How is propane butane produced? Termination of an employment contract expiration, termination of an employment contract expiration. What threatens the untimely issuance of the TC

14.11.2020

Propane is organic compound, the third representative of alkanes in the homologous series. At room temperature it is a colorless and odorless gas. The chemical formula of propane is C 3 H 8 . Fire and explosion hazard. It has little toxicity. It has little effect on nervous system and has narcotic properties.

Structure

Propane is a saturated hydrocarbon consisting of three carbon atoms. For this reason, it has a curved shape, but due to the constant rotation around the bond axes, there are several molecular conformations. The bonds in the molecule are covalent: C-C non-polar, C-H weakly polar. Because of this, they are difficult to break, and the substance is rather difficult to enter into chemical reactions. This sets all the chemical properties of propane. It has no isomers. The molar mass of propane is 44.1 g/mol.

How to get

In industry, propane is almost never synthesized artificially. It is isolated from natural gas and oil by distillation. For this, there are special production facilities.

In the laboratory, propane can be obtained by the following chemical reactions:

Physical properties of propane

As already mentioned, propane is a colorless and odorless gas. It is insoluble in water and other polar solvents. But it dissolves in some organic substances (methanol, acetone and others). At -42.1 °C it liquefies, and at -188 °C it becomes solid. It is flammable, as it forms flammable and explosive mixtures with air.

Chemical properties of propane

They are typical properties of alkanes.

The mechanism of halogenation reactions is chain. Under the action of light or high temperature, the halogen molecule decomposes into radicals. They interact with propane, taking away a hydrogen atom from it. As a result, a free cut is formed. It interacts with the halogen molecule, again breaking it into radicals.

Bromination occurs by the same mechanism. Iodization can only be carried out with special iodine-containing reagents, since propane does not interact with pure iodine. When interacting with fluorine, an explosion occurs, a polysubstituted propane derivative is formed.

Nitration can be carried out with dilute nitric acid (Konovalov's reaction) or nitric oxide (IV) at an elevated temperature (130-150 °C).

Sulfoxidation and sulfochlorination are carried out under UV light.

Propane combustion reaction: C 3 H 8 + 5O 2 → 3CO 2 + 4H 2 O.

Milder oxidation can also be carried out using certain catalysts. The combustion reaction of propane will be different. In this case, propanol, propanal or propionic acid is obtained. In addition to oxygen, peroxides (most often hydrogen peroxide), transition metal oxides, chromium (VI) and manganese (VII) compounds can be used as oxidizing agents.

Propane reacts with sulfur to form isopropyl sulfide. For this, tetrabromoethane and aluminum bromide are used as catalysts. The reaction proceeds at 20 °C for two hours. The reaction yield is 60%.

With the same catalysts, it can react with carbon monoxide (I) to form isopropyl ester of 2-methylpropanoic acid. The reaction mixture after the reaction must be treated with isopropanol. So, we examined the chemical properties of propane.

Application

Due to its good combustibility, propane is used in everyday life and industry as a fuel. It can also be used as fuel for cars. Propane burns at almost 2000°C, which is why it is used for welding and cutting metal. Propane burners heat bitumen and asphalt in road construction. But often the market does not use pure propane, but its mixture with

Oddly enough, but he found application in the food industry as an additive E944. Due to its chemical properties, propane is used there as a solvent for fragrances and also for the treatment of oils.

A mixture of propane and isobutane is used as the refrigerant R-290a. It is more efficient than older refrigerants and is also environmentally friendly as it does not deplete the ozone layer.

Propane is widely used in organic synthesis. It is used to produce polypropylene and various kinds of solvents. In oil refining, it is used for deasphalting, that is, reducing the proportion of heavy molecules in the bitumen mixture. This is necessary for the recycling of old asphalt.

Published: 01/04/2017 21:21

Propane is a gas with the chemical formula C 3 H 8 that is odorless and colorless. Butane is the same colorless gas as odorless propane, the formula of butane is C 4 H 10. Propane and butane belong to a number of alkanes and are used as LPG fuel components. LPG is a liquefied hydrocarbon gas, propane, like butane, has a calorific value suitable for use as a fuel. General similarity physical properties two gases does not apply to their boiling point - for propane it is -43 o C, for butane it is much higher (-0.5 o C).

