Andrey Tupolev. Start of professional activity

08.11.2019

Andrei Nikolaevich was born on October 29, 1888 in large family in the village of Pustomazovo, located on the territory of the modern Kalinin region. His mother, Anna Vasilievna, was the daughter of a judicial investigator from Tiflis. She was well educated, knew several languages, played the piano beautifully, took care of all the housework, and independently gave the children a primary education. Father, Nikolai Ivanovich Tupolev, was from the Siberian Cossacks, originally from Surgut. He worked as a notary of the district court, but did not like his job, and therefore he acquired a small plot of land, settled on it and began to farm.

Andrei Tupolev later recalled: “We lived modestly. I had older brothers Sergei and Nikolai, as well as sisters Natalia, Tatyana, Vera and Maria. Mother gave us all her strength, her whole soul. Our family was very large and friendly. Not patriarchal, but certainly progressive.”

Since 1901, Andrei Nikolaevich studied at the Tver gymnasium, about which he later wrote: “In order for the children to study, the whole family had to move to Tver. Our class was friendly, however, it was not accepted to study well. I just tried to keep up with my peers. I didn't have any toys in Pustomazovo. They were expensive and I made them myself out of wood. And in the gymnasium there were lessons of manual labor. Here I could engage in carpentry, some of my things even got to the exhibition. While studying at the gymnasium, I realized that I love technology, I realized that I need to go in this direction. In the autumn of 1908, Andrei Tupolev successfully passed his exams at two educational institutions Moscow: Institute of Railway Engineers and IMTU. He chose IMTU.

Andrey Nikolaevich recalled about the first years in Moscow: “Money was constantly lacking. Once it got really bad, and then I decided to pawn my inferior coat in a pawnshop. I was looking for a pawnshop, and it seemed to me that everyone was looking at me, at the coat under my arm. I was never able to find a pawnshop and returned hungry that day. Fortunately, the next day, three rubles came from home.”

In October 1909, lectures on aeronautics at IMTU began to be read by N.E. Zhukovsky, who also headed the Aeronautical Circle, formed on the initiative of students. In December of the same year, Tupolev joined the circle, for whom his acquaintance with Nikolai Yegorovich was of crucial importance. He himself said that "from that moment my aviation life began." Just four months later, Andrei Tupolev became one of the most active members of the circle. His works - a flat wind tunnel and a model aircraft - attracted the attention of people at the held aeronautical exhibition.

After the end of the exhibition, the students began testing the balancing glider they had created. And the funds raised from ticket sales, together with a number of private donations, made it possible for the circle to start developing its own airplane. However, in the spring of 1911, Andrei's studies were unexpectedly interrupted. Having received from an unknown source information about Tupolev's political unreliability, a search was made in his room, and he himself was detained. One of the first to try to help out the future designer Zhukovsky, who announced that his student was busy in the circle and had no time for "extraneous" things. An attempt to release Tupolev from custody was also made by the director of IMTU Gavrilenko. Despite all the petitions, Andrei Nikolaevich was released only in April due to the death of his father. He was also forbidden to live exactly one year in any cities with higher educational institutions.

Tupolev spent about two and a half years in his native village, doing things far from aviation. He wrote: “When I returned home, I had the difficult task of burying my father. Things were not going well for our family. But I was young and strong. Having cultivated the land well, I planted vegetables. Gradually, things began to improve.”

On February 6, 1913, police supervision of A.N. Tupolev was canceled, and in the fall of this year he managed to recover at the ITU, continuing to work in the aerodynamic laboratory, built on the basis of the old circle. Over the next year, he quickly became one of Zhukovsky's most active students, showing the ability of both a scientific researcher and a designer.

After the outbreak of the First World War, the military department turned to Nikolai Yegorovich on the issues of purging and examining the details of the aircraft in service. A sharp increase in the volume of work made it possible, with the support of the military, to organize the first Russian Aviation Design and Test Bureau in the summer of 1916. Professor Zhukovsky headed it, and Tupolev became one of his assistants in the position of head of laboratory facilities. Parallel to research work Andrei Nikolaevich managed to do aerodynamic calculations. In 1916, he calculated the Anatra airplane and the fighter of the Kosyanenko brothers. On the recommendation of Zhukovsky, student Andrey Tupolev was involved in work in the commission developing the strength standards for airplanes, in which, in addition to him, professors A.P. Van der Fleet, G.A. Botezat, S.P. Timoshenko.

In 1916, Andrei Nikolaevich for some time led the design of a hydroplane at the Duks plant. Here is what he himself wrote about this: “I had a meager experience, but I really wanted to try. Created a design bureau, began to create a seaplane. But the technical director of the plant, returning from France, brought a patent for the construction of the French model. They didn’t call me, they just informed me through people that they would build a foreign aircraft, and not one designed by me. I was young at that time, offended, took the drawings and left. However, later the drawings still came in handy, becoming the basis of Tupolev's diploma.

The revolution in Russia did not interrupt the work of the Design and Test Bureau; at the end of the summer of 1918, A.N. Tupolev headed the direction of aerodynamic calculations and instrument design. In the same year, he received the title of mechanical engineer, defending with honors a project entitled "Experience in creating a hydroplane according to wind tunnel tests." In 1920, Tupolev tried himself as a teacher, giving a course of lectures "Fundamentals of Aerodynamic Calculation" at the Moscow Higher Technical School. The following year, he was already entrusted with the "Theory of Airplanes", "Theory of Hydroplanes", "Normal and Special Design of Hydroplanes", as well as the course "Hydroaviation" at the Institute. NOT. Zhukovsky.

