JUNKER (rank in the army) JUNKER (rank in the army)

YUNKER (German Junker), in the Russian army the rank of non-commissioned officer from the nobility; in 1802-59 in the cavalry, artillery and chasseur regiments (corresponding to the rank of ensign in the infantry), in 1859-69 in all branches of the military; in 1863-1917 the title of a graduate of a military or cadet school, as well as a school of ensigns (from the beginning of the 1st World War); at 19 - beg. 20th century the title of a volunteer in the Navy.

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

See what "JUNKER (rank in the army)" is in other dictionaries:

See also Junker (disambiguation) Juncker was a military rank in the Russian army until 1918, intermediate in its legal status between the ranks of non-commissioned officers and chief officers. The title was awarded to servicemen who were candidates for assignment ... ... Wikipedia

- (German, from jung young). 1) in Germany: a nobleman who has no other title; 2) we have: a graduate of military schools: infantry, artillery. and cavalry. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. JUNKER German ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- (German Junker) in the Russian army the rank of non-commissioned officer from the nobility; in 1802 59 in the cavalry, artillery and chasseur regiments (corresponding to the rank of ensign in the infantry), in 1859 69 in all branches of the military; in 1863 1917 the title of a pupil of the military or ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- ... Wikipedia

Wikipedia has articles about other people with this surname, see Juncker. Alexander Logginovich de Juncker Date of birth August 26, 1795 (1795 08 26) Date of death January 22, 1860 (1860 01 22 ... Wikipedia

JUNKER- (German Junker, lit. young nobleman), 1) in Russian. army in con. 18 1st floor. 19th century non-commissioned officer. the title of nobles who served in the regiments and had a grace period of service to receive ... Military Encyclopedic Dictionary

BUT; pl. junkers, ov and junkers, ov; m. [it. Junker] 1. In Germany: a large landowner, a nobleman, a landowner. 2. pl.: junkers, ov. In the Russian army until the half of the 60s. 19th century: a volunteer non-commissioned officer from the nobility who could, having served ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Juncker- 1) From the 16th century. to the 1st world. war in Prussia, a nobleman landowner, in the broad sense of the kr. noble landowner. 2) In Russian army 18 1st floor. 19th century non-commissioned officer from the nobility, who had the right to a grace period of service when conferring the first officer rank in the kav ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

- ((harness () yu () nker)) a; m. In the Russian army until 1917: a title awarded to cadets for academic excellence and to lower ranks who distinguished themselves in battle; the person who held that title. * * * Junker belt in the Russian army in 1798 1865 the rank of non-commissioned officer ... encyclopedic Dictionary

junger herr, jung herr Literally "young master". Many impoverished junkers in the Middle Ages were forced to serve as soldiers and mercenaries. From here came the meaning - sub-officer. In the 19th century, the Junkers began to be called the highest aristocracy of Prussia.

In the Russian army and navy

Sub-ensign (belt-ensign) of the 33rd Staro-Ingermanland Regiment, standard junker (in the center) of the 7th Dragoon Novorossiysk Regiment and sub-ensign of the Life Guards of the Ural Cossack squadron. It can be seen that the form and insignia of the ensign's harness and the standard junker are identical, both of them wear an officer's harness and a scarf belt.

Army junkers

The rank of cadet was assigned to military personnel who were candidates for the first senior officer rank, and later also to those who were taking a course of sciences in military educational institutions (military and cadet schools, schools) in Russia. In addition to the junkers in the infantry, there were ranks similar to them in meaning (but not in status!) junker bayonet in artillery and engineering troops, standard junker in heavy cavalry (and for some reason - among the guards Cossacks, who obviously did not belong to the heavy cavalry), fahnenjunker- in easy. At the same time, the title of bayonet-junker (from Swede. stykjunkare) was introduced by the Charter of 1716 as an analogue of the rank of ensign in artillery, in status it was higher than the field officer and lower than the lieutenant, after the adoption of the Table of Ranks, the bayonet-junker until 1765 belonged to the XIII class, that is, in status it was higher than the army ensign, but below second lieutenant, after the introduction of the rank of warrant officer of the bayonet-junker in the army artillery, they were recertified as warrant officers from artillery. Thus, the rank, conceived as a rank for candidates for chief artillery officer, actually became a regular chief officer rank. After that, the "ordinary" junker artillery until 1811 was one class lower and equated to army ensigns, which gave them the right to receive hereditary nobility, after the second restoration of the rank of ensign in the junker artillery, they were no longer listed in the XIV class, but still retained seniority over the army junkers, equating to the junkers of the young guard. Junkers of the guard were originally equated with army lieutenants. Since the year, the junkers of the guard have been forbidden to call themselves sergeants or sergeants of the guard (although they were equal to them in legal status and insignia), since at that time these non-commissioned officer ranks belonged to the XIV class of the Table of Ranks and gave the right to hereditary nobility. Since 1802, the insignia of the junkers in the cavalry were epaulettes with a longitudinal wide galloon in the middle (similar to the later epaulette of a lieutenant or the epaulette of a foreman in the Soviet army). The rest of the junkers wore a general non-commissioned officer uniform and, from 1826, were legally equated with ensigns. Since 1843, the insignia of the junker is the same as that of the ensign - epaulets trimmed with narrow gold galloon along the edge. Since that time, the junkers appointed to perform non-commissioned officer duties wear non-commissioned officer stripes on shoulder straps (junkers from the nobility - gold galloon). Junkers, who actually acted as officers (for example, in the period after graduating from the cadet school and before the assignment of the primary chief officer rank), were called Junker harness and wore officer belts and lanyards on edged weapons, and in their legal status they were equated with ensign belts. From the middle of the 19th century, the junker belt after graduating from colleges (or the length of service of the qualification) had certain benefits - advantages in chinoproizvodstvo and in seniority. In - years in junker harness automatically produced all the junkers who graduated from schools in the 1st and 2nd category, before they were awarded the chief officer rank, while the harness-junkers of the cavalry (and now not only heavy) and the Cossacks were called by tradition Estandart Junkers, and then the same term was used to refer (in order not to confuse them with ordinary cavalry junkers) volunteers in the cavalry who had already passed the junker exams, but had not yet received the first chief officer rank, this practice was prohibited only in the year, however, judging by the well-known documents continued further, until the 1920s (in the white armies). Also in - years, graduates of cavalry cadet schools before being promoted to cornets were called Estandard Junkers, i.e. for them it was a kind of analogue of the combined arms rank of ensign.

After the creation of military schools in Russia, the rank of cadet was automatically assigned to their pupils, in - years there were also special cadet schools. It is sometimes erroneously stated that students from ensign schools were also considered junkers. Junker schools, in addition to a shortened (two-year) training course, differed from military schools in that until 1901, junkers were released into the troops only as ensigns or standard junkers, such junkers could not be promoted to chief officers.

Junkers of the Fleet

Since 1851, the rank of junker has also been introduced in the fleet (according to the legal status, a junker is equated to a conductor) for persons with higher education who entered the service as volunteers and have the right to be promoted to chief officers, later - for students of higher military educational institutions of the fleet (except for the Naval corps). Fleet cadets, after passing exams - at first special, then simply in the scope of the program of the Naval Corps or school, special classes - were promoted to midshipmen or, if they had the appropriate specialty, to second lieutenants of the fleet. Also, a ship's midshipman could be demoted to a cadet (of course, during the period of the simultaneous existence of these ranks), there was also a reverse practice - the production of junkers to midshipmen without passing exams (for example, when recertifying students of some military educational institutions of the fleet). In addition to the actual junkers of the fleet, there were also junkers "according to the Admiralty", but since their legal status was almost identical, they were often combined under the name cadets of the fleet, however, at the same time, the junkers of the fleet were unofficially considered as if higher in status, since, unlike other junkers, they had to meet the educational qualification of the Naval Corps, passed exams for the training program for midshipmen, and not general junkers, and had to serve at least two companies before production ( midshipmen served only one). The junkers of the fleet generally wore epaulettes similar to the epaulettes of midshipmen (edged with a junker wide gold galloon and with an anchor emblem), but in black instrument color and with a tricolor cord of imperial colors along the border, like those of the volunteers of the fleet (by the cord they could be distinguished from midshipmen who are not studying in the Naval Corps). Junkers of some educational institutions of the fleet wore the same shoulder straps, but in their instrument metal (white for most engineering and technical specialties) and with instrument color edging instead of a tricolor cord (red for mechanical engineers and other technical specialists, dark green with yellow instrument metal for the marines, green with white instrument metal for doctors, raspberry for military lawyers, yellow for internal guards, lettuce for sea border guards, etc.). Junkers in the Admiralty wore junker epaulettes in black naval color, but without the "midshipman" anchor, the "sea" junkers of the Cossacks wore epaulettes of the general Junker model. Junker Harness in the fleet they were only in coastal services and for some time - in the corps of the fleet, for which general army ranks were provided, they could not be promoted to naval ranks. In the general case, junkers in the Admiralty, released in the 1st and 2nd categories, were promoted respectively to second lieutenants (previously in the 1st - to lieutenants) in the Admiralty with and without advantage in length of service, in the 3rd - to lieutenants (with the right of production to second lieutenants) or warrant officers for the Admiralty. The exception was the junkers of the corps of mechanical engineers of the fleet and ship engineers, in their status close to the cadets of the fleet - the first up to a year were issued only by junior mechanical engineers, in 1905-1913 lieutenants of the corps, since 1913 - mechanical engineers-midshipmen; the second, up to a year, only as junior shipbuilder assistants, then as corps lieutenants.

