay rate ranges from 1.5 kg to 3 kg per 100 kg of live weight. The harder the work, the less hay they give. On average, an adult working horse is fed 8-10 kg of hay, stud stallions - 10-16, mares - 12-15, year-old foals - 8-12, older foals - 8-16 kg per day.
Straw. This roughage only replaces part of the hay. Straw contains little protein, minerals and vitamins and a lot of fiber (up to 30-40%), which causes its low digestibility and nutritional value. More suitable for horses are oat, millet and corn straw, which is fed mixed with hay. It is advisable to introduce straw in the form of cuttings into the diet as an additive to young watery grass or to "dilute" large quantities of succulent fodder. The amount of straw cutting should be 1.5-2.5 cm. Working horses are given no more than 5 kg of good-quality straw per day.
Chaff. In terms of its nutritional qualities, it is somewhat higher than straw, but is more clogged with particles of sand and earth and is more easily spoiled. Only the chaff of awnless bread is suitable for feeding horses. Spring chaff is considered good - oatmeal, millet and awnless barley. The chaff is fed wet or steamed (within 8-10 hours) or mixed with succulent feed. Adult horses can be given up to 4 kg per day.
Grain feed. These include grain cereal feeds - oats, barley, corn, rye, wheat, etc. and cereal legumes - peas, vetch, lentils, etc. Cereal cereal feeds are high in carbohydrates, good nutritional value (they contain the most digestible nutrients) .
Oats. The main concentrated feed for horses, oats, in terms of composition and dietary properties, is one of the best feeds. In the composition of the protein, protein occupies 93%. There is a lot of phosphorus and B vitamins in oats. The optimal norms for feeding oats per day in combination with other concentrated feeds are as follows: for breeding stallions - 3-6 kg (depending on the breed and breeding use), for mares - 2-4 kg ( depending on the physiological state), for working horses - 2-5 kg (depending on the work performed), for sports horses - 5-7 kg (depending on the period of rest or performance). The maximum feeding rate of oats in the diets of adult horses with a live weight of 500 kg is 6 kg (without work) and 12 kg (at work) per day.
Barley. In terms of chemical composition, barley differs from oats in a lower content of minerals, fiber and fat and in a higher content of starch. Its overall nutritional value is 20% higher than that of oats. However, barley is considered only a satisfactory feed for horses. It is not recommended to feed more than 6 kg of barley per day to an adult horse with a live weight of 500 kg. Feeding barley as the only feed can cause colic in the horse, so it is recommended to give it half the amount of oats. In order for the horse to chew barley better, straw or hay cutting or flattening is added to it. In farms where the only grain feed is barley, it is necessary to accustom horses to it from a young age.
Corn. Among cereal grains, corn stands out for its high content of starch and fat and less protein and calcium. Therefore, when feeding it to horses, clover or alfalfa hay and cereal legumes (peas) should be introduced into the diet. In the diets of breeding breeds of horses, corn can replace up to 1/2 of oats, heavy draft breeds - 1/4, working horses - 2/3. Finely ground corn is not given, as it can cause colic. The maximum feeding rate of corn is 6 kg per day.
Rye. Wheat. In terms of chemical composition and nutritional value, they almost do not differ from barley. Rye is given to horses with care. It swells greatly in the stomach and causes colic. If necessary, rye and wheat in the form of grains are fed mixed with oats (replace no more than 1/2 of oats with the addition of fodder molasses to the diet). The maximum rate of rye and wheat is 4 kg per day, while the one-time rate should not exceed 2 kg with gradual accustoming of animals within 5-7 days. Not recommended for high value breeding and sport horses.
Peas. Vika. Lentils. Cereal legumes in feeding horses are used less frequently than cereal grains. These feeds in their composition contain a relatively large amount of protein, almost entirely composed of proteins, and slightly carbohydrates. They should be fed in crushed, flattened or ground form and with great care - horses experience swelling. The limiting norm is 2 kg per day after gradual accustoming (start with 300-500 g per day).
Root and tuber crops. Of these, carrots, beets and potatoes are given. The composition of these feeds contains up to 90% water, they are poor in protein, fat, and contain little fiber. The main nutrients - sugar, pectin and starch - are digested in the body of horses by 95-98%. The most useful are red carrots, which contain an average of 54 mg of carotene per 1 kg. Carrots are fed to pregnant and lactating mares at 4-6 kg, for foals - 2-4 kg per day. Give it separately or chopped mixed with oats.
beets working horses with light and medium work should be up to 10-15 kg of fodder and 5-7 kg of sugar per day. It is useful for pregnant and lactating mares, as well as young animals (up to 4 kg per day). It can be given whole raw or chopped mixed with straw cuttings or chaff.
Potato rich in starch, ascorbic acid and B vitamins. It is given to horses in a raw, boiled or steamed form. Raw potatoes in the diet of working horses can be included up to 10-15 kg, young animals - up to 5 kg, pregnant mares - up to 4 kg per day. Boiled or steamed working horses are fed up to 15-20 kg per day. If it makes up the bulk of the diet, then it is necessary to add good hay to it and increase the rate of table salt to the maximum. Feeding sprouted and poor-quality potatoes is undesirable.
Silage. It is fed as a succulent feed, mainly to working horses, and always in combination with hay. Good, high-quality corn or sunflower silage is given to working horses up to 10-15 kg, breeding mares and young animals - up to 10 kg per day. At the same time, chalk should be added to the diet up to 30g per day. Horses are taught to silage gradually. It is not recommended to feed silage to pregnant mares, high quality horses used in sports, hard work and riding.
Senage. It is a wilted, carbon dioxide-preserved green grass with moisture content. According to its properties, quality and nutritional value, haylage occupies an intermediate position between hay and silage. Unlike silage, it is fresh food, close in sugar content to green grass and is readily eaten by horses. In winter, haylage is given to adult horses up to 5-8 kg, to young horses older than a year - 3-4 kg per day. Haylage can be replaced in the diet up to half of the hay.
Remains of technical productions.
In feeding horses, wheat bran (remains of flour milling production), cake and meal (remains of oil extraction production), bard and brewer's grains (remains of fermentation production), pulp and molasses - fodder molasses (remains of beet sugar production), pulp (remains of starch and syrup production) are used.
Bran. Wheat and rye bran is a source of B vitamins, contains protein and a lot of phosphorus. Bran is considered good food for all age groups of horses. Stud stallions and mares are given 1-2 kg, young animals - 0.5-1 kg per day. The maximum norm for adult horses of wheat bran is 4 kg, for rye - 3 kg per day.
Cakes and meal. It is useful for horses to feed flaxseed, sunflower, corn, soybean, cotton and hemp cakes and meals in small quantities. They are an excellent source of protein and the essential amino acid lysine, especially for young, growing horses. The optimal rate of cakes and meals is 0.5-1 kg per day. It is not recommended to feed cottonseed meal to young foals and foal mares. The diet of high-value breeding and sporting horses includes flax meal and cake, which give a special shine and beauty to the coat.
Bard and beer pellet. Dry rye, corn and potato bard is used as a protein supplement in the diets of working horses in the amount of 0.5-1 kg per day. Sometimes working horses are fed fresh stillage. Treacle stillage is not given to horses. Dried brewer's grain as a source of protein is included in the diet of working horses no more than 1 kg per day. They can also be fed in a mixture with other feeds as much as possible: dried stillage - 2-3 kg, dried brewer's grains - 3 kg, malt sprouts - 1 kg per day. This amount is divided into 2-3 doses to make the feed friable. Abroad, grain stillage and grains are used in granulated feed with the addition of molasses, which improves their palatability.
Bagasse and molasses (fodder molasses). Dried pulp and molasses are fed mainly to working horses. Dried beet pulp contains a large amount of nitrogen-free extractive substances, so the feed is used as an energy supplement. In addition, 1 kg of molasses contains an average of 543 g of sugar, and adding it to the feed improves its palatability - the horse eats the entire diet. The optimal amount of dry pulp is 1 kg, molasses - 0.5 kg per day. Working horses can be given a maximum of 3-4 kg of pulp, 0.8-1.5 kg of molasses per day, while the pulp should be soaked with water (in a ratio of 1:4).
Pulp. Dried corn or potato pulp is a source of nitrogen-free extractives. It is given to horses with light and medium work in small (0.5-1 kg per day) quantities. Raw pulp is not fed to horses.
Feed of animal origin.
All feeds of this group are rich in complete protein and minerals. Meat and bone meal, blood and fish, reverse, etc. are fed mainly to breeding stallions during the breeding period and growing young animals during the weaning period, and also given, if necessary, to breeding stallions and suckling mares and emaciated horses. Feed of animal origin is mainly used when there is a lack of protein in the diet. Necessary to balance the diet in accordance with the norms of the need for horses in protein, they are given no more than 100-300 g of dry feed per day. When fed to stallions-producers of fresh skim milk, it is given 3-4 liters per day.
Mineral feed additives.
Of the feed additives, horses most often have to feed mineral and vitamin supplements, as well as premixes, in the diet. They are used when there is insufficient content of mineral elements and vitamins in natural feed. Of the mineral supplements, table salt, chalk, bone meal, salts of microelements, etc. are of the greatest importance for horses.
Salt. Should always be in the diet of all horses. The need for salt in horses depends on their age, physiological state, intensity of work, ambient temperature, etc. On average, adult horses are given 20-60 g per day, young horses - 12-40 g. 1-2% raster salt is moistened with feed and given to horses in this form.
Chalk. It is fed finely ground as a source of calcium. If the chalk is contaminated, it is washed, dried and mixed with concentrated feed. 100 g of chalk contains 36-39 g of calcium. The approximate norm of chalk for adult horses is 30-70 g, for young horses - 20-50 g per day.
Bone meal is defatted. It is added to diets only when there is a lack of calcium and phosphorus in the feed. 100 g of bone meal contains an average of 23 g of calcium and 10 g of phosphorus. It is given to adult horses about 30-50 g, to young animals - 15-25 g per day.
Precipitate (dicalcium phosphate). 100 g contains 26 g of calcium and 19 g of phosphorus. Adult horses are fed 50-80 g, young horses - 20-40 g per day.
In cases where one phosphorus is lacking in the diet of horses, and there is enough calcium, monosodium phosphate (phosphorus 24 g per 100 g) and disodium phosphate (phosphorus 21 g per 100 g) are used. These additives are fed in a mixture with concentrated feed for adult horses - up to 120 g, for young animals - up to 70 g per day.
vitamins .
As a general rule, a healthy horse needs vitamin A supplements, including carotene, D and E, since the lack of vitamin K and the vitamin B complex is compensated by synthesis in the large intestine. Vitamin D is formed under the influence of ultraviolet rays from 7-dihydrocholesterol contained in the skin, provided that the horse is kept in the air during daylight hours.
Flaw vitamin A causes disturbances in the organs of vision and reproduction. The horse usually covers the need for this vitamin due to the content of a sufficient amount of carotene in green food (fresh and dry) and carrots. Depending on the quality of hay and silage (silage), they contain an average concentration of carotene, while grain crops and straw of any quality are extremely poor in carotene content. Practically used horse diets contain more than 75 mg of carotene, which fully covers the need for vitamin A. If the horse's diet contains insufficient hay, then supplements with vitamin A must be used so that the carotene content is at least 50 mg per head per day.
Vitamin E necessary for the formation and functions of various tissues of the body, especially the heart and muscles. Grain feeds contain fairly high levels of vitamin E. There is some evidence that high vitamin E supplements improve the performance of fast-gait horses, but there is not enough objective evidence to support this view. At the same time, the therapeutic administration of vitamin E in the treatment of muscular diseases of sport horses has been used for a long time. Increased doses of vitamin E (from 2 to 4 mg per 1 kg of body weight per day) improve the formation of antibodies and performance. At the very least, the addition of 1 g of vitamin E per daily ration to the feed of a horse carrying heavy sports loads during the competition period can be considered optimal. Pasture forage and hay that has retained its green color are excellent sources of vitamin E.
Vitamin K essential for normal blood clotting. This vitamin is synthesized in the intestines by microorganisms and it is necessary to add vitamin K to the diet of horses in case of diseases in the large intestine. In such cases, green food rich in this vitamin can be used.
Minerals.
