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One hundred main documents of Russian history. E-library. From the Book of Precious Treasures
General Vlasov: a history of betrayal: In 2 volumes: In 3 books. T. 2: in 2 books. Book. 1: From the investigation file of A.A. Vlasov./ Ed. A.N. Artizova, V.S. Khristoforova. - M.: Political Encyclopedia, 2015. - 854 p.
General Vlasov: a history of betrayal: In 2 volumes: In 3 books. T. 2: in 2 books. Book. 2: From the investigation file of A.A. Vlasov./ Ed. A.N. Artizova, V.S. Khristoforova. - M.: Political Encyclopedia, 2015. - 711 p.: ill.
The first volume of the collection of documents is devoted to the history of the betrayal of General A.A. Vlasov and the so-called "Vlasov movement". It presents documents from the federal and departmental archives of the Russian Federation, some of which have recently been declassified, as well as documents from the archives of Belarus, Germany and the United States.
The volume contains documents on the history of the surrender of General A.A. Vlasov, the history of the creation of the Russian Committee, the Russian Liberation Army (ROA), the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia (KONR), the fighting of the ROA battalions on the Western and Eastern fronts.
The second volume of the collection of documents "General Vlasov: the history of betrayal" presents documents from the investigation file of A.A. Vlasov and his accomplices (protocols of interrogations, transcripts of confrontations, extracts from the protocols of interrogations), which is stored in the Central Archive of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation.
The second book of the second volume presents the final documents of the investigation, the protest in the order of supervision of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation in the case of A.A. Vlasov and his accomplices, as well as the memoirs of Vlasov's contemporaries, containing different opinions about his personality and the "Vlasov movement".
The publication is intended for researchers studying Russian and world history, the events of the Second World War, the history of collaborationism in general and the specifics of Soviet collaborationism in particular, as well as all those interested in history.
The published electronic version of the collection of documents "General Vlasov: the history of betrayal" is available for download. Rosarchiv is not responsible for other versions of this collection posted on the Internet.
One of the fundamental documents of modern democracy, the Bill of Rights, was adopted in England in 1689.
The adoption of this document, which historians call the first "constitution" of modern times, was preceded by a "glorious revolution." The English king James II, who ascended the throne in 1685, was dedicated to the return of the British to the Catholic faith and the strengthening of the absolute monarchy.
The policy of James II led to the unification of the Tory and Whig parties existing at that time in England ...
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In the summer of 1215, King John of England, under the threat of losing his throne, was forced to sign the Magna Carta. This document, which was of great political importance for medieval England, subsequently determined important norms of Western European legislation.
It is fairly widely believed that Richard the Lionheart was a good king. Of course, in history he remained one of the most daring warriors, but for England his reign was terrible. Richard was brought up in French lands, because at that time significant territories on the continent belonged to England. All his life he was obsessed with the idea of a crusade, which eventually took place in 1189-1192. and did not bring any significant results.
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In 1066 the history of England has changed forever. This year, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, ascended the throne.
In early January 1066, the famous ruler Edward the Confessor died in England, leaving no direct heirs. The power was usurped by an influential vassal of the English crown, Harold, but Duke William apparently had guarantees that after the death of Edward, it was he who would become the king of England. Of course, the dual power could not be resolved peacefully. In 1066 William crossed the English Channel and entered England. In the decisive battle of Hastings, the Norman knights defeated the Anglo-Saxon army, Harold fell in battle.
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On September 3, 1791, the first constitution of the country was adopted in France. According to it, the constitutional monarchy became the official form of government.
On July 14, 1789, the Bastille was taken in Paris - this is how the revolution began. The most significant reason for the popular uprising was the mediocre policy of King Louis IV, who brought the state to a critical point.
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Everyone has ever heard that modern civilization owes a lot to the ancient heritage. Indeed, the fine arts, philosophy, history, mathematics and many other areas of application of human talents and skills became possible thanks to the genius of people of antiquity. Among the great achievements of ancient civilization, one of the most important is the laying of the foundations of the system of law.
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In 1649 all the conquests of the former legislators in Russia were exhaustively completed. At the Zemsky Sobor in 1649. the Council Code was adopted - a document that reflected all aspects of the life of Russian society.
Therefore, sometimes the Cathedral Code is even called the first Russian "constitution", although such a name, for obvious reasons, is a historical hyperbole.
The next most important legislative act in the history of Russia after the Sudebnik of Ivan III in 1497. became the Sudebnik of his grandson - the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible.