In one of his novels, Leonid Sobolev, through the mouth of one of his heroes, mistakenly identified the cadets of the fleet with army volunteers. In fact, the cadets of the fleet, with the same initial formal requirements for conferring the rank (the presence of higher education and the rights to be promoted to chief officers), historically had a higher status - this title was introduced a quarter of a century before the appearance of volunteers in the Russian army, and therefore the cadets of the fleet belonged to the regular category not of privates, but of non-commissioned officers, after passing the exams they were promoted to the rank of not XIV, and not even XII (like other junkers), but immediately X class Tables.

Junckers in colleges

It should be borne in mind that in addition to military junkers, for some time in the Military and Admirate Colleges (as well as in some others) there were civilian junkers. class rank junker was introduced by decree of Paul I of July 27, simultaneously with the restoration of the rank titular junker in addition to the rank restored the year before collegiate cadet and quickly fell into disuse, he belonged to the XIV class of the Table and was lower in status than the provincial secretary, that is, he was equated with the collegiate registrar, but, unlike the latter, he served without a salary. Thus, a "junker of the Military Collegium" is not a serviceman equal in rank to a sergeant major, but an official candidate of the military department.

In the German army

Fanen Juncker

The title of the Fanenjunker (German) Fahnenjunker) in the Bundeswehr is assigned to senior students (except graduation) of military educational institutions and, in terms of its position, is conditionally equivalent to a Russian cadet junior sergeant. In terms of legal status and insignia (with minor differences), it corresponds to a non-commissioned officer, however, according to the tradition that has developed in the German army, out of order, fanen junkers, as future chief officers, have a number of advantages over non-commissioned officers, while already in the ranks non-commissioned officer enjoys a certain priority.

In the Imperial Reichswehr, this title was worn during the first six months of service by any person (not only students of military educational institutions) who has the right to be promoted to officer and who passed the exams for the rank of fenrich. At the same time, in the Reichswehr, this rank belonged to the rank and file, and not to the corporal and non-commissioned officers.

In the Wehrmacht, this rank was assigned to students of the first year of study, and in terms of legal status it corresponded to the rank of corporal, for students of the second year of study there was a specific rank fahnenjunker non-commissioned officer, naturally already in status corresponding to the rank of non-commissioned officer. This title, in addition to students of military educational institutions, was also worn by non-commissioned officers who had the right to be awarded the primary chief officer rank, or the title of military official, they could be distinguished from students of military schools by the absence of a military school code on shoulder straps (letters "KS" and the first letter of the name of the city of deployment).

Standarten Juncker

The rank of standard-junker existed in the cavalry of the German states until the beginning of the 20th century, it usually corresponded in status to the rank of candidate officer in other branches of the military, with the introduction of the general army rank fahnenjunker out of use.

Police Juncker

In the police (with the exception of transport), the fire service and the gendarmerie of Germany and its lands, ranks were established for candidates for the rank of chief officer junker and chief junker, equated to the ranks of the captain (not wahmister!, see the article Wahmistr and Wahtmistr) and the guard, respectively, while the chief junker differed from police non-commissioned officers equal to him in status in that he already wore a chief officer's uniform with non-commissioned officer shoulder straps.

Russian Junkers, 1864-1917. History of military schools Vorobieva Alla Yurievna

UNKER SHAPE

UNKER SHAPE

Junkers of military schools were privileged ranks - they had non-commissioned officer distinctions: a galloon of the color of a metal device on the collar and cuffs and a button on the overcoat collar flap. They also wore fringed buttonholes on the collar and cuffs: yellow guards - in the Nikolaev Cavalry School and white army - in the rest.

The cut of the uniform in military and cadet schools corresponded to the type of troops for which the cadets were trained in this school, i.e. the cadets of the Nikolaev Cavalry School wore the uniform of the model of guards dragoons, Elisavetgrad and Tver - army dragoons, and from 1908 - army lancers. The rest of the schools had uniforms of the army infantry and artillery.

In 1909–1910 all military schools received certain types of shakos, and in terms of the status of the junker they were even closer to the elite of the Russian army - the Imperial Guard.

Choir choir junkers-aleksandrovtsy.

The uniform of the junkers until 1917 underwent repeated changes. Yes, in the early 1960s. 19th century junkers of the newly created military schools wore a double-breasted uniform of dark green guards cloth, with a red rounded collar without buttonholes and edging, yellow copper buttons with a grenade without a number, around the collar and cuffs - a gold galloon 1/2 inch wide (2.2 cm ). Junkers of the Konstantinovsky Military School wore red shoulder straps with the letter "K" under the crown, Pavlovsky - light blue, with the letter "P" - under the crown, in Alexander - white, with the letter "A" - under the crown. Shoulder straps were sheathed with a narrow galloon. Junkers wore a waist belt made of black patent leather and a yellow copper belt badge, with grenada, without a number. Later, in 1872, the cadet uniform became single-breasted with an 8-button closure.

Junkers of the Pavlovsk military school before leaving for the city. 1913

Initially, the headdress of the junkers was a helmet - with a coat of arms and a device made of yellow copper and a black plume. In 1864, military schools, like the rest of the infantry, received kepi caps of the 1862 model.

The hat was black cloth, with a red piping along the top, and a red band without edging, a coat of arms, a buttonhole - from a non-commissioned officer's braid and a chin strap modeled on army troops.

Junker trousers were divided into winter and summer ones. In winter, junkers wore bloomers made of dark green Guards cloth with red edging, and in summer white trousers made of Guards flamboyant cloth.

Junkers wore an overcoat of gray Guards cloth in winter, with red flaps on the collar, from 1864 - with a dark green edging, and in 1871 a button was added to them. The same buttons and shoulder straps were worn on the overcoat as on the uniform.

For classes on the territory of the school in the autumn and winter, the cadets were supposed to have a short raincoat modeled on the sailor uniform of that time from dark gray cadet cloth (which in reality was black). Here it is necessary to make a reservation that in 1864 an order was issued according to which, in order to save dye for the lower ranks of all military branches, dark green and dark gray uniforms were supposed to be sewn from black cloth.

In winter, the junkers wore mittens and a camel hood.

They also relied on a cartridge bag, modeled on an army bag made of black patent leather, and smoothbore guns. The pistol was carried only by sergeants.

In those same years, the cadets of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School wore a double-breasted uniform with a black velvet collar and red piping around the collar. The shoulder boards of the junkers, sheathed in a narrow galloon with the letter "M" under the crown, were red. The belt plate was smooth, blued. The hat of the artillerymen differed from the headdresses of other military schools with a black velvet band trimmed with red piping. For training in horse-artillery formation, junkers wore leggings lined with leather. Feldwebel-artillerymen relied, in addition to a pistol, a checker.

The uniform of the squadron of the Nikolaev Cavalry School of the Guards Junkers was even more elegant. Double-breasted, lapel cut, it was fastened with 7 guards buttons. Cavalry junkers wore red epaulettes with a dark green edging, and with full dress - metal epaulettes. They also relied on a hat, the crown of which was white, and the band was red. The hat was decorated with a white hair sultan. In 1864, the junkers of this school also received a cap with a black top, and an orange lace with a blue gap began to be sewn onto the band.