Soon, Nikolai Yegorovich and a number of his closest associates came to the conclusion that the further development of aircraft manufacturing in the country was possible only if there was a powerful research base. The idea to create a scientific aerohydrodynamic institute was personally supported by V.I. Lenin and in December 1918 he began his activities. The Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI for short) was headed by Zhukovsky, while Tupolev became the head of the aviation department. From the very beginning, he set before his employees completely non-aerohydrodynamic tasks aimed at developing a whole range of scientific developments necessary in the future for aircraft construction. The institute studied aviation alloys and their protection against corrosion, aircraft engines, the strength of aircraft structures, flight test methods, and much more. After the death of Zhukovsky, Tupolev continued his work on further development and expansion of TsAGI. To solve emerging issues, he widely attracted specialists and scientists from various fields of science.

In the life of Andrei Nikolaevich, a goal appeared - to create a whole new industry, the aviation industry, capable of mass developing and producing aircraft. In 1924, thanks to Tupolev's proposal, the country's top leadership decided to create a metallurgical base for aircraft construction, which made it possible to produce special aviation materials in large quantities. At the insistence of Tupolev, light magnesium alloys were developed in the 30s, and high-strength aluminum alloys for high-speed aircraft in the late 40s. At the end of the 60s, new aluminum-based heat-resistant alloys for supersonic aircraft appeared. It was Tupolev who first began to use high-strength chromansil steel, fiberglass and some other non-metallic materials. A special laboratory was organized to create and study them.

In 1923, Tupolev created the all-metal highly reliable snowmobile ANT-P, the experience gained later allowed him to develop new designs of gliders and marine torpedo boats, mass-produced during the years of the Great Patriotic War. And in 1924, flight tests of the first all-metal aircraft ANT-2 ended in success.

ANT-2

Step by step, using the example of foreign models and our own experience, production and design teams were formed at TsAGI, production facilities and workshops were expanded, and new buildings were built. Becoming in 1936 the chief engineer of the Main Directorate of the Aviation Industry, A.N. Tupolev begins to rebuild old and build new aircraft factories for the mass production of aircraft. To do this, he makes extensive use of advanced imported equipment, and also follows the principles used in the US automotive industry, which he had the opportunity to learn during a number of business trips. Thanks to Andrei Nikolaevich, technological processes developed abroad, including cladding and anodizing, were introduced. These events helped to organize the mass production of aircraft during the war years. Also, Tupolev was one of the first to understand the need to use computers to improve calculation methods and increase the number of factors taken into account, creating one of the first computing centers.

Each new Tupolev aircraft was an event in technology. Based on the experience gained, he included in each project only the most minimal amount of new, using the path of a consistent structure of aircraft. For example, the aircraft "77", "73" and "82" served as the stages for the creation of the Tu-16 twin-engine jet bomber. Among the aircraft created by Tupolev were not mass-produced models, but there were no unfinished, unable to fly.

Tu-16

After the end of the war, Tupolev launched the construction of new laboratory and production buildings, specialized workshops and branches, and founded a flight development base. Not forgetting about his employees, he sought the construction of new houses and recreation centers for them, garden cooperatives and kindergartens.

Tupolev is the author of many unique technical solutions, such as a prototyping method capable of solving spatial layout problems on wooden models, or the creation of entire flying laboratories for testing engines and other aircraft systems. Eyewitnesses said that wherever Andrei Nikolayevich was, whatever he did, his head constantly thought - what of what he had read, heard or seen could be applied to the development of aircraft construction.

The great designer has always been able to correctly interpret the tasks assigned to the future aircraft. When developing the ANT-31 in 1932, Tupolev was the first to understand the main task of a new generation of fighters - to catch up with the enemy. By the beginning of the war, the monoplane scheme had become the standard for all fighters in the world. And in 1950, he realized the advantage of heavy jet bombers over piston-engine aircraft, starting to design the Tu-16, which later amazed many specialists.

Tupolev loved well-detailed preliminary layouts. He said: "The more details they drew, the more problems they thought about." He spoke about careless layouts: "They smeared it without thinking." Tupolev also did not tolerate speculative conclusions. Wherever, at whatever level the meeting took place, he made decisions only on the basis of experimental results or those obtained in the course of careful calculations.

To eliminate the defects identified at the stage of flight tests, Tupolev organized a wide technical process with the participation of experts from various industries. He devoted a lot of time to working with aircraft crews, contributing to the improvement of their theoretical and practical training. For this, aerobatic training stands for pilots were created. Before the first flight, Tupolev talked for a long time with the pilots, told them about the creation of the aircraft, thereby instilling his confidence in the apparatus. And after the flight, he asked for detailed stories about what the pilots had learned and felt. Of course, the designer had to witness the catastrophes and accidents of his test and production aircraft. People were dying, and, feeling his responsibility to their families, Andrei Nikolaevich used all his authority and influence to help the families of the victims, seeking pensions and benefits. In addition, he conducted a thorough search for the causes of what happened, eliminated all defects and defended the need to continue testing this model in disputes with management. As a rule, his arguments were accepted, and then the aircraft was successfully operated for a long time (for example, this was the case with the Tu-134). Later, Tupolev came up with a service for the operation of mass-produced aircraft. Based on the data collected by her, decisions were made about further modernization aircraft.