The new Sudebnik continued and supplemented the document of the end of the 15th century. given the changing political and social environment. When the future Ivan IV was still very young, and his mother Elena Glinskoy formally ruled the country, boyar groups began to talk about themselves with renewed vigor, essentially usurping power.
In 1497, Grand Duke Ivan III issued the Sudebnik, which today is often called by the name of its creator.
The reign of the Grand Duke was marked by many significant events for Russia. Finally, in 1480, the Tatar-Mongol yoke was finally overthrown. The consequences of the so-called "feudal war", in which Ivan's father, Vasily II, also took part, were overcome.
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When the Western Roman Empire fell, new barbarian states were created on its ruins. Quite recently, these associations of Germans were only military, and not political, alliances; now their leaders - the kings - were faced with the need to legitimize their territorial acquisitions and achieve consolidation of power. For this, codes of laws were drawn up in each barbarian kingdom.
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Not so long ago we touched on the question of how to evaluate the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Then one more shameful document was mentioned in passing, which unleashed the hands of Nazi Germany, which was signed in Munich on September 29, 1938. and with the full connivance of the Western powers, in fact, made it legitimate to seize an entire state - Czechoslovakia.
Czechoslovakia, which arose after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, by 1938 was one of the most developed states in Europe.
In the early autumn of 1787 in Philadelphia there were serious disputes among prominent politicians. They could not reach a consensus on the most important issue at that time - the Constitution of the newly formed United States.
In fact, even before the Philadelphia Convention, the US already had a constitution in a sense. As is well known, the States were a colony of the all-powerful British Empire, however, dissatisfied with a secondary role, in 1775. they began the so-called "War of Independence", which successfully ended in 1783. signing of the Treaty of Versailles in France. So a new political unit appeared on the world map.
The Second Constitution in the modern sense of the word appeared in by no means progressive Poland at the end of the 18th century. It arose in connection with the need for fundamental reforms in the country due to the increasing pressure of neighbors - Austria, Prussia and Russia.
In Poland, unlike the advanced states of Europe, a strong central government did not develop. The power of the king, whose functions were very limited and, in fact, nominal, was not inherited, and the monarch himself was appointed by the Sejm. The focus of real power in such a situation was precisely the parliament, in which the Polish magnates played a decisive role.
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August 11, 843 Europe has taken the first significant step towards those state orders that have determined its entire history. The three sons of Emperor Louis the Pious signed an agreement in the city of Verdun, according to which the unified Western Empire was divided into three parts.
The Western Empire arose in 800, when Charlemagne was on the throne of the Frankish power. After his death in 814. the huge state he created passed to his son Louis.
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July 7, 1807 on the Neman River, two emperors - Alexander the First and Napoleon Bonaparte - signed the Treaty of Tilsit, which influenced the course of history of two powerful powers. One of the rulers, whose father died as a result of a conspiracy, apparently not without the participation of his son, inherited the throne. The second - the glory of the usurper throughout Europe.
At the end of the 18th century, the fame of Napoleon the military leader spread throughout Europe. The Italian campaign and the campaign in Egypt only strengthened his position as one of the most talented military of his time.
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155 years ago, a document appeared that for many years determined not only the foreign, but also the domestic policy of European countries. March 30, 1856 in the capital of France, Count A.F. Orlov and his foreign diplomat colleagues signed the Treaty of Paris, which ended the protracted Crimean War of 1853-1856.
The beginning of military events did not portend any danger to Russia. Turkey, nicknamed the "sick man" and weakened by internal squabbles, could not alone provide worthy resistance to the Russian army, and the end of 1853. was marked by a series of brilliant victories of Russian weapons.
Fans of historical science got the opportunity to work with the most important documents of the past in a comfortable home environment. The project "100 main documents of Russian history" was established by the team of the federal portal "History of the Russian Federation", which brings together professional historians, scientists and teachers from all over the country. The creators of the portal see their task as the establishment of a new virtual research practice. The documents underlying the history of Russia over the ten centuries of the existence of Russian statehood will be consistently and systematically published on this resource.
The number 100 in the title of the project is a symbol of the fact that the site currently contains a limited selection of the most important documents. The creators plan to expand the virtual historical archive over time, and 100 will turn into 1000, and then into 10,000, and so on. The emphasis is on the so-called sources of the first row, that is, those related to the central government and influencing the life of the entire Russian society. However, materials that are clarifying in nature and are comments on key documents will also be posted on the site.
Navigation through the portal is simple and logical. The header of the main page contains five sections by century: X-XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX. There is a search by the name of the document. On the main page, you can immediately see the "Top 10" documents that site users access most often. Clear instructions for users explain how to work with the site.