But the junkers of the 4th Orenburg military school, created in the same 1864, wore a hat made of black mutton fur in winter, with a red cloth top, and in summer a black cloth hat.

Officers of military and artillery schools wore uniforms similar to those of the cadets, but on the collar and cuffs they had two embroidered smooth buttonholes. On March 22, 1874, they received sewing from military educational institutions in 2 rows.

In 1882, after the accession to the throne of Emperor Alexander III, new uniforms were introduced for the junkers of infantry and special schools. The device in the infantry and artillery schools is gold, in engineering - silver. The cap was worn black, without a visor (the so-called peakless cap) with a scarlet edging, and the band was scarlet for infantry schools, and black for special ones. There was a cockade on the band. Feldwebels wore a cap with a visor. Junkers relied on a double-breasted uniform of the army infantry sample of 1881. At special schools, the collar and cuffs of the uniform had a scarlet edging. Bloomers were worn short and long, without edging. The winter uniform was complemented by a lambskin cap of the 1881 model and a gray infantry overcoat.

In 1885, the cadets were given a gymnastic shirt of the cavalry and horse artillery model as a summer uniform.

The officers of military schools had a uniform of "royal" color (sea wave), on the collar and cuffs - in 2 rows sewing of military educational institutions.

Junker shoulder straps were sheathed around the edges with gold or silver galloon. In the Pavlovsk School they wore scarlet epaulettes with a yellow stenciled cypher of Emperor Paul I. Pupils of Konstantinovsky - light blue with the monogram of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "K"; Aleksandrovsky - white with the cypher of Emperor Alexander II "A II", Mikhailovsky Artillery - scarlet with the monogram of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich in the form of the letter "M", Nikolaev Engineering - scarlet, with the monogram "H I". The sash at the sergeants of the Mikhailovsky Artillery, Nikolaev Engineering and Pavlovsk Schools was scarlet, Konstantinovsky - light blue, and Alexander - white. Buttons and belt plaques of red copper with a grenade, and in Pavlovsky, Alexander and Nikolaev Engineering - with a crown.

In 1882, the Nikolaev Cavalry School received the following uniforms: a golden device, a double-breasted uniform of the sample of the guards dragoons, with a scarlet edging, fastened with hooks. Bloomers are short and long, gray-blue with a scarlet edging. Boots are high with spurs and low. The junkers had scarlet epaulettes, with a gold galloon along the free edges. The top of the cap was dark green with a scarlet edging and a scarlet band with dark green piping. Wahmisters and junkers wore a sash, the extreme stripes of which were scarlet, and the middle one was black. In winter, the junkers wore a gray overcoat of the guards cavalry sample, which was decorated with scarlet, with black piping, collar flaps, and a cloth hat with a scarlet top and fur flaps. In full dress, they were supposed to have a “boyarka” hat with a scarlet top and black lamb lapels.

In 1890, the Cossack Hundred was established at the Nikolaev Cavalry School. The usual form of hundreds was a dark blue uniform with a silver device and blue Cossack trousers with a red stripe. The commander of a hundred wore the uniform of the unit of troops in which he was listed.

The junkers of the other two cavalry schools - Elisavetgrad and Tver - until 1896 were listed in the lists of their units and wore regimental uniforms, having only a narrow cadet galloon on shoulder straps. In 1896, they were given the uniform of the army dragoon model of 1881. The device is silver, a cap with a peak, a dark green crown and a scarlet edging. The band of the cap was scarlet. Pupils wore a double-breasted uniform without buttons, which adorned the collar with scarlet flaps and edging, scarlet shoulder straps, decorated with silver galloon along the free edges. Junker trousers were gray-blue in color, without edging, the sash was cloth, scarlet. The winter uniform was complemented by a “boyarka” hat. On the front of the cap is the State Emblem. The junkers wore a gray overcoat without buttons on the side, with scarlet collar flaps and dark green piping.

In 1885, the Military Topographic School was established. He was given a silver instrument. The double-breasted uniform of the 1881 army infantry model, the collar and cuffs of which had a light blue piping. The cadets of the school wore dark green epaulettes, with a light blue edging and yellow encryption in the form of the letter "T". On the free edges of shoulder straps was decorated with silver galloon. In winter, the junkers wore a lambskin cap of the 1881 model with a cockade and a coat of arms.

Speech at the camp of the Vladimir Military School.

Novocherkassk and Orenburg Cossack schools until 1903 did not have a uniform uniform. Each junker wore the uniform of his army. From the Cossacks and sergeants of combat units they were distinguished only by the galloon on the free edges of the shoulder strap.

In 1894, the Konstantinovsky Infantry Military School was transformed into the Konstantinovsky Artillery School. It received a form similar to the form of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School and the monogram of the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "K" on shoulder straps.

On October 20, 1894, Nicholas II ascended the throne. Three years later, in 1897, the gradual transformation of cadet schools into military schools began. They were given uniforms on the model of other military schools, with minor clarifications. The device became not gold, but silver. Junkers of the Moscow School wore scarlet epaulettes, those of the Kyiv School - light blue. To match the shoulder straps, the sergeants of the Moscow School wore a scarlet sash, and the Kyiv one - light blue. And the officers, instead of sewing military educational institutions, had sewn smooth buttonholes.

The rest of the infantry cadet schools a little later, in 1901, were assigned the following uniforms: the golden device was yellow copper, in contrast to the infantry military schools, where the golden device for the junkers meant red copper. The junkers wore a dark green (black) cap, with a scarlet piping and a light blue band with two scarlet piping. Double-breasted uniform of the sample of the guards infantry in 1881, the collar and cuffs of which were decorated with a gold army non-commissioned officer galloon. Bloomers were short and long. In winter, the cadets still wore a lambskin hat with a cockade and a coat of arms.

Shoulder straps of the cadet infantry schools.

In 1902, the coat of arms of military educational institutions appeared on the belt badge and buttons of the infantry and special military schools, which in 1904 was replaced by an eagle.

In 1907, the uniform of the junkers changed again: they began to wear a double-breasted uniform with scarlet edging along the side and cuffs. On the back of the uniform are pocket flaps. A little later, in 1909, a dark green edging was added to the overcoat collar flaps and to the uniform collar.

In the same 1909, the St. Petersburg and Kazan infantry cadet schools were transformed into infantry military schools. They were given uniforms similar to the uniforms of the Pavlovsk and Alexander military schools. At the same time, the Alekseevsky and Kiev military schools received a golden device instead of a silver one. A year later, the Odessa, Chuguev, Vilna, Irkutsk and Tiflis schools were transformed into military ones.

Shoulder straps of infantry military schools.

In 1909–1910 a significant event took place. Junkers of infantry, special and infantry cadet schools were given a shako of the guards infantry model of black felt, on which the coat of arms of military educational institutions flaunted in front - an eagle with lowered wings in radiance. In full dress uniform, junkers wore a non-commissioned officer's pom-pom on a shako. The only exception was the cadets of the Irkutsk military school, who had a hat.

The changes also affected the Cossack and cavalry schools.

In 1904, the Novocherkassk Cossack cadet school was given the uniform of the Don Cossack cavalry regiments. Shoulder straps are scarlet, with the encryption "N.U." Orenburg Cossack cadet school - the form of the Orenburg Cossack cavalry regiments. Shoulder straps scarlet, encryption "O.U."

Review of the Nikolaev Engineering School on the occasion of the consecration of the banner. February 19, 1903

In 1912, the encryption on the shoulder straps of both Cossack schools was abolished; shoulder straps of the Novocherkassk school remained scarlet, and those of the Orenburg one became light blue. The officers of these schools received sewing of military educational institutions on the collar.

In the same year, the cadets of the Nikolaev Cavalry School were given a cap with a scarlet crown, scarlet edging and a scarlet band with dark green piping; double-breasted, with a scarlet edging of a lapel cut, a uniform with a stretched scarlet lapel; collar and cuffs with gold non-commissioned officer galloon; in full dress - cavalry gold epaulettes. A three-striped sash became an unconditional decoration: the extreme stripes are scarlet, the middle stripe and the edging are dark green. And a year later, the Cossack Hundred was assigned the following uniforms: a silver device, a black astrakhan hat. In front, a silver St. Andrew's star in radiance. Black patent leather chin strap. A cap with a scarlet crown and scarlet edging, a scarlet band with dark blue piping. Dark blue uniform of the Cossack cut. Junkers relied on a silver non-commissioned officer galloon, dark blue trousers with a single-row scarlet stripe, they wore scarlet epaulettes with a silver galloon around the edges, and also a light blue sash.