Tu-134

In total, under the leadership of Andrei Nikolaevich, more than fifty original aircraft and about a hundred different modifications were created. His aircraft set more than a hundred world records for range, flight speed and payload. The main line of Tupolev's work was heavy aircraft with a high payload. In 1958, under his leadership, a unique passenger aircraft Tu-114 was created, which was far ahead of its time. The reliable ultra-long-range airbus has won long-haul lines for many years, having no analogues in terms of economic efficiency. Tu-114 worked on international lines, flying across the ocean to Cuba and America. During the years of operation, thirty-two world records have been set by aircraft of this series and there are no data in the flight accident column. And the supersonic passenger liner Tu-144, which appeared in 1968, became famous not only in the USSR, but throughout the world.

Tu-114

Tupolev, soberly assessing the importance of money, always stated: “The creation of a small aircraft requires little money and a lot of work. A big plane means a lot of work, and a lot of money, too.”

Andrei Nikolaevich was a well-known statesman and public figure - a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Moscow City Council, a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. His speeches were always distinguished by emotionality and breadth of judgments, they expressed hopes for a brighter future for mankind. Tupolev was three times Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of many State Prizes, holder of numerous orders and medals. What is especially curious is the famous scientist was awarded the Leonardo da Vinci Prize and the gold medal of the society of the founders of aviation in France. He was elected an honorary member of the Royal Society of Aeronautics of Great Britain and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

According to eyewitnesses, Tupolev had an almost supernatural ability to accurately guess the place where the aircraft took off from the ground during acceleration and the place where the aircraft would end its run after landing. Tupolev showed such a gift more than once or twice, even in unusual situations like taking off an extremely overloaded aircraft.

As a talented scientist and designer, head of a huge team of many thousands of engineers, technologists, test pilots, technicians and workers, Andrey Nikolayevich always remained a very simple and friendly person, adored his family, nature, company of friends, delicious food. In everyday life, Tupolev was extremely conservative, preferring to wear old but comfortable jackets, trousers, and shoes. Make him buy new thing succeeded with great difficulty. Andrei Tupolev met his wife while still a student and all his life he loved only her. Yulia Nikolaevna accompanied him wherever possible: on business trips abroad, at scientific conferences, solemn and friendly open receptions. Often in a large company she was the only woman. Knowing foreign languages well, Yulia Nikolaevna helped Tupolev in negotiations with foreigners.

It is known that Andrei Nikolayevich involved his wife in the design of the passenger compartments of the Tu-70 and Tu-104 aircraft. Yulia Nikolaevna enthusiastically chose the colors of the material for the salon and armchairs, the equipment of the interior and kitchen, being a supporter of the Russian traditional style. It is safe to say that she was one of the first designers of the OKB.

Andrei Tupolev loved to travel. As part of official delegations and on business trips, he visited many countries, where he studied not only science and technology, but also nature, people, and local customs. On vacation, he preferred to hunt, fish, play volleyball. I was especially happy when I managed to go with my family and closest friends to nature, sit by the fire, cook fish soup. He went to the theater and cinema, listened to music, but due to employment, and in last years and due to illness, could not devote much time to this. But regularly, before going to bed, I read works of art. In his home library, in addition to numerous technical books and magazines, books by A.S. Pushkin, L.N. Tolstoy, A.T. Tvardovsky, D. Galsworthy, Plutarch. Tupolev remembered many poems and quoted them from time to time. In general, his speech was distinguished by brevity and capacity, many phrases became aphorisms.

Andrei Nikolaevich had one habit. He always brought home something tasty from guests or from an official reception: a cake, an apple, a pie. Many colleagues, knowing this, specially wrapped Tupolev treats "for the house."

When grandchildren appeared - first Yulia, and later Andryusha and Tanya - Andrei Nikolaevich began to spend all his free time with them. Tupolev often picked up carpentry tools and carved wooden toys for his grandchildren.

Unfortunately, Yulia Nikolaevna was in poor health, and in the post-war years, Andrei Nikolaevich was accompanied by his daughter, Yulia Andreevna, on numerous trips. After the death of his wife in 1962, Tupolev lost weight, became more withdrawn and thoughtful, but did not work less. His daughter was at home with him most of the time. Tupolev held her medical expertise in high regard, not taking any medication or medical procedure without her daughter's approval.

Andrey Nikolaevich supported friendly relations with I.V. Kurchatov, A.P. Vinogradov, A.T. Tvardovsky, M.V. Keldysh, P.L. Kapitsa and many others prominent people that time. S.P. often came to talk to him. Korolev, who later said that he studied the style of work with Andrei Nikolaevich. Under the leadership of Tupolev, Korolev made his graduation project, and also worked a little in his assembly shop.

Before last days During his life, Tupolev retained a firm memory and a clear mind, was interested in everything and participated in the most important affairs of his Design Bureau. Talking in the MGTS hospital on December 22, 1972, with his son and daughter who visited him, eighty-four-year-old Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev laughed and joked, made plans for a trip to the Crimea. When they left late in the evening, he fell asleep and did not wake up again.