Errors in meeting the need for minerals are detected only after obvious symptoms of their shortage appear. As a rule, the lack of minerals in the feed is covered by the use of special additives or lick salt with microelement additives. It is necessary to take into account the content (excess or deficiency) of minerals in the feed when using such additives. For different groups of horses, the need for calcium varies from 35 to 90 g per day, while the need for phosphorus changes accordingly in the Ca:P ratio - 1.4:1 - 2:1. All minerals and trace elements in the horse's diet must be balanced, since changing their ratio changes the digestibility of these substances. For example, calcium absorption is impaired by high levels of phosphorus, and high levels of calcium reduce the digestibility of magnesium, etc.
Magnesium it is necessary in the amount of 40-50 mg per 1 kg of live weight, which is ensured by its content in grain crops, but at high loads, a significant amount of magnesium is excreted with sweat. However, supplements in excess of 40-50 mg of magnesium per 1 kg of body weight can cause a stress effect.
Potassium, sodium and chloride. Alkaline minerals and chlorine are necessary to maintain osmotic pressure in the blood, regulate acidity and water exchange in the animal's body, and also perform the functions of nerve and muscle tissues. An insufficient amount of potassium in the feed causes a slow development of the horse, a decrease in its performance. A small amount of sodium and chlorine causes loss of appetite, rapid fatigue.
Microelements.
These include elements such as iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, magnesium, iodine, selenium. All of them in certain quantities are necessary for the normal development of the body and the manifestation of high performance.
Iron participates in the formation of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Its deficiency in the body leads to physical weakening and a decrease in immunity against infectious diseases, especially in foals. Copper. A lack of copper causes anemia and abnormalities in the development of the horse's skeleton, especially in young animals. Cobalt. The main component of vitamin B12, which is necessary in the horse's body. An insufficient amount of this element leads to anemia, changes in the skin and growth retardation.
Zinc. Necessary in the formation of the skin and its functions. Zinc deficiency leads to skin diseases (parakeratosis) and hair loss.
Manganese participates in the reactions of various enzymes (bone and fat metabolism), it is also necessary in the work of the ovaries.
Iodine. Lack of iodine leads to the appearance of edema, retardation of hair growth, impaired tissue development and depletion of the body. Iodine is important in the feed of foals and lactating mares. In places where food and water contain an insufficient amount of iodine, it must be introduced into the diet additionally in the form of special mineral supplements (lick). Excessive intake of iodine can lead to abnormal development of the thyroid gland and the formation of a goiter.
Selenium and Vitamin E are interchangeable and necessary for the normal implementation of the functions of muscle cells. The content of selenium in the feed must be controlled, since after drying, its amount is noticeably reduced.
Microelements include molybdenum, chromium, zinc, etc., the content of which is sufficient in the traditional diets of horses.
The horse's need for water .
A horse, like other animal species, can live for a long time without food, but not without water. It can use up all the fat and over half of the protein in the body and remain alive, but the loss of about 1% of the horse's body weight leads to serious violations, and 20% to death. If a horse is given free access to water, it will consume enough water to balance this nutrient in its body.
The composition of the diet, age, use of the horse and climatic conditions are the main factors influencing the need for water. The younger the animal, the more water is contained in its tissues, indicating an increased need for it during growth. As the horse ages, the need for water per unit of live weight becomes less. This is because with age, the horse consumes less feed per unit of body weight and more water in the tissues of the body is replaced by fat.
On average, when using standard diets, a horse requires 2-4 kg of water per 1 kg of feed consumed. These are indicative data. For example, when the air temperature is high, the demand for water increases. An increase in temperature from 13 to 25°C increases the need for water by 15-20%. A factor influencing the level of water requirement is also the water content in the feces. Diarrhea is one of the common causes of dehydration, resulting in an increased need for water. A horse's athletic or workload also affects its water requirements, doubling that of horses at rest. After hard work or intense exercise, you should not give a lot of water without first leading the horse for 20-30 minutes until it is completely "cooled down".
water quality requirements. Ponds and stagnant waters of other bodies of water are easily polluted. Often outbreaks of many diseases and helminthic invasions are explained by the use of contaminated water sources. Of course, the best way to avoid such diseases is to drink from automatic drinkers, which ensures an uninterrupted supply of clean and fresh water. If watering from troughs with imported water is used on pastures, then the containers should be regularly cleaned of pollution and sediment. Tap water used to water horses should be tested for toxicity for bacterial contamination and mineral content. The adverse effect of water containing a high concentration of salts depends more on the total amount of minerals than on the presence of any specific element.
Disease examples.
Hepatopathy - This is a disorder of liver function caused by dystrophic changes with jaundice. The intensity of the occurrence of signs of jaundice reflects the severity of pathological changes in the liver.
Etiology. The predisposing factor is the lack of carbohydrate feed, vitamins A and D in the diet against the background of poor-quality concentrated feed. Loss of appetite is associated with oppression, soreness in the region of the liver, coma, or occasional seizures.
Treatment. Take measures aimed at balancing the diet in accordance with the physiological state. If the mare has an appetite, then increase the content of carbohydrates and reduce the amount of grain feed to the norm, prescribe vitamin A preparations in oil. Shown 25% solution of magnesium sulfate intravenously or intramuscularly 2 times a day up to 100 ml, 40% solution of hexamethylenetetramine, 40% solution of glucose with ascorbic acid or insulin, 10% solution of glutamic acid to improve liver function, gemodez or aminopeptide (500 ml) in a dropper. Apply and symptomatic treatment. With heart weakness - 20% solution of caffeine, 2% solution of papaverine, with enteritis - tannin, tanalbin or oak bark 10-20 g orally.
Eclampsia occurs suddenly, without any precursors, and is considered as a high degree of toxicosis. It is characterized by a complex of pathologies, in which recurrent convulsive seizures are most pronounced. In mares, eclampsia is rare, mainly at or after foaling.
Etiology. It is believed that eclampsia arises from excessive consumption of table salt, from an excess of other mineral salts, intoxication with decay products of lochia (sapremia). The most likely cause is an increase in the sensitivity of the mother to toxic factors: metabolic products of the fetus and placenta, decaying villi and lochia.
Characteristic clinical signs begin with convulsive seizures that appear on the background of previous nephropathy. They note fright, unsteady gait, incoordination, sudden fall and an attack of clonic convulsions. Soon the convulsions stop, the mare takes a deep breath, foam comes out of the mouth. After a few minutes, the pulse is restored, the cyanosis disappears, all deviations disappear, functions are restored.
Seizures occur periodically. Possible complications in the form of cerebral hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, aspiration pneumonia.
Treatment. A sick animal is transferred to a stall with darkened windows, provided with thick bedding. On the first day, a starvation diet is shown. After seizures, chloral hydrate is prescribed at 10-20 g in a 10% solution or with an enema in a mucous decoction, intramuscularly 25% solution of magnesia sulfate 2-4 times a day, 100-200 ml, intravenous solutions of glucose or calcium gluconate , 5% solution of calcium bicarbonate up to 500 ml, hemodez, polyglucin, cocarboxylase 200 mg, oxygen therapy, for detoxification - 20% solution of glucose 400 ml, 0.5% solution of novocaine 200 ml and insulin 15 units. for one injection, 2.5% solution of chlorpromazine is administered intramuscularly as a tranquilizer.
4. Feeding a mare's foal. Diet Requirements
After fertilization, pregnancy causes changes in the entire body of the mare. At the same time, foal mares are used for work. In the first half of the pregnancy, the mare is available for medium work, after six months - calm light work, and two months before the foaling, the mares are released from any work, but they are given walking guidance. The duration of the pregnancy of mares is 11 months, or 335 days, with fluctuations from 315 to 360 days, depending on the breed characteristics, the age of the mare, the sex of the fetus, the conditions of feeding and keeping. As a rule, young primiparous mares carry the fetus longer, old and emaciated mares in most cases do not carry the fetus. In trotting breeds, the fruiting period is shorter than in heavy-drawn breeds. Feeding of foal mares should be organized in such a way that the mares are in factory condition during the entire period of foaling. It is impossible to allow obesity or emaciation of animals. The live weight of mares during the period of pregnancy increases by an average of 20%: trotting breeds - by 100 kg, heavy-duty - by 120 kg. Underfeeding of foal mares increases the period of pregnancy, and is often the cause of unsuccessful foaling. Foals from poorly prepared queens are born weak and lag behind in development. Poor feeding weakens the health of mares and adversely affects milk production after foaling. The need for foal mares in nutrients increases from 9 months of pregnancy due to the large expenditure of energy, protein, minerals and vitamins for the development of the fetus, the deposition of reserves in the body, which are used for the first time after foaling for lactation. The general level of feeding of mares from 9 months of pregnancy is 44.4 ECU. per 100 kg live weight. 1 ECE of the diet should account for 10.45 MJ of metabolic energy, 1.43 kg of dry matter, 100 g of digestible protein, 6.4 g of lysine, 286 g of crude fiber, 3.5 g of salt, 6.4 g of calcium, 5 .0 g of phosphorus, 21 mg of carotene, 570 IU of vitamin D3, 6 mg of vitamin E and a certain amount of vitamin B complex and J trace elements. Lack of protein, minerals and vitamins in the diets of pregnant mares is often the cause of abortions and the birth of weak foals. In this case, abortions can be at the beginning, as well as at the end of pregnancy. Most often, young mares are aborted, whose bodies are most sensitive to inadequate feeding. Therefore, when feeding foal mares after 9 months. pregnancy requires an individual approach. In the structure of the diets of pregnant mares in winter period roughage takes about 55%, concentrates - 40% and succulent - 5% of the norm of feed units. In the last two months of pregnancy, the amount of roughage in the diet decreases slightly and the amount of concentrates increases. In the diets of pregnant mares with a live weight of 500-600 kg in winter include: hay - 9-10 kg, oats - 5 kg, wheat bran - 1 kg, wheat bran 1 kg, premix (P 74-1) - 200 g, table salt - 30-35 g per day. It is desirable to give part of the grain in germinated form, and to yeast part of the feed, you can give root crops. The best source of protein, minerals and vitamins during the stall period is good quality meadow hay, sowing cereals and legumes. In the composition of concentrates, in addition to oats, barley is fed in an amount of about 1 kg, corn - up to 1 kg per day. AT summer period in the diet of foal mares include pasture grass ad libitum or green mass of field grass - 50-70 kg, hay - 2 kg concentrates - 2-3 kg, table salt - 30 g per head per day. The transition from one diet to another should be gradual. In spring, the transition from feeding mares hay to green grass should be carried out within 7-10 days, gradually reducing the amount of hay and increasing the grazing time. During the grazing period, it is important to take into account the state of the weather and the nature of the herbage. For foal mares, all feed must be of good quality. Pregnant mares are fed 3-4 times a day at regular intervals. In winter, they should be watered with water warmed to the temperature of the stable (8-10 ° C). Drinking cold water can also cause miscarriage. 10-15 days before foaling, the volume of the feed ration is reduced by reducing roughage in the diet, bean hay is excluded from the diet, rolled oats and wheat bran are given in the form of thick porridge.
During this period, foal mares are fed at a strictly defined time. In stud farms, feed is usually distributed at 6 am, 11 am and 10 pm - 11 pm (roughage). The introduction of carrots, beets, good silage into the diet increases the milk supply of queens. Particular attention should be paid to the quality of feed, because indigestion in the mother, as a rule, leads to the occurrence of gastrointestinal diseases in the foal.
After foaling, it is useful for the mare to give a decoction of a mixture of wheat bran with flaxseed meal. In the first days of lactation, the mare is given hay and 1.5 - 2 kg of oatmeal or bran in the form of thick porridge. Gradually, the feed supply is increased and by the 6th - 8th day they are transferred to a full diet.
Lactating mares give a significant amount of milk. It is generally accepted that 3.4 MJ (0.20 ECU) and 35 g of digestible protein should be given per 1 kg of milk in addition to maintenance feeding. Mares used at work should be given an additional 31 - 42 MJ (1.77 - 2.37 ECU). The composition of the premix P 74-1 for breeding queens contains (per 1 kg): vitamins - A - 1 million IU, D3 - 100 thousand IU, E-. 1 g, K - 100 mg, B1-150 mg, B2 - 400 mg, B3 - 800 mg, B5 - 2 g, B6 - 250 mg, B12 - 1.5 mg, Sun - 50 mg; magnesium - 20 g, trace elements - iron - 1 g, manganese - 3 g, zinc - 4 g, copper - 250 mg, iodine - 50, cobalt - 50 mg.