At the beginning of the century, in 1901, the Elisavetgrad and Tver cadet schools had a silver device. Junkers wore a lambskin hat, the cloth bottom of which was scarlet, a cap with a dark green crown, scarlet piping and a scarlet band. Junkers relied on a double-breasted dragoon uniform of the 1897 model with a scarlet edging and gray-blue cropped trousers. Shoulder straps of the Elisavetgrad School - scarlet with a dark green edging, yellow encryption "E.Yu." At the Tver School - light blue with a dark green edging, coded "T.Yu." On the free edges - silver galloon.

In 1904, the applied colors of the Tver School changed. It became light blue instead of scarlet, the device remained silver. The cap has also changed: now its cloth bottom has become light blue. Junkers of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School, as part of the Odessa Military District, wore a cap instead of a hat. And the eagle from the lamb's hat was fitted to the crown, the color of which was scarlet with a dark green edging and a dark green band, while for the "Tvertets" the crown was light blue, the edging was dark green, the band was dark green. In 1910, the Tver cadet school was transformed into a cavalry school, and two years later, both schools were given the coat of arms of military educational institutions instead of the State Emblem, and the officers were given sewing of military educational institutions.

By the beginning of World War I, uniforms were divided into wartime uniforms and peacetime uniforms.

Wartime uniform

The wartime uniform included:

1) a marching cloth shirt of protective cloth with shoulder straps or a tunic - for cavalry and Cossack schools;

2) black short trousers, for cavalrymen - gray-blue;

3) waist belt with a badge in infantry, artillery and engineering schools. Junkers of other schools wore a single-pin belt;

4) shoulder harness for cadets of artillery and cavalry schools;

5) a saber with a lanyard (in artillery and cavalry schools), a bayonet or a cleaver at the Junker belt in infantry and engineering schools;

6) high boots and spurs (if such were relied upon by the school);

7) a khaki cap with a visor;

8) brown gloves (in the ranks - to whom they were assigned; when leaving on vacation - at will);

9) an overcoat of an infantry or cavalry type;

10) a revolver holster with a revolver and a cord to it (in artillery schools, sergeant majors of infantry and engineering schools and sergeant majors of cavalry schools), in other schools the cadets carried a rifle;

11) headphones;

12) hood.

Note. The wartime uniform was worn by the junkers by order of the head of the school.

Peacetime uniform

The peacetime uniform was divided into: a) front; b) ordinary; c) service; d) home.

The peacetime uniform included: First of all, the full dress uniform, which included: a uniform, short trousers, a waist belt, sergeants had a white leather belt (in reality it was a fawn leather belt), in artillery and cavalry schools - a saber, an officer's lanyard , to whom it was assigned, high boots, spurs - in artillery and cavalry schools, a shako with a pom-pom and tassels, awards and badges, white suede gloves, an overcoat, headphones by special order.

The dress uniform was worn by the junkers:

1) those present at reviews and parades of units of the troops;

2) those present at the parades on the days of church holidays, holidays of parts, as well as on the day of the school holiday;

3) those present at the consecration of banners and standards;

4) on the days of the accession to the throne of the Sovereign Emperor, the Holy Coronation of Their Majesties, the birth and name day of Their Majesties;

5) groomsmen participating in the marriage ceremony;

6) at the burial of generals, staff and chief officers, as well as at the burial of lower ranks;

7) going on vacation on public holidays.

The ordinary uniform differed from the front one in that the cadets wore a shako without a pom-pom and brown gloves instead of white ones. As for the greatcoats, they, as in full dress, were supposed to be worn only in the sleeves.

Cavalry junkers with this uniform wore shoulder straps instead of epaulettes. The sultan was removed from the lancer's cap or shako and the lapel was unfastened.

The ordinary uniform was worn by the junkers:

1) those present at the nailing of banners and standards in the Highest Presence;

2) those present at church ceremonies on Sundays and holidays;

3) those present at the laying and consecration of churches and government buildings;

4) those present at the marriage ceremony, godparents from the font and at the removal of the Holy Shroud;

5) at official balls and dance parties in educational institutions;

6) at the burial of civil officials of all departments, civilians and ladies;

7) at official memorial services;

8) in all cases when an order was received from the authorities to be in military uniform.

The junkers also had a service uniform, which was worn when going to combat training and in all cases when no other form was indicated, with all service outfits, when dismissed on ordinary days, and also on vacation in the country. In official uniform, it was supposed to appear to the authorities at the apartment. At the same time, it was necessary to remove the overcoat, put on a weapon and a waist belt over the uniform, and keep the headdress in your hands. This uniform was also worn by junkers during the holidays, when they appeared at the commandant's office to present a vacation ticket.

The service uniform included: a uniform, which, as a rule, at the location of the school, on the orders of the head of the school, was replaced by a shirt, shortened trousers, a waist belt, high boots, a peakless cap (sergeant majors had a cap with a peak), military awards and signs, brown gloves, an overcoat in sleeves or slip-on, earmuffs on special occasions, hood on special orders.

For everyday inner life in schools there was also a so-called home uniform. She was put on by the junkers during lectures, rest and some drills; during dinner, the junkers always had to be in home uniforms. It included a khaki gymnastic shirt with epaulettes (and until 1908 - a white uniform), long black trousers, a waist belt, short boots, a peakless cap when leaving the school building, awards and signs - if desired, an overcoat - also if desired, if there was no special order to put on an overcoat when leaving the school building.

The junkers had 3 types of hats: a shako, a peakless cap and a summer cap. Junkers of the Cossack schools and the Irkutsk military school - hats.

Out of order, the removed headdress was supposed to be held in the left lowered hand as follows: the shako - bottom forward, coat of arms up, thumb outside, towards the coat of arms, and the rest of the fingers inside; peakless cap - behind the crown, cockade forward, chin strap removed; a cap with a visor - behind the visor, bottom forward, thumb over the visor, towards the cockade, the rest of the fingers are inside.

In all cases, when the headdress was removed, the glove from the right hand was also removed at the same time. She was placed on a visor or on the crown of a headdress and held with a hand. In the ranks, the removed shako was held on the left bent arm at the height of the belt, with the coat of arms (cockade) to the right. The cap of the infantry and engineering schools - in the outstretched and lowered left hand, cockade forward.

As for the overcoat, it served as outerwear for all forms without exception. It could be worn in sleeves, saddle or rolled over the left shoulder (for equestrian ranks it was tied to the saddle).

At temperatures above +10 ° C, all cadets, when they were dismissed on vacation, had to be without overcoats; from +5 to +10 ° C, the cadets threw on their overcoats; below +5 ° C - put them in sleeves. Rolled overcoats were only for the junkers who were in the ranks. The junkers present at the reviews and exercises put on their overcoats in the same way as the troops did. Junkers were not allowed to wear waterproof coats and capes. Hoods and headphones were worn in frost below -10 ° C. At the same time, the hood could be worn under shoulder straps, either on the head, or tied around the neck in the form of a stand-up collar. Hoods or headphones in the ranks were worn by special order.

The junkers of most military schools had one more accessory of the form, which they were very proud of and which was not supposed to have other lower ranks. These are gloves. In full dress and when attending balls, theaters, concerts, junkers were allowed to wear white suede gloves. In other cases, brown gloves were relied upon: kid or cotton gloves in the summer, and woolen gloves the rest of the year. In the ranks, brown cotton or woolen gloves relied on sergeants and senior junkers. Other cadets, while in the ranks, put on brown woolen gloves only when the frost was more than -10 ° C, by special order.

Pupils of cavalry and artillery schools wore spurs. They relied on all cadets of non-commissioned officer rank when they were dismissed on vacation.

Emperor Nicholas II inspects the formation of cadets in the Krasnoselsk camp. 1912

When leaving on vacation, the junkers also had to carry weapons. For infantry junkers, it was a bayonet in a sheath, for cavalrymen and artillerymen - a saber, for junker belts - a cleaver with an officer's lanyard and a revolver for artillerymen. Feldwebels, in addition to a revolver, relied on a saber with an officer's lanyard. At the location of the school, only sergeants and junkers were allowed to wear spurs with high boots. They also carried a revolver in a revolver holster. An officer's lanyard relied on the uniform of commanding officials from the junkers.