Each document is laid out according to a certain scheme. In addition to the scanned pages of the original document, the site visitor gets access to an accompanying article about its origin, the typed text of the document translated into modern Russian; a list of literature related to the source and questions for self-examination are proposed. In addition, on the page of each document there are sections “Media” and “Additional”, which are still mostly empty.
The editor-in-chief of the portal, Marina Stanislavovna Bobkova, Doctor of Historical Sciences and head of the Center for the History of Historical Significance of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, writes: "We hope that the systematic collection and publication of documents on Russian history will help reduce the number of speculative historical constructions based not on sources, but on opinions and judgments, often outrageously distorting the past of our country.
The website “100 Documents of Russian History” encourages amateurs of historical science to learn to draw conclusions directly from the text of the document, and not from textbooks, the value of which is declining year by year with the advent of alternative sources of information.
M.N. Chernova V. Ya. Rumyantsev
HOME TUTOR
WORK WITH DOCUMENTS
IN THE LESSONS OF HISTORY
Class
IRIS PRESS
UDC (079)BBC 63.3 (2) i727 4-49
Reviewer:
candidate of pedagogical sciences,
Leading Researcher of the Russian Academy of Education E. A. Gevurkova
Serial design A. M. Dragovoy
Chernova, M. N.
4-49 Working with documents in history lessons. Grade 10 / M. N. Chernova, V. Ya. Rumyantsev. - M.: Iris-press, 2008. - 192 p. - (Home tutor: Preparation for the exam).
Isbn 978-5-8112-3124-9
The manual is designed to work with historical documents in history lessons in 10 grades of secondary schools, as well as to prepare students for passing the exam in the history of Russia and entrance exams to liberal arts universities.
For each document or group of documents, there are questions and tasks of different levels of complexity that develop in schoolchildren such skills of mental activity as analysis and comparison, the ability to reason and evaluate a historical source.
BBK 63.3(2)ya727 UDC (079)
© OOO Publishing House, ISBN 978-5-8112-3124-9 IRIS-press, 2008
From the compilers
Your attention is invited to a collection of documents on the history of Russia in two books. Book 1 includes materials on Russian history from ancient times to the 18th century; book 2 documents the period of the 19th-20th centuries. Historical evidence is a source of knowledge, monuments of different eras. It is especially important to form a scientific approach to them in the younger generation, to realize their value. The documents are designed to help students better understand the various historical eras, to establish and "feel" their specificity, to feel their special flavor, to some extent to get in touch with the thoughts, feelings and experiences of the people who lived then. A number of documents allows you to see specific figures who have shown themselves in history.
Documentary materials are arranged according to the problem-chronological principle. The selection and sequence of documents, as well as the methodological apparatus for them, fully comply with the goals and objectives of teaching history, the requirements of the educational standard and programs recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. Compliance with the curriculum of the History of Russia since ancient times and the generally accepted scheme of the educational process makes working with this manual possible and convenient, regardless of specific history textbooks.
The sections of the collection correspond to the thematic blocks of the training course. The collection includes documents of a business nature (fragments of orders, contracts, lawsuits, decrees, etc.), narrative and descriptive nature (fragments of Russian chronicles, memoirs, testimonies of foreign authors, personal and business correspondence), as well as monuments of the artistic word (historical songs). Such
3 I
a wide range of documents comprehensively illuminates a specific historical era, making its images more vivid, vivid and recognizable. These sources allow you to look at certain events, taking into account the actions of the actors of the era, to understand their real aspirations and intentions.
The collection is addressed primarily to history teachers and students of schools and vocational colleges. Documents will also be in demand when studying problematic topics in classes with profile studies in history or the humanities. Since the list of historical sources cited is wide, and their volume is deliberately varied, the teacher will independently determine which documents he will use in his work in the classroom, in preparation for lectures, in seminars, elective courses and electives. The collection will help schoolchildren in preparing for the Unified State Examination, the exam and test, for entering higher educational institutions, it will be useful in the process of self-education and self-training, developing historical thinking, deepening knowledge, and also forming general educational skills.
For each document, taking into account the unequal level of preparation of students, questions and tasks were compiled aimed at recognizing historical events, reproductive activity according to the model, as well as the development of a research, creative approach. Thus, the methodological apparatus of the collection will allow the teacher not only to organize work with the document, but also to differentiate it. The authors sought to ensure that, in the course of studying historical sources, schoolchildren mastered such methods of mental activity as analysis, comparison and synthesis, learned to reason and evaluate this or that source, using a scientific approach, and draw conclusions. The inclusion of a document in the explanation of the material can make the teacher's story more vivid, and the conclusions more convincing, significantly concretize the historical material being studied, draw students' attention to events, persons of historical figures, and processes.