Sample rations for mares during pasture season .
| Components | Riding and trotting breeds live weight 500 - 550 kg | Heavy-duty breeds, live weight 600 kg | ||||
| single | Pregnant (from 9 months) | lactating | single | Pregnant (from 9 months) | lactating | |
| Mixed grass hay, kg | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Grass forbs (dried to 56% humidity), kg | 8 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 10 |
| Oats, kg | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Barley, kg | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Bran, kg | - | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | 2 |
| Carrots, kg | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1,5 | 1 | 2 |
| Cake, kg | 0,5 | - | - | 0,5 | - | - |
| Eggs, pcs | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Salt, g | 27 | 33 | 40 | 29 | 36 | 43 |
| Premix, kg | 0,1 | 0,2 | 0,4 | 0,4 | 0,5 | 0,5 |
Feeding rates for mares (9th month of pregnancy), per head per day
| Index | Riding and trotting | Heavy trucks | |||||
| Live weight, kg | |||||||
| 400 | 500 | 600 | 400 | 500 | 600 | ||
| Dry matter, kg | 10 | 12,5 | 15 | 12,5 | 15 | 17,5 | |
| EKE | 7,3 | 9,2 | 11 | 9,2 | 11 | 12,8 | |
| Exchange energy, MJ | 73,2 | 91,5 | 109,8 | 91,8 | 109,8 | 127,7 | |
| Crude protein, kg | 1 | 1,25 | 1,5 | 1,25 | 1,5 | 1,75 | |
| Digestible protein, kg | 0,7 | 0,87 | 1,05 | 0,87 | 1,05 | 1,22 | |
| Lysine, g | 45 | 56 | 67 | 56 | 67 | 79 | |
| Crude fiber, kg | 2 | 2,5 | 3 | 2,5 | 3 | 3,5 | |
| Salt, g | 24 | 30 | 36 | 30 | 36 | 42 | |
| Calcium, g | 45 | 56 | 67 | 56 | 67 | 79 | |
| Phosphorus, g | 35 | 44 | 52 | 44 | 52 | 61 | |
| Magnesium, g | 13 | 16 | 19,5 | 16 | 19,5 | 22,7 | |
| Iron, mg | 800 | 1000 | 1200 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | |
| Copper, mg | 85 | 106 | 127 | 106 | 127 | 149 | |
| Zinc, mg | 300 | 375 | 450 | 375 | 450 | 525 | |
| Manganese, mg | 300 | 375 | 450 | 375 | 450 | 525 | |
| Cobalt, mg | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
| Iodine, mg | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
| Carotene, mg | 150 | 187 | 225 | 187 | 225 | 262 | |
| Vitamins: | |||||||
| A (retinol), thousand IU | 60 | 74,8 | 90 | 74,8 | 90 | 104,8 | |
| D (cholecalciferol), thousand IU | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
| E (tocopherol), mg | 250 | 312 | 375 | 312 | 375 | 437 | |
| B1 (thiamine), mg | 30 | 37,5 | 45 | 37,5 | 45 | 52,5 | |
| B2 (riboflavin), mg | 35 | 44 | 52,5 | 44 | 52,5 | 61 | |
| B3 (pantothenic acid), mg | 50 | 62,5 | 75 | 62,5 | 75 | 87,5 | |
| B4 (choline), mg | 1000 | 1250 | 1500 | 1250 | 1560 | 1750 | |
| PP (niacin), mg | 65 | 81 | 97 | 81 | 97 | 114 | |
| B6 (pyridoxine), mg | 15 | 19 | 22 | 19 | 22 | 26 | |
| B12g (cyanocobalamin), mgc | 60 | 75 | 90 | 75 | 90 | 105 | |
| Sun (folic acid), mg | 14 | 17 | 21 | 17 | 21 | 24 | |
5. Features of feeding technique
The basic principles of horse feeding have evolved over the years and have stood the test of time. Today we know much more about their scientific background, and they work, just as before. All of them are of equal importance.
1. The horse must always have access to fresh and clean water.
2. Feed the horse according to its temperament and condition.
3. Feeding must take into account the weight of the horse.
4. You need to feed the animal after the work done, and not before it.
5. Feed your horse high fiber diets for intestinal health. The diet should be approximately 50% roughage.
6. Feed by weight, not volume - weigh scoop and standard hay net.
7. It is customary to feed the horse every day at the same time. Horses develop a habit very quickly and love to follow a routine.
8. Give feed in small portions, but often in accordance with the digestive physiology of horses. The stomach works best when it is two-thirds full, so its active capacity is only 6% of the total capacity of the digestive tract.
9. For each feeding should be 2-2.5 kg of feed.
10. Use only high quality compound feed when feeding. Do not feed your pet dusty food that contains mold.
11. Make all changes to your pet's diet gradually to reduce the risk of indigestion.
12. Don't stress your horse right after eating. After eating, 2-3 hours must pass before the horse starts working. Do not feed her earlier than an hour after finishing work.
6. Practical methods for monitoring the usefulness of feeding
The practical methods of control include:
1. Veterinary and zootechnical methods of monitoring the usefulness of feeding:
Animal behavior
Animal Appetite
The amount of feed
Product quality
Feed ration analysis
The number of offspring
Reproduction rates
2. Biochemical control methods and tests used to evaluate diets:
Investigation of blood samples
milk, eggs
Animal tissues.
Settlement part
Table 1. The duration of the winter and summer period of keeping cows by zones of the country and diets.
Cow with an annual milk yield of 9490kg
live weight 500kg
average daily milk yield 26kg
ECE required per year 7482.5 (100%)
Form 1 Calculation of the feed requirement per cow per year and per day based on the structure of the annual ration.
| Indicators | Stern | |||||||||
| rough | juicy | green fodder | Concentrates* | |||||||
| Hay cereal-bean | oat straw | grass cutting | haylage | Corn silage. | Korneklub-barren crops beet fodder. | pasture 90% | Top dressing 10% | |||
| Water meadow grass | Sorghum | Soybean cake | ||||||||
| The structure of the annual diet (% of the total nutritional value of the diet) | 16 | 4 | - | - | 30 | 1 | 26 | 17 | 6 | |
| Feed units (at the expense of individual feeds), kg EKE | 1197,2 | 299,3 | - | - | 2244,75 | 74,83 | 1272 | 449 | ||
| The content of ECE in 1 kg of feed | 0,65 | 0,54 | - | - | 0,23 | 0,17 | 0,29 | 0,29 | 1,08 | 1,29 |
| Requires feed per year. kg | 1841,85 | 554,26 | - | - | 9759,78 | 440,18 | 6037,76 | 670,69 | 1177,8 | 348 |
| Duration of feeding, days | 210 | 210 | - | - | 210 | 210 | 155 | 155 | 365 | |
| Feed per day for a year (weight eaten), kg | 8,77 | 2,64 | - | - | 46,48 | 2,10 | 38,95 | 4,33 | 3,2 | 1 |
| Correction for possible losses during storage (from the need for feed for a year),% | 10 | 10 | - | 20 | 20 | 10 | 20** - 30 *** | 5 | - | - |
| kg | 184,19 | 55,43 | - | - | 1951,96 | 44,02 | 1509,44 | 33,53 | - | - |
| Insurance fund (from the need for the year),% | 15 | 15 | - | 20 | 20 | - | - | - | - | - |
| kg | 276,28 | 83,14 | - | - | 1951,96 | - | - | - | - | - |
| It is required to prepare feed for a year, taking into account the insurance fund and correction for feed loss during storage, kg | 2302,32 | 692,83 | - | - | 3663,7 | 484,2 | 7547,2 | 704,22 | 1177,8 | 348 |
* If necessary, you can use 2-3 types of concentrated feed
** When using grass from long-term cultivated pastures
*** When using grass from natural pastures.
Form 2 Nutritional value of 1 kg of feed (taking into account quality).
Name |
Dry matter, kg | EKE | Exchange Energy, MJ | Digestible Protein, g | Sugar, g | Fiber, g | Sa, g | R, g | Mn, mg | Cu, mg | Co, mg | J, mg | Carotene, mg | Vitamin D, IU |
| Hay cereal-bean | 0,83 | 0,65 | 6,5 | 51 | 29 | 237 | 5,6 | 1,3 | 132,8 | 2,1 | 0,2 | 0,3 | 24 | 300 |
| oat straw | 0,83 | 0,54 | 5,4 | 17 | 4 | 324 | 3,4 | 1 | 90 | 2,9 | 0,7 | 0,4 | 2 | 5 |
| Corn silage | 0,25 | 0,23 | 2,3 | 14 | 6 | 75 | 1,4 | 0,4 | 4 | 1 | - | 0,1 | 20 | 50 |
| fodder beet | 0,12 | 0,17 | 1,7 | 9 | 40 | 9 | 0,4 | 0,5 | 11,1 | 1,9 | 0,1 | - | 0,1 | - |
| Water meadow grass | 0,311 | 0,29 | 2,9 | 26 | 24 | 86 | 1,1 | 0,4 | 21 | 2 | 0,1 | - | 30 | 3,2 |
| Soybean cake | 0,9 | 1,29 | 12,9 | 393 | 100 | 54 | 4,3 | 6,9 | 34,2 | 16,7 | 0,09 | 0,36 | 2 | 9,5 |
| Sorghum | 0,85 | 1,08 | 10,8 | 85 | 45 | 34 | 1,2 | 3 | 15,5 | 9,8 | 0,3 | - | 1,2 | - |
Note: The list of feeds is taken from the table 1 (according to the task).
The form 3 Analysis of the average daily diet of a cow for the winter stall period.
Name |
Kg | Dry matter, kg | EKE | Exchange Energy, MJ | Digestible Protein, g | Sugar, g | Fiber, g | Sa, g | R, g | Mn, mg | Cu, mg | Co, mg | J, mg | Carotene, mg | Vitamin D, IU |
| Hay cereal-bean | 8,77 | 7,28 | 5,7 | 57 | 447,27 | 254,33 | 2078,49 | 50,11 | 11,4 | 1164,66 | 18,42 | 1,75 | 2,63 | 210,48 | 2631 |
| oat straw | 2,64 | 2,19 | 1,43 | 14,25 | 44,88 | 10,56 | 855,36 | 8,98 | 2,64 | 237,6 | 7,66 | 1,85 | 1,06 | 5,28 | 13,2 |
| Corn silage | 46,48 | 11,62 | 10,69 | 106,9 | 650,72 | 278,88 | 3486 | 65,97 | 18,59 | 185,92 | 46,48 | - | 4,65 | 929,6 | 2324 |
| fodder beet | 2,1 | 0,25 | 0,36 | 3,57 | 18,9 | 84 | 18,9 | 0,94 | 1,05 | 23,31 | 3,99 | 0,21 | - | 0,21 | - |
| Soybean cake | 1 | 0,9 | 1,29 | 12,9 | 393 | 100 | 54 | 4,4 | 6,9 | 34,2 | 16,7 | 0,09 | 0,36 | 2 | 9,5 |
| Sorghum | 3,2 | 2,72 | 3,5 | 35,6 | 272 | 144 | 108,8 | 3,84 | 9,6 | 49,6 | 31,36 | 0,96 | - | 3,84 | - |
| Contained in the diet: | 64,19 | 24,96 | 22,97 | 230 | 1826,8 | 871,8 | 6601,5 | 134,4 | 50,18 | 1661,1 | 124,61 | 4,86 | 8,7 | 1151,4 | 4977,7 |
| Required as a rule: | - | 21,3 | 21,3 | 213 | 1960 | 1960 | 4500 | 134 | 96 | 1215 | 190 | 14,9 | 16,8 | 840 | 18.7 thousand |
| Difference to normal ±: | - | +3,66 | +1,67 | +17 | -133,2 | -1088,2 | +2101,5 | +0,4 | -45,82 | +446,1 | -65,4 | -10,04 | -8,1 | +311,4 | -13.72 thousand |
| Contained in 1 kg of SV: | - | 1 | 0,92 | 9,2 | 73,2 | 34,93 | 264,5 | 5,38 | 2,01 | 66,6 | 4,99 | 0,19 | 0,35 | 46,12 | 199,4 |
Required by the norm per 1 kg DM |
- | 1 | 1 | 10 | 92,02 | 92,02 | 211,27 | 6,29 | 4,5 | 57 | 8,92 | 0,7 | 0,79 | 39,14 | 877,9 |
Ca/P =2.6 SPO = 0.5
The form 4 Analysis of the average daily diet of a cow for the summer period
Name |
Kg | Dry matter, kg | EKE | Exchange Energy, MJ | Digestible Protein, g | Sugar, g | Fiber, g | Sa, g | R, g | Mn, mg | Cu, mg | Co, mg | J, mg | Carotene, mg | Vitamin D, IU |
| Water meadow grass (pasture + top dressing) | 43,28 | 13,46 | 12,55 | 125,51 | 1125,28 | 1038,72 | 3722,08 | 47,61 | 17,31 | 908,88 | 86,56 | 4,33 | - | 1298,4 | 138,5 |
| Soybean cake | 1 | 0,9 | 1,29 | 12,9 | 393 | 100 | 54 | 4,4 | 6,9 | 34,2 | 16,7 | 0,09 | 0,36 | 2 | 9,5 |
| Sorghum | 3,2 | 2,72 | 3,5 | 35,6 | 272 | 144 | 108,8 | 3,84 | 9,6 | 49,6 | 31,36 | 0,96 | - | 3,84 | - |
| Contained in the diet: | 47,48 | 17,08 | 17,34 | 174,01 | 1790,28 | 1282,72 | 3884,9 | 55,85 | 33,81 | 992,7 | 134,62 | 5,38 | 0,36 | 1304,2 | 148 |
| Required as a rule: | - | 21,3 | 21,3 | 213 | 1960 | 1960 | 4500 | 134 | 96 | 1215 | 190 | 14,9 | 16,8 | 840 | 18.7 thousand |
| Difference to normal ±: | -4,22 | -3,96 | -38,99 | -169,7 | -677,28 | -615,12 | -78,15 | -62,19 | -222,32 | -55,38 | -9,52 | -16,44 | +464,2 | -18552 | |
| Contained in 1 kg of SV: | 1 | 1,01 | 10,1 | 104,8 | 75,1 | 227,5 | 3,27 | 1,98 | 58,1 | 7,9 | 0,31 | 0,02 | 76,4 | 8,7 | |
Required by the norm per 1 kg DM |
1 | 1 | 10 | 92,02 | 92,02 | 211,27 | 6,29 | 4,5 | 57 | 8,92 | 0,7 | 0,79 | 39,44 | 877,9 |
Ca/P \u003d 1.65 SPO \u003d 0.72
Form 5. Calculation of the structure of average daily cow rations for winter and summer periods.