It is necessary to say a few words about the insignia of sergeant majors and junker belts. So, sergeants were assigned on shoulder straps stripes from a wide gold or silver galloon (depending on the type of troops); they had a cap with a visor and additional braid along the upper edge of the outer rim of the shako. The senior junker belts were assigned 3 stripes for epaulettes from the fringe braid, the younger ones - two stripes. Also relied on an officer's lanyard.

The junkers, who were still vice sergeants or vice non-commissioned officers in the cadet corps, were kept on shoulder straps: the first - a longitudinal stripe, the second - a transverse stripe along the bottom of the shoulder strap made of narrow galloon. The same ranks were supposed to take off their weapons when visiting a church, at balls and dances.

The awards on the chest of the junker had to be worn in full dress and ordinary uniforms in all cases, while in official uniforms - only on vacation. Crosses and medals were worn either on a uniform or on a tunic, or attached to an overcoat worn in sleeves.

Examination in higher mathematics at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.

The badges established for persons who graduated from higher or secondary educational institutions of a civil department, the cadets had the right to wear with all forms of clothing, when it was announced in the order for the school.

The badges received for competitive shooting at the school and the prize watch with a chain on the junker had the right to wear in full dress and ordinary uniforms, as well as in service uniform - on vacation. Junker glasses could only be worn outside the ranks. They were forbidden to wear pince-nez, rings, and key chains. From 1911, junkers were allowed to wear watches without exposing the chains.

The uniform was fastened with all buttons and both collar hooks. Bloomers were supposed to be pulled up with a corset, the overlap was not allowed. The overcoat, worn in the sleeves, was fastened with all the hooks, and with a loop - with the hooks of the collar and the upper side hook. During walks at the location of the school, it was allowed not to fasten the hooks of the collar when the overcoat was turned over, and not to wear a waist belt over the overcoat when it was worn in the sleeves. The peakless cap was supposed to be put on so that one finger passed between it and the right eyebrow, and four fingers above the left ear. During riding, the chin straps were lowered and adjusted so that they fit close to the chin; at all other times they were removed. The shako and cap were put on straight, without tilt.

The gymnastic shirt was fastened with all buttons, girded with a waist belt. The shirt collar was allowed to be unbuttoned only in smoking rooms and in bedrooms during the afternoon rest.

The hood was worn under shoulder straps, the cap folded flat on the back, the ends crossed on the chest (and the left one was on top), bent and tucked into the waist belt. If the hood was put on the head, then its ends were wrapped around the neck. If it was tied around the neck, then the ends were tied in a knot in front of the collar.

The block with awards was located on a double-breasted uniform - in the middle of the chest, on a single-breasted uniform, an overcoat worn in the sleeves, and on a gymnastic shirt - on the left side of the chest. Breastplates established for graduates of civilian higher educational institutions and some secondary educational institutions were worn on the right side of the chest on a uniform, gymnastic shirt and overcoat worn in sleeves. A badge for competitive shooting was also worn on the right side of the chest.

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In 1976, the film "On a Clear Fire" was released on Soviet screens. Despite the constellation of wonderful actors who played in it, he did not deserve special audience love, which did not prevent him from becoming popular. This was facilitated by the romance about the junkers to the words of Bulat Okudzhava, which was performed in the film by the main character (actress Tatyana Doronina). If the generation of the 70s still remembered who a junker was, then this word is unfamiliar to many modern people. So, who in the Russian Empire was called junkers?

Who is a junker

Before the revolution of 1917, junkers in the Russian army were called military men who claimed the first chief officer rank. Beginning in 1859, the rank of junker was abolished in the army.

Since then, this rank has been automatically assigned only to students of military educational institutions in pre-revolutionary Russia.

Origin of the word

Like many in pre-revolutionary Russia, the term "Junker" was of German origin. The meaning, interpretation of the word has an interesting history. In most European countries, many offspring of impoverished noble families, in order to earn a living, were forced to choose a military career. In Germany, such soldiers were called young gentlemen (a hint of origin) - Junger Herr. Over time, the name of the rank came from this phrase, later adopted by the Russians.

Junkers in different branches of the military

The rank of junker was used not only in the infantry, but also in other branches of the military.

In the artillery troops there was a rank of bayonet-junker. He corresponded to the level of the guard sergeant and was not an officer rank. It is interesting that the word "bayonet" at the beginning of the rank, so uncharacteristic for artillery, was inherited from the name of the Swedish military rank Styckjunkar (gun junker).

In the light cavalry, until the middle of the 19th century, the rank of fanen-junker was common.

It was an intermediate rank between non-commissioned officer and chief officer. At first, this title was assigned to applicants for the chief officer rank, who graduated from a real school or gymnasium, but did not have a special military education. However, later the fanen-junker became the rank of cadets of military schools or schools and corresponded to a lieutenant.

In the heavy cavalry, there was the rank of Estandart Junker. This rank was specially introduced for the military of noble origin in order to increase their status over ordinary warriors. This rank was temporary, as a rule, a nobleman wore it while he was looking for an officer vacancy corresponding to his origin and education. Soldiers of non-noble origin could also earn this rank, however, for this they needed to have 10-12 years of service, the rank of non-commissioned officer and pass the required exams. With the abolition of the cadet rank in the army, students of cavalry schools with the rank of non-commissioned officer could receive the title of standard junker. And since 1880, all graduates of such educational institutions have been in the rank of standard junker until they receive an officer's rank.

In the Navy, the rank of Junker appeared only in the middle of the nineteenth century. Only volunteers with a higher education who had the right to receive the rank of chief officer could wear it. By the way, the rank of midshipman, known to everyone thanks to the popular television series, was considered higher than the naval cadet.

What is a Junker in the German Army

In Prussia at the beginning of the 19th century, one of the names of the nobility was the word "junker". The definition of this word as a military rank arose later.

After losing the First World War, the German army underwent some changes. In particular, the title of Fanenjunker began to refer to the rank and file, which is why it was quite common. Anyone could get it by serving six months and passing the relevant exams.

But in the days of the Wehrmacht, the rank of Fann Junker again became the prerogative of the professional military.

By the way, the rank of Junker was common in the SS. As in the Russian army, it was given to applicants for the first officer rank.

After the Second World War, the rank of Fanen Junker became equal to a non-commissioned officer, although it had a number of advantages over him. The rank of fanenjunker was assigned to senior students of German military schools and corresponded to a junior sergeant among cadets of Russian military educational institutions.

Junker rank today

Having figured out who a junker is in the Russian and German armies, it is worth finding out where this title has been preserved today. In the Swedish Armed Forces, the rank of Fanenjunker is still in use. Until the seventies of the XX century, this rank preceded the fairwalter, after which for ten years it was the highest in its category, exceeding the sergeant.

Starting from the 80s and until 2009, this rank was abolished in all land types, but continued to exist in the navy and aviation. And since 2009, this title has reappeared in the Swedish army.

Having figured out who a junker is and what varieties of this rank are, you can fully understand the meaning of Bulat Okudzhava's romance, in particular the words: "Gentlemen of the junker, who you were yesterday, and today you are all officers." They mean that until recently, the cadets were carefree boys cadets of a military school, and now they are urgently promoted to officers and sent to war.

Insignia of the ranks of the Russian Army. XVIII-XX centuries.

Shoulder straps XIX-XX centuries
(1855-1917)
non-commissioned officers

So, by 1855, non-commissioned officers, like soldiers, had soft cloth shoulder straps of a pentagonal shape 1 1/4 inches wide (5.6 cm) and shoulder-length (from the shoulder seam to the collar). The average length of the shoulder strap. ranged from 12 to 16 cm.
The lower end of the shoulder strap was sewn into the shoulder seam of the uniform or overcoat, and the upper end was fastened to a button sewn to the shoulder at the collar. Recall that since 1829 the color of the buttons is according to the color of the instrumental metal of the regiment. A number is stamped on the buttons of the infantry regiments. The state emblem was squeezed out on the buttons of the guards regiments. Describing all the changes in images, numbers and buttons within the framework of this article is simply inappropriate.