Therefore, propane can be used as a fuel at sub-zero temperatures, but butane cannot, for which a mixture of gases is used - liquefied petroleum gas or propane-butane. A mixture of gases is made so that propane (as a mixture of propane and butane is called for short) can be safely used at any temperature. Separate use of propane is impossible for the following reason - when heated, propane expands significantly, which leads to an increase in pressure on the walls of the vessel (in which gas is stored) from the inside. This property of propane leads to the formation of cracks on the inner walls of the tank and its gradual deterioration (due to the loss of the ability to hermetically contain the gas inside). A propane leak is not the worst consequence of its expansion. In the case of sudden heating, propane can explode the tank from the inside and cause significant damage to nearby people. Substances with a pungent odor are added to the mixture of propane and butane to detect leaks in a timely manner.

A mixture of propane and butane is stored inside a cylinder or gas tank in liquefied form. Liquefaction of propane-butane occurs under the influence of pressure - the compressor method, under pressure, a mixture of propane and butane is stored inside the tank. The liquefaction of propane makes it convenient for transportation and storage - in liquefied form, a mixture of propane and butane takes up 600 times less space. Storage is carried out at normal temperature, as a result of which propane is partially transferred from liquid state into gaseous (in this state, propane-butane is used as a fuel, in a gaseous state it is supplied to a gas boiler).

How is propane-butane produced?

Propane is produced as a result of oil extraction or refining operations. During oil production, associated petroleum gas is released - a mixture of various hydrocarbon gases, including propane. Such production of propane occurs during fracking - the technology of oil production with hydraulic fracturing. Part of the propane is obtained as a by-product of oil refining at refineries. The propane is then liquefied and transported to gas filling stations.

With the advent of internal combustion engines, the search for economical and environmentally friendly fuels does not stop. Hydrocarbon gases confidently, gradually occupy a niche in this area.

For several decades, vehicle owners have been concerned about the question: which type of gas best solves fuel economy problems, propane-butane or methane?

Why do you need to know the features of propane and methane?

Diesel was once the most economical fuel. Drivers chose cars with the appropriate engine or carried out conversions. Over time, the cost of diesel fuel has increased significantly, the cheapest modern way fuel economy was the use of gas.

Today, gas car systems are being actively implemented in the fleets of commercial, manufacturing enterprises, and budgetary institutions. Many owners of private vehicles are transferring their cars to HBO.

The auto industry also got involved. There are models of brands of cars of domestic and foreign production, which are equipped on the conveyor with a gas-cylinder system. The reasons are clear - gas allows you to significantly save money on gas stations. If the financial issue is not important for someone, the environmental friendliness of the use of gas fuel leaves no doubt.

Which gas is better for cars - propane-butane mixture or methane? Each applicant for the replacement of gasoline has positive and negative sides. Car owners make a choice based on the conditions for using alternative fuels. Understanding the performance characteristics of propane and methane means making an informed, calculated choice in all respects for your car.

If a decision is made to install a gas system, a number of features should be taken into account. You need to know how to properly refuel a car, decide which generation and manufacturer of LPG to purchase, where to go for installation, what type of gas fuel for a car to choose. First you need to figure out: what is the difference between propane and butane and methane?

Methane, propane and butane

Propane-butane fuel is a liquefied gas mixture, methane fuel is a compressed substance. Two types of gas fuel have differences in composition, features and specifics of application.

Hydrocarbon gas propane is of organic origin. It is a product of petroleum products processing or a separated component of natural gas.

What kind of gas do cars run on? There are two brands of gas mixtures:

Propane butane for automobiles, used as transport fuel;
Technical propane-butane mixture, for household consumption.

Consumer properties of propane fuel are given as follows:

the gas is subjected to a thorough purification procedure;
propane is combined with ethane and butane, in a liquefied state it is pumped into tanks with a pressure of 10-15 atm.

Thus, the composition of the fuel includes propane and butane, the difference between which is that the first is winter gas, the second is summer.

Liquefied butane does not work in the cold. Summer is contraindicated for pure "winter" propane, high temperature will increase the pressure in the gas cylinder.

C 3 H 8 is heavier than air, becomes explosive, harmful to humans if the concentration exceeds 2.1%.

LPG retains its gaseous properties under normal temperature regime, any pressure. The fact that propane-butane can be liquefied makes it possible to load large volumes of fuel into the car, significantly increasing the range. Propane cars will not hurt if it is of high quality.

Methane gas is a hydrocarbon, lighter than air, practically insoluble in water. They extract gas from the bowels of the earth.