Taking into account the educational and cognitive nature of the collection, the authors used educational anthologies, collections of documents, teaching aids and other publications when leaving it.
Along with the educational audience, the book will certainly be useful to all those who are interested in history, who are not indifferent to the past, present and future of Russia.
M. N. Chernova, Candidate of Historical Sciences V. Ya. Rumyantsev, honored teacher of Russia
To readers
The manual on the history of Russia consists of two parts and contains documents and materials covering the period from ancient times to the 20th century, as well as questions and assignments for them. The presented sources are different in content and origin, in genres and styles. Among them are fragments of chronicles, notes of foreigners, written impressions of our compatriots - not only eyewitnesses, but also participants in the events. Here are state acts, business and private correspondence, materials from periodicals, fragments of historical works.
Such a variety and wide range of documents make it possible to comprehensively consider a particular historical period, compare unequal assessments of individual historical events, form your own idea of them, and argue your conclusion.
This manual will be a good help to schoolchildren and teachers in preparing for the exam. The methodological apparatus of the manual is aimed primarily at mastering the skills of working with historical sources, methods of their analysis. Its task is to help understand and comprehend the content of the document, highlight and formulate its main ideas, compare texts from different periods and authors, get acquainted with different versions of events and compile diverse characteristics of historical figures. All this not only makes the joint work of the teacher and student in the classroom interesting and creative, expands and deepens the knowledge of the subject, but at the same time helps to cope with a set of tasks for working with sources in the course of preparing for the exam.
It will become much easier for schoolchildren to carry out cognitive actions in a certain sequence, namely: to determine the events, phenomena, personalities referred to in the document, i.e. to carry out the attribution of the document; explain the essence of the problem characterized in the source in a historical context (with the involvement of knowledge at the rate of national history); analyze the position of the author, consider versions and interpretations of events.
This manual, in our opinion, can be used not only in the process of learning new material. It will help the teacher both in organizing repetition and in testing the assimilation of the material. It is also useful for those students who are preparing to enter the humanitarian faculties of higher educational institutions, as it broadens their horizons, forms many skills and abilities specific to our subject, and draws attention to a number of complex and debatable problems of Russian history.
Gevurkova E. A.,
candidate of pedagogical sciences,
Leading Researcher
historical education laboratories
PART ONE
ANCIENT RUSSIA. VI-IX centuries
Document #1
From the "Strategikon" by Mauritius the Strategist*:
about the life of the Slavs
№ 1:
Highlight in the text and write in a notebook the main historical facts and group them according to certain criteria: living conditions; occupations of people; customs and social structure.
Determine what prevails in the given fragment: historical facts or artistic description?
The tribes of Slavs and Antes are similar in their way of life, in their customs, in their love of freedom. They can in no way be persuaded into slavery or submission in their own country. They are numerous, hardy, easily endure heat, cold, rain, nakedness, lack of food.
They do not keep those who are in their captivity, like other tribes, for an unlimited time, but, limiting them to a certain time, they offer them a choice: do they want to return home for a certain ransom, or remain there in the position of free and friends?
They have a large variety of livestock and fruits of the earth lying in heaps, especially millet and wheat.
They settle in forests, near impassable rivers, swamps and lakes, arrange many exits in their dwellings, due to
* Mauritius Strategist(539-602) - Byzantine emperor, ruled from 582 to 602. He is considered the author of one of the "Strategicons" - a treatise on military art describing campaigns in other countries.
the dangers that come with them. They bury the things they need in hiding places, do not openly own anything superfluous and lead a wandering life.
Document #2
From the "Strategikon" by Mauritius the Strategist:
about Slavic warriors
Questions and tasks for document No. 2:
Summarize what you have read and state the main ideas.
On the basis of the document, highlight the main methods of warfare by the Slavs. What do you think caused them?
Why do scientists most often find information about the Slavs of this period in Byzantine or Arabic sources? What does this fact say?
They love to fight their enemies in places overgrown with dense forests, in gorges, on cliffs. They take advantage of ambushes, surprise attacks, tricks, day and night, inventing many ways. They are also experienced in crossing rivers, surpassing all people in this respect. They bravely endure being in the water, so that often some of those who remain at home, being caught by a sudden attack, plunge into the abyss of water.