The colors of shoulder straps of all the lower ranks as a whole were determined as follows:
* Guards units - red shoulder straps without encryption,
* all grenadier regiments - yellow shoulder straps with red encryption,
* rifle units - raspberry shoulder straps with yellow encryption,
* artillery and engineering troops - red shoulder straps with yellow encryption,
* cavalry - a special color of shoulder straps is set for each regiment. There is no system here.

For infantry regiments, the color of shoulder straps was determined by the place of the division in the corps:
* The first division of the corps - red shoulder straps with yellow encryption,
* The second division in the corps - blue shoulder straps with yellow encryption,
* The third division in the corps - shoulder straps are white with red encryption.

The encryption was painted with oil paint and indicated the number of the regiment. Or it could represent the monogram of the Highest Chief of the regiment (if this monogram is in the nature of encryption, i.e. it is used instead of the regiment number). By this time, the infantry regiments received a single continuous numbering.

On February 19, 1855, it was prescribed in companies and squadrons that to this day bore the name of companies and squadrons of His Imperial Majesty, all ranks should have the monogram of Emperor Nicholas I on epaulettes and shoulder straps. However, this monogram is worn only by those ranks who served in these companies and squadrons for as of February 18, 1855 and continue to serve in them. The lower ranks newly enrolled in these companies and squadrons do not have the right to this monogram.

On February 21, 1855, the monogram of Emperor Nicholas I was forever assigned to the junkers for the shoulder straps of the Nikolaev Engineering School. They will wear this monogram until the abolition of royal monograms in March 1917.

Since March 3, 1862, the buttons in the guard with the state emblem embossed, with the grenada embossed on one fire in the grenadier regiments and smooth in all other parts.

Encryption on shoulder straps with oil paint on a yellow or red stencil, depending on the color of the shoulder strap field.

It makes no sense to describe all the changes with buttons. We only note that by 1909, in the entire Army and Guards, the buttons were with the state emblem, excluding the grenadier units and engineering units, which had their own images on the buttons.

In the grenadier regiments, the slotted cipher was replaced with oil paint only in 1874.

The height of the monograms of the Highest Chefs since 1891 has been determined in the range from 1 5/8 inches (72mm) to 1 11/16 inches (75mm).
The height of the numbered or digital encryption in 1911 was set to 3/4 inch (33 mm.). The lower edge of the encryption is 1/2 an inch (22m) from the lower edge of the shoulder strap.

Non-commissioned officer ranks were indicated by transverse stripes on shoulder straps. The patches were 1/4 wide an inch (11 mm.). In the army, stripes were stripes in white, in the grenadier units and in the Electrotechnical Company, a red stripe passed through the center of the stripe. In the guards, the stripes were orange (almost yellow) in color with two red stripes along the edges.

In the picture on the right:

1. Junior non-commissioned officer of the 6th sapper His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich Senior Battalion.

2. Senior non-commissioned officer of the 5th engineer battalion.

3. Sergeant Major of the 1st Life Grenadier Ekaterinoslav Emperor Alexander II Regiment.

Please pay attention to the epaulette of the sergeant major. Braided stripe of the pattern "army galloon" gold in color of the instrumental metal of the regiment. The monogram of Alexander II here, which is ciphered, is red, as it should be on yellow shoulder straps. Yellow metal button with "Grenada on one fire", which were put on the grenadier regiments.

In the picture on the left:

1. Junior non-commissioned officer of the 13th Life Grenadier Erivan Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Regiment.

2. Senior non-commissioned officer of the 5th Grenadier Kyiv Heir to the Tsesarevich Regiment.

3. Feldwebel of the Electrical Company.

The sergeant-major's patch was not a fringe, but a galloon color on the instrumental metal of the regiment (silver or gold).
In the army and grenadier units, this patch had an "army" galloon pattern and had a width of 1/2 inch (22mm).
In the 1st Guards Division, the Guards Artillery Brigade, in the Life Guards Sapper Battalion, the sergeant-major's patch had a lace pattern with a "bit" width of 5/8 inches (27.75 mm.).
In the rest of the guards, in the army cavalry, in the horse artillery, the sergeant major's patch had a "half-staff" galloon pattern 5/8 inches wide (27.75 mm.).

In the picture on the right:

1. Junior non-commissioned officer of the Life Guards of the Sapper Battalion.

2. Senior non-commissioned officer of His Majesty's Company of the Life Guards of the Sapper Battalion.

3. Sergeant-major of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment of the galloon of the battle).

4. Feldwebel of the Life Guards of the 1st Infantry Regiment (haloon galloon).

Actually, non-commissioned officer stripes, strictly speaking, in themselves did not mean a rank (rank) like stars for officers, but indicated the position held:

* two stripes, in addition to junior non-commissioned officers (otherwise called separated non-commissioned officers), were worn by company captains, battalion drummers (timpani) and signalists (trumpeters), junior musicians of non-commissioned officer rank, junior salary clerk, junior medical and company paramedics and all non-combatants the lower ranks of the non-commissioned officer rank (i.e., non-combatants could not have three stripes or a wide sergeant major stripe on shoulder straps).

* three stripes, in addition to senior non-commissioned officers (otherwise called platoon non-commissioned officers), were also worn by senior salary clerks, senior medical assistants, regimental signalmen (trumpeters), regimental drummers.

* a wide sergeant-major patch was worn, in addition to company (battery) sergeants (foremen of the company - in modern terms), regimental drum majors, senior clerks, regimental storekeepers.

Non-commissioned officers serving in training units (officer schools), like the soldiers of such units, wore "training tape".

Like soldiers, non-commissioned officers on long or indefinite leave wore one or two black stripes wide at the bottom of the shoulder strap. 11mm.

In the picture on the left:

1. Junior non-commissioned officer of the Automobile Training Company.

2. Senior non-commissioned officer of the 208th Lori Infantry Regiment on a long vacation.

3. Sergeant Major of the 1st Life Grenadier Ekaterinoslav Emperor Alexander II Regiment on indefinite leave.

The non-commissioned officers of the army dragoon and lancer regiments in the period under review, excluding the period from 1882 to 1909, did not have shoulder straps, but epaulettes on their uniforms. Guards dragoons and lancers in the period under review had epaulettes on their uniforms all the time. Shoulder straps of dragoons and lancers were worn only on overcoats.

In the picture on the left:

1. Non-commissioned officer of the guards cavalry regiment.

2. Junior sergeant-major of an army cavalry regiment.

3. Senior Wahmister of the Guards Cavalry Regiment.

Note. In the cavalry, non-commissioned officers were called a little differently than in other branches of the military.

End of note.

Persons who entered the military service as hunters (in other words, voluntarily) or volunteers receiving non-commissioned officer ranks, they kept the epaulette trim with a tricolor garus cord.

In the picture on the right:

1. Hunter sergeant major of the 10th Novoingermanland infantry regiment.

2. Voluntary rank junior non-commissioned officer of the 48th Infantry Odessa Emperor Alexander I Regiment.

From the author. It was hardly possible to meet a volunteer with the rank of sergeant major, since after a year of service he already had the right to pass an exam for an officer's rank. And in a year to rise to the rank of sergeant major was simply unrealistic. And it is unlikely that the company commander will appoint a "freelancer" to this difficult position, which requires extensive service experience. But it was possible to meet a volunteer who found his place in the army, that is, a hunter and rose to the rank of sergeant major, although rarely. Most often, sergeant majors were re-enlisted.

In a previous article about soldier's epaulettes, it was said about stripes indicating special qualifications. Having become non-commissioned officers, these specialists kept these stripes.

In the picture on the left:

1. Junior sergeant major of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment, qualified as a scout.

Note. In the cavalry, such longitudinal stripes were also worn by non-commissioned officers who were qualified fencing teachers and riding teachers. According to some reports, they also had a "training tape" around the shoulder strap, as shown in the shoulder strap 4.

2. Junior fireworker of His Majesty's battery of the 1st Guards Artillery Brigade, qualified as a gunner.

3. Junior fireworker of the 16th artillery brigade, qualified as an observer.

4. Qualified non-commissioned officer rank rider.

The lower ranks who remained for long-term service (as a rule, in ranks from corporal to senior non-commissioned officer) were called extra-long-term servicemen of the 2nd category and wore along the edges of the epaulette (except for the bottom edge) galunny sheathing from a harness galloon 3/8 inch wide (16.7mm. ). The color of the galloon is according to the color of the instrumental metal of the regiment. All other stripes are the same as those of the lower ranks of military service.