To get to the consumer, CH 4 goes through several technological stages:

The gas is filtered.
Supplement with odorants.
Methane is compressed by a compressor up to 200-250 atm.
The automotive fuel mixture is placed in heavy, thick-walled, high-strength tanks.

An explosive gas becomes explosive at a concentration of environment over 4.4%. Methane fuel has the ability to accumulate in closed spaces, quickly dissipates. It costs less than propane, belongs to the cleanest gas fuel, unlike propane, there are negligible impurities in it, deep cleaning is not required.

On a note! Influence at human body methane is minimal in open areas due to low weight.

Quality compressed methane contains at least 90% natural gas.

Which gas fuel will bring more savings to the car owner?

Comparative characteristics of methane and propane-butane:

Installation of propane gas equipment will cost more than two times lower in price.
At the cost of fuel - methane is much cheaper than propane-butane.
Sug reduces the power of the car compared to gasoline up to 3-5%, which manifests itself at a speed of 140 km per hour. Methane is able to “weaken” a car engine by up to 20%. Modern generations of HBO level this indicator.
According to the degree of environmental friendliness - liquefied gas has more impurities, propane-butane does not belong to completely safe substances. Methane gas is characterized by this moment it's the cleanest fuel resource along with alcohol, it is superior in safety to electric motors.
In terms of the weight of gas cylinders and the volume of fuel, propane-butane compressed under low pressure has a clear advantage, its volume is enough for a trip three times longer.
The explosive level of methane, which instantly dissipates in the open air, is two times lower. Durable methane tanks are less prone to deformation in the event of an accident.
In terms of the availability of gas stations, you don’t need to look for propane gas stations, they are almost on the same level as gasoline ones. Methane gas stations - in major cities.
The octane number for propane-butane mixture is 100, for methane 110.

The final difference is as follows: methane gas is cheaper and safer, but more expensive to install and maintain. To refuel with propane-butane, it is not necessary to live in a big city. HBO is affordable, the cylinders are lighter, but the gas is more harmful and dangerous.

Therefore, it is understandable why owners of private and commercial trucks opt for methane. Machines do not feel the weight of balloon equipment, power loss is not sensitive. Fuel savings are significant.

Why is it profitable to refuel a car with gas

With all the advantages and disadvantages, the varieties of gas fuel have common “bonuses” that are attractive to car owners:

autogas has a lower cost relative to gasoline;
high environmental component, gas has a lesser negative impact on humans, the toxicity of gas emissions is negligible;
the installation of HBO increases the supply of fuel and lubricants in the car, if you fill in full tank gasoline and fill the gas cylinder;
the use of gas in combination with gasoline fuel slows down the wear of machine parts (it is more effective if the engine is adapted to gas from the factory).

These qualities allow car owners to use gas instead of gasoline, the gas station network is expanding year by year.

The opinion that gas-balloon equipment is capable of damaging the upper part of the cylinder block of an internal combustion engine is true when HBO is installed on a car in a handicraft way.

The gas system will have the status of excellent reliability, complete safety, high efficiency, if installed by professionals, fill the car with high-quality gas, and do not ignore regular technical inspections. Proper installation of the gas cylinder will help to avoid equipment damage in an accident.

On a note! As for gas leaks, mercaptans with a characteristic odor added to the gas will allow you to immediately notice defects in the system.

Published: 01/04/2017 21:21

Propane is a gas with the chemical formula C 3 H 8 that is odorless and colorless. Butane is the same colorless gas as odorless propane, the formula of butane is C 4 H 10. Propane and butane belong to a number of alkanes and are used as LPG fuel components. LPG is a liquefied hydrocarbon gas, propane, like butane, has a calorific value suitable for use as a fuel. The general similarity of the physical properties of the two gases does not extend to their boiling point - for propane it is -43 o C, for butane it is much higher (-0.5 o C).

A mixture of propane and butane is stored inside a cylinder or gas tank in liquefied form. Liquefaction of propane-butane occurs under the influence of pressure - the compressor method, under pressure, a mixture of propane and butane is stored inside the tank. The liquefaction of propane makes it convenient for transportation and storage - in liquefied form, a mixture of propane and butane takes up 600 times less space. Storage is carried out at normal temperature, as a result of which propane partially passes from a liquid state to a gaseous state (in this state, propane-butane is used as a fuel, in a gaseous state it is supplied to a gas boiler).