At the same time, they hold in their mouths specially made large reeds hollowed out inside, reaching the surface of the water, while they themselves, lying supine at the bottom, breathe with their help. This they can do for many hours, so that it is absolutely impossible to guess their presence.
Each is armed with two small spears, some with shields, strong but difficult to carry. They also use wooden bows and small arrows soaked in a potent poison special for arrows. They are masters of doing all this in a variety of ways they come up with in order to lure the enemy.
Document #3
From the book "War with the Goths" by Procopius
Caesarea*: about the Slavs
Questions and tasks for the document№ 3:
Select information about the life and beliefs of the Slavic tribes.
How can you characterize their social structure and why?
Determine the nature of the religious beliefs of the Slavs.
Find similarities and differences in the descriptions of the Slavs belonging to Mauritius the Strategist and Procopius of Caesarea. What are they caused by?
These tribes, the Slavs and the Antes, are not ruled by one person, since ancient times they live in the government of the people [democracy], and therefore they consider happiness and unhappiness in life to be a common thing. And in all other respects, in both of these barbarian tribes, all life and laws are the same. They believe that only one god, the creator of lightning, is the lord over all, and bulls are sacrificed to him and other sacred rites are performed. They do not know fate and do not at all recognize that it has any power in relation to people, and when they are about to face death, whether they are stricken with illness or in a war in a dangerous situation, they make a promise if they are saved, immediately bring a sacrifice to God for your soul; having escaped death, they also sacrifice what they promised, and think that their salvation was bought at the price of this sacrifice. They worship rivers, and nymphs, and all sorts of other deities, make sacrifices to all of them, and with the help of these sacrifices they also perform divination.
They live in miserable huts, at a great distance from each other, and they all change places of residence frequently. Entering into battle, most of them go to the enemy with shields and darts in their hands, but they never put on shells; some do not wear shirts or raincoats, but only trousers pulled up
* Procopius of Caesarea(c. 500 - after 565) - Byzantine writer and historian, adviser to the commander Belisarius, who accompanied him on campaigns.
a wide belt on the hips, and in this form they go to battle with enemies. Both of them have the same language, rather barbaric. And in appearance they do not differ from each other. They are very tall and of great strength. Their skin and hair color is very white or golden and not quite black, but they are all dark red. Their way of life, like that of the Massagetae, is rough, without any conveniences, they are always covered with mud, but in essence they are not bad and not at all malicious, but they preserve the Hun morals in all their purity. And once even the name of the Slavs and Antes was the same. In ancient times, both of these tribes were called disputes [scattered], I think, because they lived, occupying the country “sporaden”, “scattered”, separate villages. Therefore, they need to occupy a lot of land. They live, occupying most of the banks of the Istra, on the other side of the river.
Document #4
From the Book of Precious Treasures
Ibn-Ruste*: about the Slavs
Questions and tasks to document№ 4:
Describe this document: when was it written? by whom? what is the historical value of this source?
Select information about the Slavs of the X century. and enter it in the table.
3. Compare the data in the table with the information in document No. 1 and draw conclusions about the development of the Slavs and their connections.
At the very beginning of the border of the country of the Slavs is a city named Kuyab. The country of the Slavs is a flat and wooded country; they live in the forests. From the wood they spew a kind of jugs, in which
* Ibn. Ruste Abul-Ali-Ahmed ibn-Omar - Arabic writer of the early 10th century.
they also have hives for bees, and bee honey is saved. When one of them dies, they burn his corpse. They are all idolaters.
They have all sorts of lutes, psaltery and pipes. Their pipes were two cubits long, and their lute was eight-stringed. An intoxicating drink is made from honey. When the dead are burned, they indulge in noisy fun, thereby expressing the joy of their mercy shown to him [the dead] by God.
The cold in their country is so severe that each of them digs a kind of cellar in the ground, to which he attaches a wooden gabled roof, like a Christian church, and puts earth on the roof. They move to such cellars with the whole family and, taking a few firewood and stones, light a fire and heat the stones red hot on the fire. When the stones are heated to the highest degree, they are poured with water, from which steam spreads, heating the dwelling to the point that they already take off their clothes. In such housing remain until spring.
Document #5
From The Tale of Bygone Years*:
about the resettlement of the Slavs
Questions and tasks for document No. 5:
Describe the historical source.
State the main fact of the read chronicle fragment.
Read the first two sentences carefully and identify the source of Nestor's information.