Unfortunately, it is not completely clear what the stripes of the 2nd category extra-enlisted servicemen were according to their ranks. There are two opinions.
The first is that the stripes by rank are completely similar to the stripes of military service ranks.
The second is gold or silver galloon stripes of a special pattern according to ranks.

The author is inclined to the first opinion, relying on Sytin's Military Encyclopedia of the 1912 edition, which describes all types of galloons used in the Russian Army with indications of where this or that type of galloon is used. There I did not find either this type of galloon, or indications of what galloons are used for the stripes of re-enlisted men. However, even the well-known uniformist of that time, Colonel Schenck, more than once indicates in his works that it is simply impossible to put together all the Highest Commands regarding the uniform, and the orders of the Military Department issued on their basis, there are so many of them.

Naturally, the above stripes for special qualifications, black vacation stripes, encryption and monograms were also fully used by re-enlisted.

In the picture on the right:

1. Extra-conscript of the 2nd category, junior non-commissioned officer of the Life Guards of the Sapper Battalion.

2. Extra-conscript 2nd category senior non-commissioned officer of the 7th Kinburn Dragoon Regiment.

3. Senior fireworker of the 20th artillery brigade, super-conscript of the 2nd category, qualified as an observer.

4. Senior fireworker of the 1st battery of the 2nd Guards Artillery Brigade with the qualification of a gunner.

One rank belonged to the extra-conscripts of the 1st category - ensign. Their shoulder straps were not in the form of a pentagonal shoulder strap, but a hexagonal one. Like the officers. They wore a 5/8 inch wide (27.75mm) longitudinal stripe of harness galloon in the color of the instrumental metal of the regiment. In addition to this patch, they wore transverse patches for their position. Two stripes - for the positions of a separated non-commissioned officer, three stripes - for the positions of a platoon non-commissioned officer, one wide - for the positions of a sergeant major. In other positions, ensigns did not have transverse stripes.

Note. The term "commander" currently used in our army refers to all military personnel who command military formations from squad to corps, including educatively. Above, this position is called "commander" (army commander, district commander, front commander, ...).
In the Russian Army until 1917, the term "commander" was used (at least officially) only in relation to persons who command a company, battalion, regiment and brigade and their equal formations in artillery and cavalry. The division was commanded by a "division chief". Above - "commander".
But the persons who commanded the squad and platoon were called, if it was about the position they held, a separated non-commissioned officer and a platoon non-commissioned officer, respectively. Or junior and senior non-commissioned officer, if it was in the understanding of the rank. In the cavalry, if it was a rank, non-commissioned officer, junior sergeant major and senior sergeant major.
I note that the officers did not command platoons. They all had the same position - junior officer of the company.

End of note.

Encryption and special signs (who are supposed to) ensigns wore metal overhead officers in the color of the instrumental metal of the regiment.

In the picture on the left:

1. Lieutenant of the company of His Majesty the Life Guards Sapper Battalion as a detached non-commissioned officer.

2. Ensign as a platoon non-commissioned officer of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment.

3. Ensign at the position of sergeant major of the 5th aviation company.

4. Subensign at the position of senior sergeant major of the 3rd Novorossiysk Dragoon Regiment.

Until 1903, graduates of the cadet schools, released as ensigns and serving in units in anticipation of being assigned an officer rank, wore cadet epaulets, but with the encryption of their unit.

The epaulette of ensign of the Corps of Engineers, completely falling out of the general view, was the epaulette of the ensign of the Engineering Corps. It looked like a volunteer's epaulette and had a sheathing of silver army galloon 11 mm wide.

Explanation. The Corps of Engineers is not a military formation, but a generalized name for officers and non-commissioned officers who are specialists in the field of fortification, underground mines, and who serve not in engineering units, but in fortresses and units of other military branches. This is a kind of advisers to combined arms commanders in engineering.

End of explanation.

In the picture on the right:

1. Lieutenant of the Life Guards Sapper Battalion.

2. Ensign of the Engineering Corps.

3. Feldeger.

There was a so-called. The courier corps, the main task of the ranks of which was the delivery of especially important and urgent mail (orders, directives, reports, etc.) from headquarters to headquarters. Couriers wore shoulder straps similar to those of ensigns, but the longitudinal galloon stripe of the harness galloon had a width not of 5/8 inch (27.75 mm), but only 1/2 inch (22 mm).

T Since 1907, the same stripes have been worn by candidates for a class position. Until that time (from 1899 to 1907), the candidate on the chase had a stripe in the form of a corner made of galloon "page gimlet".

Explanation. A candidate for a class position is a lower rank who undergoes appropriate training so that, at the end of active military service, he becomes a military officer and continues to serve in this capacity.

End of explanation.

In the picture on the left:

1. Ensign of the 5th East Siberian Artillery Brigade, graduate of the cadet school (until 1903).

2. Senior non-commissioned officer of the 5th engineer battalion, who is a candidate for a class position (1899-1907).

In 1909 (Order V.V. No. 100), bilateral shoulder straps were introduced for the lower ranks. Those. one side of instrumental cloth of the color assigned to this part, the other of khaki cloth (overcoat on overcoat), with two rows of glued lining canvas between them. The buttons in the guard are the same color as the instrumental metal of the regiment, in the army they are leather.
When wearing a uniform in everyday life, shoulder straps are worn with the colored side out. When speaking on a campaign, shoulder straps are turned over with the protective side out.

However, ensigns, like officers, did not receive marching epaulettes in 1909. Marching shoulder straps for officers and ensigns will be introduced only in the autumn of 1914. (R.V.V. No. 698 dated 10/31/1914)

Shoulder strap length. The width of the shoulder strap of the lower ranks is 1 1/4 inches (55-56mm.). The upper edge of the shoulder strap is cut off with an obtuse equilateral angle and put on with a loop (stitched) on a leather button (in the guard - metal), sewn tightly to the shoulder at the collar. The edges of the shoulder strap do not bend, they are sewn with a thread. A cloth tongue is sewn into the lower edge of the shoulder strap (between the upper cloth and the hemming) throughout the entire width of the shoulder strap, for threading through a cloth jumper (1/4 inch wide) sewn onto the shoulders of the uniform.

In the figure on the left (drawing of letters and numbers according to the order of V.v No. 228 of 1912)

1. Junior non-commissioned officer of the Life Guards of the Izmailovsky Regiment.

2. Senior non-commissioned officer of the 195th Orovai Infantry Regiment.

3. Sergeant major of the 5th separate scooter company.

4. Freely determined non-commissioned officer rank of the 13th Dragoon Regiment.

5. Ensign as sergeant major of the 25th artillery brigade.

6. Ensign in the officer position of the 25th artillery brigade.

What can be said about this. Here is a quote from the Order of the Military Department No. 698 of 10/31/1914:

"2) For ensigns - to install also protective shoulder straps with sewn longitudinal wide dark orange braid, with transverse stripes of dark orange braid according to positions (non-commissioned officer or sergeant major) or with one oxidized star (for those appointed to officer positions)."

Why so, I do not know. In principle, the ensign could be either in non-commissioned officer positions and wear transverse stripes for the position other than his longitudinal one, or in officer positions. Others simply do not exist.

On both sides of the epaulettes of non-commissioned officers of army units, an encryption is painted with oil paint 1/3 of an inch (15 mm) above the bottom edge. Numbers and letters have dimensions: in one line 7/8 inch (39mm.), And in two lines (with an interval of 1/8 inch (5.6mm.)) - the bottom line is 3/8 inch (17mm.), Top 7 / 8 inches (39mm.). Special signs (who are supposed to) are made up above the encryption.
At the same time, on the marching shoulder straps of ensigns, encryption and special signs are overhead metal oxidized (dark gray) like those of officers.
In the guards, ciphers and special signs are not allowed on shoulder straps, with the exception of the imperial monograms in the companies of His Majesty.

The colors of the ciphers on the protective side of the shoulder straps of non-commissioned officers (except for ensigns) are set according to the branches of the military:
* infantry - yellow,
rifle units - raspberry,
* cavalry and horse artillery - blue,
*foot artillery - red,
* engineering troops - brown,
* Cossack units - blue,
* railway troops and scooters - light green,
* fortress parts of all types of weapons - orange,
* convoy parts - white,
* quartermaster parts - black.