Type of feeding Low concentration
Form 6 . Calculation of the need for balancing additives.
Missing battery |
Winter stall period | Summer period | Total Supplement Required per cow per year. |
||||||
| Daily insufficiency. | Supplement Required | Daily deficiency | Type of balancing additive and the content of the missing element in it | Supplement Required | |||||
on the head |
for the winter period, days |
per head per day | for summer |
||||||
| Energy, ECE | - | - | - | - | 3,96 | Partial compensation. due to molasses | - | - | - |
| Digestion, protein, g. | 133,2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sahara, Mr. | 1088,2 | Beetroot molasses 543g in 1kg | 2kg | 420 kg | 677,28 | Beetroot molasses 543g in 1kg | 1.2kg | 186 kg | 606 kg |
| Sa, Mr. | - | - | - | - | 78,15 | Chalk elutriated 40 g per 100g |
195.4g | 30.3kg | 30.3kg |
| R, Mr. | 45,82 | 532.8g | 111.9 kg | 62,19 | Disodium phosphate fodder water 8.6g per 100g | 723.1g | 112.1kg | 224kg | |
| Mn, mg. | - | - | - | - | 222,32 | manganese sulfate |
1.01g | 156.6g | 156.6g |
| Cu, mg. | 65,4 | copper sulfate |
277mg | 58.17g | 55,38 | copper sulfate |
234.6 mg | 36.4g | 94.57g |
| So, mg. | 10,04 | cobalt chloride |
40.5 mg | 8.5g | 10,24 | cobalt chloride |
41.3 mg | 6.4g | 14.9g |
| J, mg | 8,1 | Potassium iodide coefficient 1.328 | 10.8 mg | 2.26g | 16,44 | Potassium iodide |
21.8 mg | 3.4g | 5.7g |
| Carotene, mg. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Vitamin D, ME | 13.72 thousand | Irradiated yeast 14.ME per 1g |
1 year | 210g | 18.6 thousand | Alive. find. on pasture, lack of compensation. solar rays. | - | - | 210g. |
Conclusion on the calculation task
After analyzing the diet for this cow, we can conclude that an imbalance of some nutrients was revealed. It's sugar will be balanced by the introduction of molasses; calcium, is equalized by introducing calcareous tuff and elutriated chalk into the diet; phosphorus, the deficiency is compensated by disodium phosphate fodder water; manganese (only in the summer diet), equalized with manganese sulfate; copper - copper sulfate; cobalt - cobalt chloride; iodine - potassium iodide; and vitamin D (in the winter diet) is balanced by the addition of irradiated yeast to the cow's diet.
Based on the consumption of concentrates per 1 kg of milk, it can be concluded that the type of feeding is low-concentrate.
With a lack of energy and protein in animals, various degrees of exhaustion are observed, a decrease in productivity, reproductive ability, immunity, slowdown and cessation of growth (in young animals). With a lack of nutrients, vitamins and microelements, it can lead to disruption of the body's vital functions, the functions of vital organs, metabolic disorders and exhaustion. It is also possible a violation of reproductive functions, the occurrence of stress, a decrease in appetite, or refusal to feed.
Even a slight deficit can have serious negative consequences. So scarce calcium and phosphorus can lead to poor bone mineralization, enlarged joints, swelling of the extremities and displacement of the axes of tubular bones. Cows are characterized by incorrect setting of the limbs, movements constrained, uncoordinated. In adult animals, teeth are loosened, in young animals, their appearance and change are delayed. deficit manganese leads to a violation of reproductive abilities, resorption of fruits, a decrease in productivity are possible. It is accompanied by lameness, shortening and weakness of the legs, inflexibility of the joints, as well as increased fat secretion in piglets. deficit magnesium in foals, leads to muscle degeneration, emaciation, decreased rumen pH, lack of appetite in lactating cows, unsteady gait, muscle cramps, profuse salivation, convulsions. If the supply of these essential minerals is insufficient, the body releases calcium, phosphorus and magnesium from the bones, thereby reducing their strength. deficit copper leads to damage to the articular cartilage, which can subsequently cause lameness in adult horses. Studies of copper deficient foals show that although not everyone has outward signs of deficiency, all have cartilage changes. In cattle, appetite worsens, live weight gain decreases, general underdevelopment of animals, taste perversion (lizuha), anemia (anemia), and diarrhea are noted. The hairline becomes discolored, especially around the eyes, and temporary sterility occurs in cows. In pigs and sheep - bending, dragging of limbs, weakness. deficit cobalt leads to a perversion of appetite in cattle (eating wool, earth, wood), the coat coarsens, shaggy, the skin peels off. In young animals - diarrhea, exhaustion, death. Flaw iodine leads to a violation of the cyclical estrus in queens, a decrease in fertility, fertility, abortions are possible, retention of the placenta, the birth of a dead or non-viable offspring. Flaw vitamin A D leads to a deterioration of the hairline, a decrease in the luster of the coat, its roughness and fraying.
It is necessary to combine good housing conditions and a system of rationed feeding in order to have healthy animals, high productivity and prolific healthy offspring.
List of used literature
· Productive horse breeding. Kalashnikov V.V. // Zootechnics 2002 No. 2.
Electronic reference book "Orlovsky trotter"
· Burns M. Feeding horses. Per. from English. - VNIIK, 1981 - 21 p. (P-338)
· Baudouin N. About new norms of feeding for horses. Per. from French - VNIIK, 1985 - 3 p. (P-591)
· Dakkor R., Vyuigne R. Evaluation of the quality of combined feed for horses. Per. from French - VNIIK, 1993 - 10 p. (P-928)
· Feed additives in the diets of horses. Per. from English. - VNIIK, 1996 - 5 p. (P-1003)
· Korneman H. Feeding and health of horses. Per. with him. - VNIIK, 1980 - 17 p. (P-283)
· Lennox J. Drawing up diets and feeding horses. Per. from English. - VNIIK - 7 p. (P-124)
· Mazurchak E. Feed additive for horses. Per. from English. - VNIIK, 1989 - 4 p. (P-784)
Toporova L.V. , Arkhipov A.V. Workshop on feeding farm animals.
· Magazine "Horse World" Art. Feeding a mare's foal.
· Maria Zeveke, Nizhny Novgorod Newspaper "Cat and Dog" 1998 - 12.
· G. L. Rybin, N. G. Sveshnikov "About the Russian school of riding" publishing house "Svetlana P" 1998.
· Prince S.P. Urusov "The Book of the Horse" edition St. Petersburg, Russian Book Association "Activist" 1911 - Moscow, Tsentrpoligraf 2002.
Depending on the characteristics of the use of horses, the norms and techniques of feeding are established.
The main activity of the horse is the transportation of goods. An adult horse, which is at rest, has a need for food to cover energy costs to maintain life, to work static and static-dynamic muscles, to move and during exercise.
For feeding horses without a load of good fatness, the following norms exist:
According to the degree of its tension during the working time of the day, the mechanical work of the horse is divided into light, medium and heavy, respectively, with the live weight of the horse, at a normal speed of 4 km / h.
The value of the useful work of a horse of different live weight
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Horse weight |
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Traction force | |||
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Work (thousand km/h) | |||
When the horse is fed 6-7 times, conditions are formed for muscular work with the least expenditure of substances throughout the working day.
With 3-4 times feeding, with intensive work, the consumption of fat reserves of the horse's body is significantly increased.
Pregnant mares from the age of 4 months after mating are given an enhanced diet to cover the costs of substances and energy for bearing the fetus, and lactating mares for milk synthesis.
Norms of feeding working horses
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Live weight, kg |
Dry matter, kg |
Digestible protein, g |
Fiber, kg |
Calcium, g |
Phosphorus, g |
Carotene, mg | ||
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light work |
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Medium works |
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hard work |
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There is approximately 3 liters of water per kilogram of dry food. The average daily water requirement is 40-50 liters, at high air temperatures up to 70-80 liters. The water in the horse's stomach is critical. A strong feeling of thirst in horses is manifested when the water in the body decreases by 10% compared to the norm. The loss of 20% of water leads to the death of the animal, because the consistency of the blood changes, metabolic products are not removed from the body in a timely manner, and the action of enzymes slows down.
Fiber in the digestive tract of animals is digested worse than in ruminants, therefore, in their diets, its content should not exceed 15-17% of dry matter.
Having large teeth, horses chew whole grains well. In summer, they are kept on pasture almost all night, where they rest at night. Since significant energy costs are required for the muscular work of horses, a sufficient amount of energy-rich concentrates should be included in their diets: grain of oats, barley, corn (it is possible along with the cobs).
Feed ratio, in % of nutritional value:
Working horses:
Easy job- concentrates - 20-30, coarse - 40-60, juicy - 20-40;
Average work- concentrates - 35-45, coarse - 35-50, juicy - 30-50;
Hard work- concentrates - 50-55, coarse - 25-40, juicy - 10-25;
Stud stallions- concentrates - 60-65, coarse - 30-40, juicy - 5-10;
Sucker and pregnant mares- concentrates - 25-40, coarse - 35-45, juicy - 5-10;
young growth 12-24 months of age - concentrates - 50-60, coarse - 30-35, juicy - 5-10.
In summer, instead of coarse and succulent fodder, green mass is used.
Stud stallions must have a constant factory fatness. For 100 kg of live weight during the mating period, stallions receive 2 feed units, in other periods - 1.6 feed units. For each feed unit in the breeding season of horses, there should be 125-130 g of high-value digestible protein. To do this, in addition to carbohydrate feeds - oats, barley, millet, corn, they also include in the diet of stallions rich in protein - sunflower cake, milk powder, eggs.
In total, a stallion-producer should receive 5-8 kg of concentrates per day, in summer up to 40% of the nutritional value of his diet can be green mass. However, its amount should not exceed 30 kg per day, so that the stallions do not grow belly. In winter, hay of cereals and legumes is fed; before feeding, it is easily sprinkled with water. Be sure to feed the stallions with red carrots to provide diets with carotene, carbohydrate-rich semi-sugar and fodder beets, washed potatoes.
Rations for horses of trotting breeds (average live weight 600 kg)
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Pregnant mares |
Working horses, type of work |
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Straw razka | |||||
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Corn on the cob | |||||
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Millet flattened | |||||
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fodder beet | |||||
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Salt with trace elements | |||||
When feeding breeding dam mares in the diets they include a slightly larger amount of green mass, root crops, haylage, silage, in comparison with stallions, and the amount of concentrates is reduced to 3-4 kg. From the third month of pregnancy, mares should receive 30% more nutrients than single mares. In summer, foal mares are kept on pasture. Pregnancy of mares lasts 11 months. Before foaling, coarse and succulent foods are reduced in the diet. After giving birth, mares are given warm swill with bran and hay, they are transferred to a full diet only for 5-7 days.