And God confused the nations, and divided them into seventy and two nations, and scattered them over all the earth. From these same seventy-two, the Slavic people also descended. The Slavs sat down along the Danube, where now the land is Hungarian and Bulgarian. Slavs dispersed from those Slavs
* "The Tale of Bygone Years" (PVL) is a chronicle written by the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor at the beginning of the 12th century.
on the ground, and were called by their names from the places where they sat down. So some sat down on the river with the name Morava and were called Morava, while others called themselves Czechs. The Slavs sat on the Vistula and were nicknamed the Poles, and from those Poles came the Poles. Also, these Slavs came and sat down along the Dnieper and called themselves glades, and others - Drevlyans, because they sat in the forests, and still others sat down between Pripyat and Dvina and called themselves Dregovichi, others sat down along the Dvina and called themselves Polochans along the river Polota. The same Slavs who sat down near Lake Ilmen were called by their own name - the Slavs, and built a city, and called it Novgorod. And others sat down along the Desna and the Seim and called themselves northerners. And so the Slavic people dispersed.
Document #6
From The Tale of Bygone Years:
about the foundation of Kyiv
Questions and tasks for document No. 6:
Determine what prevails in the chronicle story: historical facts or artistic description? Think about why this happened?
Which story about the emergence of Kyiv is closer to the historical truth and why? How can this be installed?
Why, in your opinion, the time and place of the emergence of Kyiv are not indicated in the annals?
How can one establish the exact date of the founding of Kyiv? Is it possible?
And there were three brothers: one named Kyi, the other - Shchek, and the third - Khoriv, and their sister Lybid. And Kiy lived on the mountain, where the Borichev rise is now, Shchek lived on the mountain, which is now called Shchekovitsa, and Khoriv - on the third mountain, which received the name Horivitsy from him. And they cut down the town in the name of their elder brother and gave it the name Kyiv. This Kiy reigned in his own kind. And when he came to the king [in Tsargrad], then, as they say, a great
honor received from the king. When he was walking back, he came to the Danube, fell in love with the place and cut down a small town where he wanted to live with his family, but those living there nearby did not allow him. Even now they call the city of Kievets on the Danube. Kiy returned to his city of Kyiv and then ended his life. And his brothers Shchek and Khoriv and sister Lybid died here.
Document #7
From The Tale of Bygone Years:
about the journey of the apostle Andrew
Questions and tasks for document No. 7:
Briefly describe the main events described in the annals.
Follow the path of the Apostle Andrew on the map. Do you think it was possible to get to Rome in this way?
What and why most of all interested the apostle in Novgorod?
Andrew [the apostle] preached in Sinopia, and when he came to Korsun, he learned that the mouth of the Dnieper was near Korsun, and wanted to go to Rome; he came to the mouth of the Dnieper and from there went up the Dnieper. It happened that one day he stopped under the mountains on the shore. And getting up in the morning, he said to his disciples who were with him: “Do you see these mountains? The grace of God will shine on these mountains: there will be a big city here and God will build many churches here.” And he ascended these mountains, blessed them, put up a cross, prayed to God, descended from this mountain, where Kiev then stood, and went up the Dnieper. And he came to the Slovenes, where Novgorod is now, saw the people living there, their customs, how they wash and whip, and was surprised at this. And going to the Varangians, he came to Rome, told how many he had taught and what he had seen, and said to them: “It was amazing in the Slovenian land when I came here. I saw wooden bathhouses: they heat them red-hot, they undress, and the naked are doused with tannic kvass, they take young rods and whip themselves, and they beat themselves to such an extent that they crawl out barely alive, and in order to come to life, they douse themselves with cold
water. And they do this every day, they are not forced to suffer by anyone, but they themselves torture themselves in this way, but they do not suffer, but wash themselves. And hearing about it, everyone was surprised.
Document #8
From The Tale of Bygone Years:about calling the Varangians
Questions and tasks for document No. 8:
Name the event described by the chronicle .. What is its significance in our history?
Analyze the first phrase of the chronicle story, compare it with the fifth. What do you think the phrase “there is no order in it” means?
It was this fragment that formed the basis of the "Norman theory". Can the calling of the Varangians be considered the foundation of the ancient Russian state? Justify your answer
In the year 6370 (862) they expelled the Varangians across the sea, and did not give them tribute, and began to “rule themselves, and there was no truth among them, and clan stood against clan, and they had strife, and began to fight with each other. And they said to themselves: "Let's look for a prince who would rule over us and judge by right." And sent across the sea to the Varangians, to Russia. Those Varyags were called Rus, as others are called Swedes, and others Normans are called Angles. Chud Rus, Slavs, Krivichi and all said: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us." And the eldest, Rurik, came and sat in Novgorod, and the other, Sineus, on Beloozero. and the third, Truvor, is in Izborsk. And from those Varangians the Russian land was nicknamed.