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Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev(October 29 (November 10), 1888, the village of Pustomazovo, Kimrsky district, Tver region, - December 23, 1972, Moscow) - Russian and Soviet aircraft designer, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Colonel General Engineer (1968). Hero of Labor (1926). Three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1945, 1957, 1972).

Over 100 types of aircraft were designed under Tupolev's leadership, 70 of which were mass-produced. On his aircraft, 78 world records were set, about 30 outstanding flights were made.

Tupolev brought up a galaxy of prominent aviation designers and scientists who headed the aircraft design bureaus. Among them are V. M. Petlyakov, P. O. Sukhoi, V. M. Myasishchev, A. I. Putilov, V. A. Chizhevsky, A. A. Arkhangelsky, M. L. Mil, A. P. Golubkov , I. F. Nezval, A. A. Tupolev, S. A. Lavochkin

Childhood

He was born on October 29 (November 10), 1888, in the village of Pustomazovo (now the Kimrsky district) of the Tver province, in the family of a provincial notary.

Of course, you can make candy out of shit. But it will be candy from shit.

Tupolev Andrey Nikolaevich

Higher education

Even while studying at the gymnasium, he showed great interest in the exact sciences and technology. In 1908 he entered the Imperial Moscow Technical School (later MVTU). At school, he became seriously interested in aerodynamics. Since 1909 - a member of the aeronautical circle. Participated in the construction of a glider, on which he independently made the first flight (1910). In 1911, successful studies and active scientific work were interrupted when he was arrested for participating in unrest and distributing illegal literature and administratively deported from Moscow to his homeland under covert police supervision. Only on the eve of the First World War did he manage to return to the school, which he graduated with honors in 1918.

Professional activity

In 1916-1918, Tupolev participated in the work of the first aviation settlement bureau in Russia; designed the first wind tunnels at the school. Together with N. E. Zhukovsky, he was the organizer and one of the leaders of TsAGI, where the vocation of a young engineer was finally determined. In 1918-1936 he was a member of the board and deputy head of the institute for experimental all-metal aircraft construction. He empirically proved that chain-aluminum (originally named after the Kolchuginsky plant in the Vladimir region, where duralumin was first made in Soviet Russia) is a worthy replacement for fragile wood, on the one hand, and heavy iron, on the other.

On October 21, 1937, A.N. Tupolev was arrested on charges of sabotage, belonging to a counter-revolutionary organization. Together with him, many leading specialists of TsAGI and OKB, directors of most aircraft factories were arrested. On May 28, 1940, he was sentenced by the USSR VKVS to 15 years in labor camp. He was accused of creating a wrecking organization that transferred aircraft drawings to foreign intelligence. The sentence was absolutely absurd. According to Chief Air Marshal A.E. Golovanov, in a conversation with him, Stalin said that he did not believe Tupolev was guilty. The compromising facts considered by the investigation had nothing to do with the content of the verdict. (the case was conducted by an employee of the 2nd investigative department of the NKVD Gabitov). Yes, January 5, 1936. By order of the NKOP, Tupolev (on the recommendation of the People's Commissar of the NKTP Ordzhonikidze) is appointed first deputy and chief engineer of the Main Directorate of the NKOP. In the same year, a delegation of workers from the aviation industry was sent to the United States to purchase equipment and licenses. The leaders of the delegation were Tupolev (PSU) and Kharlamov (TsAGI).

The trip to the USA for Tupolev was the second in a row. He first visited Germany and the USA in 1930, when he was the head of the AGOS on the issue of airship building. This time the delegation's path passed through France, where they examined the products of the French aircraft industry. Knowledge French helped Tupolev to find common ground in the field of purchasing aircraft engines. While in the United States, Tupolev violated the accepted rule of placing orders through the consulting and trading company AMTORG. This company was created by the Soviet government in the early 20s in order to place orders at the Ford, Christie and Curtiss factories. Tupolev, having met with the American designer A. N. Seversky (Prokofiev-Seversky emigrated to the USA in 1917), placed orders at his own discretion (Prokofiev's influence). Between Tupolev and the head of the OstekhBuro brigade commander P.I. elementary school was able to make 63 inventions in the field of aviation, artillery and armored vehicles, knew two foreign languages, in 1937 he was arrested in the case of Tukhachevsky, he will die in 1946, while in OTB-172), a scandal arose that was hardly extinguished. In addition, Tupolev was on a business trip with his wife Yulia Nikolaevna, who had nothing to do with aviation. As a result of the trip, licenses were purchased for the production of Valti V-IA, Consolidated PBY-1 aircraft (they were built in the USSR in a limited number, were very difficult to manufacture) and the Seversky 2RA fighter, which did not meet the strength standards adopted by the Red Army Air Force. Thanks to Petlyakov, who was also a member of the delegation, he managed to acquire a license for a modern Douglas DC-3 aircraft at that time. While in prison, he worked in the closed NKVD Design Bureau - TsKB-29 ("Tupolev Sharaga").

In July 1941, he was released from further serving his sentence with the removal of a criminal record. Tupolev was fully rehabilitated on April 9, 1955.