The body weight of foals at birth should be approximately 10% of the mother's body weight. The first days the foal sucks colostrum, and then mother's milk. He must suckle his mother until 6 months of age. After 2 months of age, mother's milk no longer provides for the need for nutrients.
Therefore, foals begin to be fed with concentrates (rolled oats, barley, sunflower cake), and from the age of 3 months - with high-quality hay and root crops. In summer, in addition to concentrates, fresh hay and green mass are fed.
Stallions grow faster so they should be fed 10-15% more food. Young animals should be provided with minerals (salt, chalk, disodium phosphate) and vitamins. Weaned foals are grazed on pastures and fed with concentrates. One-year-old young animals are taught to work, while a variety of benign feeds are included in their diets. The diets of young working horses include somewhat more voluminous feeds, and young sports horses - a variety of concentrated feeds.
The feeding of working horses (mares and geldings) depends on the work they perform. With light work, bulky feeds form the basis of the rations, and with hard work, concentrated feeds are added to the diet.
To determine the amount of work performed, the following indicators are used
Characteristics of the work of the horse, km / day
Norms of macro and microelements for working horses per head per day.
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component | ||||||||||||
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out of employment |
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Salt | ||||||||||||
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Carotene | ||||||||||||
The work that horses perform can be of three types: light, medium and heavy. Therefore, feeding is done from 3 to 7 times a day. The more work a horse does, the more it eats. So with particularly difficult work, the norm of feeding is 7 times a day.
Also, the nature of the work depends on what kind of feed you need to feed the horses. When more rough, and when concentrated. The harder the work, the more they give concentrated rather than coarse.
Roughage is given from 1.5 to 2 kg per day per 100 kg of live weight.
Also, the value of the daily norm depends on the length of the working day of the animal, the speed with which the animal carried the goods, and how heavy they were.
In the summer and winter seasons, the feeding norms are different.
For working horses, depending on the work performed, it is necessary to calculate 1.3-2.2 feed per 100 kg of live weight. units Or, for every 100 kg of live weight, a horse should receive 0.044 feed per hour. units with light work, with medium work - 0.06, with heavy work - 0.077 fodder. units On light work, animals are usually used for about 4 hours, medium - 6 and heavy - 9 hours a day. Based on 1 feed. units you need at least 80 g of digestible protein, 4-5 g of calcium and phosphorus, 15-20 mg of carotene.
When feeding horses, it must be taken into account that the gastrointestinal tract in horses is not as capacious as in cattle, therefore, when performing work, the digestive tract should not be crowded. In feeding horses, traditional types of feed are used: coarse (hay, haylage, straw, chaff), succulent (silage, root crops) and concentrates (oats, barley, rye, compound feed).
Horses eat good-quality meadow hay, as well as hay of legumes and cereal legumes without any preparation. Good hay contains in its composition a complete protein, a complex of vitamins and mineral salts, it favorably affects the course of the digestive process. Some of the hay in the workhorse's diet can be replaced with good spring straw. Straw is fed to horses in a steamed form, flavored with powdered powder. Roughage in the horse's diet is used in the range of 1.5-3 kg per 1 kg of horse weight, depending on the nature of the work performed. With hard work, reduce the amount of roughage and increase the cottage of concentrates. For working horses, foals and suckling mares, corn silage, sugar beets, fodder carrots, and potatoes are good succulent feeds. Giving succulent feed in the diet of horses can be recommended from 2 to 4 kg per 1 quintal of live weight. From concentrated feed, horses are fed oats, corn, barley, rye, grains and legumes, bran and various cakes. It is recommended to feed corn and other hard grains in crushed form, barley, and especially rye, should be fed no more than U3 of the grain feed, as they are highly hygroscopic and often cause colic in horses.
The time of morning feeding is set depending on the start of work in such a way that the horse eats all the given food 1-1.5 hours before going to work.
The order of feeding horses is as follows: roughage, succulent feed and concentrated feed, which are recommended to be fed after the horse has been watered. It is advisable to water the horse after each giving of roughage and before distributing concentrates. You can not water the horse immediately after work, when it has not cooled down yet. When watering horses during work, it is necessary to work on them after watering for about 30 minutes. After that, the horses can be put to rest and feed.
The need for working horses is normalized according to 15 indicators: dry matter, feed units, metabolic energy, crude and digestible protein, crude fiber, salt, calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, iodine, carotene.
In addition to the feed ration, the horse should receive table salt. It should be given in the amount of 5-7 g per 1 kg of animal weight during light work, 7-9 g for medium work, and 8-10 g for heavy work. Pregnant mares, if they are used at work, should receive additionally 1.5-2.0 feed units. Lactating mares need to increase the norm in the first 3 months of lactation by 4 feed units, and in the subsequent months of lactation - by 2-3 feed units. All of these supplements should have 100 g of digestible protein per feed unit.
The approximate structure of the diet of working horses is shown in the table.
It is very important to correctly assess the nature of the work of horses. So, the use of horse traction in field work for 4 hours a day is classified as light work, for 6 hours - for medium work and for 9 hours - for heavy work. Transport work is evaluated by the number of kilometers traveled with a certain load. In this case, the horse for every 100 kg / km of external mechanical work requires the following amount of energy:
- At full normal load (traction force 12-16% of the horse's weight) -4.5 MJ of metabolic energy (0.43 feed units);
- · at 50% load (traction force 6-8%) - 5.8 MJ of metabolic energy (0.55 feed units);
- · at 25% load (traction force 3-4%) - 8.4 MJ of metabolic energy (0.8 feed units).
The increase in energy costs with a decrease in load is explained by the fact that the horse needs to travel a much longer distance to perform similar work.
In transport work in off-road conditions, the need for energy in comparison with the given indicators increases by 10%, and in field work - by 12%.
When a horse works under a rider, for every 100 kg of the total mass of the animal and the rider, 0.03 feed is required per 1 km of the path. units, and with free movement (without a rider) - 0.02.
The approximate need of a working horse for metabolic energy is made up of the need to maintain life and the energy expended to perform work.
The need and efficiency of energy use is significantly influenced by the fatness and mode of work of horses.
It has been established that during the first 2-3 hours of work with a full load, the horse uses easily digestible carbohydrates that come with food and from body reserves to provide energy for the working muscle. With a lack of carbohydrates, fats are included in the energy metabolism. Well bodied horses quickly adapt to using fat as an additional source of energy in conditions of intense physical exertion. In the body of low-fat horses, fats are not oxidized as efficiently, and therefore their performance is sharply reduced. Under these conditions, timely rest and feeding of animals significantly change the nature of metabolism in the muscles and the need for energy.
A sufficient level of nutrition, combined with rational training of horses, increases the ability of the muscles to effectively use fatty acids as an energy source.
Certain adjustments to the need for energy to perform work can be made by breed characteristics and temperament of animals.
Good performance of the horse and the full period of its economic use are possible only with normalized and complete feeding. The basis of feed norms for working horses is the need for energy and nutrients, depending on the work performed. Distinguish between light, medium and hard work. The amount of daily work depends on the length of the working day, traction and speed of movement during work. The average tractive force of a horse is about 15% of its live weight and, as a maximum, reaches 80% for a short time. Working horses are fed according to norms that depend on body weight and work performed.
Table. Nutrient norms for working horses with a live weight of 500 kg (per head per day):
The energy and nutrient requirements of young working horses.
Foals have a critical period after weaning and up to one year of age, they must be fed very carefully with a balanced diet with sufficient energy, protein, minerals and vitamins.
The table provides data from the textbook by Stekolnikov A.A.:
During the period of intensive growth of foals, at least 10.5 MJ of metabolic energy should fall on 1 ECU of the diet. 100 g of PP, 7.5 g of calcium, 5.5 g of phosphorus, 7 mg of carotene, 300 IU of vitamin D, no more than 170 g of fiber.
The diets of young animals are controlled by the content of trace elements (especially zinc, iodine and cobalt), as well as by the content of vitamins.
For young animals from 1 to 2 years old, the diet for 1 ECE should account for at least 10.4 MJ of metabolic energy, 90 g of PP, 6 g of calcium, 5 g of phosphorus, 6.5 g of carotene, 260 IU of vitamin D, not more than 190 g of fiber, as well as the required amount of iron, copper, zinc, cobalt and iodine.
Two-year-old foals should have at least 10.5 MW of metabolic energy, 85 g of PP, 5.6 g of calcium, 5.6 g of phosphorus, 7 mg of carotene, 285 IU of vitamin D and a sufficient amount of trace elements.
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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY AND EDUCATION
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
SAINT PETERSBURG STATE ACADEMY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
Department of Animal Feeding
Course work
Topic: "Feeding workhorses"
Completed by: student of the 3rd year of the 2nd group of the FVM of the correspondence form of education
Smirnova Maria Valerievna
St. Petersburg - 2015
- Introduction
- 1. Peculiarities of digestion and metabolism in horses during work
- 2. The effect of nutrition on the health and performance of horses
- 3. The need of working horses for energy, nutrients and biologically active substances
- 4. Feed used for feeding horses
- 5. Technique and mode of feeding working horses
- 6. Energy and Nutrient Requirements of Young Working Horses
- 7. Mode and technique of feeding young working horses
- Conclusion
- List of used literature
Introduction
Proper feeding of horses is one of the main conditions for good work in horse breeding. It must be remembered that the improvement of the horse population is inextricably linked with the improvement of feeding. Feeding of horses must be organized.
All feed can be divided into 3 groups: 1st group - the so-called coarse, or voluminous, feed: hay, straw, chaff; 2nd group - concentrated feed: oats, bran, cake, corn, etc.; 3rd group - succulent feed: grass, carrots, beets, silage. Coarse, or voluminous, feed.
Of the roughage for horses, hay is the most important. The best hay for horses is good meadow, steppe, clover, alfalfa, and also vetch-oat mixture. The best straw for horses is oatmeal. Winter straw is mainly used for bedding. When feeding it to one horse, they lose a lot of weight and lose their working capacity. Grazing on green grass has a beneficial effect on the health of the horse, restores proper digestion. Working horses in the grazing period should be added to the feed ration concentrated feed.
In winter, root crops should be given to horses: carrots, fodder beets. It is especially useful to give root crops to young animals and suckling mares. Root crops are poor in protein and mineral salts, but rich in vitamins, especially red carrots. Root crops should be washed and cut before feeding. It is necessary to water the horse in plenty and at least 3 times a day with clean, good-quality water.
You can’t water hot horses immediately after work: you need to let them cool for 1.5-2 hours. In order for the horse to better eat food during a break intended for feeding, it is useful to drink it half an hour - an hour before the break and then, without letting it stand, work on it.
The horse differs from other animals in that its main product is muscular work. This determines the features of its digestion and metabolism. Compared to animals of other species, horses are the most demanding on the quality of feed. One of the main conditions for the further development of sports horse breeding, improving the quality and reducing the cost of keeping horses is a full-fledged feeding. The body of an animal consists of various organic, mineral substances and water. It can replenish the substances consumed in the process of vital activity only at the expense of food, which is also a source of energy for the functioning of the organs and systems of the body and maintaining a given body temperature. Important regulators of biochemical processes occurring in the body, such as vitamins, enzymes, etc., come with feed. Horses, taking into account the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the stomach, require not only benign and nutritionally complete feed, but they must also be fed in relatively small portions. The feeding schedule for horses must be adapted to the physiology of digestion and correspond to the production purpose of the horse.
Purpose - to study the feeding of working horses
Tasks to be considered in the work
Subject - features of feeding working horses
Object - horse nutrition
The work consists of an introduction, a theoretical part, a conclusion and a list of references.
1. Peculiarities of digestion and metabolism in horses during work
The digestive organs provide the exchange of substances between the body and the external environment. This organ system converts food into substances that the body absorbs and uses in the course of its life.
The digestive system includes: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, as well as obstructive digestive glands (liver, pancreas). The digestive organs perform the following main functions: secretory, motor (motor), absorption, excretory (excretory).
The secretory function consists in the secretion of juices by the digestive glands into the lumen of the digestive canal: saliva, gastric, pancreatic and intestinal juices, as well as bile. These juices or secretions moisten the feed and, through enzymes, break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats into simple compounds.