Two years later, Sineus and his brother Truvor died. And one Rurik seized all the power.
PART TWO
OLD RUSSIAN STATE.X- STARTXIIin.
Document #9
From The Tale of Bygone Years:
about the campaign of Russia against Tsargr hell
Questions and tasks for document No.
Briefly summarize what you have read. state the main idea
What historical facts about the campaign of Prince Oleg can be extracted from the above fragment? "
Determine the purpose for which Prince Oleg carried out the campaign?
What are the terms of the peace treaty and its consequences?
In the summer of 907 Oleg went to the Greeks. He took with him many Varangians, and Slavs, and Chuds, and Krivichi, and Meryu, and Drevlyans, and Radimichi, and Polyans, and Northerners, and Vyatichi, And Croats, and Dulebs, and Tivertsy, who are translators. Oleg went with all of them on horseback and on ships. The number of ships was 2000, and he came to Constantinople.
And Oleg ordered his soldiers to make wheels and put ships on wheels. When the wind became fair, the sails puffed out and the ships from the field went to the city. The Greeks saw, got scared and said, "sending to Oleg:" Do not destroy the city, we will agree to the tribute you want.
And Oleg set a tribute to the soldiers on 2000 ships at 12 hryvnias per key, and then give tribute to the Russian cities subject to Oleg.
“Let Russia, when it comes, take the embassy as much as it wants; and if guests come, they take a month for 6 months, bread and wine, and
meat, and fish, and vegetables; and they let them into the baths as long as they want; when they go home to Russia, then let them take food from our tsar for the road, and anchors, and ropes, and sails, and everything they need.
The kings Leo and Alexander made peace with Oleg, pledging to pay tribute, and, having taken an oath, they themselves kissed the cross. Oleg and his men swore according to Russian law with their weapons and their god Perun and the cattle god Volos. And Oleg hung his shield on the gates as a sign of victory, and went away from Constantinople.
And Oleg came to Kyiv, bringing with him gold, silk fabrics, sweets and wines and all sorts of patterns. And they called Oleg the Prophet.
Document #10
From The Tale of Bygone Years:
about the death of Prince Igor
Questions and tasks for document No. 10:
Briefly summarize what you read and determine the purpose for which Igor went to the Drevlyans.
Why do you think Prince Igor was killed?
Do you think the murder of the prince by the Drevlyans was fair?
What features in the social structure of the ancient Russian state did you find and how do you explain them?
In the year 945. This year, the squad said to Igor: “The youths of Sveneld have plenty of weapons and clothes, and we are naked. Go, prince, with us for tribute: and you will get us too.
Igor obeyed them, and went for tribute, and added to the previous tribute, and he and his men did violence to them [Drevlyans]. After collecting tribute, he went to his city. When he was returning back, then, on reflection, he said to his retinue: “Go home with tribute, and I will return, I’m still like”: He let his retinue go home, and he returned with a small retinue, wanting even more prey.
The Drevlyans, having heard that he was coming again, decided with their prince Mal: “If a wolf gets into the habit of sheep, then he will drag the whole herd, if they don’t kill him; so here, if we do not kill him, then all of us
destroy." And they sent to him to say: “Why are you going again? You took all the tribute."
And Igor did not listen to them. And the Drevlyans, leaving the city of Iskorosten, killed Igor and his squad: after all, there were few of them.
And they buried Igor, and there is his grave near the city of Iskorosten, in the land of the Drevlyans to this day.
Document #11
From The Tale of Bygone Years:
about the revenge of Princess Olga
Questions and tasks for document No. 11:
Determine what prevails in the given fragment: historical facts or artistic description of the event? Think about what it is connected with?
How can you assess the behavior of Princess Olga? When making an assessment, back it up with facts.
Choose from the text facts that characterize the customs and mores of Russian society in the 10th century.
And the Drevlyans decided: “Here [we] killed the Russian prince; let us take his wife Olga for our prince Mal, and with her Svyatoslav, and we will do with him as we please.” And the Drevlyans sent their best husbands, numbering 20 [persons], in a boat to Olga. And they landed in a boat near Borichev, then, after all, the water flowed near the Kievskaya mountain ... And they told Olga that the Drevlyans had come, and Olga called them to her and said to them: “Good guests have come. Tell me, why did you come here?” The Drevlyans said: “The Drevlyan land sent us with these words: we killed your husband, your husband was like a wolf, plundering and robbing, and our princes are good, they protected the Drevlyan land, so go [marry] our prince Mal”, was the name to him Mal, Prince of Drevlyansky.