Aircrafts

In 1925, Andrei Nikolaevich created the all-metal twin-engine aircraft TB-1, which was distinguished by high flight performance and was considered one of the best bombers in the world. In 1932, an improved TB-3 aircraft was designed, with the help of which the expedition landed at the North Pole in 1937. Also in 1932, under the leadership of Tupolev, the ANT-25 aircraft was designed by the brigade of P. O. Sukhoi. In 1934, a multi-engine aircraft of the Maxim Gorky model appeared. It had eight engines, a useful area of more than 100 m² and a passenger capacity of up to 60 people.

Tupolev Design Bureau after World War II developed and produced new model- jet bomber Tu-16. He was able to reach speeds of over 1000 km/h. The first domestic jet civil aircraft, the Tu-104, also appeared.

In 1957, the Tu-114 turboprop intercontinental passenger aircraft was developed.

Member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1950-72).

A family

Son Alexei Andreevich Tupolev is a famous Soviet aircraft designer.
Daughter Yulia Andreevna Tupoleva - Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, Head of the Therapeutic Department of the Moscow City Clinical Hospital named after S.P. Botkin, personal doctor of Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev
Son-in-law Vladimir Mikhailovich Vul - Lead Designer of the Tupolev Design Bureau, Deputy General Designer

Memory

Streets in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Donetsk, Kyiv, Prague, Bratislava, Omsk, Ulan-Ude, Ulyanovsk, Tver, Krivoy Rog, Zhukovsky, Kimry, Tyumen bear the name of A.N. Tupolev.
In 1973, the Kazan Aviation Institute was named after Tupolev (since 1992 - Kazan State Technical University named after A. N. Tupolev).
In the city of Kimry on May Square on September 7, 1979, a bust of A. N. Tupolev was erected (sculptor Kh. B. Gevorkyan).
In 1988, a USSR postage stamp dedicated to Tupolev was issued.
In 1979, a film-biography was shot, dedicated to the two great aircraft designers A. N. Tupolev and I. I. Sikorsky - “The Poem of Wings”.
a memorial was erected on the site where the native village of Tupolev Pustomazovo was located. Now the territory of the Ustinovsky rural settlement of the Kimrsky district of the Tver region.

Awards and titles

Hero of Labor (1926).
three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1945, 1957, 1972).
eight Orders of Lenin (February 21, 1933, September 16, 1945, July 8, 1947, January 1949, December 1949, 1953, 1958, 1968)
Order of the October Revolution (1971)
Order of Suvorov II degree (1944)
Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class (1943)
two orders of the Red Banner of Labor (1927, 12/22/1933)
Order of the Red Star (17.8.1933)
Order of the Badge of Honor (1936)
Order "Georgy Dimitrov" (People's Republic of Bulgaria, 1964)
medals
Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR (8/8/1947)
Lenin Prize (1957) - for the creation of a high-speed jet passenger aircraft Tu-104
Stalin Prizes of the first degree (1943) - for the creation of a new model of a combat aircraft
Stalin Prize of the first degree (1948) - for the creation of new combat aircraft
Stalin Prize (?) degree (1949)
Stalin Prize of the first degree (1952) - for work in the field of aircraft construction
State Prize of the USSR (1972) - for the creation of a high-speed passenger aircraft Tu-134 and its modifications
prize to them. N. E. Zhukovsky (1958)
FAI Gold Aviation Medal (1958)
Leonardo da Vinci Prize (1971)
Gold Medal of the French Aviation Pioneers Society (1971).
Honorary Member of the Royal Aeronautical Society of Great Britain (1970) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1971).
Honorary citizen of Paris (1964), New York and the city of Zhukovsky, Moscow Region (1968).

Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev - quotes

Only beautiful planes fly well.

I don't write, I do.

Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev (1888 - 1972) was an outstanding Russian and Soviet aircraft designer, academician of the Academy of Sciences Soviet Union, three times Hero of Socialist Labor. He supervised the creation of more than a hundred types of both civil and military aircraft. It was on the aircraft designed by Andrey Tupolev that more than a hundred world records and unique flights were set.

The early years of A. Tupolev

Andrey Tupolev was born in with. Pustomazovo of the Tver province in 1888 in the family of a provincial notary. Andrei was first educated at home, and soon entered the gymnasium. After graduating from the gymnasium in 1908, A. Tupolev entered the Imperial Moscow Technical School. During his studies, he became an active member of the aeronautical circle. It was there that his interest in aerodynamics strengthened, and in addition, he was able to gain additional knowledge and skills in design. Already two years after entering the school, he was able to make the first independent flight in a glider, in the construction of which he took an active part. But in 1911, Andrei Tupolev's studies suddenly stopped due to his arrest and deportation from Moscow home. He was placed under supervision for reading forbidden literature and participating in student riots. Only before the beginning of the supervision was removed and A. Tupolev was able to continue his studies. In 1918 he graduated from the college with honors.

Professional activity Tupolev A.N.

A. Tupolev's professional activity began with the design of the first wind tunnels. Under the leadership of N.E. Zhukovsky, whom he had known since his studies at the school, he began work in the Russian aviation settlement bureau. Together they organized TsAGI (Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute), in which A. Tupolev was the head of the aviation department, and after the death of N. Zhukovsky in 1921, deputy director of Sergei Chaplygin. All this time, until 1936, A. Tupolev conducted experiments with duralumin in aircraft construction. Then this material was called chain-aluminum, and A. Tupolev was able to prove that it is much stronger and safer for building an aircraft than the iron and wood used. In 1936, A. Tupolev led a delegation sent to the United States to purchase a license and equipment for the aviation industry.