The motor or motor function is carried out by the muscular formations of the gastrointestinal tract and ensures the intake of food, its mixing and movement through the digestive canal.
The absorption function is performed by the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal and ensures the supply of water and split nutrients to simple compounds in the blood and lymph.
The excretory function is that the digestive organs secrete from the body into the intestinal lumen some metabolic products (bile pigments, urea), salts of heavy metals and substances that accidentally enter the body. Kozlov S.A., Parfenov V.A. Horse breeding: Textbook. - M: Publishing House "Koloss", 2012. - 352 p.
Digestion in horses begins in the mouth, where food is stored for a short time. Here it is subjected to mechanical grinding and initial processing under the action of saliva enzymes, which ensures the formation of a food coma. In horses, depending on the type of feeding, the amount of saliva is normally formed, reaching 40 l / day. The formed food lump, with the help of movements of the tongue and cheeks, falls on the root of the tongue, which raises it to the hard palate and moves it to the pharynx.
The mucous membrane of the oral cavity of the horse is smooth, the lips are mobile, they are involved in the capture of food. Because the soft palate is long and close to the root of the tongue, the horse cannot breathe through the mouth. Lips - long, mobile and sensitive in terms of tactile, pain and temperature. Outside, they are covered with thin hair, which, to a certain extent, protects them from injury by the sharp edges of the grass they eat. The total number of teeth in a stallion is 40, in a mare - 36. All teeth, except for canines, are long-crowned. It is customary to determine the approximate age of a horse from the pattern of erasing the tooth sockets of the incisor teeth. The tongue is conical. It is thin, long and velvety. Between the apex and the body there is a narrowing (neck), which makes it possible to bend the tongue in this place, turning it into a grasper when pinching grass, or a panicle when capturing grain (mixed feed).
The oral cavity includes the upper and lower lips, cheeks, tongue, teeth, gums, hard and soft palate, salivary glands, tonsils, pharynx. With the exception of the crowns of the teeth, its entire inner surface is covered with a mucous membrane, which may be pigmented. The upper lip merges with the nose, forming a nasolabial mirror. Normally, it is moist and cool, at elevated temperatures it becomes dry and warm. Lips and cheeks are designed to hold food in the oral cavity and serve as the vestibule of the oral cavity. Kozlov S.A., Parfenov V.A. Workshop on horse breeding: Textbook. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Lan", 2007. - 320 p.
The tongue is a muscular movable organ located at the bottom of the oral cavity and performs several functions: tasting food, participating in the process of swallowing and drinking, as well as in feeling objects, as well as for contact with other individuals. On the surface of the tongue there are a large number of papillae: mechanical (capturing and licking food) and taste. Witt V.O. From the history of Russian horse breeding. - M.: State publishing house of agricultural literature, 2012. - 360 p.
Teeth are bone enamel organs for capturing and grinding food. In horses, they are divided into incisors, premolars and molars. Stallions and geldings have fangs, while most mares do not. Horses have a so-called toothless margin - the space between the canines and molars. If you grab the tongue with your right hand through the toothless edge, take it to the side and out, holding it firmly, you can open the horse's mouth.
Foals are born with teeth that erupt before birth or in the 1st week after birth. The milk jaw in future stallions consists of 28 teeth, and in mares - of 24. It does not have molars. The replacement of milk teeth with molars begins at the age of 2.5 years. The jaw of an adult animal consists of 40 teeth in stallions and 36 in mares. Horses have folded molars.
The gums are folds of mucous membrane that cover the jaws and strengthen the teeth in bone cells. The hard palate is the roof of the oral cavity and separates it from the nasal cavity, and the soft palate is a continuation of the mucous membrane of the hard palate and is located freely on the border of the oral cavity and pharynx, separating them. The gums, tongue, and palate may be unevenly pigmented pink. A change in color is a sign of a disease. Several paired salivary glands open into the oral cavity, the names of which correspond to their localization: parotid, submandibular, sublingual, molars and supraorbital (zygomatic). The secret of the glands contains enzymes that break down starch and maltose.
Esophagus. The esophagus is a muscular tube through which food is transported in a circular way from the pharynx to the stomach. It is almost entirely formed by skeletal muscles. Kalashnikov V.V., Sokolov Yu.A., Pustovoi V.F. and others. Practical horse breeding / Ed. Kalashnikova V.V. and Pustovoy V.F. - M.: Kolos, 2010. -376 p.
The esophagus is a typical tubular organ. Through it, as a result of contraction of the muscular membrane, the food moves from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is divided into cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts. Throughout the esophagus, its mucous membrane is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. The muscular membrane is quite thick and consists of their striated tissue. It is supplied with blood by the artery of the esophagus and branches of the common carotid artery. It is innervated by the vagus nerve. In the horse, the muscular lining of the esophagus at the end of the thorax is composed of smooth muscle tissue.
The stomach is a direct continuation of the esophagus, which is a bag-shaped abdominal organ. In horses, the stomach is single-chamber, esophago-intestinal type. This organ is located in the left hypochondrium and is adjacent to the diaphragm and liver. The horse has a relatively small stomach (6-16 liters), so feeding should be done often, in small portions. It is impossible to feed horses in plenty, especially with grain feed. This is due to the peculiarity of the confluence of the esophagus into the stomach (cardia). In horses, the oblique muscles form the cardia, going towards each other, and in the event of a strong stretching of the stomach wall (when it is full), they tighten the entrance to the stomach. Therefore, it is impossible to induce vomiting in a horse. For the same reason, horses should never be fed low-quality feed.
The horse's stomach is single-chamber, in the form of an elongated curved esophageal-intestinal sac, which holds 6-15 liters of liquid. Has two openings (cardia and pylorus), lesser curvature, greater curvature, blind sac. The mucous membrane of the blind sac is milky in color, lined with stratified squamous epithelium, in which there are no digestive glands. The rest of the stomach is pale pink, rich in digestive glands, which are subdivided into the cardia, intrinsic, and pyloric gastric glands. The muscular layer of the stomach consists of three layers: oblique, longitudinal and annular (circular). The internal bundles of the oblique layer cover the cardiac opening of the stomach with a powerful loop, forming a cardiac sphincter that prevents the reverse exit of food and gases from the stomach (vomiting). Almost the entire stomach of a horse is located in the left hypochondrium. Its bottom lies on the colon, and the left surface of the blind sac is between the 13th and 15th ribs.
In the horse's stomach, the food is chemically treated with gastric juice, mixed and moved into the intestine due to the contraction of the stomach muscles. Gastric juice is secreted by the glands of the gastric mucosa. They consist of the main cells that produce enzymes, parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and additional cells that produce mucus. Kambegov B.D., Balakshin O.A., Khotov V.Kh. Horses of Russia: a complete encyclopedia. - M.: Publishing house of RIC MDK, 2012. - 240 p.
Gastric juice is secreted continuously. Each meal enhances the activity of the stomach glands. The amount of gastric juice, its acidity and enzymatic activity depend on the quality of the food taken. 10-30 liters of gastric juice is secreted per day, its acidity is 0.24%, of which 0.14% is free hydrochloric acid. Strong stimulants of gastric juice secretion are green grass, clover hay, oats, carrots.
Digestion of food in the stomach and its passage into the duodenum is slow. Therefore, with regular feeding, the horse's stomach is always full.
The food in the horse's stomach is arranged in layers and remains in this position for several hours, which determines the nature of gastric digestion. In the lower layers, saturated with gastric juice, proteins and fats are digested. In the upper layers, abundantly moistened with alkaline saliva, carbohydrates are broken down under the influence of plant food enzymes and bacteria. As the food is soaked with gastric juice, the zone of digestion of carbohydrates decreases and the zone of digestion of proteins and fats increases. When the contents of the stomach are completely saturated with gastric juice, the breakdown of carbohydrates stops and only proteins and fats are digested. This happens a few hours after feeding. Under the influence of bacteria in the horse's stomach, lactic acid fermentation occurs. Fiber in the horse's stomach is not digested.
Intestine Kozlov S.A., Zinovieva S.A., Markin S.S. Herd horse breeding (milk and meat productivity of horses, horse games): Textbook in 4 parts. - M .: FGBOU VPO MGAVMiB, 2009. - 340 p.
The intestines of a horse is a hollow tube 22-40 m long, 30 m on average. The ratio of body length to the length of the intestine is 1:12. The intestine is divided into thin and thick sections.
The horse's intestine starts from the pyloric opening of the stomach and has a large volume (100-180 liters).
In the intestines, digestion continues, and three main work processes are carried out:
1) final stages of digestion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates; breakdown of fiber
2) absorption of water, mineral salts, vitamins, as well as simple molecular decay products of all feed components,
3) movement and, ultimately, throwing out the undigested remains of the feed mass.
An important role in the completion of the processes of digestion and absorption is played by the intestinal microflora and the simplest unicellular organisms.
The intestines of animals are usually divided into six morphofunctional zones, taking into account not only the function performed, but also the appearance and location:
1) small intestine (capacity 30-60 l) includes duodenum, jejunum and ileum,
2) the large intestine (capacity 60-120 l) consists of - blind, colon and rectum.
Small intestine. Rules for testing breeding horses of riding breeds at the hippodromes of the Russian Federation. - Divovo: All-Russian Research Institute of Horse Breeding., 2008. - 76 p.
The duodenum is the small intestine and is about a meter long. It is located in the right hypochondrium and on its own forms a wide loop between the stomach and the right kidney. Its mucous membrane, like the membrane of the entire intestine, is covered with a border (suction) epithelium. The muscular membrane consists of two layers of smooth muscles, and the serous membrane itself passes into the mesentery. The contents entering the duodenum from the stomach are exposed to a complex digestive juice with a volume of 10-15 liters per day, including the secrets of the obstructive digestive glands (pancreatic digestive juice and bile) and the secret of its own (intramural) duodenal glands. During processing, the pH of the intestinal contents changes gradually from acidic (pH 4.3) to alkaline (pH 7.5-8.0), which prolongs the action of gastric juice enzymes at the beginning of the intestine. Pancreatic digestive juice (7.5-8.5 liters per day) enters through the pancreatic duct, which is located in the mesentery of the duodenum. It contains enzymes whose action is aimed at the final transformation of proteins, the breakdown of carbohydrates and partially fats.
The parenchyma of the pancreas is heterogeneous. One part of it forms the alveoli and ducts, the glandular cells of which secrete a secret - pancreatic juice. The other part of the parenchyma is represented by small cells that accumulate in the form of islands between the alveoli. These clusters are called pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans. They do not have ducts and secrete their hormone-containing hormones into the blood. There are three types of cells in the islets: alpha cells produce the hormone glucagon; beta cells - light, slightly stained with paints, secrete a hormone - insulin. Both hormones regulate carbohydrate metabolism in the body. Dark cells with signs of degeneration are referred to as D-cells.
A horse has a pancreas weighing 250-350 g, with two ducts. One of them, the main one, flows into the duodenum along with the hepatic duct; and the other, additional, opens against the main duct. Bile is produced constantly by liver cells - hepatocytes in the amount of 5.0-6.0 liters per day. The mass of the liver in adult horses is 5 kg, but decreases with age to 2.0-3.5 kg. There is no bile storage organ (gall bladder) in the horse's liver, and bile accumulates in small portions in the dilated part of the hepatic duct (length 4-5 cm). The pancreatic and hepatic ducts open together 10-12 cm from the pylorus. Intestinal juice proper is the secret of the intraparietal duodenal glands lying in the submucosal layer of the wall.
Rectum. Rules for testing breeding horses of trotting breeds at the hippodromes of the Russian Federation. - M., 2009. - 40 p.
The rectum begins under the last lumbar vertebrae and has two parts: abdominal and pelvic. The abdominal part is relatively short, has a cylindrical shape and is covered with its own serous membrane up to 4-5 sacral vertebrae. The pelvic part expands towards the tail in the form of a cone (ampulla) and is covered with adventitia. It ends under the tail with a special constipation - the anus. In the rectum, the processes of digestion and absorption end and the accumulated undigested food residues are thrown out 7-8 times a day (the act of defecation). On average, with normal feeding, a horse throws out 16 kg of feces at a humidity of 70%.
The pancreas also lies in the right hypochondrium and secretes several liters of pancreatic secretion into the duodenum in 1 day, containing enzymes that break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats, as well as the hormone insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels.