The number code in the infantry and cavalry indicated the regiment number, in foot artillery to the brigade number, in horse artillery to the battery number, in the engineering troops to the battalion or company number (if the company exists as a separate unit), the letter cipher indicated the name of the regiment, which in general, it was characteristic of the grenadier regiments. Or on shoulder straps there could be the monogram of the Highest Chief, which was assigned instead of a numbered encryption.

Because each type of cavalry had a separate numbering, then after the regiment number there was an italic letter indicating the type of regiment (D-Dragoon, U-Ulansky, G-hussar, Zh-Gendarme squadron). But these letters are only on the protective shoulder strap!

According to the order of V.V. No. 228 of May 12, 1912 on the protective side of the shoulder straps of army units there could be colored piping of the same color as the piping on the colored side of the shoulder straps. If the colored shoulder strap does not have edgings, then the marching shoulder strap does not have them either.

It remains unclear whether the lower ones in the training units and the Electrotechnical Company had marching epaulettes. And if there were, what kind of stripes did they have. I believe that since, by the nature of their activities, such units were not supposed to go on a campaign and include them in the Active Army, they did not have marching epaulettes either.
It was also not supposed to wear black stripes on the protective side of shoulder straps, indicating being on a long or indefinite leave.

But the lining of shoulder straps with a cord of volunteers and hunters was also available on the protective side of the shoulder straps.

In artillery and cavalry, the stripes of scouts, observers and gunners are only transverse.

And:
* in the artillery, non-commissioned officers with the qualifications of observers have a stripe according to the color of the encryption below the non-commissioned officer stripes. Those. in the artillery the patch is red, in the horse artillery it is light blue, in the fortress artillery it is orange.

* in artillery, non-commissioned officers with a gunner's qualification have a patch not under non-commissioned officer patches stripe, and in the lower part of the epaulette in foot artillery dark orange, in horse artillery light blue.

* in the cavalry non-commissioned officers scouts have a stripe not longitudinal, but transverse in the lower part of the epaulette light blue.

* In the infantry, non-commissioned officers of scouts have a longitudinal dark orange stripe.

In the picture on the left:

1. Junior fireworker of the 25th artillery brigade, qualified as a gunner.

2. Junior sergeant major of the 2nd horse artillery battery, qualified as a gunner.

3. Senior Wahmister of the 11th Lancers, qualified as a scout.

4. Senior fireworker of the 25th artillery brigade, qualified as an observer. .

5. Non-commissioned officer of the 2nd horse artillery battery, qualified as an observer.

6. Hunter senior non-commissioned officer of the 89th Infantry Regiment, qualified as a scout.

7. Sergeant Major of the 114th Infantry Regiment, 2nd category.

In military schools that trained officers, junkers were considered lower ranks with the rights of volunteers. There were also junkers who wore non-commissioned officer stripes. However, they were called differently - junior junker belt, senior junker belt and sergeant major. These stripes were similar to the stripes of non-commissioned officers of the grenadier units (bad white with a red stripe in the middle). The edges of the shoulder straps of the junkers were sheathed with a galloon, like those of the second-class conscripts. However, the galloon drawings were completely different and depended on a particular school.

Junker shoulder straps, due to their diversity, require a separate article. Therefore, here I show them very briefly and only on the example of engineering schools.

Note that these shoulder straps were also worn by those who studied at ensign schools during the First World War (4-9 months). We also note that the junkers did not have marching shoulder straps at all.

Nikolaev and Alekseevsky engineering schools. Braid pattern "army" silver. In the picture on the left:
1. Juncker of the Nikolaev Engineering School.

2.Junker of the Alekseevsky Engineering School.

3. Junker of the Nikolaev Engineering School, who was a volunteer before entering the school.

4.Junior harness-junker of the Nikolaev Engineering School.

5. Senior harness-cadet of the Alekseevsky Engineering School.

6. Junker sergeant major of the Nikolaev Engineering School.

It remains unclear whether the non-commissioned officers who entered the schools retained their non-commissioned officer stripes on cadet shoulder straps.

Reference. The Nikolaev Engineering School is considered the oldest officer school in the country, whose history began at the beginning of the 18th century and which exists today. But Alekseevskoye was opened only in 1915 in Kyiv and managed to make only eight issues of wartime engineering ensigns. The events of the revolution and the Civil War destroyed this school, leaving no trace of it.

End of help.

By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of December 16, 1917 (already by the new Bolshevik authorities), all the above-described insignia of the lower ranks, like all others, were abolished due to the abolition of all ranks and titles. The military personnel of the military units, organizations, headquarters and institutions that still survived at that time had to remove shoulder straps from their shoulders. It is difficult to say to what extent this decree was implemented. Here everything depended on the mood of the soldier masses, their attitude towards the new government. And the attitude of local commanders and authorities also influenced the execution of the decree.
Partially, shoulder straps were preserved during the Civil War in the formations of the White Movement, however, local military leaders, taking advantage of the fact that the higher command did not have enough power over them, introduced their own versions of shoulder straps and insignia on them.
In the Red Army, which began to be created in February-March 1918, they completely and categorically abandoned shoulder straps, seeing in shoulder straps "signs of autocracy." The running system will be restored in the Red Army only in January 1943, i.e. after 25 years.

From the author. The author is aware that in all articles on the shoulder straps of the lower ranks there are both minor inaccuracies and serious errors. There are also missed moments. But the system of insignia on the shoulder straps of the lower ranks of the Russian Army was so diverse, confusing and changed so often that it was impossible to trace all this thoroughly. In addition, a number of documents of those times available to the author contain only the text part without figures. And this gives rise to different interpretations. Some primary sources contain references to previous documents of the type: ".... like the lower ranks ..... regiment", which could not be found. Or it turns out that they were canceled before they are referenced. There is also such a thing - something was introduced by order of the Military Department, but then comes the Order of the Main Quartermaster Directorate, on the basis of the Highest Command, canceling the innovation and introducing another.

In addition, I highly recommend not to take my information as absolute truth in its ultimate instance, but to get acquainted with other sites on uniformitarianism. In particular, with the site of Alexei Khudyakov (semiryak.my1.ru/) and the site "Mundir" (vedomstva-uniforma.ru/mundir).

Sources and literature

1.A.Kersnovsky. History of the Russian Army 1700-1881. Rusich. Smolensk. 2004
2.A.Kersnovsky. History of the Russian Army 1881-1916. Rusich. Smolensk. 2004
3. M. M. Khrenov and others. Military clothing of the Russian Army. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1994
4.O.Leonov, I.Ulyanov. Regular infantry 1855-1918. AST.Moscow. 1998
5.I.Golyzhenkov, B.Stepanov. European soldier for 300 years. Isographus. Eksmo-Press. Moscow. 2001
6. Military encyclopedia. Company of I.D. Sytin. St. Petersburg. 1912
7.O.Leonov, I.Ulyanov. Regular infantry 1855-1918. AST.Moscow. 1998
8. V.K. Shenk. Rules for wearing uniforms by officers of all types of weapons. St. Petersburg. 1910
9. V.K. Shenk. Tables of uniforms of the Russian Army. St. Petersburg. 1910
10. V.K. Shenk. Tables of uniforms of the Russian Army. St. Petersburg. 1911
11. V.V. Zvegintsov. Forms of the Russian Army. Paris. 1959
12.V.M. Glinka. Russian military costume of the 18th-early 20th century. Artist of the RSFSR. Leningrad. 1988
13. Poster "External distinctions of officials and ranks of the military and naval departments". 1914
14. Site "Insignia of the Russian Imperial Army in 1913" (semiryak.my1.ru/).
15. Historical description of clothing and weapons of the Russian troops. T.28. Artillery Museum. Novosibirsk, 1944
16.Historical description of clothing and weapons of the Russian troops. T.30. Artillery Museum. Novosibirsk, 1946
17. Magazine "Tseikhgauz" No. 3-2000 (12).
18. Website "Mundir" (vedomstva-uniforma.ru/mundir)
19. Warehouse website (www.bergenschild.narod.ru/Reconstruction/depot/1912-18/mundir_pohod.htm).
20. Magazine "Tseikhgauz" No. 1-2003 (21).
21. Magazine "Tseikhgauz" No. 4 (1/1995).