Arrest and imprisonment of Tupolev

In October 1937, A. Tupolev, together with a group of aircraft designers, was arrested on charges of sabotage. The prosecution claimed that A. Tupolev created an organization that collaborated with foreign intelligence and gave them drawings of aircraft. Despite the absurdity of the accusation, in May 1940 A. Tupolev was sentenced to 15 years in labor camps. All the time while A. Tupolev was under investigation and in the camps, he did not stop working. He became a designer in the NKVD bureau, in a closed institution called TsKB-29. A. Tupolev was released ahead of schedule in the summer of 1941, and his criminal record was expunged. However, he was able to fully rehabilitate himself only in 1955.

Aircraft of Tupolev A.N.

In 1925, A. Tupolev created one of the best aircraft of his time - a two-meter all-metal bomber TB-1. By 1937, the aircraft designer had improved his model. It was TB-3 that was used to land Soviet scientists at the North Pole. A. Tupolev also supervised the creation of ANT-25 in 1932. After the war, he designed the TU-16 jet bomber and the first Russian civil aviation jet aircraft TU-104. In addition, the designer developed a turboprop intercontinental passenger aircraft, which took off in 1957.

Tupolev Andrey Nikolaevich (1888-1972).

He was born on October 29 (November 10), 1888 in the estate of Pustomazovo (now does not exist) in the Korchevsky district of the Suvorov volost of the Tver province in the family of a provincial notary. Russian. By origin from the mother from the nobility, from the father from the raznochintsy. In 1906 he graduated from the Tver gymnasium.

In 1908 he entered the Imperial Technical School (later the Moscow Higher Technical School), in 1918 he graduated with honors. The long period of study is due to the fact that for participation in student unrest, by order of the police, Tupolev was expelled from the school in 1911 and sent to his homeland under police supervision for two years. In the period of study since 1909 - a member of the aeronautical circle of Professor N.E. Zhukovsky, one of his favorite students. Participated in the construction of a glider, on which he independently made the first flight (1910). In 1916-1918, Tupolev participated in the work of the first aviation settlement bureau in Russia, designed the first wind tunnels at the school.

After the October Revolution, together with N.E. Zhukovsky, he was the organizer and one of the leaders of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI). In 1918-1936, he was a member of the TsAGI board and deputy head of the institute for experimental all-metal aircraft construction.

Since 1922 - Chairman of the Commission for the construction of metal aircraft at TsAGI, initiator and one of the organizers of the production of the first Soviet aviation alloy - chain-aluminum. From this year, an experimental design bureau formed and headed by him for the design and production of all-metal aircraft of various classes began to operate in the TsAGI system. Since 1922 - Chief Designer of this design bureau. In 1922-1936 he was one of the creators of the scientific and technical base of TsAGI, the developer of projects for a number of laboratories, wind tunnels, an experimental hydraulic channel, the country's first pilot plant for the construction of all-metal aircraft.

In 1923, Tupolev created his first light aircraft of mixed design ANT-1, in 1924 - the first Soviet all-metal aircraft ANT-2, in 1925 - the first combat all-metal reconnaissance aircraft ANT-3, which was built in series (over 100 copies) and received into service as a reconnaissance R-3. For the first time in world practice, Tupolev scientifically substantiated the rationality of the scheme of a cantilever all-metal monoplane with a wing profile of a large construction height, with engines located in its toe. He also created such an aircraft, which had no analogues in the world of ANT-4 in 1925, over 200 aircraft were built, and was produced as a TB-1 bomber.

Hero of Labor of the RSFSR (1926).

As the head of the design bureau, Tupolev developed and put into practice the technology of large-scale production of light and heavy metal aircraft. Under his leadership, bombers, reconnaissance aircraft, fighters, passenger, transport, marine, special record aircraft, as well as snowmobiles, were designed. torpedo boats, gondolas, motor installations and plumage of the first Soviet airships. He introduced into the practice of domestic aircraft construction the organization of branches of the main design bureau at serial plants, which significantly accelerated the production of machines, the creation of their own flight development bases at the design bureau, which reduced the time for both factory and state tests of experimental machines. Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1933).

Since 1930 - chief designer of TsAGI. Since 1931 - Deputy Head of the Central Design Bureau of TsAGI. Since 1932 - head of the design department of the TsAGI pilot construction sector. Since 1933 - Deputy Head of TsAGI for the pilot construction sector. An outstanding achievement of design thought was the ANT-7 aircraft (reconnaissance R-6, more than 400 vehicles were produced), the heavy bomber TB-3 (ANT-6, more than 800 vehicles were produced, was used in all pre-war conflicts and in the Great Patriotic War), high-speed bomber SB (ANT-40, more than 6600 vehicles were produced) and a number of other types that remained experimental or were produced in small series. Of great importance for the development of the Soviet aviation industry was the creation of unique propaganda aircraft such as the ANT-4 "Country of the Soviets", ANT-14 "Pravda", ANT-20 "Maxim Gorky", ANT-37bis "Motherland".

In 1936, at the suggestion of the People's Commissar of Heavy Industry of the USSR Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Tupolev was appointed first deputy chief and chief engineer of the Main Directorate of the Aviation Industry of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry, at the same time he headed a design bureau separated from the TsAGI system with an experimental design plant (Aviation Plant No. 156).