The horse's liver is located in the right hypochondrium. Its mass is about 1.2% of body weight, bile is produced in it. The horse does not have a gallbladder. Blood passes and is filtered through the liver, complex metabolic processes take place in it, and toxic metabolic products are neutralized. During the embryonic period, the main processes of hematopoiesis take place in the liver. Removing it leads to the death of the animal. Bishop R. Feeding horses. A complete guide to the proper feeding of horses: Per. from English. E.B. Mahiyanova [Text] / Ruth Bishop. - M.: Aquarium Buk LLC, 2005. - 183 p.
The diameter of all large intestines in horses is several times greater than the diameter of the small ones. There are no villi on the mucous membrane, but there are depressions (crypts) where the general intestinal glands are located, which secrete a small amount of juices containing a lot of mucus, but few enzymes. The microbes of the intestinal contents cause fermentation of carbohydrates, and putrefactive bacteria - the destruction of the residual products of protein digestion, and such harmful compounds as indole, skatole, phenols are formed, which, being absorbed into the blood, can cause intoxication, which occurs, for example, with protein overfeeding, dysbacteriosis , lack of carbohydrates in the diet. These substances are neutralized in the liver. Water (up to 95%) and some minerals are intensively absorbed in the large intestine. Bulatov A.P. Rational use of feed protein: theory and practice [Text] / A.P. Bulatov, N.A. Lushnikov, G.E. Uskov, G.S. Azaubaeva.- Kurgan: Zauralie, 2006. - 208 p.
Due to strong peristaltic contractions, the remaining contents of the large intestine through the colon enter the rectum, where the formation and accumulation of feces occurs. The excretion of feces into the environment occurs through the anal canal (anus). Vladimirov N.I. Feeding farm animals: textbook [Text] / N.I. Vladimirov, L.N. Cheremnyakova, V.G. Lunitsyn, A.P. Kosarev, A.S. Popelyaev. - Barnaul: Publishing House of AGAU, 2008. - 211 p.
2. The effect of nutrition on the health and performance of horses
The process of planning the diet of horses is not an easy task, as you need to know what substances the horse needs, how much of them can be given to the animal, and at what age. It should be noted that any feed additives for horses are calculated depending on the work performed by the horse, its age and, of course, its weight. That is, for example, young animals should be given 2.2 - 2.8 feed units per day per 100 kg of live weight, and 1.8-2.7 feed units for an adult horse. units per 100 kg. It is important to remember that you should always follow the norm of feeding horses, because both overeating and undereating negatively affect the health and performance of the animal.
Another sign of determining the nutrition of horses is the energy value of the feed, an adult horse needs 18-25 MJ of metabolic energy per day, and a young one 21-28 MJ.
Horse nutrition must necessarily contain minerals, which contain such trace elements as: phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, iron. Also, do not forget about feeding with green grass, an adult horse can eat 50-60 kg of pasture grass per day.
It's no secret that the main dish of horses is forage - these are different types of food of plant origin, which in total make up 90% of the total diet, no more than 10% can be of animal origin. Forage includes grass, hay, straw and others. But special attention should be paid to such a type of forage as haylage, which is something in between hay and silage and has a moisture level of 50-55%. Very important is the process of harvesting haylage, which is carried out in the following stages: grass mowing, wilting, raking and picking, then the grass is crushed and transported to storage, where it is carefully compacted and covered from air penetration. The quality of haylage directly depends on the grass from which it is made, so it is best to use perennial legumes such as: sainfoin, alfalfa, clover, and annual legume-cereal mash will do. But we must pay attention to the fact that legumes must be mowed during the budding period, and cereals during the earing period. What quality of haylage can be determined by smell, chemical composition, humidity, temperature. Golovin A. Feeding livestock during the pasture period [Text] / A. Golovin // Livestock in Russia. - 2011. - No. 6. - S. 53-55.
In winter, when animals move less than feeding the horse, the owners do not think much, since 40-50% of all animal feed is such a type of forage as hay. But not all types of hay are suitable for feeding horses. There are two types of hay: seed hay and natural hay. From sowing hay, only timothy and clover-timothy hay is suitable, and from hay of natural lands, only meadow hay is suitable. In some cases, horses can also be given bean hay, but only 2 times less than the usual norm of hay.
Silage is very similar to haylage, which is made under anaerobic conditions, when all the grass sugars are converted into organic acids. The technology for preparing silage is approximately the same as for preparing haylage. horse feed forage foal
Feeding horses is not complete without water, but few people know that the temperature of the water that the horse drinks is very important and should be between 8-12 degrees, otherwise it can make the animal more susceptible to diseases. On a day, a horse can drink from 25 to 50 liters of water per day, and in the heat even up to 80 liters, it is best to drink 4-5 times a day. In no case should you give water to a heated horse, you must wait at least half an hour. In order to better eat 30 minutes before a meal, you can drink it.
The maintenance of horses cannot do without feed additives, which include oats, bran, barley, wheat, rye and many other different additives. Oats should not be given whole, as they are harder to digest, so peeled oats are best for feeding horses. The norm of this supplement, depending on the load of the horse, is 2-5 kg per day. Ishmuratov Kh.G. The chemical composition and nutritional value of the green mass of fodder crops grown
in mixed crops. H.G. Ishmuratov A.E. Andreeva // Feeding farm animals and fodder production, 2010. - No. 8. - P. 44-48
Barley is often used in the form of feed and feed additives for animals, it is 20% more nutritious than oats, but it is not recommended to overdo it with such feed because horses may develop colic. It is not recommended to feed horses with wheat and rye, because of these products, horses may become bloated and their performance decreases, but despite this, on many farms horses are given these products and animals do not experience much discomfort, such supplements are prohibited for breeding horses. The most famous feed additives for horses are succulents, these are primarily treats that are awarded to an animal for a job well done; apples, carrots, beets, and to a lesser extent bananas can be attributed to such feeds.
Making the wrong diet can cause a deterioration in the health of the horse, if you do not take into account factors such as: the age of the horse, the amount of work done, the time of year, the condition of the animal, it will be very difficult to feed the horse properly.
When choosing feeding horses, the main thing is to try to adhere to the norms and basic rules of hygiene and safety, this will protect the animal from unwanted diseases such as glanders, infectious anemia, rheumatic hoof inflammation, colic, diarrhea. The cause of diarrhea can be the wrong forage or feeding the same food for a long time. Colic in horses can occur due to difficult digestion, that is, when feed with a high percentage of fiber is added to the diet. Succulents, from which the dirt has not been washed off, can also become the cause of the disease, and you should not over-indulge the horse with fruits, as this can cause stomach upsets in the animal. The health and performance of a horse depends solely on the care of the owner, the more attention is paid to the nutrition of the animal, the less likely it is to get sick. You also need to remember that horses need proper care and maintenance. Kirilov M.P. Feed resources of animal husbandry. Classification, composition and nutritional value of feed: scientific publication [Text] / M.P. Kirilov, N.G. Pervov, A.S. Anikin, V.N. Vinogradov, V.M. Duborezov, V.V. Puzanova, V.M. Kosolapov, I.F. Draganov, V.P. Degtyarev. - M.: FGNU "Rosinformagrotech", 2009. - 404 p.
3. The need of working horses for energy, nutrients and biologically active substances
In order to correctly compose the feed ration, it is necessary to know the norms of the horse's need for nutrients and biologically active substances.
The need for dry matter and energy. Adult working horses require an average of 1.8-2.7 feed units, depending on the work performed, young animals - 2.2-2.8 feed units. units per 100 kg live weight. The number of feed units in the diet characterizes the underfeeding or overfeeding of the horse. The need for working horses in dry matter is on average 2.2-3 kg per 100 kg of live weight. For working foals and lactating mares, this rate is increased by an average of 20% for the growth of the offspring and the formation of milk.
Both the lack and excess of dry matter in the diet adversely affect the motor and secretory activity of the digestive organs, the digestibility and assimilation of feed nutrients and, in general, the health of the horse.
The level of energy nutrition of a horse is determined by the amount of metabolic energy per 100 kg of live weight or per head per day and is expressed in megajoules - MJ. The need for metabolic energy in adult working horses is on average 18-25 MJ, in young animals - 21-28 MJ per 100 kg of live weight. In violation of energy metabolism in the body, efficiency decreases, growth is delayed, and other negative consequences are observed. Laptev G. Feeding animals and microflora [Text] / G. Laptev // Livestock in Russia. - 2010. - No. 2. - S. 56-57
The need for protein. It is necessary for the growth of young animals, the renewal of worn-out tissues of an adult horse, the formation of milk in lactating mares, as well as for the synthesis of enzymes, hormones, immune bodies, etc. The optimal need for working horses is on average 170-240 g, for young animals - 180-280 g per 100 kg of live weight.
Need for fiber. Although the horse receives the main amount of energy from carbohydrates, nevertheless, the need for easily digestible carbohydrates (starch and sugar), as well as fat, is not standardized. Only fiber is regulated. Moreover, the need for fiber is minimal, since its excess reduces the digestibility of feed nutrients. The optimal fiber content in diets should not exceed 16% of the dry matter of the feed. The optimal requirement for adult working horses is 400-480 g, for young animals - 450-480 g per 100 kg of live weight.
Need for minerals. The mineral nutritional value of feed is characterized by the presence of microelements in them - calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, etc., as well as microelements - iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese, iodine, etc.
sodium and chlorine. The main source is table salt, 100 g of which contains 39 g of sodium and 60 g of chlorine. An adult horse requires an average of 5-9 g of salt, young horses - 5-7 g, sports horses during training and performances - 12 g per 100 kg of live weight.
calcium and phosphorus. With a deficiency, rapid fatigue, decreased performance and osteodystrophic diseases (swelling of the joints of the extremities, etc.) are observed. the consequences of insufficiency in the diet of calcium and phosphorus are exacerbated by a violation of the correspondence of these elements, which should normally be 1: 0.75. The need for calcium in adult horses is 4-12 g, in young animals - 13-21 g; in phosphorus in adults - 3-9 g, in young animals - 12-15 g per 100 kg of live weight.
Magnesium. With a lack of horses become very excitable (especially sports). The need for magnesium in adult horses is 2.5-4 g, in young animals - 3-4 g per 100 kg of live weight.
Iron. Copper. Cobalt. In terms of their importance in feeding horses, these elements are closely related. Prolonged deficiency of one or more of them in the body causes various forms of anemia. The iron requirement for adult working horses is 80-120 mg; in m Leshchenko E.A. Quality as a factor in the efficiency of fodder production [Text] / E.A. Leshchenko // Bulletin of the National Academy of Sciences. A series of agricultural sciences, Belarus, 2006. - No. 5. - P. 39-40 in adult horses - 15-25 mg, in young animals - 21-27 mg; in cobalt - in adults - 1-1.8 mg, in young animals - 1.5-2 mg per 100 kg of live weight.
Zinc. Lack of diet dramatically slows down the growth of the horse and delays puberty, disrupts taste (horses gnaw wood) and smell, sometimes skin diseases appear. The need for zinc in adult horses and young animals is on average 55-96 mg per 100 kg of live weight (depending on the work performed).
Manganese. With a deficiency in the diet, there is a delay in puberty, irregular ovulation, the birth of dead and non-viable offspring, poor sperm quality in breeding stallions. The need for manganese in breeding horses is 60-120 mg per 100 kg of live weight.
Iodine. Lack in the diets of working horses contributes to their rapid fatigue and reduced performance; in the diets of horses, it often causes the birth of weak, nonviable foals with a pronounced painful enlargement of the thyroid gland, sparse hairline, and sometimes naked. The need for iodine is: in adult working horses 0.8-1.4 mg (depending on the work performed), in young animals - 1.5-2 mg (depending on age) per 100 kg of live weight. N.G. Makartsev Feeding agricultural Animals Kaluga: Nauch. lit. N.F. Bochkareva, 2007. - 608 p.
4. Feed used for feeding horses
The horse's intestines are physiologically designed to continuously process food, which forces the animal to constantly consume food. This feature of the device of the digestive system of the horse must be taken into account when it is stable content.
Life-giving moisture
The most important component in the diet of any animal is, oddly enough, water. Most living things can go much longer without food than without liquid. Horses need clean and fresh drinking water at all times, and ideally, access to it should be free (with the exception of feeding times). In stable conditions, automatic drinking bowls can be a good solution, and in levada - just containers.
For adult horses, the most favorable water temperature is 10-12 °C. Drinking them with a liquid with a temperature above 20º C pampers such animals, makes them more susceptible to colds. The ambient temperature is also important, or rather the difference between the temperature in the street, the temperature in the stable and the temperature of the water. It should not be too significant, because horses in their natural habitat drink water from reservoirs, and it does not freeze to 0 °C.