And Olga sent to the Drevlyans and said to them: “If you really ask me, then send noble men so that I come with great honor for your prince, otherwise they won’t let me in.
people of Kyiv. Hearing this, the Drevlyans chose the best men who ruled the Drevlyan land and sent for her. When the Drevlyans came, Olga ordered to prepare a bath for them, saying this: “After washing, come to me.” They flooded the bath and climbed into it and began to wash. And they locked the bath with them. And Olga commanded to light it from the door, and everything was burned there. And she sent to the Drevlyans with the words: “Here I am already going to you, so prepare many honeys in the city where you killed my husband, so that I will cry over his coffin and create a feast for my husband.” When they heard this, they brought a lot of honey and boiled it. Olga, taking a small squad, went light, and came to his [Igor's] coffin and wept for her husband. And she ordered her people to fill up a great grave, and when they filled it, she ordered to perform a feast. Then the Drevlyans sat down to drink, and Olga ordered her youths to serve them. And the Drevlyans said to Olga: “Where is our squad, which we sent for you?” She said: "They are following me with my husband's retinue." And when the Drevlyans got drunk, she ordered the youths to drink in their honor, and she herself went away and ordered the squad to kill the Drevlyans, and five thousand of them were flogged. And Olga returned to Kyiv and equipped the warriors against the remaining Drevlyans ...
In the summer of 946, Olga and her son Svyatoslav gathered many brave warriors and went to the Drevlyane land. And the Drevlyans came out against. And when both regiments came together for a fight, Svyatoslav put a spear on the Drevlyans, and a spear flew between the ears of the horse and hit the horse in the legs, because [Svyatoslav] was still a child. And Sveneld and Asmud said: "The prince has already begun, let's follow, squad, for the prince." And they defeated the Drevlyans. The Drevlyans ran and locked themselves in their cities. Olga, with her son, rushed to Iskorosten-city, and the Drevlyans shut themselves up in the city and fought hard from the city: they knew, after all, that they themselves had killed the prince and what awaited them.
And Olga stood for a year and could not take the city, and she came up with this idea, sent it to the city with words *. "What do you want to sit on? And all your cities have already surrendered to me, and have pledged to give me tribute, and are working their fields and their lands, and you want to starve to death, not agreeing to pay tribute. The Drevlyans said: “We would be glad to give tribute, but you want to avenge your husband.” Did you tell them
Olga: “After all, I have already avenged the death of my husband ... and I no longer want to take revenge, but I want to take a small tribute, and having reconciled with you, I will go back.” The Drevlyans said: “What do you want from us? We are glad to give honey and an ambulance. She said to them: “Now you have neither honey nor furs, but I ask you a little: give me three doves and three sparrows from the court. I don’t want to impose a heavy tribute on you, like my husband, you were exhausted in the siege, so I ask you for a little. The Drevlyans were delighted and collected three doves and three sparrows from the yard and sent them to Olga with a bow. Olga gave the howls a dove to each, and to the others a sparrow, and ordered to tie sulfur to each dove and sparrow, wrapping it in small scarves, tying it with a thread to each of them. And Olga ordered her soldiers, as soon as it gets dark, to release doves and sparrows. The doves and sparrows flew into their nests, the doves into their dovecotes, and the sparrows under the eaves. And so the dovecotes caught fire, where there were cages, where there were towers, where there were stables, and there was no courtyard where it would not burn, and it was impossible to extinguish, because all the courtyards caught fire. And people fled from the city and Olga ordered her warriors to seize them, and, taking the city, burned it, and captured the elders of the city, and killed the rest of the people, and gave others to work for her husbands [combatants], and forced the rest to pay tribute. And she imposed a heavy tribute on them: two parts of this tribute go to Kyiv, and the third to Vyshgorod to Olga, because Vyshgorod is Olga's city. And Olga went through the Drevlyansk land with her son and with her retinue, setting charters and lessons, and there her camps and traps, and returned to her city Kyiv with her son Svyatoslav, and stayed in it for one year.
Documents No. 12 and 13
About Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich
Questions and assignments for documents No. 12 and 13:
Highlight in the text and write out historical facts in a notebook.
Follow on the map the direction of the campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav. Where and for what purpose did he travel?
How do the "Tale of Bygone Years" and the Byzantine historian characterize Svyatoslav? Do these characteristics have anything in common?