On October 21, 1937, the outstanding aircraft designer A.N. Tupolev was unreasonably arrested on charges of sabotage and espionage. He and aircraft designer V.M. Petlyakov were charged with organizing and leading the Russian Fascist Party, as well as with spying for France.

May 28, 1940 by the Military Collegium Supreme Court The USSR was convicted under Art. 58-6, 58-7, 58-9 and 58-11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR to 15 years in prison with disqualification for 5 years. By decree of December 27, 1940, he was deprived of all state awards. While imprisoned, he worked in a special TsKB-29 (“Special Technical Bureau of the NKVD of the USSR”), which later became known as the “Tupolev Sharaga”. Here he created a front-line bomber "103" (Tu-2).

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 19, 1941, A.N. Tupolev was released ahead of schedule from further serving his sentence with the removal of a criminal record. State awards were returned by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 28, 1941. He was rehabilitated only by the Determination of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR of April 9, 1955.

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he was evacuated to Omsk, where he was appointed chief designer of plant No. 166 of the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry of the USSR, and managed to restore the design bureau.

The main task during the war years was the refinement and serial production of the Tu-2 bomber. Over 2500 copies of this aircraft were built. In total, the TB-1, TB-3, SB, TB-7 (Pe-8), MTB-2, Tu-2 bombers created by Tupolev, TB-1, TB-3, SB, TB-7 (Pe-8), Tu-2, reconnaissance R-6, torpedo boats G-4, G-5 .

In 1943, Tupolev returned to Moscow and was appointed chief designer and responsible head of plant No. 156, where the main base of the Design Bureau of A.N. Tupolev was created. Major General of the Aviation Engineering Service (08/19/1944).

Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the SSR of September 16, 1945 "for outstanding services in the organization of the production of aircraft, tanks, engines, weapons and ammunition, as well as for the creation and development of new models of military equipment and providing them to the Red Army and Navy during the Great Patriotic War" in the group of leaders of the defense industry and weapons designers Tupolev Andrey Nikolaevich was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the gold medal "Hammer and Sickle".

In the post-war period, under the leadership of Tupolev, a family of military aircraft was created. Among them are the Tu-4 strategic bomber (1947), the first Soviet jet bomber Tu-12 (1947), the Tu-95 turboprop strategic bomber (1956), and the Tu-16 long-range bomber bomber (1953). ), Tu-22 supersonic bomber (1959) and many others. Lieutenant General of the Aviation Engineering Service (08/08/1947).

In 1956, A.N. Tupolev was appointed General Designer of the aviation industry of the USSR. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR since 1953.

In 1956-1957, a new division was created at the Tupolev Design Bureau, whose task was to develop unmanned aerial vehicles. Have been developed cruise missiles"121", "123", ZUR "131", unmanned reconnaissance Tu-123 "Hawk". Work was carried out according to the planning hypersonic vehicle"130" and the rocket plane "136" ("Star").

Since 1955, work has been carried out on bombers with nuclear power plant(YaSU). After the flights of the Tu-95LAL flying laboratory, it was planned to create an experimental Tu-119 aircraft with YaSU and supersonic bombers "120".

For outstanding merits in the creation of new aviation equipment and the labor heroism shown at the same time, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 12, 1957, Tupolev Andrey Nikolaevich was awarded the second gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" (No. 48 / II).

At the same time, civil aviation industry also developed widely, although Tupolev took the first steps in this direction back in the early 1930s. On the basis of the Tu-16 bomber in 1955, the first Soviet jet passenger aircraft Tu-104 was created. It was followed by the first turboprop intercontinental aircraft Tu-114 (1957), short-range and medium-range aircraft Tu-110 (1957), Tu-124 (1960), Tu-134 (1967), Tu- 154 (1970), as well as the Tu-144 supersonic passenger aircraft (together with A.A. Tupolev).

Tupolev's planes became the basis of the fleet of the largest aviation company in the world, Aeroflot, and were operated in dozens of countries.

Over 100 types of aircraft were designed under Tupolev's leadership, 70 of which were mass-produced. On his aircraft, 78 world records were set, about 30 outstanding flights were made. Creator of an outstanding school of domestic aircraft construction, from which dozens of outstanding designers came out.

For outstanding success in the creation of new aviation technology and the labor heroism shown at the same time, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 22, 1972, Andrey Nikolayevich Tupolev was awarded the Order of Lenin and the third gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" (No. 12 / III).

Lived in the hero city of Moscow. Died December 23, 1972. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

Colonel General of the Aviation Engineering Service (October 25, 1967). Awarded 8 Orders of Lenin (02/21/1933, 09/16/1945, 1947, January 1949, December 1949, 1953, 11/9/1958, 1968), Orders of the October Revolution ( 1971), Suvorov 2nd degree (08/19/1944), Patriotic War 1st degree (06/10/1945), 2 orders of the Red Banner of Labor (1927, 12/22/1933), orders Red Star (08/18/1933), "Badge of Honor" (1936), medals, foreign award - the Order of Georgy Dimitrov (1964, Bulgaria).

Honorary citizen of Paris (1964) and New York, as well as the city of Zhukovsky, Moscow Region (1968).

Member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR since 1929. Member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR since 1950.