Horses drink cold water in short, small sips to avoid hypothermia. Therefore, the optimum temperature for watering an animal in cold weather is 8-12 °C. Horses are watered before the start of feeding with concentrates, i.e. at least 3 times a day, preferably 4-5 times. If you water a horse less often, then it immediately drinks a large amount of water, which can adversely affect the activity of its heart and disrupt digestion.
It is categorically impossible to water a hot (after intensive work) horse. In such cases, the animal is left without water for at least 30 minutes (at medium loads). If you drink the animal immediately, then colds can occur, most often this is rheumatic inflammation of the hooves. Horses drink 25-50 liters per day, depending on the load. Like people, in hot weather they consume more liquid (up to 60-80 liters). F. S. Khaziakhmetov Normalized feeding of agricultural crops. Animals St. Petersburg: Lan 2005. - 272 p.
Main course
Most of the horse's diet is forage, in other words, green and roughage of plant origin, which are necessary to maintain healthy digestion and proper grinding of the horse's teeth. First of all, it is grass. It is she who is the most useful and natural food for horses. Grass provides the animal with most of the necessary nutrients. And free grazing on the pasture gives the animals a good physical activity.
In winter, in countries with a temperate climate, grass in the horse's diet is replaced by hay - grass cut and dried in the sun. It is dried to such a degree of humidity (15%) at which mold does not grow.
Another type of forage is haylage, which became widespread in the 80s of the last century. In its manufacture, dried, but not completely dried, grass is hermetically packed in plastic bales to avoid mold damage. Haylage contains much more moisture (up to 50%) than hay, so horses eat it more willingly. In addition, haylage can prevent indigestion because it is low in fiber. F. S. Khaziakhmetov Normalized feeding of agricultural crops. Animals St. Petersburg: Lan 2005. - 272 p.
Unlike European countries, haylage is practically not produced in Russia. Occasionally, when feeding horses, silage can be used as forage, which, together with grass, is the cheapest forage. Unlike almost dry haylage, grass silage undergoes a process of fermentation or fermentation of the grass, when water, vegetable sugars and bacteria present in the grass interact with the production of lactic acid. However, if the fermentation process goes poorly, it can cause health problems for the horse. Therefore, silage is more suitable for feeding cows that have a different digestion process.
Straw is also rarely used as forage, as it lacks nutrients. However, if the horse does not need a high calorie diet, straw can be a suitable source of roughage.
There are three types of straw - oat, barley and wheat. The latter is not usually used as forage, but can be used as bedding. Sometimes chopped hay or straw is used to add to solid rations (oats, mixed fodder) to slow down the rate of eating or to "dilute" large quantities of succulent fodder. When feeding any feed of plant origin, one must be very attentive to its quality. So in hay, straw (in the form of dust) and haylage (in case of violation of the tightness of the packaging), moldy fungi can live, affecting either the respiratory tract or disturbing the horse's digestion. Moreover, diseases can be very serious.
Feed additives
All the nutritional needs of a healthy horse with constant grazing can be met by eating grass. However, horses doing some kind of work, as a rule, require additional feed additives. These are the so-called simple (or grain) feeds. S.N. Khokhrin Feeding farm animals. - M.: KolosS, 2009. - 692 p.: ill. - (Teaching aids for students of higher educational institutions).
The traditional and still the most popular "fuel" for horses is oats. The reason for this recognition was its safety for the health of the horse, because compared to other grains, it contains the least starch and more fiber.
Oats are fed to the horse depending on its needs and physical condition in different forms: whole, peeled, flattened, steamed or boiled. Whole oats are poorly digested. Traditionally, horses are fed peeled oats; in this case, digestive enzymes more easily break down the starch inside the grains. Horses that cannot chew roughage, older animals, and foals are often fed rolled oats to aid chewing. Horses with various medical conditions, including gastrointestinal problems, are often fed steamed or even boiled oats. For working horses, the optimal feeding rate of oats is 2-5 kg per day, depending on the load (up to 7 kg for sports horses).
Horses are often given barley to improve their condition, as its nutritional value is 20% higher than that of oats. However, feeding this cereal as a horse's only food can cause colic. Therefore, it is useful to add oats, straw or hay cuttings to it.
Since barley has a hard grain, it is pre-crushed, pounded, steamed or boiled. In Europe and the USA, this cereal and maize, which is quite popular there, are also sold in the form of flakes. The grains are sprayed with a stream of steam, which improves their digestibility, and then the soft grains are processed into flakes.
In agrarian countries, where cereal legumes are grown in industrial quantities, horses are still used as draft labor in large farms and subsidiary plots. There, these animals have been fed corn, rye, wheat, as well as peas, vetch and lentils since childhood. At the same time, corn, rye and wheat can cause colic, and peas, vetch and lentils can cause bloating.
Breeding and sporting horses are not fed rye and wheat, and legumes can only be used as a small addition to oats and with great care for foals and sires to ensure their high protein requirements. Zootechnical analysis (guidelines) Ed. ON THE. Chepeleva Kursk: KGSHA, 2006. - 39 p.
Bran is often added to horse food. They are the outer shell of wheat grains and are a by-product of flour milling, so they are inexpensive. In addition, they are safe for the health of horses, especially if their high levels of phosphorus are balanced by the addition of calcium.
Bran porridge makes horses appetite and is a good food for sick and tired horses. Probably the most common addition to the horse's diet in Europe and America is sugar beet pulp. It is a by-product of the production of sugar from sugar beet, it contains a lot of calcium, so bran and pulp are often used together. It is often recommended for problem horses with reduced performance. In sweetness, it resembles spring grass for a horse, which makes it an appetite stimulant. At present, sugar beet pulp is also becoming a fairly popular feed additive in our country.
Whole flaxseed is used to improve the quality of wool, accelerate shedding, and sometimes to improve condition by enriching the diet of horses with fats and protein. However, due to the enveloping of the walls of the horse's stomach, it makes digestion difficult, so it is traditionally boiled before feeding.
In the West, no less popular are whole soybeans, which are either dried or crushed. There are other ways to enrich the horse's diet with fats - this is the addition of ordinary vegetable oils to the feed. In contrast to the negative effects associated with poor nutrition and excessive consumption of oil by humans, vegetable oil is a very good addition to the horse's diet. Workshop on feeding agricultural animals Ed. L.V. Toporova and others. M.: KolosS, 2007. - 296 p.
Almost any vegetable oils used in their diet and by humans are suitable for feeding such animals: sunflower, olive, soybean, linseed. And fish oil helps in the treatment of inflammatory processes.
A large number of nutritional supplements are currently being produced for horses. These can be broad-spectrum supplements that contain a wide range of minerals, trace elements, vitamins, or special supplements, for example, to improve the condition of the hooves or maintain electrolyte balance.
A special place among food additives is occupied by digestive stimulants. There are three main categories of digestive aids - yeast, probiotics, and prebiotics. The most common culinary yeast, which is used in baking bread, stimulates bacterial fermentation in the horse's large intestine, resulting in improved fiber absorption. In addition, they are an excellent source of B vitamins. Live, dry culinary and brewer's yeast are used to feed the horse.
Probiotics are preparations of bacterial cultures, i.e. they are “useful live” bacteria and are designed to stabilize the microflora in the small intestine. Prebiotics are not bacteria, they are usually derivatives of complex carbohydrates that stimulate the growth of bacteria in the horse's digestive system.
Well, the most famous feed additives are the so-called succulents. These are fruits and vegetables that make the food more appetizing, increase its volume, and provide juiciness. Most often, horses are fed carrots and apples. Nowadays, succulents need to be given in small quantities, although there was a time when carrots, apples, rutabaga, and fodder beets were fed in large quantities to heavy horses. Makartsev N.G. Feeding farm animals / N.G. Makartsev. 2nd ed., revised. and additional Kaluga: Oblizdat, 2007. 608 p.
Less common succulents are bananas, parsnips, turnips, potatoes, sugar beets, and very rarely cabbages. Succulents are a great treat for horses as a reward for a job well done. Therefore, if you are planning a visit to a horse farm or a pony club, then you can take an apple, banana or carrot with you as a gift for a horse.
Be sure to remove the dirt from the root crops, because it can contain disease-causing bacteria. All treats must be cut lengthwise and across so that the horse does not choke. Remember that you can feed the animal only with the permission of the horse farm staff with a small amount of food from an open palm.
There are also special delicacies, which are packaged cookies or crackers with various flavorings. You should not treat the horse with soft bread or rolls, this can disrupt the animal's digestion. Note that the taste preferences of horses are different from ours. So the love of sweets is not an innate property of horses. Most foals don't like sugar. The horse's subsequent addiction to it is formed by the person who offers it sugar as a reward. Therefore, do not take pieces of sugar with you. At the same time, horses are very fond of bitter substances. And it makes sense: some of the herbs that are essential for keeping a horse healthy are quite bitter in taste.
Compound feed is a completely balanced feed in terms of nutrient composition. It is specially formulated to provide horses with a complete diet and is easy to feed. The biggest advantage is the constant composition of nutrients, while the composition of nutrients in simple grain feeds can vary. Vishnyakov Ya.D. Life safety. 4th ed., Rev. and additional - M .: Publishing House Yurayt, 2013. - 543 p.
In different compound feeds, the main ingredients are contained in different proportions, depending on the purpose and purpose of the feed. In Europe and the USA there is a wide variety of compound feeds - pelleted feed for foals and young animals, ponies, for foal mares, for mature horses, breeding stallions, as well as a variety of feeds for sports horses (participating in races, runs, show jumping, dressage, draft horses) depending on the degree of loading.
In our country, the choice of compound feed is not so rich, but has grown significantly with the increase in demand over the past few years. The compound feed contains the following ingredients: barley, wheat, oats, maize, molasses (as sources of energy), hay or alfalfa, wheat and oat bran, soy husks, straw, sugar beet pulp (as sources of fiber), soy flour and sunflower meal (as sources of protein), as well as limestone, salt, vitamins and trace elements.
The basic postulate, formed over the centuries and withstood the test of time, which is the basis of any method of calculating the diet of a horse, is very simple - this is feeding on demand. It is clear that the appetite and need for energy and protein in horses and ponies of different weight, size, temperament, condition and carrying different physical activities are completely different. Zanko N.G. Life safety: a textbook for student universities. According to special "Safety of life"\N.G.Zanko, K.R.Malayan, O.N.Rusak.-13th ed.
For successful feeding, you need to know the level of workload, age and health of the animal. First of all, it is necessary to build on the principle "The horse must be content." The food preferences of a particular animal are also important, it will not eat those feeds that for some reason do not suit it. There is one Eastern wisdom on this score: “And one person can lead a horse to a watering place, but even a hundred people will not make it drink.”
Horses do well if they follow a consistent feeding schedule - every day at the same time. It should be taken into account that horses in the wild consume food about 66% of the time, i.e. about 16 hours a day. Therefore, solid foods should be given at least 3-4 times a day. However, the composition of the diet is still more important for the horse than the regimen. After all, malnutrition can serve not only to reduce the efficiency and deterioration of the general condition of the animal, but also cause severe harm to the health of the horse.
The reason for the deterioration of the horse's health can be, as well as simply an unbalanced diet, as well as fodder contamination (dusty hay, mold in the haylage), poorly washed root crops or watering immediately after physical exertion. It is necessary to take into account even the location of the feeders and drinkers, because in nature the horse both drinks and eats “from the floor” with its neck completely stretched down.
The horse's natural foraging behavior maintains proper jaw movement, minimizes tooth wear and ensures airway ventilation. It is always necessary to carefully monitor the physical condition of the animal. So a sudden decrease or increase in appetite without gaining weight may indicate a deterioration in horse health.
Animals and humans have similar diseases, and even their causes are sometimes the same. Horses, like people, can suffer from obesity and anorexia. But the most common diseases caused by improper feeding are laminitis, colic, recurrent airway obstruction. Knyazev A.F. Life safety in animal husbandry: Educational and methodological allowance. On special. "Zootechny" and "Veterinary" \ A.F. Knyazev, Z.V. Ivanova; MGAVMiB them. K.I.Skryabina.-M., 2009 - 63 p.
It is important to understand that people are free to choose their food, how it is prepared and consumed, and how they eat and exercise. They are responsible for their own health. A horse as a pet is completely dependent on a person, and he is obliged to provide her with the most favorable conditions for keeping, no matter what work she does, whether it is a free-range horse, a foal, a country horse, a pony beloved by a child, a racetrack horse or a breeding stallion.
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