Honorary Member of the Royal Aeronautical Society of Great Britain (1970) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1971). He was awarded the N.E. Zhukovsky Prize of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958), the Gold Aviation Medal of the FAI (1958), the Leonardo da Vinci Prize (1971), the Gold Medal of the Society of the Founders of French Aviation (1971).

The bronze bust of the Hero was installed in the city of Kimry, Tver Region. An embankment in Moscow, streets in St. Petersburg, Kyiv, Ulyanovsk, Kimry and Zhukovsky are named after A.N. Tupolev. On the buildings in Moscow and Omsk, in which A.N. Tupolev worked, and in Tver, on the building where he studied, memorial plaques were installed.

Tupolev's name is given to the Aviation Scientific and Technical Complex in Moscow (which continues the traditions of the legendary Design Bureau of A.N. Tupolev), the Kazan Aviation Institute, an island in the Ob Bay of the Kara Sea.

Three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1945, 1957, 1972),
- eight orders of Lenin (02/21/1933, 09/16/1945, 1947, 1949, 1949, 1953, 1958, 1968),
-Order of the October Revolution (1971),
- Order of Suvorov 2nd degree (1944),
- Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class (1943),
- two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor (1927, 1933),
-Order of the Red Star (1933),
-Order "Badge of Honor" (1936),
-Georgy Dimitrov Order (People's Republic of Bulgaria, 1964);
- FAI gold aviation medal (1958);
-Gold medal of the Society of the founders of French aviation (1971).
-medals.
Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1957), four Stalin Prizes of the 1st degree (1943, 1948, 1949, 1952) and the State Prize of the USSR (1972).
Honorary Member of the Royal Aeronautical Society of Great Britain (1970) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1971).
Honorary citizen of Paris (1964), New York and the city of Zhukovsky, Moscow Region (1968).

Aircrafts

Awards and Titles

(November 10, 1888 - December 23, 1972) - Soviet aircraft designer, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, colonel-general-engineer (1968), three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1945, 1957, 1972), Hero of Labor of the RSFSR (1926).

Under the leadership of Tupolev, more than a hundred types of aircraft were designed, 70 of which were mass-produced. On his aircraft, 78 world records were set, about 30 outstanding flights were made.

Biography

Born on November 10 (October 29 according to the old style), 1888, in the village of Pustomazov, Kimrsky district, Tver province, in the family of a provincial notary.

Even while studying at the gymnasium, he showed great interest in the exact sciences and technology. In 1908 he entered the Imperial Technical School (later MVTU). At school, he became seriously interested in aerodynamics. Since 1909 - a member of the aeronautical circle. Participated in the construction of a glider, on which he independently made the first flight (1910). In 1911, successful studies and active scientific work were interrupted when he was arrested for participating in unrest and distributing illegal literature and administratively deported from Moscow to his homeland under covert police supervision. And only on the eve of the First World War did he manage to return to the school, which he graduated with honors in 1918. In 1916-1918, Tupolev participated in the work of the first aviation settlement bureau in Russia; designed the first wind tunnels at the school. Together with N. E. Zhukovsky, he was the organizer and one of the leaders of TsAGI. In TsAGI, the vocation of a young engineer was finally determined. In 1918-1936, he was a member of the board and deputy head of the institute for experimental all-metal aircraft construction.

On October 21, 1937, A.N. Tupolev was arrested on charges of sabotage and espionage. Together with him, the entire top of TsAGI and the Design Bureau, the director of most aircraft factories, was arrested. Many of them were shot. In conclusion, he worked in the closed design bureau of the NKVD - TsKB-29 ("Tupolev Sharaga").

Aircrafts

After World War II, the Tupolev Design Bureau developed and produced a new model - the Tu-16 jet bomber. He was able to reach speeds of over 1000 km/h. The first domestic jet civil aircraft, the Tu-104, also appeared.

In 1957, the first turboprop intercontinental passenger aircraft Tu-114 was developed.

Memory

In 1973, the Kazan Aviation Institute was named after Tupolev (since 1992 - Kazan State Technical University).

In the city of Kimry on Mayskaya Square on September 7, 1979, a bust was erected (sculptor Kh. B. Gevorkyan) in memory of the three times Hero of Socialist Labor Tupolev A. N.

One of the streets of Donetsk (Ukraine) bears the name of A. N. Tupolev. In Kyiv, on Academician Tupolev Street, the buildings of the ASTC named after O. K. Antonov are located.

Awards and Titles

Awarded eight Orders of Lenin (1933, 1945, 1947, January 1949, December 1949, 1953, 1958, 1968), Orders of the October Revolution (1971), Orders of Suvorov 2nd Class (1944), Orders of the Patriotic War 1st Class (1943), two orders of the Red Banner of Labor (1927, 1933), orders of the Red Star (1933), "Badge of Honor" (1936), medals, the Order of Georgy Dimitrov (People's Republic of Bulgaria, 1964).
Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1957), four Stalin Prizes of the 1st degree (1943, 1948, 1949, 1952) and the State Prize of the USSR (1972).
Honorary citizen of Paris (1964), New York and the city of Zhukovsky, Moscow Region (1968).
Honorary Member of the Royal Aeronautical Society of Great Britain (1970) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1971).
Awarded to N.E. Zhukovsky Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1958), FAI Gold Aviation Medal (1958), Leonardo da Vinci Prize (1971), Gold Medal of the Society of the Founders of French Aviation (1971).